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Manual
Version
T1-011007-20061215-C-4.1
Product
Version
V4.1R001
Padtec S/A provides customers with comprehensive technical support and service. Please feel
free to contact our local office or company headquarters.
Padtec S/A
Address: SP 340 Campinas Mogi-Mirim, km 118,5
ZIP: 13086-902 - Campinas SP - Brasil
Website: http://www.padtec.com
Email: sac@padtec.com
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All other trademarks and trade names mentioned in this manual are the property
of their respective holders.
Notice
The information in this document is subject to change without notice. Every
effort has been made in the preparation of this document to ensure accuracy of
the contents, but all statements, information, and recommendations in this
document do not constitute the warranty of any kind, express or implied.
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Table of contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
Chapter 2: LightPad i1600G Platform Characteristics
Chapter 3: System Architectures and Network Applications
Chapter 4: DWDM System Functional Description
Chapter 5: Technical Specifications of DWDM System Units
Chapter 6: DWDM System Physical Description
Chapter 7: Expanding the DWDM System Capacity
Chapter 8: Safety Procedures
Chapter 9: Abbreviations, Acronyms and References
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Chapter 1: Introduction
1.
Introduction
LightPad i1600G Platform is the Padtec S/A solution for optical network systems. Padtecs objective was the
development of an optical platform flexible enough to cost-effectively meet technical requirements demanded by
any network scenario, from access to long distance network segments. To reach this goal, the LightPad i1600G
Platform architecture supports the following configurations:
This guide deals with the LightPad i1600G DWDM Platform characteristics for DWDM and hybrids systems.
1.1.
Guide Structure
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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2.
Currently WDM systems (Wavelength Division Multiplexing) are widely used in optical communications to split a
same optical fiber in different light sources or optical channels. This technique allows the transmission of several
wavelengths in the same optical fiber, which increases its transmission capacity.
Usually the transmission of several optical channels occurs in a linear region of operation of the fiber, i.e., the region
in which the transmission system can be characterized by the dispersion and attenuation of the optical signal.
However, in non-linear region of operation, where penalties occur in situation of high potency and increase in low
dispersion conditions, the usage of WDM systems can undergo by such a severe penalty that the transmission can
not be possible.
LightPad i1600G Platform, a WDM optical communication system developed and produced by Padtec S/A, is
designed to operates with high performance as much in linear as in non-linear region of operation, allowing high
optical power levels even in low dispersion optical links. This way can operate in all kind of the optical fiber
according to ITU-T G.652, G.653 and G.655 Recommendations. These optical fibers must be in accordance with
ITU-T G.650.1 and G.650.2 Recommendations.
LightPad i1600G Platform may be used either in long distances or in metropolitan networks. To have this flexibility,
a same Platform can support two different levels of optical channel density:
Channel spacing of 200 GHz, 100 GHz and 50 GHz - DWDM (Dense WDM) technology (ITU-T G.694.1);
The LightPad i1600G Platform permits both DWDM and CWDM systems integrated in only one optical transmission
system, sharing the same network management system and mechanical structure.
It follows a short description of the main characteristics of the LightPad i1600G Platform.
2.1.
Main Characteristics
Integrates CWDM and DWDM technologies, allowing an initial implementation of a low number of optical
channels in point-to-point or ring topologies. Its capacity can be easily expanded, with no service
interruption, up to 160 DWDM optical channels without protection (or 80 protected channels) in
unidirectional systems or up to 80 DWDM optical channels without protection (or 40 protected channels) in
bidirectional systems.
Applies to long distance, metropolitan and access networks, supporting Terminal and Ring Terminal
configurations. It can also incorporate optical passive modules to add and drop any number of optical
channels - the Optical Add and Drop Multiplexer (OADM) modules - in unidirectional or bidirectional optical
systems. These modules can be very useful in compounding an access passive optical network. They are
also available band OADMs, i.e., they make the adding and dropping of a multiplexed wavelengths
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subgroup. It also incorporates reconfigurable OADMs (ROADM - Reconfigurable Optical Add and Drop
Multiplexer), which drops up to 40 optical channels (C band) configured by management system.
Supports OTN (Optical Transport Network) functionalities, through a frame structure according to ITU-T
G.709, G.871, G.872, G.873.1 and G.874 Recommendations to STM-16 and STM-64 signals. Such
technology incorporates several failure and performance management capabilities, including FEC (Forward
Error Correction), allowing the deployment of very long haul DWDM systems with an outstanding
performance.
To metropolitan and long distance applications, it incorporates EDFA optical amplifiers (Erbium Doped
Fiber Amplifier) at booster and pre-amplifier configurations. Specifically for very long distance applications it
may incorporate in-line EDFA amplifier and Raman amplifier. The Erbium doped fiber optical amplifiers
incorporate Gain Automatic Control functionalities.
Its Optical Protection System acts at the signal failure or signal degrade detection. Its switch time is
always less than 15 ms, and it supports three protection architectures:
Optical Fiber Protection: protect the optical multiplexed signal, which contains all optical channels.
Applicable to point-to-point network topology with two optical routes available (working and
protection routes).
Optical Channel Protection or OSNC Optical SubNetwork Connection: protect individually each
optical channel. Applicable to any network topology (point-to-point, bus, and ring) and even to
networks composed of a mix of topologies.
Optical Channel and Transponder Protection: protect individually each optical channel and its
respective transponder unit, i.e., the transponder that generates the optical channel DWDM
wavelength. Applicable to any network topology (point-to-point, bus, and ring) and even to networks
composed of a mix of topologies.
Transparent, compatible with any optical digital interface at rates from 2Mb/s up to 10 Gbit/s and any
protocol (SDH ITU-T G.803, ATM, Ethernet, ESCON, FICON, etc.), introducing an extremely low latency
at the transported optical signal .
The LightPad i1600G Management System allows the management of each one of the transmitted optical
channels through an out-of-the-band optical supervisory channel, which can be accessed in every site of
the optical network. All active units that compound the DWDM/CWDM system are controlled by a Gateway
Network Element (GNE) that communicates internally with the units through a proprietary protocol and with
the Management Center through SNMP. The algorithms used by the Management System are stored in a
main processing unit, which can work redundantly in a master-slave mode, and is located at the
Management Center. The Management System uses Linux as the operational system and TCP/IP as
transport platform. The interaction with operational personnel is very user-friend, being totally graphical.
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Network topologies
All examples presented in this chapter will consider unidirectional optical systems, in other words, optical systems
which uses one optical fiber in each transmission direction one fiber in the direction east west and another fiber
in the direction west east. It is necessary to point out that Padtec DWDM Platform supports both unidirectional
and bidirectional optical systems.
The Padtec DWDM Platform is according to ITU-T G.696.1, G.697 and G.698.1 Recommendations (besides others
mentioned in this manual).
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A ring topology has a set of connected sites which communicates each other through two alternative routes: one
in the clockwise direction and another in the anticlockwise direction. Some ring sites may terminate all the optical
channels for instance, metropolitan rings where all the traffic addresses to one converging site and others ring
site may access only some optical channels. In long haul ring topologies it may be necessary regenerating sites to
amplify the optical multiplexed signal. Figure 3.3 shows a ring topology with five ring sites and one regenerating site.
3.2.1
Terminal Configuration
Terminal configuration is used in sites where every optical channel must be terminated and the optical multiplexed
signal is sent in only one direction of transmission east or west. This case typically occurs in terminal sites of
point-to-point and bus topologies. Figure 3.4 shows an example of Terminal equipment.
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3.2.2
This configuration is applied to intermediate sites in a bus topology and to all sites in a ring topology. In this
configuration, the optical channel may be:
Passed through or expressed. In other words, get into the optical multiplexed signal at east and get out at
the optical multiplexed signal at west.
In Ring Terminal equipment, the expressed optical channels may be excessively attenuated or with a depredated
signal/noise ratio due to ASE (Amplified Stimulated Emission) noise accumulated by optical amplifiers present in its
routes. If this happen, it may be necessary to regenerate those channels. This regeneration may be done in the
optical multiplexed signal, through optical amplification, or individually for each one of the channels, using 2R
(regeneration and reshaping) or 3R (regeneration, reshaping and retiming) Transponders. Figure 3.5 shows an
example of equipment in Ring Terminal configuration.
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3.2.3
Besides the two equipment configurations already mentioned, LightPad i1600G Platform supports equipment in
configuration OADM to add and drop any number of wavelengths. I.e., these units can totally be customized to
satisfy better the technical requirements of DWDM system. The add and drop matrix is fixed, i.e., both the passing
channels and locally accessed channels cannot be modified. OADM supports Single Homing (SH) or Dual Homing
(DH) configuration.
SH OADM accesses (adds and drops) optical channels only in just one transmission side: east or west. DH OADM
accesses optical channels from both transmissions sides: east AND west. Figure 3.6 shows the SH and DH OADM
configuration applied to a bus network topology, where the OADM module is in the intermediate site.
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Fiber protection;
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These three mechanisms work in a 1+1 configuration and have the same operational characteristics. The only
difference is on the performance level: the fiber protection acts over the optical multiplexed signal and the optical
channel protections act individually over each optical channel.
3.3.1
This item shows the characteristics common to the three optical protection alternatives mentioned in the previous
item according to the terms and definitions on ITU-T Recommendation G.872 (Architecture of Optical Transport
Networks).
3.3.1.1 Protection Switching Configuration
The optical protection system works in a 1+1 configuration (working and protection signals). It consists in:
A splitter located at the transmission side, which divides the same optical signal in two different paths and
One optical switch located at the reception side that selects and best quality signal.
As the protection switching is locally decided by the equipment that receives the working and protection signals,
there is no necessity for an APS (Automatic Protection Switching) protocol.
The protection switching may be reversible or non-reversible, that is, when the failure that has caused the protection
switching is healed, the optical switch may or may not return to its previous condition.
Non-reversible implementation minimizes the number of switching in the optical system.
Reversible implementation may have a programmed Wait-to-Restore (WTR) time. In this case, after the failure is
healed, the optical switch waits a WTR period before turning back to its previous position.
The switching works always in a unidirectional mode, i.e., acts only in the transmission direction where the optical
signal failure is detected.
Forced Switching: the Padtecs DWDM management system may remotely accomplish a forced
switching, independently on the optical signal quality. When forced switching is applied, manual and
automatic switching options are disabled.
Manual Switching: by pressing a button in the frontal panel of the Optical Switching module, it is possible
to set the optical switch to any position, working or protection. The optical switch changes position when this
button is pressed. At this time, the automatic switching is disabled.
Automatic Switching: the working and protection signals are constantly monitored in the reception side of
the Padtec DWDM Platform. In case of loss of optical signal (signal fail) or decrease in the optical power
below a pre-set threshold (signal degrade), the optical switch will select the protection signal, if it is in better
conditions than the working signal. The switching will be automatically trigged if the power level of the
current selected signal falls X dB regarding a power threshold adjusted during the installation. If the power
level of both working and protection signals fall X dB below the power threshold, the switch will keep the
previous position. When both signals fail, the optical switch will selected the first recovered signal. The X
value must be adjusted in the assembly process.
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3.3.2
There ate three optical protection alternatives available in LightPad i1600G Platform.
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Figure 3.11 shows an example of this protection alternative, considering two client layer signals subject to the
optical channel protection. Two sets of optical mux/demux units are needed in order to provide optical route
diversity.
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4.
4.1.
Initial Considerations
This chapter presents the functional description of the Padtec DWDM system. This functional description applies
for equipments in Terminal and Ring Terminal configuration, including every unit.
4.2.
LightPad i1600G
Miscellaneous
Platform
Structure:
Transmission,
Management
and
Transmission Structure: groups units of the DWDM system directly involved in transmitting the client layer traffic
between sites. Transponders, Multiplexers, Demultiplexers, Optical Amplifiers, Dispersion Compensation
Module etc, are some of the units that make up the transmission structure.
Supervision Structure: groups the units responsible for the local or remote management of the DWDM system.
Supervisors, Optical Supervisory Channel, Shelf Hose Keeping as well as auxiliary third-party pieces of
equipment such as Ethernet Switches and Modems units are part of this structure.
Miscellaneous Structure: groups the units that make up the DWDM system infra-structure, such as racks,
power supply, fan, optical cabling trays etc.
These three structures will be described separately for Terminal and Ring Terminal equipment configurations.
Figure 4.1 shows an example of a DWDM system in a bus topology, which uses LightPad i1600G Platform products
in Terminal and Ring Terminal configuration. This system has the following characteristics:
All connections between the sites have a working link and a protection link.
Sites 1 and 3 are connected to a DCN (Data Communication Network) of the telecommunication service
provider, owner of the DWDM system.
Incorporates Ramam Optical Amplifiers to provide an extra gain in the optical links.
Operates with an Optical Protection System for the optical multiplexed signal between site 1 2 and 2 3.
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4.2.1
Each section of the management network, whose physical layer is formed by optical links and Supervision
Channels, has the following topology (example for 4 stations):
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(represented by the white square). In the previous Figure, Rx_S = South side Reception, Tx_N = North side
Transmission, Rx_N = North side Reception and Tx_S = South side Transmission.
The Supervision Channel more to the south of link (in the example, SITE 1) generates in Tx_N the frames that will
synchronize all the other Channels of the network, and from the moment when it starts to receive the frames from
the north side, in Rx_N, these frames will be placed in phase with the frames generated through the adapting
circuit.
The management data (DG1/DG2) are inserted in any station, they pass through in counter-clockwise direction of
the network and they are copied in each station they pass until returning to the origin station (ORIGIN), where they
are identified and extracted. To prevent that data with corrupted ORIGIN indicator remain indefinitely occupying the
channel, all packets are extracted by the same insertion node.
After the establishment of the telephone call, the voice samples codified at 64kbit/s are extracted and inserted by
caller/called stations. During the call setup, the voice control data are inserted in a station and extracted in the next
one on the chain which, in turn, must insert them again to the next station, in such a way that all stations receive the
same information.
The G.703 channel data have the same behavior as the voice data, however the caller/called stations are preconfigured at the moment of installation, and there cannot be in the network more than one communication between
two G.703 equipments present in the stations previously configured.
4.2.2
The maximum number of stations that can be linked to compose a management network section is 16. However a
section with more than 6 stations causes the management performance to degrade. To overcome this problem,
there is the possibility to create different logical groups within the same physical section (see Figure 4.3). The
stations of a given logical group exchange data only between themselves, even sharing the same physical media to
all the stations of all the section groups to transmit and receive their data. For the considerations above, the
maximum number of stations within a same logical group is 6.
4.2.3
There is a telephone channel shared among all the stations of a section. At the end of dialing the caller station tries
to seize the line and in case the line is already being used the user receives the busy tone. The remaining of the call
setup is specific for each type of call.
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The call originator has, initially, the capability to "speak" and "listen", and the other interlocutors can only
listen, either who first answers the call and the ones that had entered after the first answering;
This capability of "speaking and listening" can, however, be acquired by anyone of the participants of the
call once he presses the key ("*");
When this occurs, the ownership of the capability is lost for the interlocutor who has held it, passing it now
to the one who has just pressed ("*");
This capability is unique during the call and is independent on the number of participants, i.e., even if the
call is just between two people, only one of them will possess it;
The indication given to the interlocutor who holds it is a signaling composed of an intermittent tone and
adjusted to cause no bother during the conversation.
