Bearing (mechanical)

Tapered roller bearing

Ball bearing

A bearing is a machine element that constrains relative

motion and reduces friction between moving parts to only
the desired motion. The design of the bearing may, for
example, provide for free linear movement of the moving
part or for free rotation around a xed axis; or, it may prevent a motion by controlling the vectors of normal forces
that bear on the moving parts. Many bearings also facil- Drawing of Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519) Study of a ball
itate the desired motion as much as possible, such as by bearing
minimizing friction. Bearings are classied broadly according to the type of operation, the motions allowed, or
to the directions of the loads (forces) applied to the parts. moved is of great antiquity, and may predate the invenThe term bearing is derived from the verb "to bear";[1] tion of the wheel.
a bearing being a machine element that allows one part to Though it is often claimed that the Egyptians used roller
bear (i.e., to support) another. The simplest bearings are bearings in the form of tree trunks under sleds,[2] this
bearing surfaces, cut or formed into a part, with varying is modern speculation.[3] They are depicted in their own
degrees of control over the form, size, roughness and lo- drawings in the tomb of Djehutihotep [4] as moving mascation of the surface. Other bearings are separate devices sive stone blocks on sledges with the runners lubricated
installed into a machine or machine part. The most so- with a liquid which would constitute a plain bearing.
phisticated bearings for the most demanding applications There are also Egyptian drawings of bearings used with
are very precise devices; their manufacture requires some hand drills.[5]
of the highest standards of current technology.
The earliest recovered example of a rolling element bearing is a wooden ball bearing supporting a rotating table from the remains of the Roman Nemi ships in Lake
Nemi, Italy. The wrecks were dated to 40 BC.[6][7]
1 History
Leonardo da Vinci incorporated drawings of ball bearings
The invention of the rolling bearing, in the form of in his design for a helicopter around the year 1500. This is
wooden rollers supporting, or bearing, an object being the rst recorded use of bearings in an aerospace design.
1

HISTORY

However, Agostino Ramelli is the rst to have published

sketches of roller and thrust bearings.[2] An issue with ball
and roller bearings is that the balls or rollers rub against
each other causing additional friction which can be prevented by enclosing the balls or rollers in a cage. The
captured, or caged, ball bearing was originally described
by Galileo in the 17th century.
The rst practical caged-roller bearing was invented in
the mid-1740s by horologist John Harrison for his H3
marine timekeeper. This uses the bearing for a very limited oscillating motion but Harrison also used a similar
bearing in a truly rotary application in a contemporaneous regulator clock.

1.1

Industrial era

The rst modern recorded patent on ball bearings was

awarded to Philip Vaughan, a British inventor and Early Timken tapered roller bearing with notched rollers
ironmaster who created the rst design for a ball bearing
in Carmarthen in 1794. His was the rst modern ballbearing design, with the ball running along a groove in No. 25406 on its design.
the axle assembly.[8]
Henry Timken, a 19th-century visionary and innovator in
Bearings played a pivotal role in the nascent Industrial carriage manufacturing, patented the tapered roller bearRevolution, allowing the new industrial machinery to op- ing in 1898. The following year he formed a company
erate eciently. For example, they saw use for holding to produce his innovation. Over a century the company
wheel and axle to greatly reduce friction over that of drag- grew to make bearings of all types, including specialty
ging an object by making the friction act over a shorter steel and an array of related products and services.
distance as the wheel turned.
Erich Franke invented and patented the wire race bearing
The rst plain and rolling-element bearings were wood
in 1934. His focus was on a bearing design with a cross
closely followed by bronze. Over their history bearings section as small as possible and which could be integrated
have been made of many materials including ceramic,
into the enclosing design. After World War II he founded
sapphire, glass, steel, bronze, other metals and plastic together with Gerhard Heydrich the company Franke &
(e.g., nylon, polyoxymethylene, polytetrauoroethylene,
Heydrich KG (today Franke GmbH) to push the developand UHMWPE) which are all used today.
ment and production of wire race bearings.
Watch makers produce jeweled watches using sapphire Richard Stribecks extensive research [10][11] on ball bearplain bearings to reduce friction thus allowing more pre- ing steels identied the metallurgy of the commonly used
cise time keeping.
100Cr6 (AISI 52100) [12] showing coecient of friction
Even basic materials can have good durability. As examples, wooden bearings can still be seen today in old
clocks or in water mills where the water provides cooling
and lubrication.

as a function of pressure.

