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INTRODUCTION
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are ocially recognized as
natural food ingredients and classied as dietary ber in almost
all European countries.1 The average daily consumption has
been estimated to be between 3 and 11 g in Europe2 and
between 1 and 4 g in the United States.3 FOS possess many
bioactive characteristics, such as prebiotic eects, suppressing
putrefactive pathogens, reducing the risk of colon cancer,
cognitive improvement and cerebral protective eects, and
decreasing the levels of blood glucose, serum cholesterol,
phospholipids, and triglycerides.1,49 In addition, FOS was
also a promising elicitor in postharvest disease control in various
fruits.10
Fructooligosaccharides are found in a number of mono- and
dicotyledonous families such as Liliaceae, Amaryllidacea,
Gramineae, and Compositae.11 They naturally exist in a large
variety of edible and medicinal plants used as functional foods,
such as Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz., Platycodon grandiorum (Jacq.) A.DC., Helianthus tuberosus L., Smallanthus
sonchifolius (Poepp. & Endl.) H. Robinson, Morinda ocinalis
How, and Arctium lappa L.1217 Actuarially, these medicine and
food dual-purpose plants, which are abundant in FOS, have
been cultivated and used as vegetable or medicated diet for
hundreds of years in China. Therefore, quantitative analysis of
FOS is very necessary and important for quality control of FOS
in these plants.
A series of methods, including colorization (phenolsulfuric
acid, dinitrosalicylic acid) methods,1 high-performance anion
exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection
(HPAEC-PAD),1820 and hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) coupled with refractive index detection (RID)
2014 American Chemical Society
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
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Article
analyte
intraday
(n = 6)
interdaya
(n = 6)
intraday
(n = 6)
interdaya
(n = 6)
DP3
DP4
DP5
DP6
DP7
DP8
DP9
DP10
DP11
DP12
DP13
2.75
2.40
2.10
1.48
1.67
1.58
1.57
1.80
1.72
1.90
2.62
11.10
10.20
9.90
9.56
11.76
11.64
13.05
13.57
13.17
17.33
15.74
1.50
1.30
1.13
1.03
0.95
0.89
0.85
0.81
0.76
0.75
0.72
0.05
0.06
0.05
0.06
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.07
0.06
0.05
0.06
R2
linear range
(g/mL)
LOD
(g/mL)
LOQ
(g/mL)
0.9993
1.453.8
0.4
2.3
0.9979
1.658.5
0.6
1.9
0.9978
1.452.5
0.6
1.4
0.9983
1.536.7
0.4
1.5
0.9968
1.538.3
0.5
1.5
0.9962
1.538.0
0.4
1.6
0.9967
1.537.5
0.4
1.6
0.9981
1.434.7
0.4
1.4
0.9971
1.4106.5
0.4
1.4
0.9978
1.396.0
0.6
1.6
0.9981
1.5221.0
0.5
1.5
regression eq
y = 1.3400x
2.3594
y = 1.3437x
2.2999
y = 1.3309x
2.2231
y = 1.3285x
2.1593
y = 1.3112x
2.232
y = 1.2913x
2.1935
y = 1.3084x
2.2270
y = 1.3165x
2.2200
y = 1.2250x
2.1673
y = 1.2024x
2.2063
y = 1.1955x
2.2064
repeatability
stability
accuracy
analyte
content (mg/g)
RSD (%)
RSD (%)
recovery (%)
RSD (%)
DP3
DP4
DP5
DP6
DP7
DP8
DP9
DP10
DP11
DP12
DP13
19.28
29.74
31.72
30.14
35.25
32.51
28.52
23.45
25.62
24.37
19.39
2.44
2.18
2.11
2.07
2.03
2.25
2.28
2.44
3.09
2.93
2.94
2.21
2.36
3.53
3.49
3.36
3.48
3.71
3.54
4.46
4.97
4.88
99.0
100.4
95.9
97.5
94.0
94.1
95.6
98.7
113.3
114.4
99.5
3.92
4.43
5.26
4.44
5.18
5.07
5.00
5.17
5.36
5.40
7.25
Article
Figure 3. (a) LCMS/MS spectra and (bd) Domon and Costello nomenclature for the fragmentation of separated FOS (DP3DP10).