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The number used for a telephone call via LINE interface is the station number plus "100". Thus, to proceed to the
call from one station to some PBX telephone terminal, it is enough to type "100" code + < station number >, followed
by the end of the call digit ("#"). If the line is not busy, the caller user receives the ringback tone and in the called
station the connection to the external line occurs. The caller user receives a new dial tone and then it is enough to
dial normally, according to the current protocol in the PBX. In case the call setup occurs, the disconnection takes
place when the caller user puts the phone on hook. At this moment the other party receives the line disconnection.
Example: call from station 1 to the station 3 PBX.
The person being present at the station 1 must take the phone off hook and wait the "dial tone". When receiving it,
he must dial "103 #". After dialing, the connection to the PBX is immediately made and the person receives the "dial
tone from the PBX". From this moment everything is as if the call was being made directly through a PBX extension.
The user accesses the trunk which the Supervision Channel is connected to. If the line is not busy, all the
procedure is the same as the station to station call;
The caller user receives the ringback tone. In the called station the telephone rings and the call is
completed when somebody answers;
In case nobody answers within 30 seconds, the disconnection occurs and the user receives the busy tone;
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In case the call setup occurs, the disconnection takes place when either party puts the phone on hook, at
this moment the other party receives the busy tone.
The person outside the stations must access the trunk connected to one of the stations and wait for the
"dial tone";
After dialing he will receive the "ringback tone" indicating that station 3 is being called;
When somebody at the station 3 takes the phone off hook, the voice communication is established and the
conversation can be started, and nobody else present in some another station can have any type of
participation in the call.
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4.3.
Transmission Structure
4.3.1
Terminal Equipment
Figure 4.7 shows the Terminal equipment transmission structure, with its units and the interconnection scheme.
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In the reception direction the working and protection optical signals received by the Optical Distribution Frame are
connected to the Optical Switch which may switch in case of failure or degradation of the selected signal. The
Optical Switch output is connected to the Supervisory Channel Demultiplexer (SCD), which separates the optical
supervisory channel from the multiplexed optical channels and sends it to the TSC unit. The other SCD output
sends the optical channels that transport client layer traffic to the Raman Optical Amplifier (ROA). The output
signal from the Raman Amplifier goes to the Optical Pre-Amplifier (OPA) input. After this second step of optical
amplification, the multiplexed optical channels go to the Demultiplexer unit, which separates all channel and send
them to their respective Transponder.
Following there is a short functional description of each unit that is part of the Terminal equipment transmission
structure.
4.3.1.2 Transponder
Functional Description: The Transponder converts an optical input signal with wavelength in the range from 1250
nm to 1650 nm and intensity modulated to an optical output signal in 1550 nm window, operating in accordance with
ITU-Ts DWDM grid G.694.1. The optical output signals generated by Transponders are sent to the Multiplexer unit.
Example of the Transponder usage and Functional Representation: Figure 4.8 shows an application of Transponder
in one 8-channel DWDM Terminal equipment
The transponder performs the wrapping and dewrapping of an STM-16 optical signal intensity modulated, NRZ type,
into an OUT-1 signal that modulates an optical carrier within the DWDM grid standardized by ITU-T G.694.1.
The transponder performs the wrapping and dewrapping of an STM-16, STM-64 or 10GE optical signal intensity
modulated, NRZ type, into an OUT-2 signal that modulates an optical carrier within the DWDM grid standardized by
ITU-T G.694.1.
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Unit that regenerates the OTU-2 optical signal intensity modulated, NRZ type, into a new OTU-2 signal that
modulates an optical carrier of DWDM grid standardized by ITU-T G.694.1.
Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional converts a determined optical input signal with wavelength in the range
from 770 nm to 860 nm multimode or in the range from 1250 nm to 1650 nm, depending on the model, intensity
modulated and with NRZ format to an optical output signal in 1550 nm window, operating in ITU-Ts DWDM grid.
This transponder is responsible for regenerating, reshaping and retiming of the input signal (3R), besides reading
and detecting the bit rate of clients signal, reporting it to the management system.
2R Transponder
2R Transponder Regenerates and Reshapes the optical input signal. It accepts optical input signals from 2 Mbit/s to
2.5 Gbit/s.
The unit Muxponder allows to multiplex/demultiplex 4 STM-16 (2.5Gbps) asynchronous optical signals, intensity
modulated, NRZ type, into a single OTU-2 (10.7Gbps) signal that modulates an optical carrier within the DWDM
grid standardized by ITU-T G.694.1.
The Combiner unit has 8 client interfaces whose traffic is aggregated for transmission in the OTU-2 interface. Each
client interface can transport signals with the following protocols and bit rates:
1.25 Gbit/s,
200 Mbit/s,
1.0625 Gbit/s,
2.125 Gbit/s
The 2G-FC and 2G-FICON protocols occupy, each one, the equivalent to 2 out of 8 available client interfaces. The
GbE, FC / FICON and ESCON protocols occupy, each one, 1 out of 8 available client interfaces.
Figure 4.9 shows an application of Transponder in two 8-channel Terminal pieces of equipment.
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Example of the Raman usage and its Functional Representation: Figure 4.15 shows the Raman amplifier with the
first pre-amplification step of a DWDM system
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4.3.2
Ring Terminal equipment configuration is used in intermediate sites of a bus network and in every site of a ring
network. Figure 4.20 shows the Ring Terminal equipment transmission structure. In this example, the Ring Terminal
equipment is composed of two racks headed to opposite directions: rack 1 headed to NORTH or EAST direction
and rack 2 headed to SOUTH or WEST direction. The number of racks used in the Ring Terminal equipment
depends on the system characteristics: number of locally added and dropped optical channels, number of passthrough optical channels with the necessity of 3R regeneration, necessity of optical amplifiers and DCM units etc.
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4.3.2.1 Interconnections
Rack 1
In the transmission direction, the equipment is composed of a set of 3R Transponders (one transponder to each
optical channel) connected to a Multiplexer (Mux) which is connected to Booster Optical Amplifier. The Booster
Amplifier output is connected to one of the Supervisory Channel Multiplexer (SCM) inputs. The other SCMs input
receives the optical supervisory channel generated by the Client Supervisory Channel (CSC). The SCMs output
goes to the Optical Protection System (Optical Switch) input. In spite of being part of the Management Structure,
the TSC unit is included here because the optical supervisory channel, generated by the TSC, shares the same
transmission structure with the optical channels transporting client layer traffic.
In the reception direction the working and protection optical signals received by the Optical Distribution Frame are
connected to the Optical Switch which may switch in case of failure or degradation of the selected signal. The
Optical Switch output is connected to the Supervisory Channel Demultiplexer (SCD), which separates the optical
supervisory channel from the multiplexed optical channels and sends it to the CSC unit. The other SCD output
sends the multiplexed optical channels that transport client layer traffic to the Raman Amplifier. The output signal
from the Raman Amplifier goes to the Optical Pre-Amplifier (OPA) input. After this second step of optical
amplification, the multiplexed optical channels go to the Demultiplexer unit, which separates all channel and send
them to their respective Transponders.
Rack 2
The interconnection scheme of Rack 2 is similar to the interconnection scheme of Rack 1 already presented. It
must be pointed out that Rack 1 and Rack 2 units share only one CSC unit.
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4.3.2.2 Transponder
Functional Description
Usually, Regenerator Transponders are used in Ring Terminal equipment and work by individually regenerating
each one of the pass-through optical channels (expressed channels). It accepts STM-64 and 10 Gigabit Ethernet
input signals. For 2.5 Gbps it is necessary to use 2 Transponders in back-to-back configuration.
Example of the Regenerator Transponder usage and Functional Representation: Figure 4.21 shows an application
of Regenerator Transponder 10 Gbps in 8-channel Ring Terminal equipment. This example considers only passthrough channels. In other words, there is no locally added and dropped channel.
4.4.
4.4.1
Terminal Equipment
Figure 4.22 below shows the supervision structure of Terminal equipment and the interconnection scheme with the
transmission structures. The transmission units are the same showed in Figure 4.2.
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4.4.1.1 Interconnections
Transponders Supervisor is a basic device in Padtec DWDM system architecture because makes the
interconnection between the equipment management structure and the operator data network (or DCN), when
some access points to this network is present in the station. Two models of Transponders Supervisor exist
functionally, different physics and: Transponders Supervisor Master and Transponders Supervisor Slave.
Transponders Supervisor Master receives and stores the information from all the managed units of DWDM
equipment, being able to extern via Local Management, send it to other stations via Supervisory Channel or send it
to the Central Management via DCN. The word managed must be understood here as an attribute of all part of the
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system capable to extern some information (parameters or alarms) on its operational condition and/or to receive
commands, independently of which systemic structure belongs (transmission, management or miscellaneous).
Transponders Supervisor Master interconnects, via Ethernet connection (10BaseT), with the following part of the
management structure:
-
Transponders Supervisor Master interconnects, via RS-232 serial connection, with the following parts of the
management structure:
-
Amplifiers Supervisor;
Transponders Supervisor Master interconnects, via RS-422 serial connection, with the following part of the
management structure:
-
Transponders Supervisor Slave, when the equipment configuration demands, i.e., when there are more
than 10 transponders in an equipment.
It also interconnects, via serial interface in the transponders sub-rack backplane (it will be seen in chapter 5), to the
Supervisory Channel (Terminal or Client) that also it is part of the management structure, and to Transponders, that
are parts of the transmission structure.
Transponders Supervisor Slave, not showed in the previous Figure example, will be seen in the Ring Terminal
equipment management structure description.
Amplifiers Supervisor, even so has only one physical implementation type, can work in 3 conditions: Amplifiers
Supervisor, Amplifiers Supervisor Master and Amplifiers Supervisor Slave. In any one of these cases, always
interconnects to amplifiers via serial interface in the amplifiers sub-rack backplane which belong.
The first functioning condition only makes sense if it will not have Amplifiers Supervisor Slave in the equipment
configuration. In this condition the Amplifiers Supervisor interconnects, necessarily, to Transponders Supervisor
Master, as seen previously, and can interconnects to the Optical Switch in the case it to be part of the equipment
configuration, as previous Figure shows. If there is no Optical Switch it can to interconnect to Shelf House Keeping SHK. In the case to have Optical Switch and SHK in the same equipment, the link order is: Amplifiers supervisor to
Optical Switch and this to SHK.
In condition of Amplifiers Supervisor Master, it will go to connect to Transponders Supervisor Master and Amplifiers
Supervisor Slave. And finally, in the condition of Amplifiers Supervisor Slave, will go to connect to Amplifiers
Supervisor Master and Optical Switch or SHK, in the same way as seen in the first functioning condition.
4.4.1.2 Supervisors
Functional Description
The supervisors constitute the network elements of management system, being responsible for collecting all
network connected equipment information. There are three models of supervisors: Transponders Supervisor
Master, Transponders Supervisor Slave and Amplifiers Supervisor. For each DWDM equipment there is only a
Transponder Supervisor Master, responsible for collecting the information of others supervisors of the equipment
and passing it to central management, via Ethernet interface, or to local management. Transponder Supervisors
Master of diverse equipments communicate through the optical supervisory channel.
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Functional Description
The Terminal Supervisory Channel is responsible for the management data communication between remote
DWDM sites. This unit receives management data from the local Transponder Supervisor Master and generates
the optical supervisory channel.
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Example of the Terminal Supervisory Channel usage and its Functional Representation: Figure 4.25 shows the TSC
application unit.
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4.4.2
The Figure 4.27 shows the interconnections between the supervision & management and transmission structures to
a Ring Terminal equipment configuration.
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Figure 4.27: Ring Terminal equipment supervision & management and transmission structures
4.4.2.1 Interconnections
In the Figure 4.28 the Transponder Supervisor Master in Rack 1 is connected (via RS232 interface) with the
following unit of the management structure:
-
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The Transponders Supervisor Master communicates, via RS-422 connection serial, with the following part of the
management structure:
-
The Transponders Supervisor Master communicates, via Ethernet connection (in case there is DCN), with the
following part of the management structure:
-
Central Management
Transponder Supervisor Master connects via serial interface in the Transponder Sub-rack backplane card to the
following units:
-
The Transponder Supervisor Master is also the root of a connection chain which interconnects several units
through RS232 interface. Here is the chain:
The Transponder Supervisor Slave connects via serial interface in the Transponder Sub-rack backplane card to
Transponder units (Rack 2).
The Amplifier Supervisor Master is connected to the pre-amplifier, to Booster and Raman of rack 01 through the
serial interfaces placed in the backplane of the amplifier sub-rack.
The Amplifier Supervisor Slave connects via serial interface in the Amplifier Sub-rack backplane card to the Pre,
Booster and Raman Amplifier units of rack 2.
4-24
4.5.
Miscellaneous Structure
The miscellaneous structure of the LightPad i1600G Platform is the same in Terminal and Ring Terminal
configurations.
4.5.1
Functional Description
The Main Power Module (MPM) function is to distribute DC power supply to the units which will compose a DWDM
rack. This unit supplies -48 VDC, 0 VDC and racks Earth to all the actives units in the rack.
Example of the MPM usage and its Functional Representation: Figure 4.30 shows the functional representation of
the MPM unit.
4.5.2
Fan G8 units
Functional Description
The Fan G8 unit function is to provide ventilation to Transponder and Amplifier Sub-racks.
4-25
Example of the Fan usage and its Functional Representation: Figure 4.31 shows a Fan units application in a rack
with Transponder and Amplifier Sub-racks.
4.5.3
Functional Description
The Optical Distribution Frame (ODF) has the function to connect Padtec DWDM equipment to the client layer
pieces of equipment.
Optical Distribution Frame Functional Representation: Figure 4.32 shows the connection between the Padtec rack
and the clients pieces of equipment.
4-26
4-27
5.
This chapter presents the technical specifications of the units that compose the LightPad i1600G Platform. Table
below classifies all units into transmission, management and support devices.
Structures
Units
Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional
Transponder Terminal 10Gbps G.709/FEC Bidirectional
Transponder Regenerator 10Gbps G.709/FEC
Bidirectional
Muxponder 4 x STM-16 G.709/FEC Bidirectional
Combiner 10G 8 x Multi-protocol G.709/FEC
Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional
Transponder 2R Bidirectional
Transponder Sub-rack
Optical Multiplexers
Optical Demultiplexers
Optical Multiplexers with VOA
Transmission
Supervision
Amplifier Supervisor
Terminal and Client Supervisory Channel
Supervisory Channel Multiplexer / Demultiplexer
Shelf House Keeping
December, 2007
5-1
The Padtec DWDM System complies with ITU-T G. 664, G.691, G.692, G.957, GR-1312-CORE, GR-2979-CORE
and IEC 60825-1 recommendations (other recommendations are also mentioned in this manual).
December, 2007
5-2
5.
5.1. Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional
5.1.1.
Model
T25D
Band
Channel
GT
Characteristics
Client
Interface
Reach
Customization
Band
C: C band
L: L band
Channel (ITU-T DWDM grade)
18 to 99
Characteristics (type of LASER modulation)
E: integrated modulation (IM LASER)
Empty: direct modulation (DM LASER)
Client Interface
1: 850 nm multimode (to Gigabit Ethernet)
3: 1550 nm
4: 1310 nm
Reach
S: short haul
L: long haul
December, 2007
5-3
5.1.2.
Physical Dimensions
The transponder unit is compatible to the system LightPad i1600G and it has the following dimensions:
215x150x31.5 mm.
5.1.3.
