International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 4, Issue 6, June 2014)

Modification in Pump Piping to Comply with Nozzle Allowable

Harshal M Ghule1, S. B. Belkar2
1

PG Student PREC Loni, India.

HOD Mechanical dept. PREC Loni India.

But this resulting in significant increase in project

execution time, which, in turn, increases project costs. This
delay in project execution is further worsened in recent
years by increased operating pressures and temperatures in
order to increase plant output; increased operating
pressures increase pipe wall thicknesses, which, in turn,
increase piping stiffness's further. Such increased operating
temperatures applied on stiffer systems increase pipe
thermal stresses and support loads. So, it is all the more
important to make the piping layout flexible at the time of
routing.
Many researchers were worked on modification of pump
piping. Peng et.al. [1] Identified that the current allowable
for piping loads on rotating equipment nozzle imposed by
the equipment manufacturers are too low. William et.al.
[2] studied the pump reliability problem which is
responsible for the large amount of maintainence budget
and lost opportunitycost at chemical plants, refinaryies, and
many electric utilities. James et.al. [3] had studies the
Horizontal process Pump modification to comply with API610.sixth edition forces and moments. James et.al. [4]
Worked on the API 610 Base plate and Nozzle loading
criteria. The base plate and nozzle loading criteria in the
December 1985 draft version of API610 7th Edition is
substantially different from the criteria found in the 6th
Edition. Takio Simizu et.al. [5] senior research engineer
in Ebara research company studied "The analysis of nozzle
load for process pump." Also discussed shaft end
displacement of centerlines mounted pump under nozzle
loads. L.C. Peng et.al.[6]had studied the "Equipment
reliability improvement through reduced pipe stress ". The
loads and stress imposed from a connecting piping system
can greatly affect the reliability of equipment. Charles
et.al. [7] Proposed various aspects for pump piping. They
studied "Design and Operation of Pump for Hot standby
service.Peng et.al. [8] Found piping system is designed
based on the piping code created for each individual
industry. Peng,et.al. [9] Studied the "Treatment of support
friction in piping stress analysis".
It is always studied that how to overcome with this low
nozzle allowable provided by manufactures. So in this
research they have focused the various methods and
approach to comply this low allowable, without increasing
the project time, material and cost.

Abstract The load and stress imposed from a connecting

piping system can greatly affect the reliability of an
equipment; these loads either from expansion of a pipe or
from other source can cause shaft misalignment as well as
shell deformation interfering with the internal moving parts.
Therefore it is important to design the piping system to
impose a little stress as possible on the equipment, ideally, it is
not possible.
This project work is focused on to stress analysis of a pump
piping system as per process piping codes B31.3 by CAESARII and rethinking the nozzle allowable loads provided by the
pump manufacture, to optimize the design and reduced the
design, material as well as manufacturing cost. To achieve
this, implement various methods. The loads which are
imposed on the pump nozzle can be reduced by possible rerouting the piping system with less modification. But this rerouting of a piping has its practical & layout limitation, so as
to overcome this difficulty, explores the methods for setting a
higher allowable loads without changing pump manufacturer
design consideration and size of pump. A more realistic
allowable should be established as per API 610 standard to
better balance equipment cost against piping engineering.

I. INTRODUCTION
It is common practice worldwide for piping designers to
route pump piping by considering mainly space, process
and flow constraints (such as pressure drop) and other
requirements arising from constructability, operability and
reparability.
Unfortunately,
pipe
stress
analysis
requirements are often not sufficiently considered while
routing and supporting piping systems, especially in
providing adequate flexibility to absorb expansion
contraction of pipes due to thermal loads. So, when as
designed piping systems are handed-off to pipe stress
engineers for detailed analysis, they soon realize that the
systems are stiff and loads on nozzles is to high to
comply with manufactures allowable so as suggest routing
changes to make the systems more flexible and to reduced
the nozzle loads. The piping designers, in turn, make
changes to routing and send the revised layout to the pipe
stress engineers to check for compliance again. Such back
and forth design iterations between layout and stress
departments continue until a suitable layout and support
scheme is arrived.

