Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
PRACTICES
PRACTICES
English bond
Flemish bond
and headers.
2.
3.
no
1.
required
4.
Less economical
More economical
5.
thicker wall
PRACTICES
8) Define dampness.
Presence of hygroscopic moisture on a surface is called dampness. It affects the health &
comfort of inhabitants & deteriorates the stability of damped surface. Thus in any construction,
prevention of dampness is an essential feature.
2. Ashlars Masonry
PRACTICES
PART-B
1. Describe the step by step procedure of marking a site for setting out a foundation?
For setting out the foundation of a small building the centre line of the longest outer wall
of the building is first marked on the ground by stretching a string between wooden or
mild steel pegs driven at the ends. Two pegs one on either from the central peg are
driven at the each end of the line.
Each peg is equidistant from the central peg and the distance between the outer pegs
corresponds to the width of foundation trench to be excavated. Each peg may be
projected about 25 to 50 mm above ground level may be driven at a distance of 2m from
the edge of excavation
When the string is stretched joining the corresponding pegs at the two extremities of the
line the boundary of the trench to be excavated can be marked on the ground with dry
lime powders. The centre line of the other wall which is perpendicular to the long wall
can be marked by setting out right angles
PRACTICES
The exits shall be so placed that they are always immediately accessible and each is
capable of taking all the persons on that floor a s alternative escape route.
Escape route shall be well ventilated as persons using the escapes are likely to be affected
by smoke.
Fire proof door shall conform rigidly to the fire safety requirements.
Floors are required to withstand the effect of fire for full period required for all persons to
exit safely from the building.
Roofs of the various fire grades of the building shall be designed and constructed to
withstand the effect of fire for the maximum period.
3.
The foundation is the lower portion of the building, usually located below the ground level, which
transmit the load of super structure to sub soil.
Types of foundation
Shallow foundation
eep foundation
Shallow foundation
If the depth of foundation is less than or equal to width of foundation it is called as
shallow foundation
Types of shallow foundation
Spread footing
Strap footing
ined footing
Mat foundation
Spread footing
Spread footing is those which spread the super imposed load to of a wall or column
over the large area. Spread footing support either a column or a wall
It has the following types
Single footing
Stepped footing
Sloped footing
rillage foundation
Combined footing
A spread footing which supports two are more columns is termed as combined footing
Department of Civil Engineering, MAM College of Engineering, Trichy.
Page 4 of 11
PRACTICES
4.
PRACTICES
FLOORS
The purpose of floor is to provide a level surface capable of supporting the occupants of
the building, furniture, equipment and some time interior wall.
Components of a floor
Sub floor, base course or floor base Floor covering or flooring Selection of flooring materials.
Factor that affect the choice of flooring
Initial cost
Durability
ermal insulation
ardness
earance
amp resistance
Fire resistance
anliness
Sound insulation
Smoothness
ance
Types of flooring
ring and muram flooring
Brick flooring
errazzo flooring
flooring
flooring
Asphalt flooring
er flooring
Linoleum flooring
rk flooring
ass flooring
Brick flooring
Mosaic flooring
Tiled flooring
Glass flooring
Rubber flooring
Terrazzo flooring
PRACTICES
Over a well prepared ground 25 cm thick selected moist earth is spread and it rammed
well to compacted thickness of 15cm
Muram flooring
Muram is a form of disintegrated rock with binding material. To construct such a floor a
15 cm thick layer muram is laid over prepared sub grade over it 2.5 cm thick powder layer of
muram is spread and rammed.
Brick flooring
The sub grade is compacted properly, to the desired level and 7.5 cm thick layer is spread.
Over this a course of brick is laid flat in mortar is built. Such flooring is used in cheap
construction, especially where good bricks are available
Flag stone flooring
Department of Civil Engineering, MAM College of Engineering, Trichy.
Page 7 of 11
PRACTICES
Flag stone is laminated sand stone available in 2cm to 4cm thickness in the form of stone
slab of 30x30 cm or 45x45cm and 60x60 cm. This type of works also called paving. The stones
are laid on concrete base the subsoil is properly compacted over which 10 to of lime concrete or
lean cement concrete is laid.
Cement concrete flooring
This is commonly used for residential, commercial even industrial building. It is moderately
cheap quite durable and easy to construct. The base course will be 7.5 to 10 cm thick. The topping
consist of 1:2:4 cement concrete.
Terrazzo flooring
Terrazzo flooring is another type of floor finish that is laid in thin layer over concrete topping
It is very decorative and good wearing properties. Terrazzo is a specially prepare concrete surface
containing cement and marble chips in the proportion to 1:1 1/4 to 1:2
Mosaic flooring
Mosaic flooring is made of small pieces of broken tiles of china glazed or of cement or of
marble arranged in different pattern. These pieces are cut to desired shape and sizes.
Tiled flooring
Tiled flooring is constructed from square, hexagonal or other shapes made up of clay
cement concrete and terrazzo. These are available in various thicknesses. These are
commonly used in residential houses, schools, hospitals and other public buildings.
Marble flooring
It is the superior type of flooring used in bathrooms and kitchens of residential building
and hospitals, sanatorium, temples etc. After the preparation of base concrete 20 mm thick bed
layer of 1:4 cement mix spread under the area of each individual slabs. The marble layer is
then laid over it and pressed with wooden mallet and leveled.
Timber flooring
Timber flooring is used for carpentry halls, dancing halls auditorium Etc. These are not
commonly used in India because its costlier. But hilly area where wood is available and
temperature drops very low timber flooring is quite common. The suspended type of wooden floor
Department of Civil Engineering, MAM College of Engineering, Trichy.
Page 8 of 11
PRACTICES
is supported above the ground. The solid type of wooden floor is fully supported on the ground.
5.
1. Rubble Masonry:
The stone masonry in which either undressed or roughly dressed stone are laid in a suitable
mortar is called rubble masonry. In this masonry the joints are not of uniform thickness.
PRACTICES
2. Ashlar masonry:
The stone masonry in which finely dressed stones are laid in cement or lime mortar is
known as ashlars masonry. In this masonry are the courses are of uniform height, all the joints
are regular, thin and have uniform thickness. This type of masonry is much costly as it requires
dressing of stones.
Suitability: This masonry is used for heavy structures, architectural buildings, high piers and
abutments of bridges.
6)
Explain the different types of joints in concrete structure with neat sketches
Joints in concrete structures are provided to continue a specific work or for change in temperature.
The two types of joints usually provided in concrete structures are:
1) Construction joints
2) Expansion and contraction joints
PRACTICES
Construction joints
This type of joints is provided at the location where the construction is stopped at the end
of the days work or for any other reason so as to bridge the old work and the new work by a
proper bond.
If the work is well planned such that the days work is to be stopped at an expansion or
contraction joint
The construction joints may be vertical, horizontal or inclined depending on the type of
structure. In the case of inclined or curved members the joint should be perpendicular to the
axis of the structural member.
The joints are filled with some elastic materials like filler or dowels or keys. The quantity of the
filler should be in a position to withstand cold weather. It should be compressible, cellular and not
brittle. The conventional materials used as filter are strips of metal , bitumen treated felt, cane
fibre-board, cork, soft wood, etc.,
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