The transponder performs the wrapping and dewrapping of an STM-16 optical signal intensity modulated, NRZ type,
into an OUT-1 signal that modulates an optical carrier within the DWDM grid standardized by ITU-T, including the
following functionalities:
Performance management functionalities compliant with ITU-T Recommendation G.709 allow on-line traffic
monitoring for verification of SLA with the objective to assure high level QoS per wavelength.
The failure management functionalities that meet the ITU-T standards, G798 Recommendation, allow quick
localization of failure events contributing to increasing traffic availability.
The Tracing per wavelength functionality allows the verification of physical connectivity in complex
networks. This functionality allows performing the installation and maintenance of transponders in a quick
and effective way.
The Error Correction Code, FEC Reed-Solomon G.709, increases the robustness against non-linear effects
and performance degradation.
The optical interfaces are according to ITU-T Recommendations G.692 and G.959.1.
The optical interfaces are managed individually according to then ITU-T Recommendations G.707 and
G.783.
Data monitoring of SDH header so as to guarantee the validity of the received STM-16 signal.
December, 2007
5-4
The transponder OTN 2.5G offers transparency to the SDH protection architectures (MSP, SNCP, MSSPRing/2 or MS-SPRing/4) and compatibility with the optical layer protection system of the LightPad i1600G
Platform.
The transponder OTN 2.5G is based on ITU-T G.823, G.825, G.826, G.827, G.874, G.8251 and G.8201
recommendations.
5.1.4.
TC
CAP
LA +
CDR
TA
SDH
Analyzer
TEC
G.707/G.709
Wrapper
FEC
Coder
Laser
Driver
Laser +
Modulator
PD
Vcc
Vcc
STM
-16
APC
7
10
Laser +
Modulator
Laser
Driver
OTU-1
PD
SDH
Processor
G.707/G.709
Dewrapper
FEC
Decoder
11
AL +
CDR
TA
6
-48V
0V
DC-DC
Converter
+Vcc
Microcontroller
-Vcc
Serial
Communication
Block Diagram of Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional
SDH to OTN direction:
The STM-16 optical signal reaches the photodetector (PD) that performs the conversion of the optical signal into an
electrical signal. This electrical signal passes through a Transimpedance Amplifier (TA) that amplifies the signal,
besides making possible the reading of its power, through which an LOS alarm can be generated when the optical
power is below the optical sensitivity threshold.
Next, the signal passes through the clock recovering circuit (CDR Clock Data Recovery) that has an embedded
Limiter Amplifier (LA) on its input. The CDR recovers the synchronism signal from the input signals and generates a
new output signal from the recovered clock. As this new signal is retimed, there is a phase noise (jitter) filtering that
is present on the input signal, making viable the transmission of optical channels in long distance systems. The
retiming function is useful in the elimination of ASE noise (Amplified Spontaneous Emission) accumulated in long
reach optical systems with line optical amplifiers connected in cascade. When the CDR is not capable to suitably
recover the clock, a LOSSync alarm is emitted. The retimed signals and the clocks are sent to the next element, the
SDH frame analyzer circuit (2).
The SDH frame analyzer has as function to verify if the SDH frame is not with LOF and also to extract B1 and J0
information, assuring this way the validity of the STM-16 signal.
In the next stage (3), the STM-16 signal is wrapped within the G.709 frame, where the fields BIP-8, Trace, Payload
Type, and others, are included.
December, 2007
5-5
The element 4 is a Coding circuit that adds the FED to the signal, increasing its rate from 2.488Gbit/s to 2.666Gbit/s
so as to insert redundancy information in the signal. It is possible turning on or turning off this element through the
Management System telecommands.
Coded, the data signal follows to the element 5, Laser Driver, which provides the bias current that is the continuous
current component of the digital signal, needed to excite the Laser. Next, the Optical Modulator circuit modulates
the optical signal coming from a continuous wave Laser (CW). To take part in a DWDM system it is necessary that
the Laser wavelength might be controlled and maintened in one of the channels defined by ITU-T, with variations
within the tolerance margins of +/- 0.1nm. The laser used allows the control of its wavelength via temperature
control. The temperature control (TC) is done along with the TEC (ThermoElectric Cooler) or Peltier, a component
inside the Laser encapsulation that allows the temperature control absorbing or dissipating the internal heat. Inside
the Laser diode encapsulation there is also the BMPD (Back Monitor PhotoDiode). This component sends an
electrical sample of the Laser output signal to the Automatic Power Control (APC). The APC controls the Laser
output power by changing the bias current gain of Laser Driver circuit. In addition, the BMPD permits that the laser
optical output power be measured. The FAIL alarm occurs when the transmitter optical power drops 10 dB relative
to the nominal value. Through the telecommand sent by the Management System is possible to extinguish the
laser, and when this occurs it is emitted the LASEROFF alarm.
The element 6 of the diagram is the Controller circuit that is responsible for the performing of transponder
management. This data analyzer interprets the measurements done by the other elements and sends them to
another unit called Transponder Supervisor. Besides, it is the controller that activates the LEDs in the front panel of
the Transponder to provide visual indication of alarms. Another function of the Transponder Supervisor is to forward
to the Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional and other Transponders the telecommands of the
Management System.
The unit Transponder Supervisor connects to the Management System of LightPad i1600G Platform sending
information from each one of the transponders connected to the Transponders sub-rack.
OTN to SDH direction:
The element 7 provides the reception optical interface for the input signal OTU-1 at 2.666Gbit/s. Its operation is
identical to the STM-16 input, previously presented.
The Decoder circuit, element 8, removes and analyzes the FEC code of the signal, correcting occasional bit errors.
It is possible turning on or turning off this element through Management System telecommands. This element
allows the operator to monitor the bit error rate corrected by the FEC and the block error rate not corrected.
The electrical signal follows to the element 9 that processes and terminates the overhead bytes and also removes
the STM-16 signal from the G.709 frame structure. This element allows that the alarms LOF OTN, PT, ODU-TIM be
detected.
Afterwards, the signal passes through an SDH processor that transmits an MS-AIS signal in case there is an OTU-1
input failure.
Last, the electrical signal follows to the Laser Driver and to the Laser. Their operation is quite similar to the
previously described, with the exception that as the STM-16 signal is not included in a DWDM system, there is no
need to precisely control its wavelength and, therefore, there is no temperature control circuit for this laser.
Below there is a list of the overhead bytes handled by the Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional:
December, 2007
5-6
The Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional has no configurations or adjustments in hardware.
5.1.6.
Power feed
The Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional is powered by -48V, 0V and Rack Ground.
5.1.7.
Electrical Interfaces
The Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional connects to the back card of the transponders sub-rack
through the EURO96 connector in its rear part. This connector promotes the data connection, by a TTL bus,
between the Transponder and the Transponders Supervisor.
5.1.8.
Optical Interfaces
The Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional has four optical interfaces with SC-APC connectors.
IN 1: Receives a signal wrapped according to the Recommendation G.709 with FEC. It must be connected
to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the output of the optical demultiplexer at the connector
that corresponds to its wavelength.
OUT 1: Transmits a signal wrapped according to the Recommendation G.709 with FEC, and bit rate of
2.666Gbit/s. It must be connected to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the input of the
optical multiplexer at the connector that corresponds to its wavelength.
December, 2007
5-7
5.1.9.
Parametric Characteristics
417
2 x 105
MTBF [hours]
Characteristics of the optical interfaces:
Interface
Bit rate supported OTU-1 interface [Gbit/s]
-12
Minimum sensitivity for error rate at 10 [dBm]
-12
Saturation power for error rate at 10 [dBm]
Minimum output power [dBm]
Extinction ratio
Wavelength
Maximum tolerated dispersion [ps/nm]
OTU-1
2.666057
-24
-5
-2
>9
ITU-T [*] Grid
+/- 0.10 nm
10000 (IM)
STM-16
2.488320
-18
-5
-2
>9
Not applicable
Not applicable
5.1.10.
Handling Precaution
The Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional makes use of Class 1 Lasers. As this class of Laser is the
safest that exists, it does not demand any special care by the user that will handle it. But, as a precaution, it is
recommended to keep the eyes off of the Transponder output connector line of direction. Every time the handling
cord connectors, external to the transponder, are removed one must take care to cover the adaptors at the
equipment front panel to avoid that the equipment internal connector gets dirty. When removing the Transponder
from the sub-rack, it must be wrapped with a shielded and antistatic package to avoid that the components of the
equipment be damaged.
5.1.11.
The Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional has the following LEDs on front panel:
POWER: green LED that goes on when the transponder is switched on.
LOS 1 (Loss of Signal): red LED that goes on when the input power of the OTU-1 interface is below the
sensitivity and blinks when there is loss of frame (LOS Sync). LOS Sync may happens when the input
signal has a non compatible frequency
LOS 2: red LED that goes on when the input power of the STM-16 interface is below the sensitivity and
blinks when there is loss of frame (LOS Sync). LOS Sync may happens when the input signal has a non
compatible frequency
LOF 1 (Loss of Frame): red LED that goes on when the Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional
detects loss of frame alignment on the OTU-1 interface.
LOF 2: red LED red LED that goes on when the Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional detects
loss of frame alignment on the STM-16 interface.
FAIL: red LED that goes on when the output power of the STM-16 laser or OTU-1 laser is below -10dBm
LASEROFF 1: red LED that goes on when the DWDM laser of the OTU-1 interface is deactivated and no
failure has occurred on the Laser.
LASEROFF 2: red LED that goes on when the laser of the STM-16 interface is deactivated and no failure
has occurred on the Laser.
December, 2007
5-8
5.1.12.
Alarms:
FAIL
ODU-TIM
Telemeasures:
Bit error rate value of ODU-BIP8, ODU-BEI, errors corrected by FEC and blocks not corrected by FEC
5.1.13.
Start or stop the measurements of bit error rate of ODU-BIP8, ODU-BEI, errors corrected by FEC and
blocks not corrected by FEC.
Enable or disable switching off the STM-16 laser in substitution to the insertion of MS-AIS.
5.1.14.
Identification Tags
The Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional has a tag on its front panel and on its rear part indicating the
serial number and product code.
December, 2007
5-9
5.1.15.
Use antistatic wrist strap when removing the Transponder from the sub-rack.
If there is communication with management:
Execute the commands LASER OFF 1 and LASER OFF 2 to switch off the Lasers of the Transponder
OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional;
Use antistatic wrist strap when inserting the Transponder in the sub-rack.
Insert partially the Transponder OTN 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional in the sub-rack;
December, 2007
5-10
5.
5.2
5.2.1
Model
T100D
Band
Channel
GT
Characteristics
Client
Interface
Reach
Band
C: C band
L: L band
Channel
18 a 99
T: tunable
Characteristics
S: Single Bit Rate: 9.95GBps (10.7Gbps) transparent
T: Transparent Dual Bit Rate: 9.95Gbps (10.7GBps) e 10.3GBps (11.1Gbps) transparent
Empty: with STM-64 management
Client Interface
2: 1310 nm
3: 1550 nm
Reach
S: short haul
L: long haul
December, 2007
5-11
5.2.2
Physical Dimensions
The unit transponder is compatible with the LightPad i1600G system, having the following dimensions:
215x150x31.5mm.
The transponder performs the wrapping and dewrapping of an STM-64 or 10GE optical signal intensity modulated,
NRZ type, into an OTU-2 signal that modulates an optical carrier within the DWDM grid standardized by ITU-T,
including the following functionalities:
The performance management functionalities are compliant with ITU-T Recommendation G.709 and allow
on-line traffic monitoring for verification of SLA with the objective to assure high level QoS per wavelength.
The failure management functionalities that meet the ITU-T standards, G798 Recommendation, allow quick
localization of failure events contributing to increasing traffic availability.
The Tracing per wavelength functionality allows the verification of physical connectivity in complex
networks. This functionality allows performing the installation and maintenance of Transponder Terminal
10G G.709 in a quick and effective way.
The Error Correction Code, FEC Reed-Solomon G.709, increases the robustness against non-linear effects
and performance degradation.
The optical interfaces are according to ITU-T Recommendations G.692 and G.959.1.
The optical interfaces are managed individually according to the ITU-T Recommendations G.707 and
G.783.
The SDH and 10GE networks management information is carried transparently in the transparent version.
Analysis for LOF, B1 and J0 of SDH Regeneration Section (RS), in the non-transparent version.
The Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 adapts automatically to the bit rate of the client signal inserted.
December, 2007
5-12
The Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 offers transparency to the SDH protection architectures (MSP,
SNCP, MS-SPRing/2 or MS-SPRing/4) and compatibility with the optical layer protection system of the
LightPad i1600G Platform.
The Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 was designed with last generation components to have a high level
of compactness and to dissipate low power.
The Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 is compatible with Transponders Regenerators 10G G.709 of
Padtec.
The Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 is based on ITU-T G.823, G.825, G.826, G.827, G.874, G.8201 and
G.8251 recommendations.
5.2.4
December, 2007
5-13
The element 3 is responsible to wrap the client signal into an OTU-2 signal that has a frame structure according to
the recommendation G.709. Besides, the G.709 wrapping inserts and processes the following overhead bytes:
OTU - Optical channel Transport Unit
FAS - Frame Alignment Signal
MFAS - Multi Frame Alignment Signal
TTI - Trail Trace Identifier
BIP-8 - Bit Interleaved Parity
BDI - Backward Defect Indication
BEI - Backward Error Indication
ODU - Optical channel Data Unit
TTI - Trail Trace Identifier
BIP-8 - Bit Interleaved Parity
BDI - Backward Defect Indication
BEI - Backward Error Indication
STAT - Status bits for indication of maintenance signal
OPU - Optical channel Payload Unit
PSI - Payload Structure Identifier
PT - Payload Type
RS SDH Regenerator Section
(Apenas em Verso No-Transparente)
A1, A2 Frame Alignment
B1 Bit Interleaved Parity
J0 Trail Trace
Overhead Bytes Implemented in Transponder Terminal 10G G.709
In the non-transparent version, the element 3 makes also possible to detect the LOF 2 alarm in the client interface.
The element 4 is a Coding circuit that adds the FEC to the signal. It is possible to switch on or off this element
through telecommands of Management System.
The coded data signal follows to the element 5. The Laser Driver supplies the bias current, which is the continuous
current component of the digital signal, needed to excite the Laser. Next, the Optical Modulator circuit modulates
the signal coming from a continuous wave Laser (CW). To take part of a DWDM system it is necessary that the
Laser wavelength might be controlled and maintained in one of the channels defined by ITU-T, with variations within
the tolerance margins of +/- 0.1 nm. The laser used allows the control of its wavelength via temperature control. The
temperature control (TC) is done along with the TEC (ThermoElectric Cooler) or Peltier, a component inside the
Laser encapsulation that allows the temperature control absorbing or dissipating the internal heat. Inside the Laser
diode encapsulation there is also the BMPD (Back Monitor PhotoDiode). This component sends an electrical
sample of the Laser output signal to the Automatic Power Control (APC). The APC controls the Laser output power
level by changing the bias current gain of Laser Driver circuit. In addition, the BMPD permits that the laser optical
output power be measured. The FAIL alarm occurs when the transmitter optical power drops 3 dB relative to the
nominal value. Through a telecommand sent by the Management System is possible to extinguish the laser, and
when this occurs it is emitted the LASEROFF alarm.