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International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)
Literature of past work does not adequately clarify the
proper innovative design of pump system and routine
modification in pump piping and Latest edition requirement
of API 610. So there is a need to modification in piping as
well as support friction factor consideration to reduce the
loads on piping nozzles.

Process layout of system

II. DESIGN BASIS FOR STRESS ANALYSIS.

The applicable edition of the codes and standards shall
be that in effect on the contract date.
A] Codes:-Comply with all applicable Codes including,
ASME, B31.3, Section VII, B16.5.
B] Standards:-Comply with the following applicable
Standards: API, API 610, WRC, WRC 107, WRC 297,
ASCE-7-05, EJMA
C] Basic Data for Analysis:-For analysis of stress it is
required to find out pressure,wight and temperature of the
fluid ,along with this loading type is important factor which
is to be consider while analysis.

Piping designer and Layout engineer route piping as per

design requirement by considering various access ways,
maintenance requirement and process requirement as
shown in below fig

Project Specification And Pump Piping Design

Parameters:- Lines which are connected to the deethaniser
centrifugal pump in propylene recovery unit has below
listed properties.
Suction Line No14"-1630-P-400-31174XR
Equipment - 1630-D-007
(Reflux Drum )
Density of Fluid - .0004270
kg./cu.cm.
Operating Temperature - 49

Discharge Line No8"-1630-P-013-31174XR

Equipment-1630-G-004A/B
(Reflux Pump)
Pressure Rating 300

Design Temperature - 87

Design Pressure -32.65 bars

Mill Tolerance-12.5
Corrosion Allowance-3.00mm
Piping Code-B 31.3

Test Pressure = 48.98 bars

Piping Material- A333 6
Equipment Standard-API610

Operating Pressure -18.2 bars

Caesar model formation is based on the initial routine

and possible support location shared by Piping Dept.
Design parameters is as per project design basis.
Caesar model is as shown in below Fig.

785

International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering

Website: www.ijetae.com (ISSN 2250-2459, ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal, Volume 3, Issue 4, April 2013)

Nozzle check with Initial Piping.

It is found that the nozzles are not qualified in the
existing routine as the initial system is very stiff. Even if
the nozzle is not passed in two times of allowable in API
610 then we will suggest possible route modification in
existing routine at clouded potion.
Forces
Check

Ma
N.m.

Mb
N.m.

Mc
N.m.

Moments
Check

Remark

13998
2609
2879
2528
-846

0.218
0.221
0.214
0.385

20899
-530
-612
-376
-323

13799
-547
-831
-392
-498

19599
1760
1856
2056
20

0.09
0.095
0.105
0.036

Qualify
Qualify
Qualify
Qualify

3781
2188
311
1995
-363

3114
-1139
-1154
-1262
-446

0.916
0.371
0.833
0.143

2576
-499
-845
-123
-411

3525
-1041
-764
-1491
-104

1762
-3258
-1091
-2890
337

1.849
0.619
1.64
0.191

Qualify
Qualify
Qualify
Qualify

4893
-5298
-4998
-1221
39

3781
3095
2911
1721
-330

3114
1938
1719
1450
283

1.083
1.021
0.466
0.091

2576
1360
937
1613
361

3525
2854
2496
1440
-275

1762
-5094
-4735
-3947
266

2.89
2.687
2.24
0.151

Fail
Fail
Fail
Qualify

Limits
2(OPE)
3(OPE)
4(OPE)
11(SUS)

3114
223
955
223
962

2491
1402
65
1429
-184

2046
1321
301
1350
7

0.645
0.307
0.66
0.309

1762
-188
-194
-195
-112

2305
510
108
522
-16

1180
-291
108
-293
126

0.247
0.11
0.249
0.107

Qualify
Qualify
Qualify
Qualify

Limits
2(OPE)
3(OPE)
4(OPE)
11(SUS)

3114
98
96
968
962

2491
716
809
-426
-202

2046
743
820
-405
-32

0.363
0.401
0.311
0.309

1762
147
120
60
-99

2305
150
193
-202
-31

1180
-443
-443
111
127

0.375
0.376
0.094
0.107

Qualify
Qualify
Qualify
Qualify

NODE

Fa N.