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sample
DP3
DP4
DP5
DP6
DP7
DP8
DP9
DP10
DP11
DP12
DP13
total
A1
A2
A3
B1
B2
B3
C1
C2
C3
D1a
D2a
D3a
E1
E2
E3
F1
F2
F3
G1
G2
H1a
H2a
H3a
I1
I2
J1
J2
J3
K1
L1
L2
L3
6.01
4.68
2.69
1.49
3.59
0.65
4.29
4.52
7.15
4.05
2.86
2.14
0.8
1.62
0.42
4.08
4.36
5.65
3.27
1.96
1.66
0.75
1.25
0.39
4.39
4.78
5.4
4.22
3.24
1.7
1.34
3.01
0.4
4.42
4.91
5.22
5.08
3.85
2.09
1.48
3.15
0.48
5.61
6.28
6.68
5.44
2.96
2.22
1.48
2.81
0.51
5.77
6.57
6.7
5.59
3.08
2.5
1.59
2.49
0.64
6.03
6.89
6.92
5.59
3.02
2.75
1.64
1.99
0.76
6.06
6.69
6.7
6.63
3.48
3.63
2.13
2.19
1.05
7.32
7.79
7.83
7.56
3.88
4.33
2.46
2.2
1.34
8.41
8.76
8.72
7.46
3.3
4.64
2.35
1.91
1.38
8.24
8.3
8.41
60.89
36.32
30.36
17.52
26.21
8.01
64.62
69.84
75.38
4.02
4.8
8.49
4.5
4.28
2.92
29.43
23.8
4.71
4.67
6.58
2.97
2.59
2.25
27.17
24.54
4.93
4.28
6.56
1.96
1.85
1.65
19.8
18.91
5.67
4.52
7.14
2.23
1.78
2.13
14.17
13.92
7.47
5.55
9.42
2.28
1.89
2.5
13.04
15.25
8.01
5.61
10.07
2.33
1.83
2.46
11.09
14.32
8.78
5.48
10.74
2.74
2.05
2.74
9.36
13
8.97
5.93
10.75
2.85
2.36
3.2
7.1
10.35
11.19
7.47
13.52
3.47
3.14
4.21
6.06
9.61
12.93
9.22
15.65
4.22
4.28
5.17
4.75
7.89
12.65
9.38
15.6
4.32
4.51
5.49
3.17
5.57
89.34
66.91
114.52
33.86
30.55
34.72
145.13
157.17
4.28
5.17
22.28
11.92
19.58
36.42
24.05
22.8
16.52
4.69
4.98
28.97
18.02
29.24
28.58
22.08
18.59
13.33
4.22
5.65
30.34
20.53
31.61
23.82
15
16.06
12.87
4.47
5.97
29.16
20.08
29.89
19.6
15.7
14.86
11.71
4.81
8.11
32.11
23.93
35.06
19.85
18.54
17.21
13.97
4.21
9.01
27.47
22.5
32.44
18.57
17.68
14.57
13.72
4.13
10.11
22.93
20.3
28.46
16.16
15.81
13.52
13.11
4.11
10.62
18.36
17.39
23.61
15.13
13.54
11.72
11.87
5.22
13.92
19.35
19.6
25.56
15.54
14.76
12.06
13.93
6.59
16.7
18.62
19.88
24.47
14.54
14.74
12.82
15.44
7.31
17.08
15.52
17.11
19.54
11.81
13.22
11.37
14.78
54.04
107.31
265.11
211.24
299.44
220.02
185.13
165.59
151.26
Not detected.
Funding
ABBREVIATIONS
HPLC, high-performance liquid chromatography; CAD,
charged aerosol detector; FOS, fructooligosaccharides; DP,
degree of polymerization; ELSD, evaporative light scattering
detector; HPAEC, high-performance anion-exchange chromatography; PAD, pulsed amperometric detection; RID, refractive
index detector; MS, mass spectrometry; LOD, limit of
detection; LOQ, limit of quantication; S/N, signal-to-noise
ratio
Figure 5. Average contents of FOS with dierent degree of polymerization (DP) in dierent edible plants. AL mean the average of
three related samples in Table 1.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Corresponding Authors
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