In 1883, Friedrich Fischer, founder of FAG, developed

an approach for milling and grinding balls of equal size
and exact roundness by means of a suitable production
machine and formed the foundation for creation of an independent bearing industry.

This bearing had a metal shell (aluminum, steel or stainless steel) and a layer of Teon-based material connected
by a thin adhesive layer.[14]

Designed in 1968 and later patented in 1972, BishopWisecarvers co-founder Bud Wisecarver created vee
groove bearing guide wheels, a type of linear motion
The rst patent for a radial style ball bearing was awarded bearing consisting of both an external and internal 90to Jules Suriray, a Parisian bicycle mechanic, on 3 August degree vee angle.[13]
1869. The bearings were then tted to the winning bicy- In the early 1980s, Pacic Bearings founder, Robert
cle ridden by James Moore in the worlds rst bicycle road Schroeder, invented the rst bi-material plain bearing
race, Paris-Rouen, in November 1869.[9]
which was size interchangeable with linear ball bearings.

Today ball and roller bearings are used in many applications which include a rotating component. Examples inThe modern, self-aligning design of ball bearing is at- clude ultra high speed bearings in dental drills, aerospace
tributed to Sven Wingquist of the SKF ball-bearing man- bearings in the Mars Rover, gearbox and wheel bearufacturer in 1907, when he was awarded Swedish patent ings on automobiles, exure bearings in optical align-

3
ment systems, bicycle wheel hubs, and air bearings used
in Coordinate-measuring machines.

Common

Rolling-element bearing such as ball bearings and

roller bearings
Jewel bearing, in which the load is carried by rolling
the axle slightly o-center

Fluid bearing, in which the load is carried by a gas

or liquid
By far, the most common bearing is the plain bearing, a
bearing which uses surfaces in rubbing contact, often with
Magnetic bearing, in which the load is carried by a
a lubricant such as oil or graphite. A plain bearing may or
magnetic eld
may not be a discrete device. It may be nothing more than
the bearing surface of a hole with a shaft passing through
Flexure bearing, in which the motion is supported
it, or of a planar surface that bears another (in these cases,
by a load element which bends.
not a discrete device); or it may be a layer of bearing
metal either fused to the substrate (semi-discrete) or in
the form of a separable sleeve (discrete). With suitable
lubrication, plain bearings often give entirely acceptable 4 Motions
accuracy, life, and friction at minimal cost. Therefore,
they are very widely used.
Common motions permitted by bearings are:
However, there are many applications where a more suitable bearing can improve eciency, accuracy, service in axial rotation e.g. shaft rotation
tervals, reliability, speed of operation, size, weight, and
costs of purchasing and operating machinery.
linear motion e.g. drawer
Thus, there are many types of bearings, with varying
shape, material, lubrication, principle of operation, and
so on.

Principles of operation

spherical rotation e.g. ball and socket joint

hinge motion e.g. door, elbow, knee

5 Friction
Reducing friction in bearings is often important for efciency, to reduce wear and to facilitate extended use
at high speeds and to avoid overheating and premature
failure of the bearing. Essentially, a bearing can reduce
friction by virtue of its shape, by its material, or by introducing and containing a uid between surfaces or by
separating the surfaces with an electromagnetic eld.
By shape, gains advantage usually by using spheres
or rollers, or by forming exure bearings.
By material, exploits the nature of the bearing material used. (An example would be using plastics that
have low surface friction.)
By uid, exploits the low viscosity of a layer of uid,
such as a lubricant or as a pressurized medium to
keep the two solid parts from touching, or by reducing the normal force between them.

Animation of ball bearing (without a cage). The inner ring rotates and the outer ring is stationary.

By elds, exploits electromagnetic elds, such as

magnetic elds, to keep solid parts from touching.

There are at least 6 common principles of operation:

Combinations of these can even be employed within the
Plain bearing, also known by the specic styles: same bearing. An example of this is where the cage is
bushing, journal bearing, sleeve bearing, rie bear- made of plastic, and it separates the rollers/balls, which
ing
reduce friction by their shape and nish.

10 SERVICE LIFE

Loads

due to how the pressure of the uid varies with the gap
(when correctly loaded, uid bearings are typically stier
Bearings vary greatly over the size and directions of forces than rolling element bearings).
that they can support.
Forces can be predominately radial, axial (thrust bearings) or bending moments perpendicular to the main axis.