Fb N.

Fc N.

Limits
2(OPE)
3(OPE)
4(OPE)
11(SUS)

24299
5297
5366
5204
9347

23401
921
921
1138
-1094

Limits
2(OPE)
3(OPE)
4(OPE)
11(SUS)

4893
-4480
38
-4075
34

Limits
2(OPE)
3(OPE)
4(OPE)
11(SUS)

Piping Caesar-II model with route modification :As the Piping has rerouted the piping needs to be again
update the Caesar model as per latest routine which is as
shown in Fig.
In Stress analysis to reduced the nozzle loads due to
friction effect of support use 0.1 as a friction factor.

70

500

750

2130

2530

The Caesar-II model shows various temperature

consideration i.e. Pump standby, which as shown in Fig

In piping routine change some loop will apply to

increase flexibility and piping 3D model is as shown in Fig.

786

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Maximum Stresses in piping system

Fig.Pump Piping Caesar-II Model with Pump B Operating and A

stand by

Fig.4.8 Pump Piping Caesar-II Model with Pump A Operating and B

stand by

III. CAESAR-II OUTPUT. NODE DISPLACEMENT IN SUS

CASE
In sustain case the displacement in Y direction i.e. in
vertical downward, should not be more that the specific
value in design basis . In this design basis in sustain case
sagging should not be more than 8 mm.As the sagging is
more than 8 mm then its shows that restrain which is
provided is not sufficient. even if the system is passed in
sustain stress. so Piping stress Engineer to check sagging
and needs to provide supports accordingly.
By using Caesar-II software, analysis of system is
carried out and result is tabulated below

787

11 (SUS) W+P1
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

16 (OCC) L16=L12+L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

17 (OCC) L17=L13+L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

18 (OCC) L18=L13+L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

19 (OCC) L19=L14+L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

20 (EXP) L20=L2-L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:

Load Case
Passed

49.7
67.1
66.6
36.4
1.8
134.7
139.7

43
78.8
66.6
46.7
4.2
134.7
139.7

43
78.8
66.6
46.7
2.4
134.7
139.7

43
78.8
66.6
46.7
2.4
134.7
139.7

41.6
76.2
66.6
44.1
2.1
134.7
139.7

12.9
26.6
2
26.6

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

20
134.8
30
1720
1760
30
30

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

1720
183.4
30
1720
1750
30
30

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

1720
183.4
30
1720
1750
30
30

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

1720
183.4
30
1720
1750
30
30

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

1720
183.4
30
1720
1759
30
50

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node

1360
206.8
1360
1360

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Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

3.9
0
43.4

21 (EXP) L21=L3-L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

22 (EXP) L22=L4-L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

23 (EXP) L23=L5-L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

24 (EXP) L24=L6-L11
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

25 (EXP) L25=L5-L6
Code stress Check
Highest Stresses: (N./sq.mm)
Code Stress Ratio (%):
Code Stress:
Axial Stress:
Bending Stress:
Torsion Stress:
Hoop Stress:
3D Max Intensity:

Load Case
Passed

12.9
26.6
2
26.6
3.4
0
43.4

12.9
26.7
2
26.7
3.7
0
43.5

21.6
44.6
3.7
44.6
8.3
0
65.4

36.3
62.6
4.6
62.6
5.9
0
101.9

47.2
97.6
8.3
97.6
13.9
0
160.7

@Node
@Node
@Node

320
30
1360

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

1360
206.8
1360
1360
570
30
1360

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

1360
206.8
1360
1360
320
30
1360

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

370
206.8
1360
370
320
30
1350

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

1360
172.4
1360
1360
570
30
1360

@Node
Allowable
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node
@Node

1360
206.8
1360
1360
320
30
1360

PipingNozzleCheck.

Nozzle Check Criteria By API-610.