The element 6 of the diagram is the Controller circuit that is responsible for the performing of Transponder
Terminal 10G G.709 management. This data analyzer interprets the measurements done by the elements 1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 7, 8 and 9, and sends them to another unit called Transponder Supervisor. Besides, it is the Controller that
activates the LEDs in the front panel of the Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 to provide visual indication of alarms.
Another function of the Transponder Supervisor is to forward to the Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 and other
Transponders the telecommands of the Management System.
The unit Transponder Supervisor connects to the Management System of LightPad i1600G Platform sending
information from each one of the transponders connected to the Transponders sub-rack.
December, 2007
5-14
5.2.5
5.2.6
Power feed
The Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 is powered by -48V, 0V and Rack Ground.
5.2.7
Electrical Interfaces
The Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 connects to the back card of the transponders sub-rack through the
EURO96 connector on its rear part. This connector promotes the data connection, by a TTL bus, between the
Transponder and the Transponders Supervisor.
5.2.8
Optical Interfaces
The Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 has 4 optical connections with LC-APC connectors.
IN 1: Receives a signal wrapped according to the Recommendation G.709 with FEC. It must be connected
to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the output of the optical demultiplexer at the connector
that corresponds to its wavelength.
OUT 1: Transmits a signal wrapped according to the Recommendation G.709 with FEC. It must be
connected to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the input of the optical multiplexer at the
connector that corresponds to its wavelength.
5.2.9
Parametric Characteristics
December, 2007
800
2 x 105
5-15
[dBm]
STM-64: 10.709
10GE: 11.1
-24
-5
-1
Extinction ratio
>9
Wavelength
Maximum tolerated dispersion [ps/nm]
Supported DGD [ps]
Tunability [**]
STM-64: 9.953
10GE: 10.3
-15
-3
-3
Extinction ratio
Maximum tolerated dispersion [ps/nm]
>9
1600
LOS 1 (Loss of Signal): red LED that goes on when the input power is below the minimum sensitivity of the
interface OTU-2. When it is not lit, it blinks in the presence of LOSsync (O).
LOF 1 (Loss of Frame): red LED that goes on when is detected loss of frame alignment on the OTU-2
interface.
FAIL 1: red LED that goes on when the optical power of the OTU-2 interface transmitter drops 3 dB relative
to the nominal value.
LASEROFF 1: red LED that goes on when the DWDM laser of the OTU-2 interface is deactivated and no
failure has occurred on the Laser.
December, 2007
5-16
LOS 2: red LED that goes on when the input power is below the minimum sensitivity of the client interface.
When it is not lit, it blinks in the presence of LOSsync (S).
LOF 2: red LED that goes on when is detected loss of frame alignment on the client interface. Functional
only in Non Transparent Version.
FAIL 2: red LED that goes on when the optical power of the client interface transmitter drops below 3 dB
relative to the nominal value.
LASEROFF 2: red LED that goes on when the laser of the client interface is deactivated and no failure has
occurred on the Laser.
FAIL 1 and 2
LOS 1 and 2
LOSsync 1 and 2
LOF 1 and 2
LASEROFF 1 and 2
Telemeasures:
PIN 1 and PIN 2 input power level of the OTU-2 interface and client interface (value with tolerance of + 1
dB)
POUT 1 and POUT 2 output power level of the OTU-2 interface and client interface (value with tolerance
of + 1 dB)
Bit error rate value of OTU-BIP8, ODU-BIP8, OTU-BEI, ODU-BEI, Corrected Errors by the FEC and Blocks
not corrected by the FEC.
Bit error rate value of B1 for client interfaces. Available only on non transparent version.
Slot number of the sub-rack in which the Transponder Terminal 10G G.709 is installed.
Switch off the Laser of OTU-2 and client interfaces (LASER OFF 1 and 2).
Switch on the Laser of OTU-2 and client interfaces (LASER ON 1 and 2).
Start or stop the measurements of bit error rate of BIP-8, ODU-BIP8, OTU-BEI, ODU-BEI, errors corrected
by FEC and blocks not corrected by FEC.
Enable or disable the consequent actions (insertion of MS-AIS on Non Transparent version, ODU-BDI,
OTU-BDI) to the detection of ODU-TIM or OTU-TIM.
December, 2007
5-17
December, 2007
5-18
5.
5.3
5.3.1
Model
T100D
Band
Channel
GR
Characteristics
Interface
2
Reach
Band:
C: C band
L: L band
Channel
18 to 99
T: Tunable
Characteristics
S: Single Bit Rate: 9.95Gbps (10.7Gbps) transparent
T: Transparent Dual Bit Rate: 9.95Gbps (10.7Gbps) e 10.3Gbps (11.1Gbps) transparent
Empty: with STM-64 management
Interface 2 (ITU-T DWDM grade)
18 to 99: interface 2 DWDM channel of transponders regenerator
Reach
S: short haul
L: long haul
December, 2007
5-19
5.3.2
Physical Dimensions
The unit transponder is compatible with LightPad i1600G system, having the following dimensions: 215x150x31.5
mm.
5.3.3
Unit that regenerates the OTU-2 optical signal intensity modulated, NRZ type, into a new OTU-2 signal that
modulates an optical carrier of DWDM grid standardized by ITU-T, including the following functionalities:
The performance management functionalities are compliant with ITU-T Recommendation G.709 and allow
on-line traffic monitoring for verification of SLA with the objective to assure high level QoS per wavelength.
The failure management functionalities that meet the ITU-T standards, G798 Recommendation, allow quick
localization of failure events contributing to increasing traffic availability.
The Tracing per wavelength functionality allows the verification of physical connectivity in complex
networks. This functionality allows performing the installation and maintenance of Transponder Regenerator
10G G.709 in a quick and effective way.
The Error Correction Code, FEC Reed-Solomon G.709, increases the robustness against non-linear effects
and performance degradation.
The optical interfaces are implemented with MSA300 modules that provide support for links with several
reaches.
The optical interfaces are according to ITU-T Recommendations G.692 and G.959.1.
The Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709 was designed with last generation components to have a high
level of compactness and to dissipate low power.
December, 2007
5-20
The Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709 is compatible with Transponders Terminals 10G G.709 of
Padtec.
The Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709 is based on ITU-T G.823, G.825, G.826, G.827, G.874, G.8201
and G.8251 recommendations.
5.3.4
Figure below shows the block diagram of the Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709.
December, 2007
5-21
The element 3 is responsible to process and regenerate the bytes of OTU section of the OTN signal of OTN2
interface according to the recommendation G.709. The Regenerator G.709 processes and regenerates the
following overhead bytes:
The element 3 makes also possible to detect the LOF (O2), LOM (O2), OTU-BDI (O2), OTU-TIM (O2) alarms as
required by the ITU-T Recommendation G.798 of the OTN2 interface.
The element 4 is a Coding circuit that adds a new FEC to the signal. It is possible to turn on or off this element
through telecommands of Management System.
The regenerated data signal follows to the element 5. The Laser Driver supplies the bias current, which is the
continuous current component of the digital signal, needed to excite the Laser. Next, the Optical Modulator circuit
modulates the signal coming from a continuous wave Laser (CW). To take part of a DWDM system it is necessary
that the Laser wavelength might be controlled and maintained in one of the channels defined by ITU-T, with
variations within the tolerance margins of +/- 0.1 nm. The laser used allows the control of its wavelength via
temperature control. The temperature control (TC) is done along with the TEC (ThermoElectric Cooler) or Peltier, a
component inside the Laser encapsulation that allows the temperature control absorbing or dissipating the internal
heat. Inside the Laser diode encapsulation there is also the BMPD (Back Monitor PhotoDiode). This component
sends an electrical sample of the Laser output signal to the Automatic Power Control (APC). The APC controls the
Laser output power level by changing the bias current gain of Laser Driver circuit. In addition, the BMPD permits
that the laser optical output power be measured. The FAIL alarm (O1) occurs when the transmitter optical power
drops 3 dB relative to the nominal value. Through a telecommand sent by the Management System is possible to
extinguish the laser, and when this occurs it is emitted the LASEROFF alarm (O1).
The element 6 of the diagram is the Controller circuit that is responsible for the performing of Transponder
Regenerator 10G G.709 management. This data analyzer interprets the measurements done by the elements 1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10 and 11, and sends them to another unit called Transponder Supervisor. Besides, the Controller
controls the LEDs in the front panel of the Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709 to provide visual indication of
alarms. Another function of the Transponder Supervisor is to forward to the Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709
and other Transponders the telecommands of the Management System.
The unit Transponder Supervisor connects to the Management System of LightPad i1600G Platform sending
information from each one of the transponders connected to the Transponders sub-rack.
OTN1 to OTN2 direction:
The element 7 provides the interface analogous to the element 1 to the reception of signal G.709 OTU-2.
The Decoder circuit, element 8, provides an analogous function to the element 2, but for the OTN1 interface.
The electrical signal follows to the element 9 that has an analogous function to the element 3, but for the OTN1
interface.
The signal follows then to the element 10, with analogous function to the element 4.
The regenerated signal follows to the element 11. This element has an analogous function to the element 5.
December, 2007
5-22
5.3.5
5.3.6
Power feed
The Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709 is powered by -48V, 0V and Rack Ground.
5.3.7
Electrical Interfaces
The Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709 connects to the back card of the transponders sub-rack through the
EURO96 connector on its rear part. This connector promotes the data connection, by a TTL bus, between the
Transponder and the Transponders Supervisor.
5.3.8
Optical Interfaces
The Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709 has 4 optical connections with LC-APC connectors.
IN 1: Receives a signal wrapped according to the Recommendation G.709 with FEC. It must be connected
to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the output of the optical demultiplexer at the connector
that corresponds to its wavelength. For OTN1 input.
OUT 1: Transmits a signal wrapped according to the Recommendation G.709 with FEC. It must be
connected to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the input of the optical multiplexer at the
connector that corresponds to its wavelength. For OTN1 output.
5.3.9
Parametric Characteristics
800
MTBF [hours]
2 x 10
[dBm]
[dBm]
STM-64: 10.709
10GE: 11.1
-24
-5
-1
Extinction ratio
>9
Wavelength
Maximum tolerated dispersion [ps/nm]
30
Full C-Band or Full L-band
50 GHz spacing
5-23
keep the eyes off of the Transponder output connector line of direction. Every time the handling cord connectors,
external to the Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709, are removed one must take care to cover the adaptors at the
equipment front panel to avoid that the equipment internal connector gets dirty. When removing the Transponder
from the sub-rack, it must be wrapped with a shielded and antistatic package to avoid that the components of the
equipment be damaged.
LOS 1 (Loss of Signal): red LED that goes on when the input power is below the minimum sensitivity of the
interface OTN1. When it is not lit, it blinks in the presence of LOSsync (O1).
LOF 1 (Loss of Frame): red LED that goes on when is detected loss of frame alignment on the OTN1
interface.
FAIL 1: red LED that goes on when the optical power of the OTN1 interface transmitter drops 3 dB relative
to the nominal value.
LASEROFF 1: red LED that goes on when the DWDM laser of the OTN1 interface is deactivated and no
failure has occurred on the Laser.
Telemeasures:
PIN 1 and 2 input power level of the OTU-2 interfaces (value with tolerance of + 1 dB)
POUT 1 and 2 output power level of the OTU-2 interfaces (value with tolerance of + 1 dB)
Bit error rate value of OTU-BIP8 1 and 2, OTU-BEI 1 and 2, Corrected Errors by FEC 1 and 2 and blocks
not corrected by FEC 1 and 2.
Slot number of the sub-rack in which the Transponder Regenerator 10G G.709 is installed.
December, 2007
5-24
Switch off the Laser of OTU-2 interfaces (LASER OFF 1 and 2).
Start or stop the measurements of bit error rate of OTU BIP-8, OTU-BEI, errors corrected by FEC and
blocks not corrected by FEC of both interfaces.
Enable or disable the consequent actions (insertion of ODU-AIS, OTU-BDI) to the detection of ODU-TIM 1
and 2.
December, 2007
5-25
December, 2007
5-26
5.
5.4
5.4.1
Model:
TM100D
band
channel
25
Band
C: C band
L: L band
Channel
18 to 99
T: Tunable
5.4.2
Physical Dimensions
The Muxponder unit is compatible with LightPad i1600G system, having the following dimensions:
215x150x31.5mm.
December, 2007
5-27
5.4.3
The unit Muxponder allows to multiplex/demultiplex 4 STM-16 (2.5GBps) asynchronous optical signals, intensity
modulated, NRZ type, into a single OTU-2 (10.7GBps) signal that modulates an optical carrier within the DWDM
grid standardized by ITU-T, including the following functionalities:
Performance management functionalities compliant with ITU-T Recommendation G.709, allowing on-line
traffic monitoring for verification of SLA with the objective to assure high level QoS per wavelength.
Failure management functionalities that meet the ITU-T standards, G798 Recommendation, allowing quick
localization of failure events contributing to increasing traffic availability.
Tracing per wavelength allowing the verification of physical connectivity in complex networks. This
functionality allows performing the installation and maintenance of Muxponders 4 STM-16 in a quick and
effective way.
The Error Correction Code, Standard FEC (RS-255,239) Reed-Solomon G.709, increases the robustness
against non-linear effects and performance degradation.
The optical interfaces are according to ITU-T Recommendations G.692 and G.959.1.
The STM-16 interfaces are managed individually according to the ITU-T Recommendations G.707.
Offers transparency for the SDH protection architectures (MSP, SNCP, MS-SPRing/2 or MS-SPRing/4) and
compatibility with the protection system on optical layer of LightPad i1600G Platform.
They were designed with last generation components to have a high level of compactness and to dissipate
low power.
The Muxponder is based on ITU-T G.823, G.825, G.826, G.827, G.874, G.8201 and G.8251
recommendations.
5.4.4
SFP 1
SFP 2
SFP 3
SFP 4
SERDES
SERDES
SERDES
SERDES
STM-16
Demapper
Mapper
STM-16
Demapper
Mapper
TDM
STM-16
Demapper
Mapper
Demux
Mux
OTN
Wrapper
Dewraper
FEC
255/239
SERDES
SFF
STM-16
Demapper
Mapper
Block Diagram of Muxponder 4 x STM-16 G.709/FEC Bidirectional
5-28
The SERDES elements perform the conversion of data in a serial way, correspondent to the rate of 2.5 Gbps, in
four bundles of 622 Mbps. They perform also the recovering and insertion of individual clocks of each STM-16
tributary.
The Wraper is responsible to wrap the 4 STM-16 signals into one OTU-2 signal that has a frame structure
according to the Recommendation G.709. Besides, the G.707/G.709 Mapping inserts and processes the following
overhead bytes:
OTU - Optical channel Transport Unit
FAS - Frame Alignment Signal
MFAS - Multi Frame Alignment Signal
TTI - Trail Trace Identifier
BIP-8 - Bit Interleaved Parity
BDI - Backward Defect Indication
BEI - Backward Error Indication
FEC - Forward Error Correction
ODU - Optical channel Data Unit
TTI - Trail Trace Identifier
BIP-8 - Bit Interleaved Parity
BDI - Backward Defect Indication
BEI - Backward Error Indication
STAT - Status bits for indication of maintenance signal
OPU - Optical channel Payload Unit
PSI - Payload Structure Identifier
PT - Payload Type
JC - Justification Control
RS SDH Regenerator Section
A1, A2 Frame Alignment
B1 Bit Interleaved Parity
J0 Trail Trace Identification
Overhead Bytes Implemented in Muxponder 4 x STM-16 G.709/FEC Bidirectional
The Wraper makes also possible to detect the LOF (S1, S2, S3 and S4) alarm that might occur in anyone of the
STM-16 input interfaces.