10 Service life
Fluid and magnetic bearings

Speeds

Dierent bearing types have dierent operating speed

limits. Speed is typically specied as maximum relative
surface speeds, often specied ft/s or m/s. Rotational
bearings typically describe performance in terms of the
product DN where D is the mean diameter (often in mm)
of the bearing and N is the rotation rate in revolutions per
minute.
Generally there is considerable speed range overlap between bearing types. Plain bearings typically handle only
lower speeds, rolling element bearings are faster, followed
by uid bearings and nally magnetic bearings which are
limited ultimately by centripetal force overcoming material strength.

Play

Some applications apply bearing loads from varying directions and accept only limited play or slop as the
applied load changes. One source of motion is gaps or
play in the bearing. For example, a 10 mm shaft in a
12 mm hole has 2 mm play.
Allowable play varies greatly depending on the use. As
example, a wheelbarrow wheel supports radial and axial loads. Axial loads may be hundreds of newtons force
left or right, and it is typically acceptable for the wheel
to wobble by as much as 10 mm under the varying load.
In contrast, a lathe may position a cutting tool to 0.02
mm using a ball lead screw held by rotating bearings.
The bearings support axial loads of thousands of newtons
in either direction, and must hold the ball lead screw to
0.002 mm across that range of loads

Main articles: Fluid bearing and Magnetic bearing

Fluid and magnetic bearings can have practically indenite service lives. In practice, there are uid bearings supporting high loads in hydroelectric plants that have been
in nearly continuous service since about 1900 and which
show no signs of wear.
Rolling element bearings
Rolling element bearing life is determined by load,
temperature, maintenance, lubrication, material defects,
contamination, handling, installation and other factors.
These factors can all have a signicant eect on bearing
life. For example, the service life of bearings in one application was extended dramatically by changing how the
bearings were stored before installation and use, as vibrations during storage caused lubricant failure even when
the only load on the bearing was its own weight;[15] the
resulting damage is often false brinelling. Bearing life is
statistical: several samples of a given bearing will often
exhibit a bell curve of service life, with a few samples
showing signicantly better or worse life. Bearing life
varies because microscopic structure and contamination
vary greatly even where macroscopically they seem identical.

10.1 L10 life

Bearings are often specied to give an L10 life (outside

the USA, it may be referred to as B10 life.) This is the
life at which ten percent of the bearings in that application can be expected to have failed due to classical fatigue
failure (and not any other mode of failure like lubrication
starvation, wrong mounting etc.), or, alternatively, the life
at which ninety percent will still be operating.The L10 life
of the bearing is theoretical life and may not represent
9 Stiness
service life of the bearing. Bearings are also rated using
C0 (static loading) value. This is the basic load rating as
A second source of motion is elasticity in the bearing it- a reference, and not an actual load value.
self. For example, the balls in a ball bearing are like sti
rubber, and under load deform from round to a slightly Plain bearings
attened shape. The race is also elastic and develops a
slight dent where the ball presses on it.
For plain bearings some materials give much longer life
The stiness of a bearing is how the distance between
the parts which are separated by the bearing varies with
applied load. With rolling element bearings this is due to
the strain of the ball and race. With uid bearings it is

than others. Some of the John Harrison clocks still operate after hundreds of years because of the lignum vitae
wood employed in their construction, whereas his metal
clocks are seldom run due to potential wear.

11.1

Rolling Element Bearing Outer Race Fault Detection

Flexure bearings
Flexure bearings rely on elastic properties of material.Flexure bearings bend a piece of material repeatedly.
Some materials fail after repeated bending, even at low
loads, but careful material selection and bearing design
can make exure bearing life indenite.
Short-life bearings
Although long bearing life is often desirable, it is sometimes not necessary. Tedric A. Harris describes a bearing for a rocket motor oxygen pump that gave several
hours life, far in excess of the several tens of minutes life
needed.[15]

10.2

External factors

The service life of the bearing is aected by many parameters that are not controlled by the bearing manufactures. For example, bearing mounting, temperature, exposure to external environment, lubricant cleanliness and
electrical currents through bearings etc.

