Appendix 22

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Table of Contents
22.0

SOLAR PV ANALYSIS ....................................................................................................................................4

22.1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY................................................................................................................................4

22.1.1

Project Features .................................................................................................................................4

PROPOSED SITE DETAILS ..................................................................................................................................5

Solar Radiation Resource Assessment .............................................................................................................6
Solar Radiation over Mumbai ..........................................................................................................................6
Sun path and Shadow analysis ........................................................................................................................8
Temperature ....................................................................................................................................................8
22.1.2

Proposed Technology ........................................................................................................................9

Overview Solar Cell technology .......................................................................................................................9

Dirt and dust ..................................................................................................................................................10
Interconnection of Photovoltaic modules ......................................................................................................10
Overview Inverter technology........................................................................................................................11
System specifications .....................................................................................................................................11
22.1.3

Maintenance and Operation ...........................................................................................................13

Estimation of power Output ..................................................................................................................................13

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Lists of Figures
Figure 22.1.1-Proposed Location of Solar PV Plant .................................................................................................5
Figure 22.1.2- ( Source: SWERA)..............................................................................................................................6
Figure 22.1.3-Solar PV System .................................................................................................................................8
Figure 22.1.4--Flow Chart ........................................................................................................................................9
Figure 22.1.5-Typical relationship between module current and module voltage ...............................................10
Figure 22.1.6- Graph of Voltage Vs Current ..........................................................................................................11

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Lists of Tables
Table 22.1.1-System Specifications .........................................................................................................................4
Table 22.1.2 - Solar Radiation ..................................................................................................................................7
Table 22.1.3-Temperature(Source Meteonorm and PVsyst) ..................................................................................8
Table 22.1.4-Wind (Source Meteonorm and PVsyst) ..............................................................................................9

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22.0 SOLAR PV ANALYSIS

22.1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The solar PV energy power project C66 is located in Mumbai. The project is aimed to produce electricity from
photovoltaic panels and is defined to have 25KW installed capacity.
The project site is located at Mumbai 192N Latitude and 731E Longitude. The weather data for Mumbai was
interpolated from nearest weather stations of Santacruz Mumbai. The analysis for solar radiations of the
project area was performed on Meteonorm 6.1.
The details feasibility study was carried out to generate renewable energy through Solar Photovoltaic
technology. The analysis was done to verify if building could achieve 1% energy to generate from renewable
source as required by LEED CS.
As per energy modeling analysis total building energy consumption comes around 15383007 Kwh/year.
Therefore to meet LEED criteria building should generate atleast 153830 Kwh/ year. As per renewable analysis
only 34900 Kwh/year could be generated. Therefore it is not considered to be feasible to installed Solar PV
system for this building.

22.1.1 Project Features

Sr No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

System Specifications
One (1) 25KW system
Project location
C 66
Project Consultant
Surmount energy solutions Pvt Ltd.
Plant capacity
25KWp
Type of technology
Poly crystalline silicon
Type of system
On grid
Panel wattage
175Wp
Total nos. of PV module
144
System Configuration
12 modules of 24VDC in series and 12 in parallel
System voltage
370VDC
Area required
400 sqm
Tracking mode
Fixed at 20 from Horizontal
Grid
interactive
inverter
4KW
Copyright
2011 Surmount Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd
capacity
No. of Inverters
6
PV Module Efficiency
13%
Performance ratio
71%
Annual energy generation
34.9 MWH/year
Estimated project cost
Rs.45,00,000
Tools used
Ecotect, Meteonorm, PVsyst.
Table 22.1.1-System Specifications

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PROPOSED SITE DETAILS

Site Details
The proposed location of the solar PV power plant, is C66 in BKC, Mumbai (192N Latitude and 711E
Longitude). The proposed Solar PV panel layout mounted on open terrace with shadow free area is
shown in Figure 22.2.1

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Figure 22.1.1-Proposed Location of Solar PV Plant

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Solar Radiation Resource Assessment

India is located in the sunny belt of the earth, thereby receiving abundant radiant energy from the sun. India
being a tropical country is blessed with good sunshine over most parts, and the number of clear sunny days in
a year also being quite high. The country receives solar energy equivalent to more than 5,000 trillion kWh per
year. India get 2300 to 3200 hours of sunshine per year and the annual global radiation is 4 5 Kwh/sqm/day,
fairly spread over 80% of the country. The Global irradiance map on horizontal plane is India is shown in figure
below.