The FEC 255/239 is a Coding circuit that adds the FEC to the signal, increasing its rate from 9.95 Gbit/s to 10.71
Gbit/s. It is possible to turn on or off this element through telecommands of Management System.
The coded data signal follows to the SERDES element. The Laser Driver supplies the bias current, which is the
continuous current component of the digital signal, needed to excite the Laser. Next, the Optical Modulator circuit
modulates the signal coming from a continuous wave Laser (CW). To take part of a DWDM system it is necessary
that the Laser wavelength might be controlled and maintained in one of the channels defined by ITU-T, with
variations within the tolerance margins of +/- 0.1 nm. The laser used allows the control of its wavelength via
temperature control. The temperature control (TC) is done along with the TEC (ThermoElectric Cooler) or Peltier, a
component inside the Laser encapsulation that allows the temperature control absorbing or dissipating the internal
heat. If the Laser temperature reaches values outside the range in which the Laser is correctly tuned, it is emitted
an alarm of Laser Temperature. Inside the Laser diode encapsulation there is also the BMPD (Back Monitor
PhotoDiode). This component sends an electrical sample of the Laser output signal to the Automatic Power Control
(APC). The APC controls the Laser output power level by changing the bias current gain of Laser Driver circuit. In
addition, the BMPD permits that the laser optical output power be measured. The FAIL alarm occurs when the
transmitter optical power drops 3 dB relative to the nominal value. Through a telecommand sent by the
Management System it is possible to extinguish the laser, and when this occurs it is emitted the LASEROFF alarm
(O).
December, 2007
5-29
The Controller circuit is responsible for the performing of Muxponder 4 x 2.5G management. This data analyzer
interprets the measurements done by the elements and sends them to another unit called Transponder Supervisor.
Besides, the Controller controls the LEDs in the front panel of the Muxponder 4 x 2.5G to provide visual indication of
alarms. Another function of the Transponder Supervisor is to forward to the Muxponder 4 x 2.5G and other
Transponders the telecommands of the Management System.
The unit Transponder Supervisor connects to the Management System of LightPad i1600G Platform sending
information from each one of the transponders connected to the Transponders sub-rack.
5.4.5
5.4.6
Power feed
The Muxponder 4 x 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional is powered by -48V, 0V and Rack Ground.
5.4.7
Electrical Interfaces
The Muxponder 4 x 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional connects to the back card of the transponders sub-rack through
the EURO96 connector on its rear part. This connector promotes the data connection, by a TTL bus, between the
Transponder and the Transponders Supervisor.
5.4.8
Optical Interfaces
The Muxponder 4 x 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional has ten optical connections with LC-APC connectors.
IN S1, IN S2, IN S3 and IN S4: Receive the STM-16 signals of client layer that have bit rate of
2,488.32Mbit/s.
OUT O: Transmits a signal wrapped according to the Recommendation G.709 with FEC, bit rate of 10.709
Mbit/s. It must be connected to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the input of the optical
multiplexer at the connector that corresponds to its wavelength.
IN O: Receives a signal wrapped according to the Recommendation G.709 with FEC. It must be connected
to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the output of the optical demultiplexer at the connector
that corresponds to its wavelength.
OUT S1, OUT S2, OUT S3 and OUT S4: Transmit the STM-16 signals to the client layer.
December, 2007
5-30
5.4.9
Parametric Characteristics
800
MTBF [hours]
2 x 10
10,709
[dBm]
-24
[dBm]
-5
-1
Extinction ratio
>9
Wavelength
1600
30
Full C-Band or Full L-band
50 GHz spacing
Intra-Office
I-16.1
2
Short Haul
S-16.1
15
G.652
G.652
[dBm]
2488.32
-18
-18
-3
-10
-5
8.2
8.2
Wavelength
1310 nm
12
Not
Applicable
Other interfaces recommended by ITU-T and that may be found in the form of SFP modules with operation at 2.5
Gbit/s, in the market, are: S-16.2 (15km, 1550nm, fiber G.652), L-16.1 (40km, 1310nm, fiber G.652), L-16.2 (80km,
1550nm, fiber G.652 or G.654) and L-16.3 (80km, 1550nm, fiber G.653).
There are also in the market, SFP modules with operation at 2.5 Gbit/s that support CWDM and DWDM interfaces.
5-31
LOS (Loss of Signal): red LED that goes on when the input power is below the minimum sensitivity of the
interface OUT-2.
LOF (Loss of Frame): red LED that goes on when the Muxponder 4 x 2.5G G.709/FEC Bidirectional
detectes loss of frame alignment on the OUT-2 interface.
LASEROFF 1: red LED that goes on when the DWDM laser of the OUT-2 interface is deactivated and no
failure has occurred on the Laser.
LOS S1, LOS S2, LOS S3, LOS S4: red LEDs that go on when the correspondent input power is below the
minimum sensitivity of the STM-16 interface.
LOF S1, LOF S2, LOF S3, LOF S4: red LEDs that go on when the Muxponder 4 x 2.5G G.709/FEC
Bidirectional detects loss of frame alignment on the correspondent STM-16 interface.
LASEROFF S1, LASEROFF S2, LASEROFF S3, LASEROFF S4: red LEDs that go on when the Laser of
the STM-16 interface SFP module is deactivated and no failure has occurred on the Laser.
Telemeasures:
PIN (O, S1, S2, S3 and S4) input power level of the OTU-2 interface and STM-16 interfaces (value with
tolerance of + 1 dB).
POUT (O, S1, S2, S3 and S4) output power level of the OTU-2 interface and STM-16 interfaces (value
with tolerance of + 1 dB).
Bit error rate value of OTU-BIP8, ODU-BIP8, OTU-BEI, ODU-BEI, Corrected Errors by FEC and blocks not
corrected by FEC.
Bit error rate value of B1 for each one of the 4 STM-16 interfaces.
Switch off the Laser of OTU-2 and STM-16 interfaces (LASER OFF (O, S1, S2, S3 and S4)).
Switch on the Laser of OTU-2 and STM-16 interfaces (LASER ON (O, S1, S2, S3 and S4)).
December, 2007
5-32
Start or stop the measurements of bit error rate of OTU BIP-8, ODU-BIP8, OTU-BEI, ODU-BEI, errors
corrected by FEC and blocks not corrected by FEC.
Enable or disable the consequent actions (insertion of MS-AIS, ODU-TIM and OTU-TIM) to the detection of
ODU-TIM or OTU-TIM.
December, 2007
5-33
December, 2007
5-34
5.
5.5
5.5.1
Model:
TC100D
band
channel
GT
Band
C: C band
L: L band
Channel
18 to 99
T: Tunable
5.5.2
Physical Dimensions
The Combiner unit is compatible to LightPad i1600G Platform, occupying 2 slots in the 4U sub-rack.
5.5.3
Introduction
The Combiner unit has 8 client interfaces whose traffic is aggregated for transmission in the OTU-2 interface.
Each client interface can transport signals with the following protocols and bit rates:
1.25 Gbit/s,
200 Mbit/s,
1.0625 Gbit/s,
2.125 Gbit/s
The 2G-FC e 2G-FICON protocols occupy, each one, the equivalent to 2 out of 8 available client interfaces. The
GbE, FC / FICON e ESCON protocols occupy, each one, 1 out of 8 available client interfaces.
December, 2007
5-35
The client interfaces are independent and up to 4 incoming signals of 2G-FC or 2G-FICON protocols can be
configured. In the place of each unused interface for 2G-FC or 2G-FICON signal, it is possible to configure 2
interfaces, for GbE, FC, FICON or ESCON protocol.
The possible Combiner configurations are described in the Table.
Configuration
2
Configuration
3
Configuration
4
Configuration
5
Client 1
1G
Client 2
1G
1G
Client 3
1G
1G
1G
Client 4
1G
1G
1G
1G
Client 5
1G
1G
1G
1G
2G
Client 6
1G
1G
1G
2G
2G
Client 7
1G
1G
2G
2G
2G
Client 8
1G
2G
2G
2G
2G
December, 2007
5-36
5.5.4
December, 2007
5-37
In the Wrapper, a codified circuit adds the FEC to the transmitted signal, increasing its rate from 9.95 Gbit/s to
10.71 Gbit/s. It is possible to turn on or turn off this circuit through telecommands of the Management System.
The MSA transceiver modulates an optical carrier through a codified data signal. To be part of a DWDM system, it
is necessary that the wavelength of the optical carrier can be controlled and be kept in one of the channels defined
by ITU-T, with variations of 0.1 nm of tolerance. In this module (MSA Transceiver) the following alarms can be
detected or measured: laser temperature alarm, FAIL, LASEROFF (Output).The laser temperature alarm is
activated in case the laser temperature assumes values out of the range in which the laser is tuned. The FAIL
alarm occurs when the transmitter optical power drops 3 dB from the nominal value. The LASEROFF alarm
(Output) occurs when the Laser is turned off by the telecommand emitted via management system.
The Microcontroller is responsible for implementing the management of the Combiner. It interprets the measures
carried through for the Combiner elements and it sends them to the Transponder Supervisor unit. In addition, the
Microcontroller activates the LEDs in the Combiner front panel, to provide alarm visual indications, and it
interprets and executes the telecommands received from the Management System.
The Transponder Supervisor unit connects to the Management System of the LightPad i1600G Platform, sending
information of management proceeding from each one of the transponders connected to the sub-rack of
Transponders.
December, 2007
5-38
5.5.5
5.5.6
Power Feed
Electrical Interfaces
The Combiner connects to transponders sub-rack backplane via a connector EURO 96. Through this connector
the power feed and data connections are implemented, through TTL bus, between the Combiner and the
Transponder Supervisor.
5.5.8
Optical Interfaces
December, 2007
5-39
5.5.9
Parametric Characteristics
Characteristics of the Bidirectional Combiner
Consumption @ -48 VDC [mA]
1100
MTBF [hours]
2 x 10
-12
10,709
[dBm]
-24
[dBm]
-5
-1
Extinction Ratio
>9
+/- 0.10
1600
30
Tunability [*]
GbE
ESCON
SX
SLM
200-SM-LL-I
100-SM-LL-I
MM
SM
SM
SM
SM
SM
1,25
0,2
2,125
1,0625
1,0625
2,125
Wavelength [nm]
850
1310
1310
1310
1310
1550
-5
-10
-3
-3
-5
-3
-10
-19,5
-12
-12
-10
-5
-17
-33
-20
-20
-22
-22
-14
-3
-3
-3
-3
December, 2007
Fiber Channel
FICON
5-40
Turn off the Laser of the OTU-2 and client interfaces (LASER OFF (0, S1 to S8)).
Turn on the Laser of the OTU-2 and client interfaces (LASER ON (0 and S1 to S8)).
Turn on or turn off the FEC coder.
Turn on or turn off the FEC decoder.
Initiate or stop the measures of the bit error rate of OTU BIP-8, ODU-BIP8, OTU-BEI, ODU-BEI, errors
corrected by FEC and Blocks not corrected by FEC.
Configure the reference value of transmission or reception of the TTI.
Enable or disable the consequent actions (insertion of MS-AIS, ODU-TIM and OTU-TIM) to the
detection of ODU-TIM or OTU-TIM.
December, 2007
5-41
Use antistatic wrist strap when removing the Combiner from the sub-rack
Detach its optical cords
Remove it from the sub-rack after that.
Use antistatic wrist strap when inserting the Combiner in the sub-rack
Insert totally the Combiner in sub-rack
Make the connection of the optical cords in its front panel.
December, 2007
5-42
5.
5.6
5.6.1
Model
T
25
Band
Channel
BR
Laser
Modulation
Client
Interface
Reach
Band
C: C Band
L: L Band
Channel
XXX (H or Q): ITU-T grade
LASER Modulation
E: Integrated Modulation (MI LASER)
Empty: Direct Modulation (MD LASER)
Client Interface
1: 850 nm multimode
2: 1310 nm
3: 1550 nm
4: Intra-Office STM-1/4/16, 1310 nm, according to ITU-T G.957
5: Intra-Office 1310 nm with sensitivity of -42 dBm, according to IBM SA23-0394 (ESCON)
and also ITU-T G.957
Reach
S: short haul with Pinfet
L: long haul with APD
5.6.2
Functional Description
Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional converts a determined optical input signal with wavelength in the range
of 770 nm to 860 nm multimode or in the range of 1250 nm to 1650 nm, depending on the model, intensity
modulated and with NRZ format to an optical output signal in 1550 nm window, operating in ITU-Ts DWDM grade.
It translates the wavelength of the input signal to adapt it to amplification region of EDFAs (Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifier) and to make feasible the DWDM transmission technology. In the reverse direction, it converts a signal in
the range of 1250 nm to 1650 nm to a 850 nm multimode signal or a 1310 nm singlemode signal, depending on the
model.
This transponder is transparent to protocols from 10 Mbit/s to 2.7 Gbit/s, and can have direct or integrated
modulation. This unit is bidirectional works in the following transmission directions: 850 nm wavelength DWDM
and wavelength DWDM 850 nm or 1310 nm wavelength DWDM and wavelength DWDM 1310 nm.
This transponder is responsible for regenerating, reshaping and retiming of the input signal (3R), besides reading
and detecting the bit rate of clients signal, reporting it to the management system. With this unit it is possible to
deploy high distance optical channel transmission, using cascaded transponders to completely regenerate the
optical signal.
Even the versions which fulfill the recommendations ITU-T G.957 and ESCON IBM SAE 23 0394, 1995 are
transparent, supporting bit rates from 10 Mbit/s to 2.7 Gbit/s.
The Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional is based on ITU-T G.823, G.825, G.826, G.827, G.874, G.8201
and G.8251 recommendations.
December, 2007
5-43
5.6.3
Physical Dimensions
December, 2007
5-44
5.6.4
Block Diagram
5-45
The Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional has no configurations or adjustments in hardware.
5.6.6
Power Feed
The Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional is powered by -48V, 0V and Rack Ground.
5.6.7
Electrical Interfaces
The Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional connects to the back card of the transponders sub-rack through
the EURO96 connector on its rear part. This connector promotes the data connection, by a TTL bus, between the
Transponder and the Transponders Supervisor.
5.6.8
Optical Interfaces
The Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional has 4 optical connections with SC-APC connectors.
- IN1: This connector corresponds to the DWDM input of the Transponder and accepts multimode or singlemode
fibers. It must be connected to the output of the optical demultiplexer at the connector that corresponds to its
wavelength.
December, 2007
5-46
- OUT1: This connector corresponds to the DWDM output of the Transponder. It must be connected to a
singlemode cord and this must be connected to the input of the optical multiplexer at the connector that
corresponds to its wavelength.
- IN2: This connector corresponds to the 850 nm multimode input or the 1310 nm or 1550nm input which
receives the client signal.
- OUT2: This connector corresponds to the 850 nm multimode or the singlemode 1310nm output which
transmits the signal to the client.