11

Maintenance and lubrication

Many bearings require periodic maintenance to prevent

premature failure, but many others require little maintenance. The latter include various kinds of uid and magnetic bearings, as well as rolling-element bearings that
are described with terms including sealed bearing and
sealed for life. These contain seals to keep the dirt out
and the grease in. They work successfully in many applications, providing maintenance-free operation. Some
applications cannot use them eectively.
Nonsealed bearings often have a grease tting, for periodic lubrication with a grease gun, or an oil cup for
periodic lling with oil. Before the 1970s, sealed bearings were not encountered on most machinery, and oiling
and greasing were a more common activity than they are
today. For example, automotive chassis used to require
lube jobs nearly as often as engine oil changes, but todays car chassis are mostly sealed for life. From the late
1700s through mid 1900s, industry relied on many workers called oilers to lubricate machinery frequently with oil
cans.

5
tools and many other modern factory machines are lubricated. Similar lube systems are also used on nonautomated machines, in which case there is a hand pump
that a machine operator is supposed to pump once daily
(for machines in constant use) or once weekly. These are
called one-shot systems from their chief selling point: one
pull on one handle to lube the whole machine, instead of
a dozen pumps of an alemite gun or oil can in a dozen
dierent positions around the machine.
The oiling system inside a modern automotive or truck
engine is similar in concept to the lube systems mentioned
above, except that oil is pumped continuously. Much
of this oil ows through passages drilled or cast into the
engine block and cylinder heads, escaping through ports
directly onto bearings, and squirting elsewhere to provide
an oil bath. The oil pump simply pumps constantly, and
any excess pumped oil continuously escapes through a relief valve back into the sump.
Many bearings in high-cycle industrial operations need
periodic lubrication and cleaning, and many require occasional adjustment, such as pre-load adjustment, to minimise the eects of wear.
Bearing life is often much better when the bearing is
kept clean and well lubricated. However, many applications make good maintenance dicult. For example,
bearings in the conveyor of a rock crusher are exposed
continually to hard abrasive particles. Cleaning is of little use, because cleaning is expensive yet the bearing is
contaminated again as soon as the conveyor resumes operation. Thus, a good maintenance program might lubricate the bearings frequently but not include any disassembly for cleaning. The frequent lubrication, by its nature,
provides a limited kind of cleaning action, by displacing
older (grit-lled) oil or grease with a fresh charge, which
itself collects grit before being displaced by the next cycle.

11.1 Rolling Element Bearing Outer Race

Fault Detection
The Rolling Element Bearing is widely used in the Industries today and hence maintenance of these bearings
becomes an important task for the maintenance professionals. The Rolling Element bearings wear out easily
due to metal to metal contact which creates faults in the
outer race, inner race and ball. It is also however the most
vulnerable component of a machine because it is often
under high load and high running speed conditions. Regular diagnostics of rolling element bearing faults is critical for industrial safety and operations of the machines
along with reducing the maintenance costs or avoiding
shutdown time. Among the outer race, inner race and
ball, the outer race tends to be more vulnerable to faults
and defects.

Factory machines today usually have lube systems, in

which a central pump serves periodic charges of oil or
grease from a reservoir through lube lines to the various lube points in the machines bearing surfaces, bearing journals, pillow blocks, and so on. The timing and
number of such lube cycles is controlled by the machines
computerized control, such as PLC or CNC, as well as
by manual override functions when occasionally needed. There is still a room for discussion if the rolling eleThis automated process is how all modern CNC machine ment excites the natural frequencies of bearing compo-

13

nent when it passes the fault on the outer race. Hence we

need to identify the bearing outer race natural frequency
and its harmonics. The bearing faults create impulses and
results in strong harmonics of the fault frequencies in the
spectrum of vibration signals. These fault frequencies are
sometimes masked by adjacent frequencies in the spectra
due to their little energy. Hence, a very high spectral resolution is often needed to identify these frequencies during a FFT analysis. The natural frequencies of a rolling
element bearing with the free boundary conditions are 3
kHz. Therefore, in order to use the bearing component
resonance bandwidth method to detect the bearing fault
at an initial stage a high frequency range accelerometer
should be adopted and data obtained from a long duration
needs to be acquired. A fault characteristic frequency can
only be identied when the fault extent is severe, such as
that of a presence of a hole in the outer race. The harmonics of fault frequency is a more sensitive indicator
of a bearing outer race fault. For a more serious detection of defected bearing faults waveform, spectrum and
envelope techniques will help reveal these faults. However, if a high frequency demodulation is used in the envelope analysis in order to detect bearing fault characteristic frequencies the maintenance professionals have to
be more careful in the analysis because of resonance, as
it may or may not contain fault frequency components.