Figure 22.1.2- ( Source: SWERA)

Solar Radiation over Mumbai

The yearly global solar radiation in Mumbai (on
horizontal
plane)Surmount
is 1847 KWH/sq
m, the average
Copyright
2011
Energy Solutions
Pvt. Ltd maximum
solar radiation being 202 kWh/sq m in May and the average minimum being 120 kWh/sq m in July. The
weather file for the locations of Mumbai has been selected from METEONORM database. A program has been
developed to estimate the direct solar radiation over stationary surfaces using computer software PVsyst. Tool
performs the database meteo and components management. It provides also a wide choice of general solar
tools (solar geometry, meteo on tilted planes, etc), as well as a powerful mean of importing real data
measured on existing PV systems for close comparisons with simulated values.
PVsyst is well suited to detailed analyses of any system whose behavior is dependent on the passage of time.

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Month
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
Yearly

Legend:
Glob Hor:
Diff Hor:
Beam Hor:

Glob Hor
Diff Hor
Beam Hor
kWH/sqm kWH/sqm
kWh/sqm
143
56
87
152
56
96
192
69
123
198
73
125
202
80
122
147
81
66
120
77
43
122
76
46
142
74
68
158
67
91
139
57
82
132
54
78
1847
820
1027
Table 22.1.2 - Solar Radiation

Irradiation of global radiation horizontal

Irradiation of diffuse radiation horizontal
Irradiation of beam

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Sun path and Shadow analysis

A site assessment involves determining whether the location of the PV array will be shaded, especially
between the hours of 9 a.m. and 4 p.m. solar time. This is important, as the output of PV modules may be
significantly impaired by even a small amount of shading on the array. Crystalline silicon module outputs
are generally more susceptible to shading than thin-film module outputs, because the thin-film cell
structure traverses the full length of the module requiring more shading for the same effect. Inter-row
shading is when one row of modules shades an adjacent row of modules. A six-inch shadow from an
adjacent module is capable of shutting down a whole section of modules and can even shut down the
entire PV system down.

Figure 22.1.3-Solar PV System

The Sun path and shadow analysis with solar panels tilted at 20 from horizontal during winter solstice (Dec
21) has been performed on the model, when the worst case altitude and azimuth angles corresponding to a
shading problem have been measured. The result of shadow analysis on Dec 21 shows that modules receive
direct beam sun only if distance between two PV strings is maintained at 1m.

Temperature

Month Jan
Ta (C) 25.5

Feb
25.9

Yearly
Mar Apr May Jun
Jul
Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
avg
27 28.8 27.7 Copyright
26.7 26.7
28.3 Energy
30 Solutions
28.5 Pvt.
27.3Ltd 27.56
201126.9
Surmount
Table 22.1.3-Temperature(Source Meteonorm and PVsyst)

The annual average temperature is 27.56C, with a maximum of 30C and a minimum 25.5C. The maximum
annual temperatures are registered in October, while the minimum annual are registered in January.
The operating temperature of solar cells is determined by the ambient air temperature. The open circuit
voltage of each solar cell reduces by 2.3mV with every 1C rise in temperature.

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Wind
The annual average wind speed is 3.2 m/s, with the average maximum speed being 4.0 m/s and the average
minimum speed being 2.6 m/s.
Month
m/s

Jan
3

Feb
3.5

Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
3.5 3.5 3.1
3.6 4.0 3.6
2.6
2.6 2.6 2.6
Table 22.1.4-Wind (Source Meteonorm and PVsyst)

Yearly avg
3.2

The operating temperature of solar cells is determined by wind velocity. Further design of structural
component for mounting PV module also depends on wind velocity.
All components such as inverter, converter, and structural components including PV system will be designed
considering above weather data.

22.1.2 Proposed Technology

Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) plants produce electricity by converting the visible part of solar radiation/photons
striking solar cell into direct electricity. The direct electricity is then supplied to inverter through cables and
switchgear, which inverts DC into AC. With 20 tilt of solar module w.r.t horizontal axis the output can be
increased by approximately 8.1%.
Overview Solar Cell technology
Several approaches are used to classify solar cells. One approach is the type and structure of light absorbing
material used, such as single crystal, polycrystalline or amorphous. Device can also be categorized with respect
to the number of junctions used in the cell: single junction and multi junctions or tandem arrangements.
Depending upon the type of light absorbing material used, solar cell technology is broadly classified into silicon
based technologies and compound semiconductor based technologies. The most commonly used technologies
include crystalline silicon cells, multi-crystalline silicon cells. Thin film products, such as amorphous silicon cells
deposited on a substrate, thin film cadmium telluride (CdTe) cells deposited on glass, thin film copper indium
diselenide deposited on glass and other emerging technologies such as organic cells.
Solar Cell

