DPR For PV Plant

Document No.
11/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Issue: B2
SunBorne Energy Gujarat One Pvt. Ltd.
Karmaria 15MW Solar PV Plant

Detailed Project Report
January 2011
SgurrEnergy India
Karmaria 15MW PV Plant: Draft Detailed Project Report
B-139 Bizzbay, Opposite Clover Hills, NIBM-Undri Road,

Pune 411048, Maharashtra, India.
Telephone: +91 20 65279957 / 41230967
www.sgurrenergy.com
Karmaria 15MW Solar PV Plant: Detailed Project Report

SUMMARY:
This report assesses the technical feasibility of developing a 15MW solar photovoltaic
power plant proposed at village Karmaria in the Indian state of Gujarat.
The report presents plant design, indicative plot layout, nominal energy prediction and
general requirements for development and implementation of plant. It also assesses
financial model, indicative budgetary cost estimates along with a review power purchase
agreement provided by SunBorne Energy.
A summary of the net nominal energy prediction, after electrical losses, is presented
below.
(GWh/annum)
First Year Nominal Energy Prediction after AC Losses (GWh/annum)
24.37
CLIENT:
SUNBORNE ENERGY GUJARAT ONE PVT. LTD.
Contact:
JAYESH JAKHETE
DISTRIBUTION :
Client:
Jayesh Jakhete
SgurrEnergy:
Arif Aga
Name
Job Title
Nazish Shaikh
Project Engineer
Anish Wastrad
Project Engineer
Reviewed by
Mukund Shendge
Project Engineer
Authorised by
Arif Aga
Director, Indian
Operations
Date of Issue
19January 2011
Classification:
Prepared by
Signature
Confidential
9002/000/SF/04/023
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 2 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
AMENDMENT RECORD
Issue
Date of Issue
Changes from Previous

Issue
Purpose of Issue
A1
07 January 11
First draft
Draft for internal review
B1
17 January 11
None
Draft for Client review
B2
19 January 11
Following client
comments
Draft for Client review
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 3 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Contents
1
2
3
4
INTRODUCTION
SITE OVERVIEW
PROPOSED PLANT OVERVIEW
SITE DESCRIPTION
10
10
11
12
4.1 LAND TOPOGRAPHY AND CONDITION
12
4.2 ACCESS
14
4.3 GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS
14
4.4 WATER AVAILABILITY
14
4.5 ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
15
4.6 HORIZON SHADING
15
4.7 SHADING FROM OBSTACLES
15
4.8 CLIMATE
15
4.8.1
WIND
15
4.8.2
TEMPERATURE
16
4.8.3
PRECIPITATION
17
4.8.4
SOLAR RESOURCE
17
PV PLANT COMPONENTS
20
5.1 PV MODULES
20
5.2 MODULE STRING/ARRAY CONFIGURATION
21
5.3 INVERTERS
22
5.4 MODULE SUPPORT STRUCTURES
23
5.5 SITE SECURITY
24
5.6 REMOTE MONITORING AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
25
5.7 PV POWER TRANSFER
28
5.8 CIVIL STRUCTURES
28
5.9 CABLING
28
5.9.1
DC CABLING
28
5.9.2
AC CABLING
28
5.10 MEDIUM VOLTAGE STATION
29
5.10.1
METERING
29
5.10.2
TRANSFORMERS
29
5.11 HIGH VOLTAGE STATION
29
5.12 VENTILATION
29
5.13 EARTHING SYSTEM
29
5.14 LIGHTNING PROTECTION
29
5.15 GRID CONNECTION
30
5.16 SUMMARY OF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
30
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 4 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
5.16.1
AC HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEM
30
5.16.2
AC MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEM
30
5.16.3
AC LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
30
5.16.4
DC SYSTEM
30
5.16.5
SERVICE CONDITIONS
30
PLANT DESIGN
30
6.1 PLANT LAYOUT

7
30
REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING A PV POWER PLANT 31
7.1 SITE ESTABLISHMENT
31
7.2 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
31
NOMINAL ENERGY PREDICTION
32
8.1 RADIATION IN THE PLANE OF THE MODULES
32
8.2 CORRECTIONS AND LOSSES
32
8.3 NOMINAL ENERGY PREDICTION
33
8.4 CAPACITY FACTOR
36
36
PERMITS AND LICENSING
9.1 PERMITTING, LICENSING AND CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS
37
10
37
GUJARAT SOLAR POLICY AND TARIFF REGULATION
10.1 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SOLAR POLICY & REGULATION
37
11
39
PROJECT FINANCES
11.1 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES
39
11.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST
41
11.3 REVIEW OF FINANCIAL MODEL
42
11.3.1
FINANCING STRUCTURE
42
11.3.2
ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION
42
11.3.3
POWER SALE
42
11.3.4
PROJECT ECONOMICS AND RESULTS
43
11.3.5
CER REVENUE
43
12 POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENT

13 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
14 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDIX 1: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF LOSSES IN NOMINAL ENERGY
PREDICTION CALCULATION
44
44
44
14.1 A1.1 SHADING LOSS
46
14.2 A1.2 INCIDENT ANGLE LOSS
47
14.3 A1.3 LOW IRRADIANCE LOSS
47
14.4 A1.4 MODULE TEMPERATURE
48
14.5 A 1.5 MODULE QUALITY
48
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 5 of 59
46
SgurrEnergy India
14.6 A1.6 MODULE MISMATCH
48
14.7 A1.7 DC WIRING RESISTANCE
48
14.8 A1.8 INVERTER PERFORMANCE
49
14.9 A1.9 MPP LOSS
49
14.10 A1.10 AC LOSSES
49
14.11 A1.11 DOWNTIME
49
14.12 A1.12 SOILING
49
14.13 A1.13 DEGRADATION
49
APPENDIX 2: MAPS
APPENDIX 3: GUJARAT SOLAR POLICY
APPENDIX 4: TARIFF ORDER
APPENDIX 5: POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENT
APPENDIX 6: CASH FLOW STATEMENT
APPENDIX 7: PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
APPENDIX 8: PRELIMINARY GEOTECHNICAL ASSESSMENT
APPENDIX 9: TYPICAL 15MW KARMARIA PV PLANT LAYOUT
51
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
LIST OF FIGURES, TABLES AND EQUATIONS

FIGURES
Figure 1: Location of the Proposed Site at Karmaria .......................................................... 11
Figure 2: Aerial view of the Proposed Site at Karmaria....................................................... 13
Figure 3: Land Developed for Karmaria PV plant........................................................... 13
Figure 4: Access road to the site .................................................................................... 14
Figure 5: Panoramic view from NE to NW showing horizon of Karmaria PV plant ...... 15
Figure 6: METEONORM Predicted Precipitation for Karmaria site. .................................... 17
Figure 7: Mean Global Daily Irradiation on a Horizontal Plane for Karmaria site ................. 18
Figure 8: Direct and Diffuse Daily Irradiation on a Horizontal Plane for Karmaria ...... 19
Figure 9: Comparison of Solar Resource for Karmaria and PV Plants in Spain .................. 20
Figure 10: Indicative layout of Inter row spacing at 8 tilt in summer ................................... 23
Figure 11: Indicative layout of Inter row spacing at 38 tilt in winter .................................... 23
Figure 12: Site Fencing In Progress ................................................................................... 24
Figure 13: Example of Security Systems used in PV Power Plants .................................... 25
Figure 14: Indicative schematic of data monitoring ............................................................. 26
Figure 15: Project capital cost breakdown. ......................................................................... 39
Figure 16: Nominal Individual year Energy Prediction ........................................................ 42
Figure 17: Summary of revenue generation ....................................................................... 43
Figure 18: CER revenue sharing ........................................................................................ 43
Figure 19: Horizon Shading at Karmaria PV plant .............................................................. 46
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 6 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Figure 20: Model of plot at Karmaria PV plant Layout as used in the PVsyst Model ........... 46
Figure 21: Incident Angle Modifier Curve Used By SgurrEnergy ........................................ 47
Figure 22: Example Curves Showing Module Efficiency Reduction at Low irradiances ...... 47
Figure 23 : Graph to Illustrate Module Efficiency Reduction with Temperature ................... 48
Figure 24: Curves to Illustrate Concept of the Maximum Power Point. ............................... 49
Figure 25: Map Showing Location of Terrestrial Measurement Stations used in the
Meteonorm Database .................................................................................................. 51
Figure 26: India Wind Zone Map ........................................................................................ 52
TABLES
Table 1: Summary of Karmaria PV Power Plant ................................................................. 12
Table 2: Simulated Wind Speed at Karmaria site ............................................................... 16
Table 3: METEONORM 6 Temperature Data for Karmaria site. (1996 2005) .................. 16
Table 4: METEONORM 6 Irradiation Data for Karmaria, 1981-2000 .................................. 19
Table 5: PV Module Specifications ..................................................................................... 21
Table 6: PV Module Configuration ...................................................................................... 21
Table 7: System Design Parameters .................................................................................. 21
Table 8: Inverter Specifications .......................................................................................... 22
Table 9: Inverter Summary ................................................................................................. 23
Table 10: Mounting Structure Summary ............................................................................. 24
Table 11: Specifications of the SMA Sunny String-Monitor 24 (SSM24-11) ........................ 26
Table 12: Specifications of the SMA Sunny WebBox.......................................................... 27
Table 13: Specifications of the SMA Sunny SensorBox...................................................... 27
Table 14: Description of Energy Prediction Losses ............................................................ 33
Table 15: Nominal Energy Prediction for Karmaria PV Power Plant ................................... 33
Table 16: First Year Nominal Energy Prediction ................................................................. 35
Table 17: Each Years Individual and Rolling Nominal Average Annual Energy Yield......... 35
Table 18: Indicative budgetary estimate for capital cost ..................................................... 41
Table 19: Project key indicators ......................................................................................... 44
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 7 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Glossary of Terms
A
Amp
AC
Alternating Current
ACB
Air Circuit Breaker
ASHRAE
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air