11.3 Ring oiler

Using spectral analysis as a tool to identify the faults in

the bearings face challenges due to issues like low energy,
signal smearing, cyclostationarity etc.,. High resolution
is often desired to dierentiate the fault frequency components from the other high amplitude adjacent frequencies.Hence, when the signal is sampled for FFT analysis,
the sample length should be large enough to give adequate
frequency resolution in the spectrum. Also, keeping the
computation time and memory within limits and avoiding
unwanted aliasing may be demanding. However, a minimum frequency resolution required can be obtained by
estimating the bearing fault frequencies and other vibration frequency components and its harmonics due to shaft
speed, misalignment, line frequency, gearbox etc.

11.5 Pressure lubrication

11.2

Packing

SEE ALSO

For more details on this topic, see Ring oiler.

Bearings can be lubricated by a metal ring that rides
loosely on the central rotating shaft of the bearing. The
ring hangs down into a chamber containing lubricating
oil. As the bearing rotates, viscous adhesion draws oil up
the ring and onto the shaft, where the oil migrates into the
bearing to lubricate it. Excess oil is ung o and collects
in the pool again.[17]

11.4 Splash lubrication

Some machines contain a pool of lubricant in the bottom,
with gears partially immersed in the liquid, or crank rods
that can swing down into the pool as the device operates.
The spinning wheels ing oil into the air around them,
while the crank rods slap at the surface of the oil, splashing it randomly on the interior surfaces of the engine.
Some small internal combustion engines specically contain special plastic inger wheels which randomly scatter
oil around the interior of the mechanism.[18]

For high speed and high power machines, a loss of lubricant can result in rapid bearing heating and damage due
to friction. Also in dirty environments the oil can become
contaminated with dust or debris that increases friction.
In these applications, a fresh supply of lubricant can be
continuously supplied to the bearing and all other contact surfaces, and the excess can be collected for ltration,
cooling, and possibly reuse. Pressure oiling is commonly
used in large and complex internal combustion engines
in parts of the engine where directly splashed oil cannot
reach, such as up into overhead valve assemblies.[19] High
speed turbochargers also typically require a pressurized
oil system to cool the bearings and keep them from burning up due to the heat from the turbine.

12 Types
There are many dierent types of bearings.

Some bearings use a thick grease for lubrication, which !knife edge bearings
is pushed into the gaps between the bearing surfaces, also
known as packing. The grease is held in place by a plastic,
leather, or rubber gasket (also called a gland) that covers
the inside and outside edges of the bearing race to keep 13 See also
the grease from escaping.
Axlebox
Bearings may also be packed with other materials. Historically, the wheels on railroad cars used sleeve bearings
Ball bearing
packed with waste or loose scraps of cotton or wool ber
Ball spline
soaked in oil, then later used solid pads of cotton.[16]

7
Hertz contact stress
Hinge
Main bearing
Needle roller bearing
Pillow block bearing
Race (bearing)
Rolamite
Rolling-element bearing
Scrollerwheel
Shock Pulse Method
Slewing bearing
Spherical plain bearing
Spherical roller bearing
Spiral groove bearing

14

References

[12] A. Martens, Schmierluntersuchungen (Investigations on

oils) Part I: Mitteilungen aus den Kniglichen technischen
Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin, Ergnzungsheft III 1888,
p. 1-37, Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin and Part II:
Mitteilungen aus den Kniglichen technischen Versuchsanstalten zu Berlin, Ergnzungsheft V, 1889, p. 1-57,
Verlag von Julius Springer, Berlin, (Note: These les can
be downloaded from the website of BAM: http://www.
bam.de/de/ueber_uns/geschichte/adolf_martens.htm)
[13] Machine Design (2007), Did You Know: Bud Wisecarver,
Machine Design, p. 1.
[14] Design News Magazine - July 1995.
[15] Harris, Tedric A. (2000). Rolling Bearing Analysis (4th
ed.). Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-35457-0.
[16] White, John H. (1985) [1978]. The American Railroad
Passenger Car 2. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 518. ISBN 0801827477. OCLC 11469984.
[17] Steam Power Plant Engineering, by George Frederick
Gebhardt, published by J. Wiley & sons, Incorporated,
1917, p 791 Google Books scanned ref
[18] The gasoline automobile, George William Hobbs b. 1887,
Ben George Elliott, Earl Lester Consoliver, University
of Wisconsin. University Extension Division, McGrawHill Book Company, Inc., 1919 - 483 pages, pp 111-114
Google Books scanned ref

[1] Merriam-Webster, headwords bearing and bear"",

Merriam-Websters Collegiate Dictionary, online subscription version. Paywalled reference work.