If we considered nozzle allowable 2times of the API
then we have to comply "Annex F".
Annex F (Horizontal pumps):
F.1.1 Acceptable piping configurations should not cause
excessive misalignment between the pump and driver.
Piping configurations that produce component nozzle loads
lying within the ranges specified in Table 4 limit casing
distortion to one-half the pump vendors design criterion
(see 5.3.3) and ensure pump shaft displacement of less than
250 m (0,010 in). [13 3]
F.1.2 Piping configurations that produce loads outside
the ranges specified in Table 4 are also acceptable without
consultation with the pump vendor if the conditions
specified in F.1.2 a) through .1.2 c) below are satisfied.
Satisfying these conditions ensures that any pump casing
distortion will be within the vendor's design criteria and
that the displacement of the pump shaft will be less than
380 m (0,015 in).
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a) The individual component forces and moments acting
on each pump nozzle flange shall not exceed the
range specified in Table 4 (T4) by a factor of more
than 2.
b) The resultant applied force (FRSA, FRDA) and the
resultant applied moment (MRSA, MRDA) acting on
each pump nozzle flange shall satisfy the appropriate
interaction equations below.

IV. RESULT AND DISSCUSION

Condition 1- Nozzle Load with initial routine
EQUIPMENT NO: 1630-G-004 A/B
NOZZLE NO: N1 Suction nozzle
RATING: 300 #
NOZZLE SIZE: 219 NB (8")
SCH THICK : XS (12.7 mm)

SPEC : 31174XR
SYSTEM DISCRIPTION: DEETHANISER REFLUX PUMP
DESIGN CONDITION :
PRESSURE: 33.8 kgf/cm square
TEMPRATURE: 87 C
Forces In N
Moment N-m
Node No Nozzel Discription
Type of Loads
Fx = Fc Fy = Fa Fz = Fb Mx = Mc My-Ma Mz = Mb
750 8" RFFE 300 # / N1/A 1938 3095 5298 5094 1613 2854
Operating Load
500 8" RFFE 300 # / N1/B 1262 4480 2188 3258 845
1491
Operating Load
3114 4893 3781 1762 2576 3525
Allowabel Load

[FRSA/(1,5FRST4)]+[MRSA/(1,5MRST4)] 2.......(F.1)
[FRDA/(1,5FRDT4)]+[MRDA/(1,5MRDT4)] 2....(F.2)
c) The applied component forces and moments acting on
each pump nozzle flange shall be translated to the
centre of the pump. The magnitude of the resultant
applied force (FRCA), the resultant applied moment
(MRCA), and the applied moment shall be limited by
Equation (F.3), Equation (F.4) and Equation (F.5) (the
sign convention shown in Figure 20 through Figure
24 and the right-hand rule should be used in
evaluating these equations). [13 3]

SPEC : 31174XR
SYSTEM Discription: DEETHANISER REFLUX PUMP
OPERATING CONDITION :
PRESSURE:
TEMPRATURE:
Forces In N
Moment N-m
Node No Nozzel Discription
Type of Loads
Fx = Fc Fy = Fa Fz = Fb Mx = Mc My-Ma Mz = Mb
2130 6" RFFE 300 # / N2/A 1350 962 1429 293
195
522
Operating Load
2530 6" RFFE 300 # / N2/B 820
968
809
443
147
202
Operating Load
2046 3114 2491 1180 1762 2305
Allowabel Load

Remark
System Fail
System Fail
As Per API 610

EQUIPMENT NO: 1630-G-004 A/B

NOZZLE NO: N2 Discharge Nozzle
RATING: 300 #
NOZZLE SIZE: 219 NB (6")
SCH THICK : XS (12.7 mm)

FRCA<1.5(FRST4+FRDT4).......................................(F.3)

Condition 2- Nozzle Load After route modification.

|MYCA|<2,0(MYST4+MYDT4)...............................(F.4)

EQUIPMENT NO: 1630-G-004 A/B

NOZZLE NO: N1 Suction nozzle
RATING: 300 #
NOZZLE SIZE: 219 NB (8")
SCH THICK : XS (12.7 mm)