Conditioning Engineers
CMS
Central Monitoring Station
CRGO
Cold Rolled Grain Oriented
c-Si
Crystalline Silicon
Degrees Centigrade
Degrees
DC
Direct Current
EDO
Electrically Draw Out
East
GETCO
Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Limited
GWh
Giga Watt hour
HV
High Voltage
Hz
Frequency, Hertz
IAM
Incidence Angle Modifier
Isc
Short Circuit Current
IEC
International Electrotechnical Commission
IP52
Limited dust ingress protection
kA
One Thousand Amps
km
One metric kilometer
kV
One thousand Volts
kVA
One thousand Volt Amps
kWp
One thousand Watts peak
kWh
One thousand Watt hours
LV
Low Voltage
Meters
Meters squared
mm
mm
Millimeters
2
Millimeters squared
m/s
Meters per second
MCCB
Moulded Case Circuit Breaker
MPP
Maximum Power Point
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 8 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
MPPT
Maximum Power Point Tracking
MV
Medium Voltage
MVA
One million Volt Amps
MW
One million Watts or Megawatt
MWp
N/m
Megawatt peak of Solar PV modules

Newton per meter Squared
North
NASA
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NEC
National Electric Codes
O&M
Operations and Maintenance
ONAN
Oil Natural Air Natural
ONAF
Oil Natural Air Forced
Percentage
PV
Photovoltaic
SCADA
Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
SLD
Single Line Diagrams
STC
Standard Test Conditions
SWERA
Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment
TUV
TV Rheinland Group Testing and Standards Organisation.
Volts
VAT
Value Added Tax
Voc
Open Circuit Voltage
VT
Voltage Transformer
2
W/m
Watts per metres squared
Wp
Watt peak
XLPE insulation
Cross-Linked Polyethylene insulation
Zn
Zinc
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 9 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
INTRODUCTION
SunBorne Energy Services India Private Limited (SESPL) is a subsidiary company of

SunBorne Energy Holdings LLC. SunBorne intends to develop 1000MW of utility scale grid
interactive solar thermal (CSP) and solar photovoltaic (SPV) power projects in India.
Sunborne Energy is supported by US based private equity firms General Catalyst Partners
and Khosla Ventures; both these companies is understood to have rich experience in clean
tech and renewable energy funding.
SgurrEnergy India was commissioned by SESPL to conduct a technical feasibility study and
preparing a detailed project report for a 15MW solar PV power plant under implementation
at Karmaria village in the district of Bachau, Gujarat. The project shall be developed by
Sunborne Energy Engineering and Construction Limited as a turnkey contractors.
Consequently, in preparing the feasibility study, SgurrEnergy has made use of information
provided by client and the data collected during a site visit by SgurrEnergy India personnel
on 05 January 2011.
This report assesses project site, resource available and provides a draft plant design with
project components proposed by client, long term energy prediction. It describes:
Site features.
The available solar resource.
Plant layout.
Nominal Annual energy predictions.
Electrical connection and equipment.
Control and monitoring options.
Others including site security.
The report also assesses the indicative budgetary estimates, financial model and project
implementation schedule provided by client along with a review on power purchase
agreement.
2
SITE OVERVIEW
The Karmaria 15MW solar PV plant site lies around the co-ordinates N 23 20.960, E 70
23.223, about 2km from village Karmaria and 253km from the city of Ahmadabad, a
commercial city in the Indian state of Gujarat. Figure 1 illustrates location of site. It is
situated at an altitude of approximately 28m, above mean sea level.
SunBorne Energy has acquired 104 acres of land, which is sufficient to develop a 15MW PV
plant with crystalline solar PV technology. The description below is based on a desktop
analysis with the information provided by client and collected during the site visit. The
feasibility and risks associated with developing a plant here are discussed in this report.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 10 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Karmaria
Figure 1: Location of the Proposed Site at Karmaria
PROPOSED PLANT OVERVIEW
The proposed PV plant makes use of manual seasonal tracking to maximise the total
annual incident solar irradiation. It faces south orientation with a summer (April to
September) tilt1 of 8 and winter (October to March) tilt1. of 38.
The PV modules selected by client, are of poly-crystalline type and are electrically
connected with cables sized to minimise DC ohmic losses. The DC electrical output from
the PV modules is fed via cables to string monitor boxes leading to inverter. The inverters
convert the DC electrical output to AC at 360V.
The cable routes from inverter leads to MV transformers stepping up voltage to 11kV. This
voltage further steps up for power evacuation at 66kV leading to main substation owned and
operated by Gujarat Energy Transmission Corporation Ltd. (GETCO). The metering point
for the evacuated power shall be within the plant location at 66kV.
The PV module support structures selected and designed by SunBorne Energy shall be
locally fabricated. Each table consists of a single row of 24 modules and have spaced to
minimise the effect of inter row shading.
Table 1: Summary of Karmaria PV Power Plant gives the summary of plant components
selected by client; these are described further in sections to follow.
This angle may be refined in the detailed design phase to maximise yield.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 11 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 1: Summary of Karmaria PV Power Plant

Karmaria: Plant Summary
Nominal location
23 20.960 N, 70 23.223 E
PV module
SolarWorld-SW230
PV Module peak power (Wp)
230
Modules per plant
68,960
Modules per plot
3,720
Strings per plot
155
Inverters
SMA SC 800CP-10
Inverters per plot
Plots per plant
18
Inverters per plant
18
Mounting structure
Locally fabricated
Mounting structure length per plot (m)
3831.6
Mounting structure length per plant (m)
68969
Peak power per plot (kWp)
855.60
Peak power per plant (MWp)
15.401
SITE DESCRIPTION
SgurrEnergy assessed the suitability of the site by undertaking a site visit along with client
representatives, by assessing data received from the client, and obtained from a variety of
sources including satellite derived solar resource data. The site is described in the following
sections and issues regarding developing a 15MW solar PV power plant.
4.1
LAND TOPOGRAPHY AND CONDITION
An aerial view of the site area is illustrated in Figure 2. Photographs and the information
collected during the site visit were used to analyse the topography and condition.
Site preparation and land development is in advance stage with land levelling completed for
the first 5MW of solar PV plant. Figure 3 illustrates the flat land developed for the PV plant
with a slight south tilt facilitating enhanced plant performance.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 12 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Figure 2: Aerial view of the Proposed Site at Karmaria
Figure 3: Land Developed for Karmaria PV plant
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 13 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
4.2
ACCESS
Figure 4: Access road to the site
Karmaria site is well connected by a three meter wide internal road. Condition of the road is
good and suitable for transportation of heavy vehicles required during construction. National
highway 8A passes by approximately 10km from the site.
4.3
GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS
Preliminary geotechnical study was carried on the Karmaria site. The results indicate strata
to be hard and compact clayey sand, having considerable gravel content.
Preliminary hydro geological investigations have shown a high water table in the solar PV
site, at around 2.0m from natural ground level. This groundwater is saline and is yet to be
tested for its chemical characteristics. This may restrict the depth of mounting structure
foundations below 1.5m for ease of construction.
Due to close proximity of the site to the sea shore there may be moist and saline currents of
air flowing hence appropriate measures to protect the modules and mounting structure from
corrosion are required to be taken.
Preliminary Geotechnical report is attached in Appendix 8.
4.4
WATER AVAILABILITY
To maintain maximum efficiency, plant will require cleaning during long dry spells. Cleaning
may require large quantities of water depending on the manual labour available and degree
of soiling.
Water for construction and for cleaning modules as part of the O&M strategy may be
delivered by either of the following:
It is understood from the site visit that water is made available by tankers from the
nearby village and stored in reservoirs.
Seasonal water reservoirs can also be evaluated as an option to fulfil water

requirements of the plant. However, the rain fall in the proposed site area is very
scanty and understood to be only for a few months every year.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 14 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Water can be sourced from bore wells; however, ground water availability and its
suitability on site and in the vicinity need to be investigated by professional experts.
For any of the source of water, SgurrEnergy recommends appropriate water quality tests
and corresponding treatments for any adverse affect on modules.
4.5
ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
SgurrEnergy understands the client to have applied for a 100kVA construction substation to
the distribution utility. Citing the power availability, a 40kVA diesel generator set may be
served as a standby source. These sources can be looked upon for serving as an auxiliary
supply system upon completion of project construction.
GETCO is understood to have conducted a power evacuation prefeasibility study and will be
providing transmission line from 66kV substation upto the PV plant. The 66kV substation is
located at approximately 8km from the site at village Sikra. The substation will be owned
and operated by GETCO.
The point of interconnection will be at the solar PV plant premises.
4.6
HORIZON SHADING
Horizon shading is the shading caused by land topography and objects located at a
substantial distance (e.g. mountains, etc.). Information from the site visit and satellite
imagery shows that there are no major mountains in the vicinity and therefore horizon
shading is expected to be negligible.
Figure 5: Panoramic view from NE to NW showing horizon of Karmaria PV plant
4.7
SHADING FROM OBSTACLES
Installation of PV arrays in areas of potential shading is generally avoided as shading leads

to reduced performance. The site does not have any large nearby structures such as
buildings that may shade it. Nearby shrubs and trees may have to be removed.
Simulations indicate that the plant suffers 3.4% loss in winter and 0.2% in summer. This is
due to shading between rows of modules and control rooms in the morning and evening
when the sun is low.
4.8
4.8.1
CLIMATE
WIND
For the nominal energy prediction the METEONORM wind speed data shown in Table 2 is
used. For wind loading analysis wind zone map in Appendix 2 is used, which indicates that
the site is in high damage risk zone, having a maximum wind speed between 44 to 47 m/s.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 15 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 2: Simulated Wind Speed at Karmaria site

Month
4.8.2
Average Wind Speed at Ground Level (m/s)

METEORNORM Data
January
1.30
February
1.60
March
2.00
April
3.00
May
4.10
June
4.40
July
4.20
August
3.70
September
2.60
October
1.30
November
1.10
December
1.10
Annual Average
2.5
TEMPERATURE
SgurrEnergy has sourced average monthly temperature data from the METEONORM
software database. This data, shown in Table 3, is based on a nine-year period.
PV modules suffer from a decrease in efficiency with rise in temperature. The temperature
conditions experienced on site means that loss due to temperature may be relatively high
compared to sites in more temperate zones.
Table 3: METEONORM 6 Temperature Data for Karmaria site. (1996 2005)
Months
Average Monthly Temperature (C)
January
19.00
February
22.10
March
27.40
April
30.50
May
31.80
June
31.60
July
29.70
August
28.60
September
29.10
October
29.30
November
25.00
December
20.40
Annual Average
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
27
Revision B2
Page 16 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
4.8.3
PRECIPITATION
SgurrEnergy has simulated rainfall figures using METEONORM as shown in Figure 6:

METEONORM Predicted Precipitation for Karmaria site. These show that the identified site
is situated in a region that has long periods with very limited rainfall. The effect of soiling on
the energy prediction should be assessed and a cleaning strategy chosen according to the
best economic returns.
Figure 6: METEONORM Predicted Precipitation for Karmaria site.
4.8.4
SOLAR RESOURCE
The annual energy prediction of a PV plant is heavily dependent on the solar resource of
the site. SgurrEnergy understand a weather station has been commissioned on site in
November 2010. The duration of recorded data is just for a month, it is thus necessary to
use other data sources to obtain estimates of the solar resource.
4.8.4.1 AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCE DATA

There are a variety of possible solar irradiation data sources that may be accessed. The
datasets either make use of ground based measurements at well controlled meteorological
stations or use processed satellite imagery.
SgurrEnergy has sourced monthly horizontal plane irradiation data for proposed site from
the below mentioned sources. A brief description of the source data is also provided.
NASA's Surface Meteorology and Solar Energy data set; holds satellite derived
monthly data for a grid of 1x1 covering the globe for a twenty-two year period (19842005). The data are suitable for feasibility studies of solar energy projects.
SWERA; obtains primary inputs into its models from geostationary satellites. The
satellites provide information on the reflection of the earth-atmosphere system and the
surface and atmosphere temperature, which is useful in determining cloud cover.
SWERA also uses data such as elevation, ozone, water vapour, snow cover, etc. to
attain results. Model outputs are verified with ground-based data to ensure quality of
the measurements.
The METEONORM global climatological database and synthetic weather generator;

contains a database of ground station measurements of irradiation and temperature.
Where a site is over 20km from the nearest measurement station it outputs
climatologic averages estimated using interpolation algorithms. Where no radiation
measurement station is within 300km from the site, satellite information is used. If the
site is between 50 and 300km from a measurement station, a mixture of ground and
satellite information is used. The accuracy of irradiation figures close to measurement
stations are within a few percent. The interpolated global irradiation figures for India
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 17 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
are given with an

n uncertainty of 7.5%2 for yearly values. Uncertainty increases with
distance between the site and the measurement station, especially in hilly and
mountainous terrain.
Correlation to the resource data may be done during detailed designs with datasets derived
from satellite imagery.
4.8.4.2 ANNUAL HORIZONTAL IRRADIATION FOR KARMARIA SITE
SgurrEnergy has compared the irradiation figures given by METEONORM
METEONORM, SWERA and
NASA for the Karmaria site. The data is shown graphically in Figure 7. Without ground
measurements at the site, it impossible to say which source is most representative.
The proposed site is approximately
approximat
240km from Ahmedabad; the nearest World
Meteorological Organisation (WMO) approved terrestrial measurement station as shown in
Appendix 2. For Karmaria site,
site the three nearest stations METEONORM software
interpolates
polates from are Ahmedabad (240km), Bhaunagar (264km)
(264km) and Karachi (3
(377km).
The SWERA data illustrated in Figure 6 has been obtained for a location approximately
22km (aerial distance) from the proposed site. SWERA data however, is not available
exclusively for India, rather for neighboring countries. SgurrEnergy performed iteration on
an extensive list of SWERA datasets to obtain appropriate coordinates that lie within the
Indian boundaries. The results give only irradiation data without temperature and wind data.
Since temperature data is crucial for system design, SgurrEnergy
SgurrEnergy has chosen
METEONORM as the data source over SWERA. Due to this uncertainty in resource
modeling, METEONORM proves to be the most representative as it provides a combination
of ground and satellite measured data.
The METEONORM data may therefore be slightly
sl
superior to the NASA and SWERA data
which is obtained purely from satellite data.
data SgurrEnergy uses the METEONORM data for
energy prediction, the data is shown in Table 4.
Figure 8 illustrates the ratio of direct and diffuse irradiation expected through the year.
Mean global daily irradiation on a horizontal plane

8.00
7.00
kWh/m.day
6.00
NASA
SWERA
Meteonorm
5.00
4.00
3.00
2.00
1.00
0.00
Figure 7:: Mean Global Daily Irradiation on a Horizontal Plane for Karmaria site
Quality of METEONORM Version 6.0, Jan Remund, World Renewable Energy Congress
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 18 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 4: METEONORM
RM 6 Irradiation Data for Karmaria,
Karmaria 1981-2000
Month
Mean global daily irradiation on a horizontal plane

kWh/m2
January
4.51
February
5.35
March
6.26
April
6.84
May
7.06
June
6.10
July
4.61
August
4.46
September
5.42
October
5.26
November
4.54
December
4.10
Annual Mean
5.37
Mean daily irradiation on a horizontal plane

8.00
7.00
kWh/m
6.00
5.00
4.00
3.00
Diffused
2.00
Direct
1.00
0.00
Figure 8:: Direct and Diffuse Daily Irradiation on a Horizontal Plane for Karmaria
Figure 9 compares the total annual global horizontal irradiation figures for Karmaria with
figures for PV power plants in Spain on which SgurrEnergy has carried out energy yield
predictions. It can be seen that solar resource simulations for the Karmaria site are
approximately 22%
% higher than similar simulations for the Spanish plants. A solar irradiation
monitoring programme or detailed satellite derived study may be useful to confirm these
simulations.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 19 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Comparison of Solar resource

Annual horizontal Global Irradiation
(kWh/m.month)
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Site1 Spain
Site2 Spain
Site3 Spain
Karmaria
Figure 9:: Comparison of Solar Resource for Karmaria and PV Plants in Spain
5
PV PLANT COMPONENTS
This section describes the main components of the PV plant that have been selected by the
client for plant design configuration in preparing this report. The main components selected
by client are solar PV modules, inverters, junction
junction boxes, mounting structure and monitoring
and data acquisition system. SgurrEnergy
SgurrEn
has reviewed the technical specification
specifications of all
these components.
5.1
PV MODULES
SolarWorld SW230
230 modules selected by client are polycrystalline modules with a rated
output of 230Wp. The module specifications are shown in the Appendix 2 and summarized
in Table 5.
The SolarWorld modules belong to Tier 1 class of modules. SolarWorld has the presence in
the solar industry for more than 30 years. The modules are qualified to IEC 61215 and are
TUV certified. The mechanical load bearing capacity of SolarWorld module is 5.4kN/m2
which is well above the wind
ind gust speed likely to be encountered on the site.
SgurrEnergy understands from the certificate provided by client that internal tests for IEC
61701 have been performed for SolarWorld module for no effect due to salt mist and excess
relative humidity due to close vicinity to sea.
SgurrEnergy has reviewed the module specifications. They are considered to be suitable for
the conditions encountered at the site.
The industry standard module power warranty is 80% at the end of 25 years
years and 90% at the
end of 11
1 year at minimum power output or at nominal power of module. SolarWorld
provides a linear performance guarantee of 93% for 25 years resulting in 89.3% at the end
of 10th year, which is comparatively higher compared to normal industry standard.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 20 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 5: PV Module Specifications

PV Module
SolarWorld-SW230
Type
5.2
Poly silicon
Max. output, Pmax, at STC (W)
230
Maximum power voltage, Vmpp (Volts)
29.8
Maximum power current, Impp (A)
7.72
Open-circuit voltage, Voc (V)
36.9
Short-circuit current, Isc (A)
8.25
Length (mm)
1675
Width (mm)
1001
Thickness (mm)
31
Weight (kg)
22
MODULE STRING/ARRAY CONFIGURATION
The plant is designed such that each inverter is connected to 155 strings of twenty four
modules connected in series. This arrangement ensures the current and voltage levels
match the specification of the inverters. The configuration is summarised in Table 7.
The system design parameters are as shown in Table 6.
Table 6: PV Module Configuration
Module peak power (Wp)
230
Modules per string
24
Strings per inverter
155
Modules per inverter
3720
Modules per mounting structure
24
Modules per plant
66,960
Table 7: System Design Parameters

230
Modules per string
24
155
Inverter Max Power, Pmax, at STC (kW)
855.6
Maximum power voltage, Vmpp (Volts)
715.20
Maximum power current, Impp (A)
1196.6
Open-circuit voltage, Voc, (V)
885.6
1278.75
Short-circuit current, Isc (A)
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 21 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
5.3
INVERTERS
The DC electricity generated by the modules is converted to AC in the inverters. The design
uses SMA make SC 800CP-10 transformerless inverters, as selected by the client.
SgurrEnergy has reviewed the specifications inverters and finds suitable for the project.
These are three phase inverters with compact and weatherproof enclosures. Each modular
plot shall have a separate inverter.
As per industry standard, inverter manufacturers provide 5 year standard warranty with
optional 10 year extended warranty which may be obtained by developer as a part of O&M.
Table 9 below summarises some important characteristics of the inverter considered for
designs.
Table 8: Inverter Specifications
Inverter
SC 800CP-10
Max. DC voltage
1000 V
PV voltage range, MPPT
570 - 820 V
Max. input current
1,400
Number of MPP trackers
Max. number of strings (parallel)
Nominal AC output
800,000 VA
Max. output current
1411 A
Nominal AC voltage / range
360 V 10%
AC grid frequency
50 Hz
Max. efficiency
0.986
Euro ETA
0.984
Normal Ambient temperature range
20 C ... +50 C
Maximum ambient temperature
+50 C
Consumption: operating (standby) / night
< 1500W / 100W
Warranty
5 years
Optimal operation of the considered inverters occurs below 40C. Due to the relatively high
temperature conditions that may be encountered at the site, care should be taken that the
inverters are shaded, well ventilated and situated sufficiently far enough apart to ensure that
they do not take in the cooling air of the neighbouring unit. The temperature data which has
been accessed indicates that it is unlikely that the ambient temperature will often exceed
40C. With the precautions mentioned above, the inverters inbuilt SMA OptiCool system is
expected to cope with the temperatures experienced on site. However, SgurrEnergy
recommends that site temperature data should be verified to ensure that temperatures
above 40C do not cause unacceptable annual energy yield loss.
In order to reduce AC cable runs, inverters shall be placed at the centre of each plot.
Table 9 summarises the system configuration with respect to the inverter setup.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 22 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 9: Inverter Summary