5.6.9
Parametric Characteristics
Consumption at -48 VDC [mA]
150
MTBF [hours]
2 x 105
0.01 to 2.7
-17
-17
-9.5
-9.5
-4
-4
-14
-14
2.5 Gbit/s
-14
-3
2.5 Gbit/s
-3
-11.5
-9.5
2.5 Gbit/s
-10
December, 2007
5-47
-3
-3
2.5 Gbit/s
-3
-23 (Note 3)
STM-4
-23 (Note 4)
-19 (Note 5)
STM-16
-18 (Note 6)
-8 (Note 3)
STM-4
-8 (Note 4)
-3 (Note 5)
STM-16
-3 (Note 6)
-10
STM-4
-10
-10
STM-16
-10
-3
STM-1
-3
-3
STM-16
-3
Optical Interface of 1310 nm Model T25DCxyz-4BR5bc ESCON IBM SAE 23 0394, 1995 1310 nm
Multimode
- Minimum sensitivity for error rate at 10-12 [dBm]:
STM-1
STM-4
-19 (Note 5)
STM-16
ESCON
-8 (Note 14)
STM-4
-8 (Note 15)
December, 2007
-8
5-48
STM-16
ESCON
- Minimum output power [dBm]:
STM-1
-2
STM-4
-2
-2
STM-16
-2
ESCON
-2
+1
STM-1
+1
+1
STM-16
+1
ESCON
+1
Standard
Long Haul
STM-1
-34(Note 7)
STM-4
-28 (Note 8)
-22
-31
-28 (Note 9)
STM-1
-5 (Note 10)
-8 (Note 7)
STM-4
-5 (Note 11)
-8 (Note 8)
-5
-8
STM-16
-8 (Note 9)
attenuator of 10 dB)
-1
Q Factor
> 12
Extinction ratio
>5
Wavelength
December, 2007
5-49
The fixed attenuators roll, which are to be used on the transponders output connector of the client interface, are in
the chart below, in order to adapt them to the distinctive patterns:
Model T25DCxyz-4BR4bc ITU-T G.957
Attenuator Value
STM-1 I-1
STM-4 I-4
STM-16 I-16
Attenuator Value
STM-1 I-1
10
STM-4 I-4
10
STM-16 I-16
IBM ESCON
15
December, 2007
5-50
A remark about the T25DCxyz-4BR5bc ESCON IBM SAE 23 0394, 1995 Multimode 1310 nm:
This model, working with very low power levels, has its client interface LED LOS always off and the output laser
always on, this way the automatic switch off of the output DWDM interface laser in the absence of signal in the
client input signal does not exist. The switching off the DWDM interface laser can only be done with the
telecommand LASER OFF.
3dB1
LASEROFF1
LOS2
LASEROFF2
Telemeasures:
Nominal wavelength
December, 2007
5-51
Execute the command LASER OFF to switch off the Laser if the Transponder;
Alternative 1: Remove the optical cords from the Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional input
connector, turning off immediately the Laser module.
Alternative 2: Switch off the Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional removing it partially from the subrack, and then removing the optical cords.
Insert partially the Transponder 3R Bit Rate Meter Bidirectional in the sub-rack;
December, 2007
5-52
5.
5.7
Transponder 2R Bidirectional
5.7.1
Model
Rate
Band
Channel
Laser
Modulation
Client
Interfac
e
Reach
Rate
01: 100 Mbit/s (all models 100Mbit/s are only 2R)
06: 622 Mbit/s
GE: 1 Gbit/s - Gigabit Ethernet / Fiber Channel
20: 2.0 Gbit/s
25: 2.5 Gbit/s
Band
C: C band
L: L band
Channel
XX: ITU-T channel grid
LASER Modulation
E: Integrated Modulation (IM)
Empty: Direct Modulation (DM)
Client Interface
1: 850 nm multimode
2: 1310 nm
3: 1550 nm
Reach
S: short haul with Pinfet
L: long haul with APD
5.7.2
Functional Description
The Transponder 2R Bidirectional converts an input optical signal with wavelength in the range from 770 to 860
nm or 1270 to 1355 nm, intensity modulated and with NRZ format to an output optical signal in 1550 nm window,
operating in ITU-Ts DWDM grid G.694.1. It translates the wavelength of the input signal to adapt it to
amplification region of EDFAs (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers) and to make feasible the DWDM transmission
technology.
The Transponder 2R Bidirectional is transparent to protocols and supports transmission rates from 2 Mbit/s to 2.5
Gbit/s.
December, 2007
5-53
5.7.3
Physical Dimension
December, 2007
5-54
5.7.4
Block Diagram
December, 2007
5-55
Transponder in one of the channels defined by the ITU-T for transmission in DWDM. The Laser temperature
control is carried through by the circuit represented by element 11 in the block diagram, together with TEC
(Thermo-Electric Cooler) or Peltier, internal component of the Laser package that allows the temperature control
absorbing or wasting the internal heat.
Inside of the laser diode package has also the BMPD (Back Monitor PhotoDiode). This component sends a sample
of the output signal of the Laser for the Automatic Power Control (APC) circuit, element 5 in the block diagram.
The APC controls the output power level of the Laser modifying the polarization current gain of the Driver Laser
circuit.
DWDM lambda Client lambda Direction
The element 6 in the block diagram is a PIN-FET photodetector. It consists of an electrical-optical converter and
has a transimpedance amplifier in the same package, what it makes possible an electric amplification with a low
noise. Optionally Transponders Bidirectional are also available with APD (Avalanche PhotoDiode) photodetectors,
resulting in a higher sensitivity in the DWDM reception.
The element 7 in the block diagram is an amplifier with automatic gain control (AGC). The AGC circuit always
controls the signal modulation level, keeping it constant, since that the power level of the Transponder input
optical signal (IN1) is between its sensitivity and saturation thresholds. Out of this operation range, the circuit does
not guarantee a good modulation in the signal, making that the Transponder generates error rate above of the
specification.
The element 8 corresponds to the transmission side of 850 nm multimode transceiver or 1310 nm singlemode. It
consists of a Laser Driver circuit, that from the input electrical signal generates the Laser modulation current in
adequate power levels to correct working, of a Laser in 850 nm multimode or 1310 nm singlemode, depending on
the model.
Common elements to two transmission direction:
Element 9 of the block diagram, the Controller circuit, is responsible for the management of elements that
constitute the Bidirectional Transponder. This data analyzer interprets the measures carried through for the two
photodetectors (PIN-FET and BMPD) and for the controller of wavelength and sends these data to another unit
called Transponders Supervisor, that sends to the management system information of input and output power and
wavelength referring to Transponder DWDM optical interface. Moreover, it controls the luminous indicators in the
unit frontal panel and, when receiving a telecommand from the management, it turns on or off the DWDM Lasers
and Customer Laser (850 nm or 1310 nm), as the received command.
The element 10 is a DC/DC converter, which generates the adequate power feedings for the internal elements of
the Transponder from the power supply of -48 VDC.
5.7.5
The 2R Transponder Bidirectional does not have any hardware configuration and adjustment procedures.
5.7.6
Power Supply
5.7.7
Electrical Interfaces
December, 2007
5-56
The 2R Transponder Bidirectional connects to the Transponder Sub-Rack backplane through a EURO96
connector located at its rear face. Data information between 2R Transponder and the Transponder Supervisor is
carried by a TTL bus in the backplane card.
5.7.8
Optical Interfaces
IN1 (units reception side): This connector corresponds to Transponder 2R DWDM input and accepts
multimode or singlemode fibers. It must be connected to the DWDM demultiplexer unit.
OUT1 (units transmission side): This connector corresponds to Transponder 2R DWDM output. It must be
connected to a singlemode cord and this must be connected to the multiplexer optical input in the
connector that corresponds to the Transponder wavelength.
IN2 (units reception side): This connector corresponds to the 850 nm or 1310 nm multimode input. It must
be connected to the transmission of the customer equipment which generates the signal whose
wavelength will be converted.
OUT2 (units transmission side): This connector corresponds to the 850 nm multimode or 1310 nm
singlemode output. It must be connected to the reception of the customer equipment which generates the
signal.
5.7.9
Parametric Characteristics
Power Consumption @ -48 VDC [mA]
150
MTBF [hours]
2 x 10
-17
-17
-9.5
-9.5
-4
-4
-20
-19
December, 2007
5-57
2.5 Gbit/s
- Saturation power @ BER =
-18
10-12
[dBm]:
-3
2.5 Gbit/s
-3
-11.5
-9,5
2.5 Gbit/s
-10
-3
-3
2.5 Gbit/s
-3
Standard
Long Haul
-22
-32
-20
-30
2.5 Gbit/s
-18
-28
-5
-8
-5
-8
2.5 Gbit/s
-5
-8
10-12
[dBm]:
-2
(Note 3)
Q Factor
> 12
Extinction Ratio
>5
Wavelength
5-58
The 2R Transponder Bidirectional must be transported and stored in conductive bags or boxes to avoid damage to
the components due to electrostatic discharge.
LASEROFF: Turn off the Lasers of the DWDM and customer interfaces.
LASER ON: Turn on the Lasers of the DWDM and customer interfaces.
o
Obs.: To turn on the DWDM Laser it is necessary that has enough input power in the customer
interface.
5-59
(Alternative 1): remove the optical cord from Transponders input connector, turning off immediately the
Laser module. Remove the optical cord from the 2R Transponder.
(Alternative 2): remove the Transponder partially from the sub-rack, turning it off. Remove all optical
cords.
Insert the 2R Transponder totally into the sub-rack, plugging it to the backplane,
If necessary and possible, run the LASER ON command from the Management System.
December, 2007
5-60
5.
5.8
Transponders Sub-Rack
5.8.1
Model
- SB TrS 4
5.8.2
Functional Description
The Transponders Sub-Rack provides all electrical connections, including power supply, to the following units:
Transponders, Transponders Supervisor and Supervisory Channels units.
The Transponders Sub-Rack can support up to:
10 Transponder units, if equipped with Transponders Supervisor and Terminal / Client Supervisory Channel
units
December, 2007
5-61
5.8.3
Physical Dimension
December, 2007
5-62
5.8.4
Power Supply
5.8.5
Electrical Interfaces
The Transponders Sub-Rack backplane provides data connection through a TTL bus between:
Transponders and Transponders Supervisor units;
Transponders Supervisor and Terminal / Client Supervisory Channel.
All power supply connections to those units are also provided through the Transponders Sub-Rack backplane.
5.8.6
Optical Interfaces
The Transponders Sub-Rack unit does not have any optical interface.
5.8.7
The Transponders Sub-Rack unit does not have any visual indication in the front panel.
5.8.8
Identification Label
5.8.9
Conductive wrist straps should be worn when handling the Transponders Sub-Rack.
December, 2007
5-63
December, 2007
5-64
5.
5.9
5.9.1
Models
MXD
Initial
channel
Number of
channels
Optical
spacing
characteristics
band
height
Initial channel
XYY: X = C or L and YY = initial channel according to Grade ITU-T
Number of channels
XX: Number of channels
Optical spacing
1: 100 GHz
2: 200 GHz
3: 50 GHz
Characteristics (expansion)
E: with expansion
S: without expansion (standard)
Expansion band
1: red band
2: blue band
4: DWDM C band
5: DWDM L band
T: without expansion (if Characteristics field is S)
C: Complementary C band (C20~C60)
Height
1: 1U
2: 2U
3: 3U
5.9.2
Functional Description
The Optical Multiplexer unit is used in the transmission side of DWDM equipment. This unit combines in just one
fiber all optical channels delivered by Transponder units. Each one of these optical channels operates in a different
DWDM-graded wavelength, according to ITU-T Recommendation G.694.1. The spacing between two consecutive
optical channels, the channel spacing, can be 200 GHz, 100 GHz or 50 GHz.
5.9.3
Physical Dimension
The Optical Multiplexer unit is horizontally assembled in the rack. Optical Multiplexer units with 4 or 8 ports have the
dimension of 1 U height in a 19 rack. For Optical Multiplexer units with 16 or 20 ports, the unit height is 2 U and for
20, 32 or 40 ports the unit height is 3 U and 80 ports the unit height is 4 U, always considering 19 racks. Following
figure shows the physical dimensions of an Optical Multiplexer unit with 8 ports.
December, 2007
5-65
Block Diagram
The 8x1 multiplexer element combines 8 input channels in an optical fiber. The optical multiplexed signal goes to a
Splitter, which derives 10% of the optical power to generate a monitoring signal. Next element is a red / blue band
multiplexer, which can combine other optical multiplexed signal originating from another Optical Multiplexer unit.
This element allows the DWDM system expansion (see Chapter 8) by combining two optical multiplexed signals:
one operating in the red band and the other in the blue band.
5.9.5
The Optical Multiplexer unit does not have any hardware configuration and adjustment.
5.9.6
Power Supply
The Optical Multiplexer unit does not have any power supply feeder (it is a passive unit).
5.9.7
Electrical Interfaces
The Optical Multiplexer unit does not have any electrical interface.
December, 2007
5-66
5.9.8
Optical Interfaces
Input Channel Connectors: there is an input connector for each optical channel to be multiplexed. There
can be 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 40 and 80 input channel connectors.
EXPANSION Connector: used to expand the DWDM system. Through this connector 2 Optical Multiplexed
units can be connected in a chain (see Chapter 8).
LINE OUT Connector: deliver the optical multiplexed signal. This signal can go to the expansion connector
of another Optical Multiplexer unit.
MONITORING Connector: deliver a sample of the optical multiplexed signal for monitoring purpose.
SUPERVISION Connector: input connector for optical supervisory channel. In DWDM systems without
optical amplification, optionally the Supervisory Channel Multiplexer module can be incorporated into the
Optical Multiplexer unit. In this case, there must be a connector to receive the optical supervisory channel.
5.9.9
Parametric Characteristics
Table below shows the parametric characteristics of Optical Multiplexer units. These parameters regard multiplexer
units without expansion modules. The inclusion of expansion module typically adds 1.5 dB in the insertion loss of
the Optical Multiplexer unit.
Min
Insertion Loss (dB)
Channel Spacing (GHz)
PDL (dB)
Adjacent Channel Isolation (dB)
MXz00Cxy-04
Tip
Max
3
3,5
100 ou 200
0,1
20
Min
Insertion Loss (dB)
Channel Spacing (GHz)
PDL (dB)
Adjacent Channel Isolation (dB)
Min
MXz00Cxy-08
Tip
Max
4
4,5
100 ou 200
0,1
20
MXz00Cxy-20
Tip
Max
5,5
6
100 ou 200
0,1
20
Min
Min
MXz00Cxy-16
Tip
Max
4,5
5
100 ou 200
0,1
20
MXz00Cxy-32
Tip
Max
7
7,5
100 ou 200
0,2
20
Min
MXz00Cxy-40
Tip
Max
7
7,5
100 ou 200
0,2
20
Min
Insertion Loss (dB)
Channel Spacing (GHz)
PDL (dB)
Adjacent Channel Isolation (dB)
MXzOOCxy-80
Tip
2,8
50
Max
3,0
0,2
30
December, 2007
5-67
Turn off the Lasers of all Transponder units connected to the Optical Multiplexer unit (see Procedures to
Remove the Transponder from the Sub-rack)
Turn on the Laser of all Transponder units connected to the Optical Multiplexer unit.
