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amount of time (t ) required for a filtration practice to drain a specific depth of stormwater runoff (e.g., the design storm). An example of this
d
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The total volume reduction, however, includes both the total volume of storms completely captured by the practice and the portion of larger storms
that is captured before overflow. For example, if the design storm depth for an infiltration practice is 0.5 inches, the volume reduction is the
summation of all storm events less than or equal to 0.5 inches in depth plus the first 0.5 inches of depth from all storms larger than 0.5 inches. This
is the percent of total precipitation depth captured by the infiltration practice and is equivalent to the percent volume reduction. For a design storm
depth of 0.5 inches, the percent exceedance for total precipitation depth is approximately 38% (figure 7.2) and thus 62% of the total rainfall volume
is captured and treated within the infiltration practice (i.e., volume reduction = 62%).
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Alternatively, the influent and effluent runoff volume and pollutant concentrations can be measured and the pollutant removal effectiveness is
estimated using equations 7.7 and 7.8.
Continue to Monitoring.
The first assumption for applying Darcys Law to filtration practices is that both the surface of the stormwater stored above the filtration practice and
the subsurface pipe collection system below the filter media, including the gravel sub-base, are exposed to the atmosphere and therefore at
atmospheric pressure. This assumption is valid in most filtration practices. Therefore, with an arbitrary datum of z = 0 at the bottom of the filter
media, the piezometric head (h) at the filter surface at any point in time is equal to the water level above the filter surface (z ) plus the length of the
w
porous media (L ) and varies with time. As a result, the hydraulic gradient across the filter media at any given time is dh/dl = (z
m
+ L )/L .
m
The second assumption is that the filter surface area is equally filtering stormwater in one and only one dimension (i.e., vertically downward). For
most filtration practices, stormwater will only flow in one dimension unless a layer within a portion of the media is restricting flow. If the second
assumption is valid, the total discharge, Q, through the filter is equal to the surface area of the filter (A) multiplied by the change in water level with
respect to time (dz /dt). Substituting this relationship (Q = A(dz /dt)) and the previously developed equation for hydraulic gradient through the
w
+ L )/L ) into equation 7.1 and cancelling the area (A) terms results in equation 7.4. Rearranging equation 7.4 in
m
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The third assumption is that the length of the porous media (L ) and saturated hydraulic conductivity (k) are constant with respect to both time (t)
m
and water level elevation (z ). The depth of the filter bed media (L ) is a physical property of the filtration practice that is based on the design and
w
construction of the practice and is therefore a constant. The saturated hydraulic conductivity (k) is a property of the porous media and the fluid that
is passing through the porous media. For homogenous synthetic runoff and non-dynamic porous media, saturated hydraulic conductivity can be
assumed to be constant. Therefore, integration of equation 7.5 results in equation 7.2.
As previously discussed, equation 7.2 can be used to determine the saturated hydraulic conductivity of the porous media in a filtration practice. The
time required for a filtration practice to drain a specific depth (z z ) of stormwater runoff can be determined by solving equation 7.2 for time (t),
0
and the total drain time can be determined by setting the final water level equal to zero (z
Return to discussion.
Citation: Gulliver, J.S., A.J. Erickson, and P.T. Weiss (editors). 2010. "Stormwater Treatment: Assessment and Maintenance." University of
Minnesota, St. Anthony Falls Laboratory. Minneapolis, MN. http://stormwaterbook.safl.umn.edu/
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