Nominal output power (kW)
800
Inverters per plot
Inverters per plant
18
Modules per string
24
155
5.4
MODULE SUPPORT STRUCTURES
Details provided by client indicate locally fabricated mounting structures will be used for this
project.
According to India wind zone map provided in Appendix 2, Karmaria lies in high damage
risk zone with maximum wind speed in the range of 44 to 47 m/s. The mounting structures
are understood to be designed for withstanding the wind speed of 180km/hr (50m/s) which
exceeds the upper limit of the maximum wind speed range.
Mounting structure with manual seasonal tracking, south facing orientation, tilted 8 from the
horizontal in summer (April to September) and 38 from the horizontal in winter (October to
March) has been chosen by the client to maximise the total annual incident solar irradiation.
The modules will be arranged in portrait orientation with a single row. Twenty four modules
are assembled per 24.72m length of support structure. Figure 10 and Figure 11 shows an
indicative schematic drawing and inter row spacing for the support structure for tilt of 8 in
summer and 38 in winter respectively. To accommodate the 66,960 modules approximately
68,355m of support structure are needed.
Figure 10: Indicative layout of Inter row spacing at 8 tilt in summer
Figure 11: Indicative layout of Inter row spacing at 38 tilt in winter
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 23 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 10: Mounting Structure Summary
5.5
Modules per 24.72m length of mounting structure
24
Number of 24.72m mounting structures per plot
155
SITE SECURITY
In order to reduce the risk of theft and tampering, installation of a security fence for the site
boundaries is in progress as can be illustrated from Figure 12. Galvanized and plastified
fencing with 70g Zn/m2 is commonly used for this type of plant. For environmental
purposes, measures should be taken to allow small animals to pass underneath.
Security cameras are sometimes specified for PV plants as shown in Figure 13 . Security
cameras may be considered as an option for vigilance.
Figure 12: Site Fencing In Progress
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 24 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Figure 13: Example of Security Systems used in PV Power Plants
5.6
REMOTE MONITORING AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
For large solar plants, a variety of components can be assembled to create a customised
monitoring solution. A perfectly co-ordinated system benefits both the installer and grid
operator. The monitoring and data acquisition system chosen by client are the standard
products of SMA and are normally customized in conjunction with SMA inverters.
The power plant incorporates a communication system to monitor the output of each string
combiner box and inverter so that system faults can be detected and rectified before they
have an appreciable effect on production. The monitoring system will be a web based
internet portal solution. The project uses SMA SSM24-11 string combiner boxes, controls
and instrumentation and SCADA system. The monitoring system will be a web based
internet portal solution.
Typical schematic of the monitoring system architecture is indicated in Figure 14
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 25 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Figure 14: Indicative schematic of data monitoring
Monitoring system includes the following elements:
SMA Sunny String-Monitor 24

SMA Sunny WebBox
SMA Sunny Central Control
SMA Sunny SensorBox
The Sunny String-Monitor measures and compares the individual string currents in order to
detect power deviations and therefore anomalies. Each Sunny String-Monitor allows the
connection of up to 24 strings. The specifications of the Sunny String-Monitor are given in
Table 11. It can be delivered in an enclosure for wall mounting or as a standalone box.
Table 11: Specifications of the SMA Sunny String-Monitor 24 (SSM24-11)
Maximum permissible DC voltage
1000V
Maximum permissible DC current
320A
Number of measuring channels
24
Maximum string current per measuring

channel
13.30
Dimensions (mm)
1060x1085x245
Weight (kg)
80
Operating temperature range
-25 to +40C
Relative humidity
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
15 to 95%
Revision B2
Page 26 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
The Sunny String-Monitor boxes are then connected to the Sunny Central Control via
RS485 cables. The Sunny Central Control enables detailed recording and analysis of the
data monitored by each Sunny String-Monitor.
Installed indoor, the SMA Sunny WebBox is a data logger that continuously monitors up to
50 devices in real time and automatically reports system status. All performance data of the
plant (e.g. inverter, plant power production) is recorded and exported for evaluation. Inverter
parameters can also be centrally adjusted from the WebBox. Data can be accessed from
any computer with an internet connection so that operational failures can be detected at an
early stage. The WebBox and the Central Control devices communicate with each other via
Ethernet. Specifications of the Sunny WebBox are presented in Table 12.
Table 12: Specifications of the SMA Sunny WebBox
Communication to Sunny Central Control
10/100 Mbit Ethernet
Maximum communication range
100m
Maximum number of SMA devices
50
Dimensions (mm)
255x130x57
Weight (g)
750
Plug-in power supply
100-240V, 50/60Hz
Power consumption
Typ. 4W / Max. 12W
Ambient temperature
-20 to +65C
Relative air humidity
5 to 95%, non-condensing
Additionally, SgurrEnergy recommends the use of an SMA Sunny SensorBox to monitor

environmental conditions at the PV plant. Installed outdoors on a PV module, the
SensorBox measures the solar irradiation and module temperature using a solar cell and
temperature sensor. The actual measured output of the inverters can then be compared
with the expected output calculated from the solar resource. This allows the identification of
system failures3. The SensorBox is also connected to the WebBox via a RS485 data
connection. The specifications for the Sunny SensorBox are shown in Table 13.
Table 13: Specifications of the SMA Sunny SensorBox
Communication to the data

logger (Sunny WebBox)
RS485
Maximum communication
range
1200m
Solar irradiation
Range 0-1500W/m2 (Precision 8%)
Module temperature
Range -20C to +110C (Precision 0.5C)
Ambient temperature
Range -30C to +80C (Precision 0.5C)
Wind measurement
Range 0.8-40m/s (max 60m/s short term) (Precision 0.5m/s)
Additional sensors may also measure the ambient temperature and wind speed for more precise
calculations.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 27 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Power supply
Via RS485 line; via external power supply (indoor power

injector); max 150m cable
Dimensions (mm)
120x50x90
Weight (g)
5.7
500
PV POWER TRANSFER
The 15 MW PV plant has been divided in eighteen independent bus sections at the low
voltage (LV) level. Each plot output shall be stepped up to 11kV using 1000kVA outdoor
type transformer. These shall be appropriately combined and stepped up to 66kV using
three 6.25MVA ONAN outdoor type transformers located at PV plant premises. Three 66kV
lines from the transformers will form into a single bus and power will be transferred to the
Gujarat Energy Transmission Company Ltd. (GETCO) substation at village Sikra located
approximately 8km from the plant.
The metering point for the power evacuation shall be at the power plant premises on
outgoing 66kV lines; further transmission and related infrastructure will be provided by the
GETCO.
5.8
CIVIL STRUCTURES
An appropriate structure to provide security and shelter to the low voltage transformers and
electrical panels will be needed. The structure shall be constructed from either
brickwork/blockwork with a concrete or steel sheeted roof. The building has been placed at
centre of plot module to minimise cable losses.
5.9
CABLING
All the DC and AC cables are designed for outdoor application with a continuous ambient
temperature of 50C. They are sized for a power loss below 2.35% and a voltage drop less
than 2%.
5.9.1
DC CABLING
All the modules shall be equipped with attached junction boxes with 4mm2 connecting leads.
Modules will be interconnected to form a string of twenty four modules using these leads,
further single core; 16mm2 multi-stranded copper cables connects each string to the string
combiner box (SCB). These cables will be cross linked polyethylene insulated and
temperature & UV resistant.
Further the power from such SCBs is taken to inverter located within the plot. These cables
will be cross linked polyethylene insulated and temperature resistant.
5.9.2
AC CABLING
The three phase AC output from each of the inverter of a plot will be connected to the Air
circuit breaker using 2 runs single core, 630mm2 copper cables per phase. Further to this
1600A, TPN Aluminium sandwich type bus duct will connect to LV winding of 1000kVA
transformer for stepping up the voltage to 11kV located centrally in the plot.
Power will be fed from the high voltage side of each transformer through 3 core, 120mm2,
11 kV XLPE insulated aluminium cable to the sub main MV Switchboard. These sub main
MV switchboard shall be suitably combined with 3 core, 185mm2, 11 kV XLPE insulated
aluminium cable for the power to be further stepped up to 66kV at the power plant premises.
Designs of this switchyard and step up substation will be done in the detailed design phase.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 28 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
5.10 MEDIUM VOLTAGE STATION