December, 2007
5-68
DXD
Initial
channel
Number of
channels
Optical
spacing
characteristics
band
height
Initial channel
XYY: X = C or L and YY = initial channel according to Grade ITU-T
Number of channels
XX: Number of channels
Optical spacing
1: 100 GHz
2: 200 GHz
3: 50 GHz
Characteristics (expansion)
E: with expansion
S: without expansion (standard)
Expansion band
1: red band
2: blue band
4: DWDM C band
5: DWDM L band
T: without expansion (if Characteristics field is S)
C: Complementary C band (C20~C60)
Height
1: 1U
2: 2U
3: 3U
5.10.2 Functional Description
The Optical Demultiplexer unit is used in the reception side of DWDM equipment. This unit receives the optical
multiplexed signal, composed of a combination of n optical channels, and separates them in n individual optical
channels. Each one of these optical channels operates in a different DWDM-graded wavelength, according to ITU-T
Recommendation G.694.1. The spacing between two consecutive optical channels, the channel spacing, can be
200 GHz, 100 GHz or 50 GHz.
December, 2007
5-69
December, 2007
5-70
The Optical Demultiplexer unit has the following SC/APC optical connectors:
Output Channel Connectors: there is an output connector for each optical channel to be demultiplexed.
There can be 4, 8, 16, 20, 32, 40 and 80 output channel connectors.
EXPANSION Connector: used to expand the DWDM system. Through this connector 2 Optical
Demultiplexed units can be connected in a chain (see Chapter 8).
LINE IN Connector: receives the optical multiplexed signal. This signal can come from the expansion
connector of another Optical Demultiplexer unit.
MONITORING Connector: deliver a sample of the optical multiplexed signal for monitoring purpose.
SUPERVISION Connector: output connector for optical supervisory channel. In DWDM systems without
optical amplification, optionally the Supervisory Channel Demultiplexer module can be incorporated into the
Optical Demultiplexer unit. In this case, there must be a connector to deliver the optical supervisory
channel.
Min
Insertion Loss (dB)
Channel Spacing (GHz)
PDL (dB)
Adjacent Channel Isolation (dB)
30
Min
Insertion Loss (dB)
Channel Spacing (GHz)
PDL (dB)
Adjacent Channel Isolation (dB)
DXz00Cxy-04
Tip
Max
3
3,5
100 ou 200
0,1
Min
DXz00Cxy-08
Tip
Max
4
4,5
100 ou 200
0,1
30
DXz00Cxy-20
Tip
Max
5,5
6
100 ou 200
0,1
30
Min
Min
DXz00Cxy-16
Tip
Max
4,5
5
100 ou 200
0,1
30
DXz00Cxy-32
Tip
Max
7
7,5
100 ou 200
0,2
30
Min
DXz00Cxy-40
Tip
Max
7
7,5
100 ou 200
0,2
30
Min
Insertion Loss (dB)
Channel Spacing (GHz)
PDL (dB)
Adjacent Channel Isolation (dB)
DXzOOCxy-80
Tip
2,8
50
Max
3,0
0,2
30
December, 2007
5-71
If the Optical Demultiplexer unit receives the optical input signal from a Pre-Amplifier unit, turn off the pump
Laser of the amplifier unit (see Procedures to Remove the Pre-Amplifier from the Sub-rack),
If there is a Pre-Amplifier unit connected to the Optical Demultiplexer unit, turn on its pump Laser.
December, 2007
5-72
initial
channel
number of
channels
optical
spacing
characteristics
band
height
Initial channel
XYY: X = C or L and YY = initial channel according to Grade ITU-T
Number of channels
XX: Number of channels
Optical spacing
1: 100 GHz
2: 200 GHz
3: 50 GHz
Characteristics (expansion)
E: with expansion
S: without expansion (standard)
Expansion band
1: red band
2: blue band
4: DWDM C band
5: DWDM L band
T: without expansion (if Characteristics field is S)
C: Complementary C band (C20~C60)
Height
1: 1U
2: 2U
3: 3U
Pre-emphasis at Transmitters
December, 2007
5-73
December, 2007
5-74
Unit
Minimum
Channels
Typical
Maximum
40
Channel Spacing
GHz
Wavelength Range
nm
100
1529
Attenuation range
dB
Clear Window
pm
200
0,4
-1dB Passband
nm
dB
dB
dB
dB
Chromatic Dispersion
ps/nm
dB
1604
10
20
7
1,2
0,6
0,8
-20
20
-25
dB
-30
dB
-22
dB
-40
December, 2007
5-75
5.11.10
The Optical Multiplexer with VOA presents the following luminous indications on the panel:
POWER: Green LED that lights when the Mux with VOA is turned on (fed).
FAIL: Red LED that lights to indicate communication fail between the optical module and the electrical
board or overheating of the optical module.
5.11.11
The Optical Multiplexer with VOA reports the following alarms to the management:
Overheating;
Not ready;
Communications fail.
5.11.12
The Optical Multiplexer with VOA accepted telecommand for alteration in the operating temperature.
5.11.13
Turn off the Lasers of all Transponder units connected to the Optical Multiplexer with VOA unit (see
Procedures to Remove the Transponder from the Sub-rack);
5.11.14
Turn on the Laser of all Transponder units connected to the Optical Multiplexer unit.
December, 2007
5-76
5.
5.12 Optical Add and Drop Multiplexer (OADM)
5.12.1 Models
OADMD
band
initial
channel
Optical
spacing
Number
of
channels
Protection
system
direction
reach
Mechanical
structure
Band:
C: C Band
L: L Band
Initial channel
XX: initial channel according to ITU-T DWDM grade
Optical spacing
1: 50 GHz
2: 100 GHz
3: 200 GHz
Number of dropped / added channels
YY: number of channels
Protection systems
S: Single Homing
D: Dual Homing
Direction
U: Unidirectional
B: Bidirectional
Reach
S: Short-Haul
L: Long-Haul
Mechanical structure
0: inside a splice box
1: 1U height
2: 2U height
December, 2007
5-77
OADM configurations
An alternative OADM configuration can be provided by Padtec: band OADM. This unit allows adding and dropping
of a sub-set of consecutive lambdas, supporting also the Single Homing and Dual Homing configurations. Band
OADMs apply to unidirectional or bidirectional systems and are specified according to customer necessities
(customized units). Band OADMs play an important role in star, hub and tree topologies, as can be seen in following
Figures.
December, 2007
5-78
West signal connector: connect to the bidirectional multiplexed optical signal from west side.
East signal connector: connect to the bidirectional multiplexed optical signal from east side.
December, 2007
5-79
Dropping optical channel connectors: there can be 1, 2 or 4 connectors for SH configurations and 2, 4 or 8
connectors for DH configuration.
Adding optical channel connectors: there can be 1, 2 or 4 connectors for SH configurations and 2, 4 or 8
connectors for DH configuration.
Dropping Optical Supervisory Channel connectors: drop the Optical Supervisory Channel from West and
East sides. Optional functionality.
Adding Optical Supervisory Channel connectors: add the Optical Supervisory Channel to West and East
sides. Optional functionality.
Unidirectional OADM units have the following optical interfaces, always using SC/APC connectors:
West signal input connector: receives the multiplexed optical signal from west side.
West signal output connector: transmits the multiplexed optical signal to west side.
East signal input connector: receives the multiplexed optical signal from east side.
East signal output connector: transmits the multiplexed optical signal to east side.
Dropping optical channel connectors: there can be 1, 2 or 4 connectors for SH configurations and 2, 4 or 8
connectors for DH configuration.
Adding optical channel connectors: there can be 1, 2 or 4 connectors for SH configurations and 2, 4 or 8
connectors for DH configuration.
Dropping Optical Supervisory Channel connectors: drop the Optical Supervisory Channel from West and
East sides. Optional functionality.
Adding Optical Supervisory Channel connectors: add the Optical Supervisory Channel to West and East
sides. Optional functionality.
Channel
3,5
3,5
3,5
Single Homing
A/D
2,5
4,5
5,5
A/D
4,5
5,5
> 30
> 35
100 / 200
A/D
Express
A/D
Channel
5,5
2,5
2,5
2,5
5,5
A/D
2,5
4,5
5,5
A/D
A/D
A/D
5,5
5,5
4,5
5,5
> 30
> 35
100 / 200
5 x 105
MTBF [hours]
Bidirectional OADM
Dual Homing
Express
Channel
3,5
3,5
3,5
Single Homing
A/D
6
8
9
A/D
8
9
> 30
> 35
100 / 200
A/D
Express
A/D
Channel
2,5
2,5
2,5
A/D
8
8
9
A/D
8
9
> 30
> 35
100 / 200
A/D
A/D
5 x 105
MTBF [hours]
5-80
If there is no necessity of accessing the Optical Supervisory Channel, the insertion losses are lower, as can be seen
at the following table:
Unidirectional OADM
Dual Homing
Express
Channel
2
2
2
Single Homing
A/D
1,5
4
5
A/D
4
5
> 30
> 35
100 / 200
A/D
Express
A/D
Channel
1
1
1
A/D
1,5
4
5
A/D
A/D
A/D
4
5
> 30
> 35
100 / 200
5 x 105
MTBF [hours]
Bidirectional OADM
Dual Homing
Express
Channel
2
2
2
Single Homing
A/D
5
7,5
8,5
A/D
7,5
8,5
> 30
> 35
100 / 200
A/D
Express
A/D
Channel
8,5
1
1
1
8,5
A/D
5
7,5
8,5
A/D
7,5
8,5
> 30
> 35
100 / 200
A/D
A/D
8,5
8,5
5 x 105
MTBF [hours]
Turn off the Lasers of all Transponder units connected to the OADM unit (see Procedures to Remove the
Transponder from the Sub-rack)
Turn on the Laser of all Transponder units connected to the OADM unit.
December, 2007
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December, 2007
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5.
5.13 Reconfigurable Optical Add and Drop Multiplexer (ROADM)
5.13.1 Models
ROAD
Number
of
channels
Band
Channel
spacing
Complement
Mechanical
December, 2007
5-83
December, 2007
5-84
Protection Configurations
December, 2007
5-85
December, 2007
5-86
3000
2 x 105
MTBF [hours]
Optical Characteristics:
Parametric Characteristics
Channel Spacing
100 GHz
Number of Channels
40
Maximum Insertion Loss (w/o power equalization)
Single-homing [dB]
Dual-homing [dB]
Add
5,8
5,8
Drop
12,8
12,8
Express
10,2
Turn off the lasers of all transponder units connected to the ROADM module (see Procedures to Remove
the Transponder from the Sub-rack).
Turn on the laser of all transponder units connected to the ROADM module.
December, 2007
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December, 2007
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5.
5.14 Optical Amplifiers
In Padtec DWDM optical communication system there are four kinds of EDFAs (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier):
Pre-amplifier, 17 dBm, 21 dBm and 24 dBm Power Amplifier (Booster Amplifier), 17 dBm, 21 dBm and 24 dBm In
Line Amplifier. There is also another kind of Pre-Amplifier based on the stimulated Raman scattering non-linear
effect. Each one of these amplifiers is composed of Supervision and Control Module and an Optical Module, which
electrically communicates between themselves.
The Supervision and Control Module (SCM) is responsible for adjustment, maintenance and supervision of all
electrical parameters necessary for a perfect working of an EDFA or Raman Optical Amplifier unit.
It may operate in Pre-Amplifier (including Raman), Booster Amplifier and In Line Amplifier configuration. However it
is necessary to change some components in the electrical circuitry due to the different dynamic operation ranges of
each amplifier.
The control and supervision parameters, the optical-electrical characteristics, the generated alarms, the protection
mechanisms, the special functions and the communication interface will be described in the following items.
The Padtecs optical amplifiers are according to GR1312CORE, GR-2979-CORE, IEC 60825-1, ITUT G.661, G.662, G.663, G.664, G.665 recommendations (besides others mentioned in this manual).
5.14.1 Control and Supervision Parameters
The Optical Amplifier control and supervision parameters are responsible for the maintenance of the basic
hardware function such as pump Laser polarization current control, and for the supervision data acquisition.
5.14.1.1
Acquisition Parameters
The following table introduces the parameters that are acquired and digitized by the SCM to perform the control and
supervision function.
Acquisition Parameters
Photodetector 1 Optical Power
Photodetector 2 Optical Power
Description/Observation
Acquired by measuring the photodetector current
Laser 4 Temperature
CSM Internal Temperature
December, 2007
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5.14.1.2
Action Parameters
Padtec Optical Amplifiers must be calibrated and adjusted in during the assembling process, i.e., before their
deployment on the field. To perform it there is the Calibration and Adjustment Software (CAS) which communicates
with the SCM via the Amplifier Supervisor unit. With this software, which is not part of the Padtec network
management system, it is possible to the user to read and change some optical amplifier parameters.
The following tables show the parameters that are sent to the Optical Module by the SCM (controlled by the CAS) to
control the hardware basic functions.
Optical Module gain and alarms control:
Performances Parameters
Laser 1 Optical Power
Laser 2 Optical Power
Laser 3 Optical Power
Description/Observation
Determines the laser polarization current
Calibration Parameters
Laser 1 Photodetector current
Laser 2 Photodetector current
Laser 3 Photodetector current
Laser PIN monitor current value, informed in the test report for a
specific emitted optical power. This test report is usually given by
the laser manufacturer.
Optical power emitted by each laser, informed in the test report for
a specific polarization current that originates a specific current in
the laser PIN monitor
User parameter
User parameter
December, 2007
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5.14.1.3
Optical Characteristics
The following table shows the optical power measured by photodetectors 1 and 2.
Amplifier
EDFA-Booster 24
EDFA-Booster 17
EDFA-In Line 17
EDFA-In Line 21
EDFA-In Line 24
EDFA-Pre
RAMAN - Pre
Parameter
Input Optical Power
Output Optical Power
Input Optical Power
Output Optical Power
Input Optical Power
Output Optical Power
Input Optical Power
Output Optical Power
Input Optical Power
Output Optical Power
Input Optical Power
Output Optical Power
Pump Optical Power
Output Optical Power
Min
-10
15
-10
14
-35
14
-35
18
-35
21
-35
5
0
-40
Max
3
24
3
17
-10
17
-10
21
-10
24
-10
14
400
-15
Unit
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
dBm
mW
dBm
5.14.1.4
Electrical Characteristics
The following table shows the involved dynamic range of the electrical parameters.
Amplifier
EDFA-Booster 17 and 24
EDFA - In Line 17, 21 and 24
RAMAN-Pre
EDFA - Pre
Parameter
Unit power supply
Pump Laser current thermoeletric cooler
Pump Laser current polarization
Unit power supply
Pump Laser current thermoeletric cooler
Pump Laser current polarization
Min
4,8
0
0
4,8
0
0
Typ
5
5
-
Max
5,2
3000
1600
5,2
1600
600
Unit
V
mA
mA
V
mA
mA
5.14.1.5
Generated Alarms
The following table presents the alarms generated by the Supervision and Control Module and also its performance
thresholds.
Alarm
Photodetector 1 Alarm
Photodetector 2 Alarm
Laser 1 failure alarm
Laser 2 failure alarm
Laser 3 failure alarm
Laser 4 failure alarm
Laser 1 current alarm
Laser 2 current alarm
Laser 3 current alarm
Laser 4 current alarm
Laser 1 Temperature
Laser 2 Temperature
Laser 3 Temperature
Laser 4 Temperature
CSM Internal Temperature
Unit Power Supply
December, 2007
Threshold
Performance
Adjustable
Adjustable
Description/Observation
This function depends on the module implementation.
Usually used for LOS input and LOS output.
Adjustable
Adjustable
30 C
60 C
< 4,75 V
> 5,25 V
Padtec - All Rights Reserved
5-91
5.14.1.6
Alarm indication
Every alarm is sent to the Calibration and Adjustment Software. Additionally the SCM has 3 LEDs in its front panel,
which are related to some alarms as seen in the following table.
