Chapter 14: Clasical Genetics II

10/29/2014

Genetics: Inheritance of properties

Like begets like
Study of heredity and variation
Heredity
o Transfer of properties from generation to the next
Gene
o Stretch of DNA (part of chromosome)
Typically contains info to make 1 protein
o Properties or traits
o Determined by 1 or more genes
Alleles:
o Different derisions of the same gene
Same locus on homologous chromosomes
Mutant allele cannot contribute to the trait
Genes are given to offspring via gametes
Traits passed by generation to generation
Genetic cross
White flower (male)
Purple flower (female)
F1 (First filial generation offspring)

o What hapepend to white trait?

o Why purple instead of light purple?
Dominance
Monohybrid cross: one trait
Gametes possible from meiosis
Phenotype: Physical trait
Genotype: Coding that gives off phenotype
Homozygous: Two of the same
Heterozygous: Two of the different
Testcross: Cross the unknown with a recessive homozygote
o When determining the genotypes of an unknown parent, a
testcross can be conducted.
Dihybrid cross: Two traits
If the Y and R genes are on different chromosomes there are four
possible gamete results.
o 9 YR: 3: Yr: 3 yR: 1 yr
Inheritance of 2 gense
On different chromosomes : independent assortment
On same chromosome: linked
Chance that 2 gene are linked: 1/n
Use the rules of probability with 4 or more genes
o 0<p<1

 or = add
and = multiply
Types of domininance
Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Codominance
Incomplete dominance
Heterozygote shows intermediate phenotype.
o 1 : 2 : 1 ratio
Codominance
Heterozygote and homozygote both show and are distinct
Polygentic trait
One trait influenced by many genes
Pleiotropy
One gene influences several different traits.
Epistasis
A gene at one locus canhide in the phenotypic expression of
another gene
Cc or CC pigment. Cc no pigment deposited
C gene is epistatic to the B gene
Cc genotype can obscure hide the B genes phenotype.

Gene v environment
Genetic counseling: helps people make decisions related to genetic
disorders
Pedigree: family tree
Recessive disorder:
Albinism pigment going into hair skin and eyes.
Attartched earlobe recessie
Dominant disorder:
Dwarfism
o Normal more widely spread phenotype in this locust.
One copy of the dominant allele will lead to a child having it.
Widows peak

Following crosses and predict progeny for genes on the X and Y

chromosomes
Sex chromosomes
o 23rd pair of X and Y
Autosomes
o The first 22 pairs of non sex chromosomes
X-linked genes on XN or Xn
X-linked inheritance on sex
Sex determination of mammals: the XY system
Zygotes can be 44 + XX or 44 + XY

Females will have two X chromasomes

Males will have one copy of each X-linked gene
Genotype: XNXN XNXn XnXn XnY XNY
Possible gametes
o None of the sons would be affected in a cross of XnY and XNXN
o Half of the sons will be affected in an a cross of XnY and XNXn
o Only a male with a mutant copy will pass the mutant allele to
the daughter.
Other possible systems:
X-0 system: 22+ XX or 22+ X (male)
X-ZW system: 22+ ZW (female) or 22 + ZZ (male, *cough* ZZ Top
*cough*)
Identifying recombinant chromosomes
Chiastma (chiasma) at the start of meiosis. Crossing over occurs in
Meiosis I in prophase I.
What effect does the recombination have on inheritance patters?
o The two linked alleles, originally on the same chromosome
are, not always, co-inherited.
o These offspring have the parental genotypes
o These offspring recombination
Recombination will occur at a higher rate
Recombination will have a higher frequency
Frequency
Number of offspring recombined divided by total offspring X 100%
Recombination frequencies tell us about the relative position of
genes on the chromosome

Farther apart leads to more common recombination.

1 map unit = 1 centimrogona = 1 recombinagtion
Large distance
o Almost as many recombinant prodgy as wildtype
Atypical inheritance patterns
Maternal inheritance:
o Some gene are inherited from the mother: Mitochondria and
chloroplast genes.
Abirations: Differences from the normal
Genetic aberrations are mistakes in cell replication
Daugher cells get too much/too little DNA
o Possible mistakes
1 extra chromosome too many/few
Extra copies of an entire genome
Part of chromosomes missing/double arranged
Aneuploidy: One chromosomes more
o Caused from non-disjunction in Meiosis
Polyploidy: Lethal in animal cells is lethal. Fairly common in plants.
Chromosomal rearrangements
o Caused in Meiosis 1 chromosomes break and fragments are
rejoined incorrectly. (Deletion)
Inversion: linear stretch of DNA that has separated, flipped, and
rejoined.
o ABCDE ADCBE
Translocation: During recombination a Piece of DNA will go to
completely different chromosome.