There shall be a dedicated low voltage station comprising of inverter, transformers, MV
switchgear and electrical protection systems where the AC power will be stepped up to
11kV using a 1000kVA transformer for individual plot module. The medium voltage station
will be situated close to the PV plant in order to minimise distribution losses. The medium
voltage station is provisionally placed at the centre of each plot module.
5.10.1 METERING
In addition to the metering and monitoring arrangement in junction box and inverters,
monitoring of voltage, current and energy will be provided at the medium voltage
switchboards for each of the plot. These meters will be digital with an RS 485 port for
remote monitoring. They will have accuracy class 1.0.
Similarly, HV side shall also be equipped with voltage, current, power and energy meters in
order to correlate the energy generation and losses. Further metering for utility shall be
main and check meters of 0.2S accuracy class or as required and specified by GETCO.
5.10.2 TRANSFORMERS
The low voltage station will comprise of 0.360/11kV, 1000kVA, 50Hz ONAN type step-up
transformers suitable for continuous operation. The transformers have been selected to
operate at maximum efficiency and to be rated for a maximum temperature rise of 50C with
a daily average ambient temperature of 45C.
The transformer cores shall be constructed from CRGO electrical grade steel sheet
laminations. Winding conductor material should be electrolytic grade copper, free from any
scales with no possibility of shrinkages. The core and copper losses shall be minimal.
5.11 HIGH VOLTAGE STATION
The high voltage station will come up at the solar plant premises and will be owned by
SunBorne. It will comprise of three 11/66kV, 6.25MVA, 50Hz ONAN type step up
transformers and a switchyard.
5.12 VENTILATION
A suitable ducted ventilation system may be used for control rooms for maximizing
efficiency as per equipment manufacturers requirements and as recommended by
ASHRAE.
5.13 EARTHING SYSTEM
There will be dedicated earthing stations for transformer, MV switch boards and high
voltage panels. Maintenance free earthing stations have been considered for the designs.
All the modules frames shall be appropriately earthed in accordance to the NEC. Normally
all crystalline modules have a provision of holes for terminating earth leads.
5.14 LIGHTNING PROTECTION
The entire PV plant and the electrical rooms will be protected from lightning. The protection
system will be based on early streamer emission lightning conductor air terminals. The air
terminals shall provide an umbrella protection against direct lightning strike covering a radial
distance of 60m. The air terminal will be capable of handling multiple strikes of lightning
current and should be maintenance free after installation. The lightning arrestor will be
installed on the control rooms with a mast height of 5m.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 29 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
These air terminals will be connected to respective earthing stations, and an earthing grid
will be formed connecting all the earthing stations through the required galvanised iron
tapes.
The earthing stations for the lighting discharges will be provided with test links of
phosphorus bronze and located at 150mm above ground level in an easily accessible
position for testing.
5.15 GRID CONNECTION
Power shall be evacuated at 66kV level at the Sikra transmission substation owned and
operated by GETCO and located approximately 8 km from site. The point of interconnection
at 66kV level will be at plant location, further electrical infrastructure will be provided by
GETCO.
5.16 SUMMARY OF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS
5.16.1 AC HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEM
Rated voltage: 66kV.
Number of phases: 3.
Nominal frequency: 50Hz.
5.16.2 AC MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEM
Rated voltage: 11kV.
Number of phases: 3.
5.16.3 AC LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM
Operating voltage: 360V.
Number of phases: 3
5.16.4 DC SYSTEM
Operating voltage inverters: 570V 820V.
Maximum system voltage: 1000V.
5.16.5 SERVICE CONDITIONS
Ambient temperature range: up to 45C.
PLANT DESIGN
6.1
PLANT LAYOUT
As space is not a major constraint at the location chosen, the layout of the 15MW plant is
chosen to maximise the annual energy output. Further layout refinements may be made in
the detailed design phase.
The distance between rows of mounting structures has been chosen such that there is
minimal inter-row shading at the maximum sun angle on the winter solstice and adequate
distance for maintenance purposes. Figure 14 shows an indicative layout for 15MW PV
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 30 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
plant. The layout is designed with a pitch (distance between the fronts of one row to the
front of the next row) of 4.5m.
7
REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING A PV POWER PLANT
In order to establish and maintain a solar PV plant there are a number of requirements
which are discussed below.
7.1
SITE ESTABLISHMENT
Workforce: Accommodation for the workforce required for construction may be found in
villages located near the site.
Fuel: The nearest petrol/diesel refueling station for construction vehicles is approximately
5km from the site. A temporary fuel reserve of around 200 liters may also be stored in tanks
if required.
Electricity: Power requirement during project construction may be catered from a 40kVA
diesel generator set as standby source.
Construction substation of 100kVA can be installed for powering site establishment and
construction activities. The availability of continuous power from power utility is quite
unknown as of now; hence backup of 40kVA diesel generator can be maintained as a
standby source for smooth project execution.
7.2
MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
The energy output of the plant will be monitored using the remote data acquisition system
connected to each inverter as described in earlier section. Significant reduction in energy
output will trigger specific maintenance requirements, such as inverter servicing or module
replacement. In addition to this, on-going maintenance of the plant may be required and
typical activities are as described below:
Modules: Visual inspection and replacement of damaged modules will be required at
regular intervals. Cleaning of the module glass surface during long dry periods may be
considered. Cleaning may be conducted using a tucker pole (a long hollow pole with a hose
fitting on one end and a soft bristle brush on the other). Alternatively automatic water
sprinkling system with underground storage and pumping may also be used.
General maintenance: Vegetation will need to be cut back if it starts to cause a fire risk or
introduce shading.
Module support structure: Annual visual inspection for general integrity of the structure,
corrosion, damage and fatigue. All frame connections should be checked for deflections or
tears at the module and cross beams to assess the need for replacement.
Wiring and junction boxes: Visual inspection for corrosion, damage such as chafing, and
damage by rodents and birds, and for overheating of cables and connections. This requires
the skills of an electrical technician.
Inverters: Inverter maintenance requires the skills of an electrical technician. It involves:
visual inspection of the fans, tightening leads and cleaning using a vacuum cleaner or
brush.
Safety devices: Checking connections, functionality of isolators and circuit breakers, and
for signs of overheating.
Security system: Visual inspection for damage and breaches in the security fence.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 31 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
SgurrEnergy has predicted nominal annual energy output from the Karmaria PV site using
clients design for 15MW plant and layout as described in Section 6. SgurrEnergy have:
1) Sourced average monthly horizontal irradiation, wind speed and temperature data
from a variety of sources including satellite image derived data and data from land
based meteorological stations as described in Section 4.8. These data have been
assessed and judiciously selected for use in the energy prediction simulation software.
2) Calculated the global incident radiation on the tilted collector plane with seasonal
tracking taking into account shading.
3) Calculated the losses, as described in detail in the Appendix 1, using details of the
inverter specifications, PV module specifications, site layout and characteristics.
4) Applied ohmic losses, and transformer losses to obtain an energy prediction that
reflects a twenty five year plant life.
Steps 2 and 3 are facilitated using industry standard photovoltaic simulation software which
simulates the energy prediction using hourly time steps. The software takes as input
detailed specifications of:
The solar PV modules.
The inverter.
The site layout, including a 3D representation of surrounding shading structures if any

are present.
Electrical configuration including number of modules in series and parallel.
8.1
RADIATION IN THE PLANE OF THE MODULES
The annual global irradiation incident on the collector plane has been maximised by tilting
the modules at an angle4 of 38 to the horizontal during winter (October to March) and at an
angle of 8 for summer (April to September). PV modelling software is used to calculate the
incident global irradiation in the tilted collector plane from the irradiation in the horizontal
plane.
8.2
CORRECTIONS AND LOSSES
Using the calculation of the irradiation in the collector plane and knowledge of the PV
module specifications and configuration, PV modelling software is used to calculate the DC
electricity generated from the modules in hourly time steps throughout the year. This direct
current is converted to AC in the inverter.
A number of losses occur during the process of converting irradiated solar energy into AC
electricity fed into the grid. The losses may be described as a yield loss factor. These losses
are calculated within the PV modelling software, calculated from the cable dimensions and
from information gathered during the site visit. Others are nominal figures applied from
knowledge of performance of similar PV plants. The losses are summarised in Table 14 and
described in more detail in Appendix 1.
This angle may be refined in the detailed design phase according to the precise solar resource.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 32 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 14: Description of Energy Prediction Losses

Loss
Description
Shading
Three types of shading losses are considered in the PV energy

prediction model: horizon shading, shading between rows of modules
and near shading due to trees and buildings.
Incident angle
The incidence angle loss accounts for losses in radiation penetrating the
front glass of the PV modules due to angles of incidence other than
perpendicular.
Low irradiance
The conversion efficiency of a PV module reduces at low light

intensities.
Module temperature
The characteristics of a PV module are determined at standard

temperature conditions of 25C. For every C temperature rise above
this, crystalline silicon modules reduce in efficiency, generally by around
0.45%.
Soiling
Losses due to dust and bird droppings soiling the module.
Module quality
Most PV modules do not match exactly the manufacturers nominal

specifications. Modules are sold with a nominal peak power and a given
tolerance within which the actual power is guaranteed to lie.
Module mismatch
Losses due to "mismatch" are related to the fact that the real modules in
an array do not all rigorously present the same current/voltage profiles:
there is a statistical variation between them.
DC wiring resistance
Electrical resistance in the wires between the power available at the

modules and at the terminals of the array gives rise to ohmic losses
(IR).
Inverter performance
Inverters convert from DC into AC with a maximum efficiency.

Depending on the inverter load, they will not always operate at
maximum efficiency.
AC losses
This includes transformer performance (MV/HV) and ohmic losses in the

cable leading to the substation.
Downtime
Downtime depends on the grid availability, diagnostic response time,

stock of spare equipment and the repair response time.
Degradation
The performance of a PV module decreases with time.
MPP tracking
The inverters are constantly seeking the maximum power point (MPP) of
the array by shifting inverter voltage to the maximum power point
voltage. Different inverters do this with varying efficiency.
8.3
Table 15 below summarises the Karmaria solar PV power plant, the available resource, the
losses and the nominal energy prediction.
Table 16: First Year Nominal Energy Prediction shows the resource and monthly output.
Table 15: Nominal Energy Prediction for Karmaria PV Power Plant
PV module
Modules per plot
Peak power per plot (kWp)
Number of plots
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
SolarWorld-SW230
230
3,720
855.6
18
Revision B2
Page 33 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 15: Nominal Energy Prediction for Karmaria PV Power Plant

PV module
2
Module area per plot(m )
2
Total Module Area (m )
Peak power of plant (MWp)
Module efficiency at STC (%)
Solar Resource (based on METEONORM data)
Annual global horizontal irradiation (kWh/m2)
Global irradiation incident on collector plane (kWh/m2)
Losses
Shading1
Incident angle
Low irradiance
Module temperature
Soiling
Module quality
Module mismatch
DC ohmic
Inverter performance
2
Down time
3
First Year Degradation
Total annual loss factor post inverter
First Year Energy Output at Inverter Output (GWh/annum)4
First Year Specific Output at Inverter Output (kWh/kWp)
AC losses
AC ohmic
Transformer LV/MV
Transformer (MV/HV)
Total annual loss factor post transformer
First Year Energy Prediction after AC Losses (GWh/annum)
First Year AC Specific Prediction (kWh/kWp)
Total First Year Energy Prediction after AC Losses
(GWh/annum)
Total First Year AC Specific Prediction (kWh/kWp)
PLF
SolarWorld-SW230
6,237.2
112,270
15.401
13.9%
For tilt of
For tilt of 8
38
(Summer)
(Winter)
1,051
910
1,048.90
1,161.50
0.998
0.967
0.956
0.872
0.971
0.984
0.986
0.989
0.984
1
1
0.738
12.073
784
0.966
0.976
0.970
0.876
0.971
0.984
0.986
0.989
0.984
1
1
0.735
13.316
865
0.988
0.985
0.987
0.708
11.59
752.62
0.988
0.985
0.987
0.705
12.78
830.08
24.37
1582.7
18.54
Notes:
1) Due to inter-row shading, horizon shading and shading from obstacles (if any).
2) As per clients information loss due to grid non availability is taken to be negligible.
3) Considering no degradation of module at the start of the year, first degradation is not taken into account.
4) Energy required by auxiliary services is not accounted for.
PLF is calculated on 15MW AC installed capacity.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 34 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 16: First Year Nominal Energy Prediction