Wafer based

Thin film

Silicon

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Mono-

Poly-

A- Si sheet

CdTe, CIS,

Crystalline

Crystalline

/ribbon Si

CIGS

Figure 22.1.4--Flow Chart

Using crystalline technology, where individual cells produce dc voltages of approximately 0.5V and dc currents
in the range of one to eight amps takes a large number of cells to produce appreciable amounts of voltage and
power. Usually, PV cells are grouped into series strings of 36 or 72 cells to produce open-circuit voltages of
approximately 20 to 45V.
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Parameters influencing photovoltaic system operation

Photovoltaic module performance is characterized by its open circuit voltage (Voc), short circuit current (Isc),
maximum power voltage (Vmp) and maximum power current (Imp). Temperature and irradiance are the major
parameters influencing the PV system operation.
Effect of temperature on voltage of photovoltaic module
The open-circuit voltage Voc of an individual silicon solar cell reduces by 2.3mV for every one-degree rise in
temperature T of the solar cell. Therefore, the voltage coefficient is negative.
Effect of temperature and irradiance on the current and voltage of photovoltaic module
The short circuit current Isc of a module is proportional to the irradiance. Therefore, short circuit current
varies continuously in a day. Voltage is a logarithmic function of the current, which varies linearly with
irradiance. Therefore in a day, voltage varies less than the current with irradiance. Figure 3.2 shows a typical
relationship between module current and module voltage for different levels of sunlight incident on a PV
module and temperature.

Figure 22.1.5-Typical relationship between module current and module voltage

Dirt and dust

Dirt and dust can accumulate on the solar module surface, blocking some of the sunlight and reducing output.
Copyright
2011season,
Surmount
SolutionstoPvt.
Ltd system
Although typical dirt and dust is cleaned off during
everyrainy
it isEnergy
more realistic
estimate
output taking into account the reduction due to dust buildup in the dry season.

Interconnection of Photovoltaic modules

Modules are interconnected to constitute PV array/PV generator. These interconnections have suitable bypass
and blocking diodes. These diodes protect the modules and prevent the PV generator to act as a load when
not irradiated. The modules are connected in series or in parallel depending on the voltage and current
requirement at the output.
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Overview Inverter technology

Power obtained from the solar cell in a day varies with the irradiance level. If the cells terminals are
connected to a variable resistance, the maximum power from the solar cell is obtained at a particular
operating point called MPP. The voltage and current at MPP are known as a Vm and Im. The operating point
will be determined by intersection of the I-V curve of solar cell and load line.

Figure 22.1.6- Graph of Voltage Vs Current

Therefore it is always desirable to connect the inverter in way that it will always work under the MPP.
Further grid interactive inverters can be coupled to an external medium voltage transformer to accommodate
long distance power feeds to distribution substations and delivers the highest efficiency available for large PV
inverters. A user interface features a large LCD that provides a graphical view of the daily plant production as
well as the status of the inverter and the utility grid. An inverter is considered utility interactive provided that
it meets the requirements of IEEE 1547 and is listed to UL 1741. These standards ensure that the inverter
output waveform has less than 5% total harmonic distortion (THD) and that the inverter will disconnect from
the grid if grid power is lost. Once disconnected, the inverter will continue to sample the grid voltage. After the
grid voltage has again stabilized, and after a required five-minute delay, the inverter will reconnect to the grid
and deliver power from the PV system.

System specifications
PV module
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.

Electrical Specification
PV system incorporates polycrystalline
silicon technology.
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2011 Surmount Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd
Efficiency of solar module will not be less than 13% with Anti-reflective front surface coating.
Wattage of each PV module is 175W.
Each PV module is configured for 24VDC system voltage.
Power temperature coefficient will not exceed -0.5%/C.
Electrical parameters tolerance will not be greater than +/-5%.
Each module will be rated for maximum system voltage upto 1000VDC.

2.
Mechanical Characteristics
Will be extremely light weight with per sqm weight not exceeding 13kg.
a. Each solar module will be provided with EVA (ethylene vinyl acetate) encapsulant.
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b. Each solar module will be provided with Anodized Aluminum frame to protect the module.
c. The front cover will be of high transmissivity, low-iron tempered glass transparent to solar
radiation, easily cleanable and would not allow the temperature of the cells to go high.
d. The back of the module will be covered with a layer of tedlar.
e. Bypass circuitry (Schottky bypass diode) for individual solar module will be provided for higher
shadow tolerance.
f. PV module Terminal box will be IP65 with four terminal connection blocks.
g. Each module will be provided with grounding holes at minimum two places.
h. Each module will be provided with mounting holes at minimum 8 places. Mounting holes and
grounding holes will not be same.
i. PV module will be suitable for temperature upto 85C.
j. Will be suitable for installation on having slope between 3 and 60.
k. Panels will be 1/4" thick and capable of withstanding all loading requirements.
Grid Tie Inverter
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

6.
7.