Remark
System Pass
System Pass
As Per 2 API 610

SPEC : 31174XR
SYSTEM DISCRIPTION: DEETHANISER REFLUX PUMP
DESIGN CONDITION :
PRESSURE: 33.8 kgf/cm square
TEMPRATURE: 87 C
Forces In N
Moment N-m
Node No Nozzel Discription
Type of Loads
Remark
Fx = Fc Fy = Fa Fz = Fb Mx = Mc My-Ma Mz = Mb
750 8" RFFE 300 # / N1/A 505 8501 2347 3191 352 2066
Operating Load
System PASS
500 8" RFFE 300 # / N1/B 360 9524 2516 3447 342 1666
Operating Load
System PASS
6228 9786 7562 3524 5152 7050
Allowabel Load As Per 2 API 610

MRCA<1,5(MRST4+MRDT4)..................................(F.5)

EQUIPMENT NO: 1630-G-004 A/B

NOZZLE NO: N2 Discharge Nozzle
RATING: 300 #
NOZZLE SIZE: 219 NB (6")
SCH THICK : XS (12.7 mm)

SPEC : 31174XR
SYSTEM Discription: DEETHANISER REFLUX PUMP
OPERATING CONDITION :
PRESSURE:
TEMPRATURE:
Forces In N
Moment N-m
Node No Nozzel Discription
Type of Loads
Fx = Fc Fy = Fa Fz = Fb Mx = Mc My-Ma Mz = Mb
2130 6" RFFE 300 # / N2/A 1350 962 1429 293
195
522
Operating Load
2530 6" RFFE 300 # / N2/B 820 968
809
443
147
202
Operating Load
2046 3114 2491 1180 1762 2305
Allowabel Load

Remark
System Pass
System Pass
As Per API 610

V. DISSCUSION
To comply with nozzle allowable we will try to compare
the result before route modification and after route
modification as Condition-1 it is cleared that the external
load on pump nozzle is higher than the allowable given by
the API 610 standards or Vendor.

789

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So to overcome this difficulties we will plan to route
modification in existing routine and also increase the
nozzle allowable for the same nozzle by complying API
610 Conditions Condition-2. In route modification we
increase the flexibility of pump piping by adding extra
elbows and loops. which reduced the circumferential
movement. In above nozzle loading chart the nozzle
allowable loads is considered to be 2 times of API 610 and
comply all condition of API 610

REFERENCES
[1 ] L. C. Peng and A.O. Medellin " Rethinking the allowable pipe load
on rotating equipment nozzle " pp
[2 ] William D Marscher "Avoiding Failures in centrifugal
Pumps"(1999).
[3 ] James E Steiger "Horizontal process pump modifications to comply
with API-610 sixth edition force and moments"(1981)
[4 ] James E Steiger "API 610,Baseplate and nozzle loading
criteria"(1981).
[5 ] Tokio Shimizu and Hironori Teshiba "Analysis of nozzle load for
process pump".
[6 ] L.C.Peng "Equipment Reliability Improvement through Reduced
Pipe Stress"(1993).
[7 ] Charles C.Head & David G.Penry ."Design and operation of pumps
for hot standby services".
[8 ] L.C Peng "Understanding piping Code stress evaluation paradoxes
and ASME B31.3 Appendix P".(2013). pp 6-13.
[9 ] L.C. Peng "Treatment of support friction in Piping stress analysis".
[10 ] L.C. Peng "The Art of designing Piping Support System".
[11 ] "Code Piping Stress Analysis Seminar Notes". pp 8-50
[12 ] Code ASME B31.3 2004 .pp 1-38.
[13 ] Standard API 610. 10th Edition 2004. pp 110-113

VI. CONCLUSION
By following the proper guideline of pump piping &
support philosophy, the forces & moments which is on the
nozzles are kept within allowable as per API 610.and
ASME section VIII DIV-1/2. Also increase the nozzle
allowable loads to reduces the design cost by complying
with allowable standards,
The low equipment allowable nozzle loads forced piping
engineers to use excessive pipe loops coupled with
complex restraint arrangement to meet the requirements.
This not only increase capital expenditure but also increase
potential operational problems. Vibration, cavitations, and
loss of net positive suction head (NPSH) are some of the
common operating problem resulting from excessive piping
loops To overcome the above difficulties, we have increase
the Pump allowable loads than the vendor without violating
API 610 standard.

790