Monthly
Sum Global
Horizontal
Irradiation
(kWh/m2)
Monthly
Sum Global
Inclined
Irradiation
at 22
(kWh/m2)
Specific
AC Output
(kWh/kWp)
Proportion
of Annual
Production
First Year
AC Energy
Output
(GWh)
April
205.2
208
148.89
9.42%
2.29
May
218.7
216
154.84
9.80%
2.38
June
182.9
179
128.65
8.14%
1.98
July
142.9
141
101.24
6.40%
1.56
August
138.4
138
99.09
6.27%
1.53
September
162.7
167
119.83
7.58%
1.85
October
139.9
188
134.64
8.52%
2.07
November
149.9
183
130.64
8.26%
2.01
December
194.2
188
134.50
8.51%
2.07
January
162.9
200
143.00
9.05%
2.20
February
136.1
191
136.36
8.63%
2.10
March
127.2
209
149.08
9.43%
2.30
Total
1961
2208
1581
100%
24.35
Summer
Winter
Table 17 shows each years individual and rolling average of nominal energy yields. An
annual degradation rate of 0.5% and 0.7% has been assumed.
Table 17: Each Years Individual and Rolling Nominal Average Annual Energy Yield
Year
Nominal Each Year's

6
individual Energy Yield
(GWh/annum)
Rolling Average with

7
0.5% annual Degradation
(GWh/annum)
Rolling Average with 0.7%8

annual Degradation
(GWh/annum)
24.126
24.126
24.126
24.006
24.066
24.042
23.886
24.006
23.958
23.766
23.946
23.874
23.647
23.886
23.791
st
Nominal Energy Prediction with 1% degradation at the end of 1 year.
Comparison of Degradation Rates of Individual Modules Held at Maximum Power Technical paper presented
by US Department of Energy, National Renewable Energy Laboratory at the 2006 IEEE 4th World Conference
held on May 7-12, 2006,
According to the Solar World 25 year linear performance guarantee, which needs to be validated at the time of
purchase
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 35 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 17: Each Years Individual and Rolling Nominal Average Annual Energy Yield
8
Year
Nominal Each Year's

6
individual Energy Yield
(GWh/annum)
Rolling Average with

7
0.5% annual Degradation
(GWh/annum)
Rolling Average with 0.7%

annual Degradation
(GWh/annum)
23.529
23.827
23.708
23.411
23.767
23.626
23.294
23.708
23.543
23.178
23.649
23.462
10
23.062
23.591
23.380
11
22.947
23.532
23.299
12
22.832
23.474
23.219
13
22.718
23.416
23.139
14
22.604
23.358
23.059
15
22.491
23.300
22.979
16
22.379
23.242
22.900
17
22.267
23.185
22.821
18
22.156
23.128
22.743
19
22.045
23.071
22.665
20
21.935
23.014
22.587
21
21.825
22.957
22.510
22
21.716
22.901
22.433
23
21.607
22.845
22.357
24
21.499
22.789
22.280
25
21.392
22.733
22.204
8.4
CAPACITY FACTOR
The Capacity Factor (CF) also known as Plant Load Factor (PLF) of a PV power plant
(usually expressed as a percentage) is the ratio of the actual output over a period of a year
and its output if it had operated at nominal power the entire year, as described in the
formula below.
CF

The CF for the first year of the Karmaria PV plant has been computed as 18.54% using the
above equation.
9
PERMITS AND LICENSING
Obtaining the relevant permits and licenses is essential to facilitate the timely completion of
a project and to ensure that the development proceeds in harmony with the natural
environment, existing land usage and other regulatory interests such as defence and
aviation.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 36 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
9.1
PERMITTING, LICENSING AND CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS
The key permits, licenses and contracts for the Karmaria PV plant acquired by client
include:
Land lease contract.
EIA.
Building permit/planning consent.
Renewable energy equipment supply agreement and warranty.
Grid Power for Evacuation.
Power purchase agreement.
The authorities, statutory bodies and stakeholders usually include the following general
organisation types:
Local and/or regional planning authority.
Environmental agencies/departments.
Archaeological agencies/departments.
Civil aviation authorities.
Ministry of defence.
Local communities.
Health and safety agencies/departments.
Electricity utilities.
10 GUJARAT SOLAR POLICY AND TARIFF REGULATION

The Government of Gujarat released the solar power policy on 6 January, 2009 with the aim
to generate clean energy using solar power, boost technology development within the state
and cater in beneficial use of wastelands. The policy will be operative until 31 March, 2014
and the Solar Power Generators (SPGs) commissioned before this date can take advantage
of the incentives declared under this policy for a period of 25 years or the life span of the
project, whichever is shorter.
The policy envisages total installation of 500MW and has limited the minimum and
maximum capacity for solar power projects at 5MW and 50MW respectively.
10.1 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SOLAR POLICY & REGULATION
This section discusses the relevant highlights Gujarat solar policy and the solar tariff order
released by Gujarat electricity regulatory commission (GERC). Solar policy of Gujarat and
the tariff order are provided in appendix 4
Eligibility Criteria - Any company or body corporate or artificial judiciary person or body
of individuals (incorporated or not) will be eligible of setting up SPGs for captive use or
for sale of generated power in accordance with The Electricity Act 2003, as amended
from time to time. The entities must submit a detailed proposal to the Gujarat nodal
agency to be considered for selection. However, prior to submitting the proposal they
must clear the required eligibility criteria.
Financial Criteria
i. The entity must have an Internal Resource Generation of INR 120 million or
equivalent US $ per MW, which will be calculated as five times the maximum
internal resource generated during the last five years.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 37 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
ii. Should have a Net worth of INR 2 crore or equivalent US $ per MW in annual
accounts in any of the last three years.
iii. Should have an annual turnover of INR 480 million or equivalent US $ per MW in
any of the last three years.
a. Technical criteria - The entity must have completed any project in the last 10 years
with an aggregate capital cost of INR 30 million per MW of the capacity. Further, the
entity must essentially have collaboration with a proven technology supplier of solar
power projects. Further, only new plant and machinery will be eligible for installation
under this policy.
Bank Guarantee - A bank guarantee of INR 5 million per MW will have to be provided at
the time of signing the Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) with the GUVNL or the
distribution licensee. The guarantee will be refunded if the developer achieves
commercial operation within the time period specified at the time of signing the PPA.
Project Capital Cost For determining the levelised tariff the Gujarat Electricity
Regulatory Commission has decided upon a capital cost of INR 165 million, this
excludes the electrical infrastructure cost further to interconnection point that shall be
provided by GETCO. Operations and maintenance cost has been benchmarked at 0.5%
of the project capital cost, this amounts to INR 0.825 million.
Project Financing debt-equity ratio of 70:30 has been in accordance to electricity act.
The commission notifies loan tenure of 10 years with an interest rate of 11.5%.
Sale of energy - The solar power generated can be sold at a levelised tariff of INR
15/kWh for the first 12 years followed by INR 5/kWh from the 13th to the 25th year.
However rates will be decided by the Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Ltd (GUVNL) or the
Distribution licensee for power purchase.
Duty Exemptions - The developers will be exempted from paying electricity duty and
demand cut (for captive use purpose) to the extent of 50% of the installed capacity.
Metering - Metering will be carried out monthly by Gujarat Energy Development Agency
(GEDA) and Gujarat Energy Transmission Company Ltd (GETCO) at the substation of
66kV or higher.
Grid Connectivity - The transmission line from the solar substation/switchyard to the
GETCO will be carried out by GETCO. GETCO will initially study the evacuation facility
before approval. The power will be injected at 66kV.
If open access is granted, the developer or beneficiary will have to pay the applicable
open access charges and losses as decided by the GERC.
Renewable Purchase Obligation - Renewable Purchase Obligation (RPO) will be

applicable to distribution licensees, captive consumption and third party sale. The RPO
is decided as 5% for 2010 11 out of which 0.25% is from solar. The percentage
contribution from solar is envisaged to double every year until 2013.
A penalty of INR 12/kWh, payable to GEDA would be applicable if RPO is not met by the
distribution licensee. However, penalty will not be forced if there is non-availability due
to inadequate solar power generation in the state.
Support from Nodal Agencies - GEDA and Gujarat Power Corporation Ltd (GPCL) will
be the Nodal Agencies and help SPGs developers in identifying suitable land, obtaining
clearances and approvals, promote R&D, etc.
Mid-Term Review - The state government will review the solar policy every 3 years or as
the need arises (due to advancement in technology, address changes in The Electricity
Act, etc.)
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 38 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) sharing - The developer will share 50% of the
gross benefits of CDM with the distribution licensee for the first year, with whom the PPA
was signed. This shall proportionately reduce in subsequent years as illustrated in
Figure 18.
11 PROJECT FINANCES
SgurrEnergy has assessed the financial model for the proposed Karmaria 15MW solar PV
project. Under the Gujarat solar policy, SunBorne Energy has signed PPA with Gujarat Urja
Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) hence, various project performance parameters are
dependent on the tariff determined by Gujarat Electricity Regulatory Commission (GERC)
and the capital cost. Project capital cost is primarily based on the budgetary estimates
provided by SunBorne Energy that are availed through offers from various suppliers of PV
plant components.
11.1 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES
This section indicates the project capital cost for the proposed Karmaria 15MW solar PV
project. Escalation within the prevailing prices for the construction period is not considered
as it is unlikely to increase the cost for various components.
Land - 104 acres of land shall suffice for a 15MW solar power plant. This shall include
eighteen plot modular units, MV substation and HV switch yard.
Planning and Permissions - are the pre-operative expenses required to complete

registration process availing necessary approvals, preparing various assessment
reports, security deposits and processing fees to adhere relevant regulatory
requirements etc. Apart from this the project shall also incur people cost for the various
project development and administrative expenses of the project. This shall also
included Engineering and Project Management services essentially including the cost
associated starting from resource assessment, engineering designs, supervision right
through to project management and commissioning. This is a nominal expense and
accounts around 1% of the entire capital cost.
Project Capital Cost Breakdown

Cost of Land and Site
Development
Modules
2%
1% 3%
4%
1%
Inverters
4%
Structures
8%
1%
Transformers
Switchyard
12%
56%
Miscellaneous assets
Civil Works
8%
Preliminary & Pre-operative