The DC to AC Power Inverter will be 1-phase, 50Hz, 415VAC, Six (6) 4KW.
The MPP operating range will be between 125VDC 600VDC.
The inverter will be a grid-interactive, non battery-based, IP65, operating temperature range: 25C to +70C with maximum power point tracking capability.
The inverter peak efficiency will not be less than 93%.
The Inverter will be designed to accept the PV array output and will be listed to UL1741, IEEE
1547, standards and shall be acceptable to the local utility. The inverter shall start, synchronize,
operate, and disconnect automatically without the need for user action or intervention.
The inverter will have the following protective functions: AC over/under voltage, AC under/over
frequency, over temperature, AC and DC over current, DC over voltage, network islanding.
Inverter will be provided with LCD display, RS485 communication.

Cables and Conduit

1.
2.

3.
4.
5.
6.

Exterior and interior conduit associated with the PV system will be of appropriate inside diameter
for the number and size of wires to be run.
Exposed PV module wiring will be kept to a minimum, will be properly rated for sunlight
resistance, will be properly rated for the hot temperatures associated with the PV array (120
degrees C Insulation) and will be properly secured to avoid physical damage. Means of securing
exposed wiring will be sunlight resistant and able to withstand expected environmental factors
over the life of the system.
DAS signal wire will meet all theCopyright
DAS manufacturer's
guidelines
and will
not bePvt.
runLtd
in the same
2011 Surmount
Energy
Solutions
conduit as electrical power wiring.
All cables will be UL listed, new, stranded copper, XLPE insulation and continuous for each
wiring run.
Insulation will be rated for 1.1KV.
Power cables will be sized for a voltage drop of 2% or less between PV modules and inverter.

Switchgear
Utility Interconnection
1.
An AC utility disconnect MCCB will be installed in accordance with the utility requirements
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between the PV Panel (PVP) and the point of utility interconnection.

PV Circuit Combiners
1.
Each of PV circuit combiners will be designed and rated to combine series strings of photovoltaic
panels.
2.
The protection of PV circuit will consist of DC MCBs rated for voltage and current not less than
each series string rating.
3.
Each Circuit combiner will be provided with surge suppression device.
Inverter DC Input
1.
DC disconnects will be designed and rated for DC power disconnecting (under load) the combined
output of series strings of PV modules.
2.
Each DC disconnect will be provided with surge suppression device.
Monitoring System
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

The monitoring system will be designed for use with 415 VAC 3 phase power and 450VDC power.
The sensors will measure Ambient Temperature, Module Temperature, Wind Speed, and Planeof-Array Irradiance.
Sensors will measure current, voltage, and power in kilowatts (kW) and energy in kilowatt-hours
(kWh) on both the AC side and the DC side.
The monitoring system and associated software will be Web-based.
The monitoring system will sample required parameters at least 30 times per minute and log 15minute averages.
Monitoring system web based software is designed to capture data from the data logger and
display it in an informative and educational format.

Structural Components
1.
2.
3.

Anodized aluminum will be used as structural components.

The structure will be rated for maximum wind load of 120mph.
The structure will be designed to support panels weight not less than 200kg with dimensions not
less than 5.2m x 3.4m.

22.1.3 Maintenance and Operation

Photovoltaic system is a safe and reliable power conversion device which can provide many years of
safe dependable performance.
1.
2.
3.

Wash PV array, during the cool of

the day,
when
is a noticeable
buildup of
soiling
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2011there
Surmount
Energy Solutions
Pvt.
Ltd deposits,
cleaning maintains system efficiency and promotes the long-life, high output.
Periodically inspect the system to make sure all wiring and supports stay intact.
Maintain a log of these readings so you can identify if the system is performance is staying
consistent, or declining too rapidly, signifying a system problem.

Estimation of power Output

The Energy yield analysis, loss diagram, system performance ratio, system configuration for each
system (25KWp) is done using PVsyst software; results of same are shown in Figures below.

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Copyright 2011 Surmount Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd

( Source: PVsyst output)

14
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Copyright 2011 Surmount Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd

( Source: PVsyst output)

15
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Copyright 2011 Surmount Energy Solutions Pvt. Ltd

( Source: PVsyst output)

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