[19] Pressure Lubricating Characteristics, by Paul Dumas, Motor age, Volume 42, Class Journal Co., 14 Sep 1922
Google Books scanned ref

[2] American Society of Mechanical Engineers (1906),

Transactions of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers 27, American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
p. 441.

15 External links

[3] Bryan Bunch, The history of science and technology.

Comprehensive review on bearings, University of

Cambridge

[4] Steven Blake Shubert, Encyclopedia of the archaeology of

ancient Egypt

How bearings work

[5] Guran, Ardshir; Rand, Richard H. (1997), Nonlinear

dynamics, World Scientic, p. 178, ISBN 978-981-022982-5.
[6] Purtell, John (1999/2001). Project Diana, chapter 10:
http://nemiship.multiservers.com/nemi.htm
[7] Bearing Industry Timeline, retrieved 2012-10-21.
[8] Double- Row Angular Contact Ball Bearings.
[9] Bicycle History, Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling
and the Development of Bicycle Technology by David
Mozer. Ibike.org. Retrieved 2013-09-30.
[10] R. Stribeck, Kugellager fr beliebige Belastungen
Zeitschrift des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, 1901, Nr.
3, Band 45, p. 73-79
[11] N.N. (R. Stribeck), Kugellager (ball bearings), Glasers
Annalen fr Gewerbe und Bauwesen, 1901, No. 577, p.
2-9, Published 01. July 1901

Bearing lubricants
Early bearing failure detection
How to measure a bearing
Choosing the correct bearing type
Kinematic Models for Design Digital Library
(KMODDL) - Movies and photos of hundreds of
working mechanical-systems models at Cornell University. Also includes an e-book library of classic
texts on mechanical design and engineering.
Types of bearings, Cambridge University

16

16
16.1

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Bearing (mechanical) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearing%20(mechanical)?oldid=641662677 Contributors: Bryan Derksen,

Deb, Heron, Michael Hardy, CesarB, Ahoerstemeier, Glenn, Kierant, Mackensen, Robbot, Fredrik, Chris 73, Alno, Greudin, Aldarsior, Buster2058, Greyengine5, Wolfkeeper, BenFrantzDale, Jrdioko, Flowergift, Aledeniz, Sonett72, Smiller933, Eyrian, Discospinster,
Mani1, Narcisse, Phil websurfer@yahoo.com, Hooperbloob, Interiot, Riana, Harburg, Dave.Dunford, Gene Nygaard, Uncle G, Cataclysm, Mandarax, FreplySpang, Mendaliv, Rjwilmsi, Trlovejoy, Vegaswikian, Lotu, Groverd, Crazycomputers, BjKa, Bgwhite, YurikBot, Matanya (renamed), RussBot, DMahalko, Hellbus, Joebeone, Gaius Cornelius, Shaddack, Dhollm, PlusMinus, Speedevil, Lockesdonkey, Rwalker, Zarboki, SamuelRiv, Sandstein, Allens, Dusso Janladde, Veinor, A bit iy, SmackBot, Pgk, Eskimbot, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, Nataraja87, DHN-bot, Seamusd, Chlewbot, GeorgeMoney, DGerman, Krich, Fuhghettaboutit, Kerbel, PELICAN SHIT
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Hoo man, ContinueWithCaution, Toby545454, Spmoura, Hassan Asheg, Lotje, DexDor, Cymtriks, EmausBot, Dmytrob ua, Smbbearings, Gertdam, Gregzore, Druzhnik, Wagino 20100516, Hugonet, Noodleki, Brickwheeler, Spartian 105707, NTox, Teapeat, Planetscared,
Rememberway, ClueBot NG, Incompetence, TacfuJecan, Helpful Pixie Bot, Amitbakshi5, BG19bot, Z1623752, Tengqil, 7052markh,
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PyroLikeABoss, Rtrbearing, Hmainsbot1, Markee174, Sosukeke, Andykashi, JaconaFrere, Efsvrgeagfsagf, AnCSCwTtsP, Blue147258,
Mittalankit2003, Easysparepart, CFDMasterFlux and Anonymous: 280

16.2

Images

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