Expenses
Contingency
Figure 15: Project capital cost breakdown.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 39 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Infrastructure Development - over all infrastructure development for the site is

essentially consists of land development, roads and public health development,
electrical work during construction, air conditioning and ventilation, development of
administrative, control rooms and other buildings, security systems such as fire
protection system, fencing, communication system and other. This accounts to less than
2% of the capital cost in this estimate.
Civil Works - cost determined under this section is INR 8.52 million/MWp. This cost
includes major civil foundation work at the plant site such as foundations for mounting
structure, LV & HV transformers, switchyard foundations and other civil work.
Solar PV Modules - PV module cost accounts to highest share of the capital cost, for the
proposed project it has been estimated to 56% of the total capital cost. Module has been
selected on the basis of specific technology and capacity suitable is determined by
assuming prevalent rate of USD 1.64/Wp.
Module Mounting Structures - cost considered for mounting structure is INR 25.46
million/MWp. Cost of locally manufactured and fabricated structures accounts to
approximately 12% of the total capital cost.
Inverters - cost considered for Inverters along with the required controls and
instrumentation is INR 15.98 million/MW.
Power Evacuation Infrastructure - This includes supply, erection and commissioning of

entire cabling, transformers and evacuation infrastructure 11kV/66kV transformer
substation, switchyard and metering necessary. The cost estimates to 8% of entire
capital cost.
Contingency provision of 3% has been considered for project. The capital intensive
solar power projects in India are considerably a new to implement. The contingency
provision also supports to implementation of innovation within the project for improving
overall efficiency of the project.
Interest during construction (IDC) since the investment is capital intensive in nature
and project cost for the proposed multi megawatt size plant shall be higher. Interest
during the construction is considered for six months at the rate of 11% per annum. The
gestation period for the completion of 15MW power plant period is considered is six
months.
Table 18 presents an indicative budgetary estimate for the proposed Karmaria 15MW solar
power plant. This includes design, supply, installation, testing and commissioning of the
entire plant along with the project development costs.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 40 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 18: Indicative budgetary estimate for capital cost

BUDGETARY ESTIMATE FOR 15MW GRID INTERACTIVE SOLAR PV PROJECT
(Cost in million Indian Rupees)
S No.
Description
Unit
Cost of Land and Site Development
Lump sum
Modules
MW
Inverters
Quantit
y
Unit
Rate
Cost
3.7
3.71
15
7.9
118.82
Nos.
18
0.9
15.98
Structures
MW
15
1.7
25.46
Transformers
Nos.
21
0.1
2.98
Switchyard
Nos.
17.5
17.48
Miscellaneous
1.3
1.25
Civil Works
Lump sum
8.5
8.52
Preliminary & Pre-operative Expenses
Lump sum
1.2
1.2
10
Contingency
Lump sum
5.7
5.7147
11
Margin Money and IDC
Lump sum
9.2
9.20
Total
212.818
11.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST

Operation and maintenance (O & M) expenses comprising spares, extended warranties,
repairs, routine and preventive maintenance, insurance expenses, employee remuneration
and administrative costs have been estimated at INR 0.825 million/MW for base year,
subsequently there shall be an annual escalation of 5% over the tariff period. The escalation
is attributed to take care of incremental cost in O & M for smooth functioning of plant.
Key highlights on O & M cost assumptions are mentioned below:
Project life - 25 years

Annual escalation in O & M cost - 5%
Mounting Structure - Fixed type.
Man power
o Number of engineers 06
o Number of technicians 08
o Administration staff 06
o Security staff 18
o Managerial Staff - 02
o Daily wages labour 20
Spares
o Consumable Spares
o Routine repairs & maintenance
Insurance charges
11.3 TARIFF STRUCTURE

Tariff under the Gujarat Solar policy 2009 has been divided for two sub periods.
INR15/kWh for the first 12 years starting from the date of commercial operation of the
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 41 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
project and INR 5 per kWh from the 13th onward where the PPA will be signed for 25 years.
This takes into account the benchmark capital cost, return of equity, capacity utilization
factor, interest on loan capital, depreciation factor, and interest on working capital and
operation and maintenance costs.
11.4 REVIEW OF FINANCIAL MODEL
SgurrEnergy has technically reviewed the financial model prepared and provided by
SunBorne Energy.
Financial
inancial review of the project is primarily based on debt equity contribution within the
project cost and the expected revenue from the projects for the specified period. Following
are the generic assumptions made for the project.
Financial structure: Equity 30% and Debt 70%

Debt repayment period: 11
1 years
Interest rate on debt: 11.00%
IDC 11% (for gestation period of six months)
11.4.1 FINANCING STRUCTURE

Capital cost required for the 15MW project is estimated at INR 2087.2 million. The breakup
of the finances required for the project from the assumption made (debt: equity, 70:30) is
worked out as INR 1461.00 million (debt) and INR 626.20 million (equity). The debt
component of the financing is expected to be raised from banks and financial institutes.
11.4.2 ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION
The nominal annual energy predictions for 25 years and the methodology thus adopted is
already described in the preceding sections.
21.392
21.499
21.607
21.825
21.716
21.935
22.156
22.045
22.267
22.491
22.379
Nominal Individual year

22.604
22.832
22.718
22.947
23.178
23.062
23.294
23.529
23.411
23.647
23.886
23.766
24.006
24.126
Nominal Energy Estimate
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Figure 16: Nominal Individual year Energy Prediction
11.4.3 POWER SALE

Solar PV project revenue is dependent upon the power production and the power price.
Karmaria
a 15MW solar PV project is secured with ensured returns through the power
purchase agreement executed however,
however, it is necessary to estimate the annual sale
realization through estimated energy yield calculated. According to the annual yield
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 42 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
predicted by SgurrEnergy,
rrEnergy, expected revenue generation is indicated in the cash flow
statement and balance sheet.
Period
Revenue (INR million)
Revenue for first 12 years
4357.40
Revenue for Next 13 years
1409.10
Total revenue for the project for 25 years
5766.50
25 years average annual revenue
192.20
Figure 17: Summary of revenue generation
11.4.4 CER REVENUE

United Nations Clean Development Mechanism (CDM)
(
) allows emission reducing projects in
developing countries to earn Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits and corresponding
revenue; each CER is equivalent to one tonne of Carbon dioxide saved.. Proposed solar
power plant is eligible to avail CDM benefits. However, the Gujarat policy 2009 states that
the power developer should share the benefit with GUVNL.
Detailed cash flow statement and balance sheet can be found in Appendix 6
Figure 18: CER revenue sharing
Project is expected to earn INR 215 million (over the period of 25 years) even after sharing
the benefits of CDM with GUVNL.
11.4.5 PROJECT ECONOMICS AND RESULTS
Project investment is believed to be acceptable only if the internal rate of return (IRR) is
more than the established minimum rate of return on capital cost. This is normally in
contrast with the net present value (NPV) of the project, which is a value indicator for the
investment.
Average Debt
ebt Service Coverage Ratio (Average DSCR) represents the debt serviceability of
the project over the life of debt period. Higher values
value of this represent higher capacity to
repay service debt;; whereas M
Minimum DSCR represents the minimum debt serviceability of
the project over the life of debt period.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 43 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Table 19: Project key indicators

Key indicators
Results
Post tax project IRR

Equity IRR
Minimum DSCR
Maximum DSCR
13.00%
14.52%
1.32
2.35
Average DSCR
1.40
12 POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENT

The Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) has been executed between SunBorne Energy
Gujarat One Private Limited and Gujarat Urja Vikas Nigam Limited (GUVNL) on the 31st
May 2010. Key highlights of the PPA is summarised below. Copy of original PPA has been
provided in Appendix 5.
Validity of the power purchase agreement shall be 25 years from the date of
commercial operation.
The project developer is required to submit a bank guarantee of INR5 million/MWp

favouring GUVNL having a validity up to three month from the date of commercial
operations.
The commercial operations date scheduled by GUVNL is 31st December, 2011, failing
which project developer is liable to be pay liquidity damages of INR 10,000/day/MW
for first 60 days of delay and INR 15,000/day/MW thereafter.
Power from the solar PV plant shall be evacuated at 66kV or above, with the point of
interconnection at the project premises. Further transmission lines and required
electrical infrastructure will be provided by GETCO.
Tariff rate agreed upon shall be INR15.00/kWh for first 12 years and INR5.00/kWh for
the subsequent 13years of commercial operation.
Metering shall be jointly monitored by the project developer and GETCO on first date
of every month leading in transparent administration.
Benefits of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) will be shared by the between
the power producer and GUVNL. However, the power producer will enjoy full benefits
of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) in the first year, after which he will share
will reduce by 10% every year till both parties enjoy equal benefits (50:50).
13 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
It is to be noted that the commercial operations date scheduled by GUVNL is 31st
December, 2011, failing which project developer is liable to be pay liquidity damages of INR
10,000/day/MW for first 60 days of delay and INR 15,000/day/MW thereafter. Project
implementation is enclosed in Appendix 7.
14 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
From the analysis completed and presented in this report, the development of Karmaria
15MW PV power plant is technically feasible.
Following are the recommendations by SgurrEnergy:
Site location: Site falls in close vicinity of seashore. Although all necessary
measures may be taken for balance of plant design, confirmation from module
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 44 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
manufacturer for no effect due to salt mist and excess relative humidity may be
required.
Solar Resource: For onsite measurement of resource, a monitoring station has

been installed on site since November 2010. The uncertainty in the energy
prediction may be reduced by using a minimum of one year recorded data.
Ohmic losses: DC and AC cable size selected should be within the losses
calculated in the energy prediction, to allow a more accurate prediction of the energy
prediction.
Soiling losses: SgurrEnergy advises that the O&M strategy should be designed to
take into account the risk of soiling of the modules.
Supply of PV modules: Due to the large number of modules required for this PV
plant, it is recommended that the lead time for delivery of the modules is confirmed
with the manufacturer and suppliers as more lead time may cause delay in project
implementation.
Due to huge quantity of modules required for this PV plant, lead time may increase,
therefore different PV module of same or higher efficiency may be considered thus
improving the energy generation.
Supply of Inverters: Initial 5MW PV plant uses SMA 800kW inverter. Delivery for
the further 10MW may vary depending on lead time; however SunBorne may opt for
different model and make having similar specification and warranty terms.
Effect of shading: The Karmaria PV plant suffers from significant shading loss
during the months of winter (October to March) when the tilt angle is 38. Further to
reduce inter row shading, a pitch of 4.5m has been considered for designs, however
shading due to control rooms may contribute to increased shading loss in late
evening hours. This should be addressed in detail designs by optimizing the overall
plant layout or increasing the land area.
Temperature effect on modules: The crystalline silicon modules that have been
selected have a power temperature coefficient of -0.45%/C. The Energy prediction
simulations use simulated temperature data. The client is advised to confirm if these
temperature data are representative of the conditions found at site. If the average
temperatures are found to be significantly higher, SgurrEnergy recommends
simulations should be repeated to assess the effect on the energy prediction.
Temperature effect on inverter: If the ambient temperature at site exceeds 40C

for a significant proportion of the year, inverter losses may be higher than those
modeled which could lead to a reduced annual energy prediction and an adverse
effect on project economics. The client is advised to confirm if the temperature data
that has been used is representative of the conditions found at site.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 45 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
APPENDIX 1: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF LOSSES IN NOMINAL ENERGY

PREDICTION CALCULATION
14.1 A1.1 SHADING LOSS
Three types of shading losses have been considered in the PV energy yield model:
1) Horizon shading.
2) Shading between rows of modules.
3) Near shading due to trees and buildings.
Based on satellite imagery of the location, SgurrEnergy considers there is negligible horizon
shading at the Karmaria solar PV site. The sun path diagram for the site is shown in Figure
19.
(a) Winter Tilt 38
(b) Summer Tilt 8
Figure 19: Horizon Shading at Karmaria PV plant
Near shading at site is caused by inter-row shading. A three dimensional model of the plant
layout has been entered into the PV modelling software as shown in Figure 20. By
simulating the celestial motion of the sun in half hourly time steps throughout the year, the
model calculates the annual loss due to shading.
Figure 20: Model of plot at Karmaria PV plant Layout as used in the PVsyst Model
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 46 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
14.2 A1.2 INCIDENT ANGLE LOSS

The incidence angle loss accounts for losses in radiation penetrating the front glass of the
PV modules due to angles of incidence other than perpendicular. The incident angle loss
has been calculated within PV modelling software using the ASHRAE model as shown
Figure 21. The loss derives from the ratio of direct and diffuse radiation and the angle
between the sun and tilted module plane.
Figure 21: Incident Angle Modifier Curve Used By SgurrEnergy
14.3 A1.3 LOW IRRADIANCE LOSS

The conversion efficiency of a PV module reduces at low light intensities. This causes a loss
in the output of a module compared with the standard conditions the modules are tested at
(1000W/m2). This low irradiance loss depends on the characteristics of the module and the
intensity of the incident radiation. Figure 22 illustrates the reduction in efficiency due to low
irradiance. The low irradiance loss is calculated within the simulations.
Figure 22: Example Curves Showing Module Efficiency Reduction at Low irradiances
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 47 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
14.4 A1.4 MODULE TEMPERATURE

The characteristics of a PV module are determined at standard temperature conditions of
25C. For every C temperature rise above 25C the modules used at the Karmaria site,
reduce in performance by 0.45% as illustrated in Figure 23 in high ambient temperatures
under strong irradiance, module temperatures can rise appreciably. Wind can provide some
cooling effect, which PVsyst models from simulated wind speed data.
Figure 23 : Graph to Illustrate Module Efficiency Reduction with Temperature
The annual average temperature yield loss for the modules used at Karmaria Solar PV site
has been calculated within the simulation software from the average ambient temperature,
the heating effect of solar irradiance and the temperature coefficients of the module.
14.5 A 1.5 MODULE QUALITY
Most PV modules do not match exactly the manufacturers nominal specifications. Modules
are sold with a nominal peak power and a given tolerance within which the actual power is
guaranteed to lie. In practice PV modules usually lie below the nominal power but within the
tolerance.
The specifications of the modules used at Karmaria have a performance tolerance of 3%.
14.6 A1.6 MODULE MISMATCH
Losses due to "mismatch" are related to the fact that the real modules in an array do not all
rigorously present the same current/voltage profiles: there is a statistical variation between
them. This gives rise to a power loss which is quantified by the module mismatch yield loss
factor. The simulation use a mismatch loss factor which is taken as constant and has been
chosen based on performance of existing PV power plants.
14.7 A1.7 DC WIRING RESISTANCE
Electrical resistance in the wires between the power available at the modules and at the
terminals of the array gives rise to ohmic losses (IR). If the wiring is correctly sized this loss
should be less than 1.1% annually. This loss increases as temperatures increase.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 48 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
14.8 A1.8 INVERTER PERFORMANCE

The inverters used for Karmaria solar PV project, convert from DC into AC with a maximum
efficiency of 97.6%. However, depending on the inverter load, they will not always operate
at maximum efficiency. For Karmaria PV plant we have used a value of 98.4% efficiency
which derives from the European Efficiency value given in the inverter specifications.
SgurrEnergy uses this figure to calculate the annual inverter performance loss.
14.9 A1.9 MPP LOSS
The inverters are constantly seeking the MPP of the array by shifting inverter voltage to the
maximum power point voltage as illustrated in Figure 24. The maximum power point voltage
varies with irradiance. Inverters have MPP tracking efficiencies in the region of 99%.
Figure 24: Curves to Illustrate Concept of the Maximum Power Point.
14.10 A1.10 AC LOSSES

AC cabling, when correctly sized should lead to losses generally less than 2%. Larger
losses may arise in the transformers but should generally total less than 3%. Ohmic losses
in the cable leading to the substation depend on the distance to the substation and the
location of the metering system. AC losses for Karmaria Solar PV plant have been applied
externally to the simulations.
14.11 A1.11 DOWNTIME
Downtime depends on the grid availability, diagnostic response time, stock of spare
equipment and the repair response time. With suitable diagnostic equipment and O&M
contracts in place, a yield loss factor is generally taken for quantifying this loss.
14.12 A1.12 SOILING
Losses due to dust and bird droppings soiling the module depend on the environmental
conditions, rainfall frequency and on the cleaning strategy as defined in the O&M contract.
As the performance loss due to soiling can be relatively large compared to other balance of
system loss factors, it is important this effect be studied and taken into account when
formulating the O&M contract. The soiling loss is usually taken to be less than 4%.
14.13 A1.13 DEGRADATION
The performance of a PV module decreases with time. The initial degradation occurs due to
defects in the cell which are activated on exposure to light. The subsequent degradation
occurs at the module level and may be caused by:
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 49 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Effect of the environment on the surface of the module e.g. pollution.
Lamination defects.
Mechanical stress and dampness on the contacts.
Cell contact breakdown.
Wiring degradation.
Factors affecting the degree of degradation include the quality of materials used in
manufacture, the manufacturing process, and also the O&M regime employed at the site.
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 50 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
APPENDIX 2: MAPS
Figure 25: Map Showing Location of Terrestrial Measurement Stations used in the Meteonorm Database
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 51 of 59
SgurrEnergy India
Figure 26: India Wind Zone Map
10/60XX/001/PUN/O/R/001
Revision B2
Page 52 of 59

DPR For PV Plant

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

DPR For PV Plant

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Document No.

SunBorne Energy Gujarat One Pvt. Ltd.

Karmaria 15MW Solar PV Plant

Karmaria 15MW PV Plant: Draft Detailed Project Report

B-139 Bizzbay, Opposite Clover Hills, NIBM-Undri Road,

Karmaria 15MW Solar PV Plant: Detailed Project Report

SUNBORNE ENERGY GUJARAT ONE PVT. LTD.

Karmaria 15MW PV Plant: Draft Detailed Project Report

Changes from Previous

Draft for internal review

Draft for Client review

Draft for Client review

Karmaria 15MW PV Plant: Draft Detailed Project Report

4.1 LAND TOPOGRAPHY AND CONDITION

4.3 GEOTECHNICAL CONDITIONS

4.4 WATER AVAILABILITY

4.5 ELECTRICAL INFRASTRUCTURE

4.6 HORIZON SHADING

4.7 SHADING FROM OBSTACLES

5.2 MODULE STRING/ARRAY CONFIGURATION

5.4 MODULE SUPPORT STRUCTURES

5.5 SITE SECURITY

5.6 REMOTE MONITORING AND DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM

5.7 PV POWER TRANSFER

5.8 CIVIL STRUCTURES

5.10 MEDIUM VOLTAGE STATION

5.11 HIGH VOLTAGE STATION

5.13 EARTHING SYSTEM

5.14 LIGHTNING PROTECTION

5.15 GRID CONNECTION

5.16 SUMMARY OF SYSTEM CHARACTERISTICS

Karmaria 15MW PV Plant: Draft Detailed Project Report

AC HIGH VOLTAGE SYSTEM

AC MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEM

AC LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEM

6.1 PLANT LAYOUT

REQUIREMENTS FOR DEVELOPING AND MAINTAINING A PV POWER PLANT 31

7.1 SITE ESTABLISHMENT

7.2 MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS

NOMINAL ENERGY PREDICTION

8.1 RADIATION IN THE PLANE OF THE MODULES

8.2 CORRECTIONS AND LOSSES

8.3 NOMINAL ENERGY PREDICTION

8.4 CAPACITY FACTOR

PERMITS AND LICENSING

9.1 PERMITTING, LICENSING AND CONTRACTUAL REQUIREMENTS

GUJARAT SOLAR POLICY AND TARIFF REGULATION

10.1 HIGHLIGHTS OF THE SOLAR POLICY & REGULATION

11.1 PROJECT COST ESTIMATES

11.2 OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST

11.3 REVIEW OF FINANCIAL MODEL

ANNUAL ENERGY PRODUCTION

PROJECT ECONOMICS AND RESULTS

12 POWER PURCHASE AGREEMENT

14.1 A1.1 SHADING LOSS

14.2 A1.2 INCIDENT ANGLE LOSS

14.3 A1.3 LOW IRRADIANCE LOSS

14.4 A1.4 MODULE TEMPERATURE

14.5 A 1.5 MODULE QUALITY

Karmaria 15MW PV Plant: Draft Detailed Project Report

14.6 A1.6 MODULE MISMATCH

14.7 A1.7 DC WIRING RESISTANCE

14.8 A1.8 INVERTER PERFORMANCE