LED
Amplifier
Alarm
Observation
EDFA - Pre
EDFA - Booster 17 and 24
S1
Photodetector 1 alarm
---
---
S2
or
Laser 2 Failure Alarm
Laser 1 and 2 failure alarm
Laser 1 Failure Alarm
or
Laser 2 Failure Alarm
RAMAN
S3
All of them
---
5.14.1.7
Protection Mechanisms
The Supervision and Control Module constantly verifies the amplifiers working through parameters sent by the SCM
itself or by the Optical Module. For example, if there is a failure in any pump Laser, the protection mechanism is
activated to put in action a spare Laser (if the amplifier has one). In this situation the amplifier will keep working until
repairs.
The following table presents all protection mechanisms accomplished by the SCM.
Amplifier
Alarm
Photodetector 1 alarm
EDFA - Pre
EDFA - Booster 17 and 24
EDFA - In Line 17, 21 and 24
RAMAN
Laser 1 Temperature
RAMAN
Laser 2 Temperature
Observation
5-92
5.14.1.8
Special Functions
The SCM may also accomplish some special functions requested by the communication interface, besides
adjustment, maintenance and supervision of all the electrical parameters necessary to keep the good performance
of the amplifier.
Automatic Laser Shutdown (ALS) / Automatic Power ShutDown (APS) according to ITU-T G.664.
Eye protection enabling or disabling pump Lasers are automatically switched off when there is a
photodetector 1 alarm, when it is used to measure the amplifier input optical power.
Calibration Execution internal adjustments and count procedures to guarantee measurements precision
(accomplished with the Calibration and Adjustment Software).
Reset used for tests or when there is a repairing substitution of the amplifier. It restores the SCM
operation on the following situation:
o
Alarm restoration
5.14.1.9
Communication Interface
The communication with the SCM is established based in a TTL serial physical interface protocol which operates at
19200 bauds (1 start bit, 1 stop bit, no parity).
In the following items it will be presented the specific amplifier characteristics not described before as well the
specific management features.
The 24 dBm Booster Amplifier and the Raman Amplifier illustrate the use of the optional spare laser. All Padtec
amplifiers can be offered with spare lasers, if needed.
December, 2007
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December, 2007
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Band
14
Spare LASER
Filter
Dry contact
Power
supply
Band
C: C band
L: L band
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filters and special assembling
A: AGC
B: single channel filter
C: GFF (Gain Flattening Filter)
D: GFF + AGC
F: electronic AGC
H: GFF + electronic AGC
L: GFF + Electronic AGC + AGC extended dynamic range
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent - without
I: Internal at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External at amplifier and at optical amplifier supervisor units
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
December, 2007
5-95
The presence of the Automatic Gain Control minimizes the effects caused by random changes on the amplifier
input power, due to devices that add and drop channels (OADM Optical Add/Drop Multiplexer) or optical paths
changes due to the presence of Optical Cross Connects (OXC).
5.15.3
Physical Dimension
Optical Pre-Amplifier
December, 2007
5-96
Where:
A1: Laser 1 Anode
K1: Laser 1 Cathode
NTC1: Laser 1 Negative Temperature Coefficient
POT1: Value measured in volts proportional to the pump Laser power measured in watts
TEC+1: Laser 1 Positive Thermoelectric Cooler
TEC-1: Laser 1 Negative Thermoelectric Cooler
POTDET1: Value measured in volts proportional to the power measured in dBm in photodetector 1
POTDET2: Value measured in volts proportional to the power measured in dBm in photodetector 2
TX: Data transmission
RX: Data reception
GND: Ground
VCC: Power supply
A0, A1, A2, A3: addressing
S1, S2, S3: LEDs activation
The SCM acts over the Optical Module through A1 and K1 to polarize Laser 1 and to accomplish an automatic
power control over it. To keep the temperature stability, the SCM acts over TEC+ and TEC-, based on the
acquisition obtained from NTC1, which is a variable resistance inversely proportional to the Laser temperature
changes. Through the NTC1 value the SCM performs the Laser temperature acquisition. The Optical Module also
provides POT1, POTDET1 and POTDET2 values to the SCM, which are used by it to calculate respectively the
Laser pump power, input power and output power.
December, 2007
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Though the backplane card of the Amplifier Sub-rack, the SCM communicates with the Amplifier Supervisor through
TX and RX and receives power feeders for VCC (+5 V) and Ground (GND).
The amplifier addressing in equipments Amplifier Sub-rack is based on the signal acquired from A0, A1, A2, A3,
which are sent through the backplane card to the Amplifier Supervisor.
S1, S2, S3 signals are responsible for activating the LEDs located on the front panel.
In the following figure it is possible to see details of the unit scheme:
The Pre-amplifier is a type of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier). So its working principle is based on an erbium
doped fiber pumping power, through a suitable pump Laser. With this pumping power, the erbium ions are excited
to a higher energy level, following by a drop to its initial energy level, emitting photons with wavelength around
1550nm and accomplishing the received optical signal amplification.
The optical module is composed of isolators 1 and 2 (position 2) which eliminates reflections on the two sides of the
erbium doped fiber. Also, to couple the input signal with the pumped signal from Laser 1 there is a WDM Multiplexer
(position 3). On position 1 there is another optical coupler that gets a sample of the input signal so it is possible to
the SCM calculate the input optical power through the POTDET1 value given by photodetector 1. The last
component (coupler 2) before the output of the amplified signal is located on position 1 and is responsible for
sending the signal to the amplifier output and to the coupler 3 (position 4), through a 1% coupling. To accomplish
the output power measurement there is another optical coupler, which provides a sample of the signal to
photodetector 2, which gives POTDET2 value to the SCM (coupler 3). The other port of the coupler 3 provides the
signal the monitoring connector (MONITORING).
On position 6 an OADM is used to drop a sample of the amplified signal of the amplifier output, in a spectral region
without the presence of optical channels, and adds it to the input. With this totally optical procedure the optical
power on the amplifier input is kept constant and then the per channel power on the amplifier output is also kept
constant, and is independent on the numbers of optical channels on the input.
December, 2007
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Reception (IN): This SC-APC connector receives the optical multiplexed signal from the SCD (Supervisory
Channel Demultiplexer) or Raman Pre-Amplifier unit.
Transmission (OUT): The Pre-Amplifier unit sends the amplified signal to the Demultiplexer unit through the
SC-APC connector.
Monitoring (OUT): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the in-service
monitoring and analyses of the optical signal.
208
MTBF [hours]
3 x 10
Optical Characteristics:
Total output power [dBm]
Wavelength [nm]
Input power [dBm]
Gain flatness [dB]
Gain [dB]
Noise figure [dB]
PMD [ps]
PDG [dB]
Gain stability [dB]
Optical bandwidth [nm]
Input/output Optical isolation [dB]
Input or output port return loss [dB]
ASE return power [dBm]
Output pump remaining power [dBm]
Min.
Max.
14
1529 to 1565
-50
-24
1
35
(1)
4.0
1
1
0.5
36
35
35
-30
-30
5.15.10
Handling Care
As this is a type 4 Laser usage unit, it is indispensable to protect the output connector when turning on the amplifier.
It is also important not switch the pump Laser on directly in is operational power. Firstly it must be switched on and
then its power can be gradually increased in 50 mW steps to avoid a possible deterioration in the optical output
connector.
December, 2007
5-99
Besides, it is necessary to verify if the Laser is correctly switched off before pulling it out from the Amplifier Sub-rack
unit.
5.15.11
5.15.12
5.15.13
The Pre-Amplifier unit accepts the pump Laser switch on/off telecommand sent by the management system.
Other commands are only executed through the calibration and adjustment software.
5.15.14
Identification Label
5.15.15
Observations
The Pre-Amplifier supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor unit located in the same Amplifier Subrack and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through the Amplifier Supervisor it is possible to
accomplish all the adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a
computer with the calibration and adjustment software installed.
5.15.16
December, 2007
5-100
o
o
(Alternative 1): Unplug the optical cord from the Pre-Amplifier unit, causing an immediate Laser
switch off.
(Alternative 2): Turn off the Pre-Amplifier unit, by partially pulling it out from the Amplifier Sub-rack.
After that, unplug the optical cords from the Pre-Amplifier unit.
Switch off the Raman Pre-Amplifier Laser (see Raman Pre-amplifier Pull Out Procedure)
If there is communication with the management system:
o Run the LASER OFF or reset command.
o Unplug the optical cords.
o Pull it out from the Amplifier Sub-rack.
If there is no communication with the management system:
o (Alternative 1): Unplug the optical cord from the Pre-Amplifier unit, causing an immediate Laser
switch off.
o (Alternative 2): Turn off the Pre-Amplifier unit, by partially pulling it out from the Amplifier Sub-rack.
After that, unplug the optical cord from the unit.
5.15.17
December, 2007
5-101
December, 2007
5-102
BOA
Band
Output
power
Spare LASER
Filter
Dry contact
Power
supply
Band
C: C band
L: L band
Total output power
17: 17 dBm
21: 21 dBm
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filters and special assembling
A: AGC
F: electronic AGC
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent - without
I: Internal at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External at amplifier ant at optical amplifier supervisor unit
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
December, 2007
5-103
December, 2007
5-104
Where:
A1: Laser 1 Anode
K1: Laser 1 Cathode
NTC1: Laser 1 Negative Temperature Coefficient
POT1: Value measured in volts proportional to the pump Laser power level measured in watts
TEC+1: Laser 1 Positive Thermoelectric Cooler
TEC-1: Laser 1 Negative Thermoelectric Cooler
POTDET1: Value measured in volts proportional to the power level measured in dBm in photodetector 1
POTDET2: Value measured in volts proportional to the power level measured in dBm in photodetector 2
TX: Data transmission
RX: Data reception
GND: Ground
VCC: Power supply voltage
A0, A1, A2, A3: addressing
S1, S2, S3: LEDs activation
The SCM acts over the Optical Module through A1 and K1 to polarize the pump Laser 1 and accomplish an
automatic power control. To keep the temperature stability, the SCM acts over TEC+ and TEC-, based on the
acquisition obtained from NTC1, which is a variable resistance inversely proportional to the Laser temperature
changes. Through the NTC1 value the SCM performs the Laser temperature acquisition. The Optical Module also
provides POT1, POTDET1 and POTDET2 values to the SCM, which are used to calculate respectively the Laser
pump, input and output power levels.
Though the backplane card of the Amplifier Sub-rack, the SCM communicates with the Amplifier Supervisor through
TX and RX and receives power feeders for VCC (+5 V) and Ground (GND).
December, 2007
5-105
The amplifier addressing in equipments Amplifier Sub-rack is based on the signal acquired from A0, A1, A2, A3,
which are sent through the backplane card to the Amplifier Supervisor.
S1, S2, S3 signals are responsible for activating the LEDs located on the front panel.
In the following figure it is possible to see details of the unit scheme:
The 17 / 21 dBm Booster Amplifier is a type of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier). So its working principle is
based on an erbium doped fiber pumping power, through a suitable pump Laser. With this pumping power, the
erbium ions are excited to a higher energy level, following by a drop to its initial energy level, emitting photons with
wavelength around 1550nm and accomplishing the received optical signal amplification.
The optical module is composed of isolators 1 and 2 (position 2) which eliminates reflections on the two sides of the
erbium doped fiber. Also, to couple the input signal with the pumped signal from Laser 1 there is a WDM Multiplexer
(position 3). On position 1 there is another optical coupler that gets a sample of the input signal so it is possible to
the SCM calculate the input optical power through the POTDET1 value given by photodetector 1. To accomplish the
output power measurement there is another optical coupler, which provides a sample of the output signal to
photodetector 2, which gives POTDET2 value to the SCM. The last component before the amplified signal output is
located on position 4 and is responsible to split the signal in two parts through a 99% coupling, so it is possible to
monitor the output signal. So, there is the OUTPUT signal (99% of the original optical power) and the MONITOR
signal (1% of the original power).
Reception (IN): SC-APC connector where it receives the incoming signal from the MUX optical fiber cord.
December, 2007
5-106
Transmission (OUT): SC-APC connector where it send the amplified signal to SCM (Supervisory Channel
Multiplexer), which multiplexes the data with the optical supervision channel.
Monitoring (OUT): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the in-service
monitoring and analyses of the optical signal.
520 (@ 17 dBm)
625 (@ 21 dBm)
3 x 105
MTBF [hours]
Optical Characteristics
Total output power [dBm]
Wavelength [nm]
Input power [dBm]
Gain flatness [dB]
Gain [dB]
Noise figure [dB]
PMD [ps]
PDG [dB]
Gain stability [dB]
Optical bandwidth [nm]
Input/output Optical isolation [dB]
Input or output port return loss [dB]
ASE return power [dBm]
Output pump remaining power [dBm]
Min.
Max.
17 or 21
1529 to 1565
-10
+5
1
34
5.5(1)
1
1
0.5
36
35
35
-30
-30
December, 2007
5-107
PUMP OFF: Red LED that shows if the pump Laser is switched on.
5.16.15 Observations
The 17 / 21 dBm Booster Amplifier supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor located in the same
Amplifier Sub-rack and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through this supervisor is possible to
accomplish all the adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a
computer that has the calibration and adjustment software installed.
(Alternative 1): Unplug the optical cord from the 17 / 21 dBm Booster Amplifier which will cause an
immediate Laser switch off.
(Alternative 2): Turn off the 17 / 21 dBm Booster Amplifier power supply, partially pulling it out from
the Sub-rack. After that, unplug the optical cord.
December, 2007
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December, 2007
5-109
December, 2007
5-110
Band
24
Spare LASER
Filter
Dry contact
Power
supply
Band
C: C band
L: L band
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filter and special assembling
A: AGC
F: Electronic AGC
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent
I: Internal at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External at amplifier and at optical amplifier supervisor unit
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
December, 2007
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December, 2007
5-112
December, 2007
5-113
The SCM acts over the Optical Module through An and Kn to polarize the Laser n and accomplish an automatic
power control. To keep temperature stability, the SCM acts over TEC+n and TEC-n, based on the acquisition
obtained from NTCn, which is a variable resistance inversely proportional to the Laser temperature changes.
Through the NTCn value the SCM performs the Laser temperature acquisition. The Optical Module also provides
POT1, POTDET1 and POTDET2 values to the SCM, which are used to calculate respectively the Laser n pump
power, input power and output power. More over, the SCM is responsible for Laser 3 activation when Laser 1 or 2
fails.
Though the backplane card of the Amplifier Sub-rack, the SCM communicates with the Amplifier Supervisor through
TX and RX and receives power feeders for VCC (+5 V) and Ground (GND).
The amplifier addressing in equipments Amplifier Sub-rack is based on the signal acquired from A0, A1, A2, A3,
which are sent through the backplane card to the Amplifier Supervisor.
S1, S2, S3 signals are responsible for activating the LEDs located on the front panel.
In the following figure it is possible to see details of the unit scheme:
The 24 dBm Booster Amplifier is a type of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier). So its working principle is based
on an erbium doped fiber pumping power, through a suitable pump Laser. With this pumping, the erbium ions are
excited to a higher energy level, following by a drop to its initial energy level, emitting photons with wavelength
around 1550 nm and accomplishing the received optical signal amplification.
The optical module is formed by isolators 1 and 2 (position 2) which eliminates reflections on the two sides of the
erbium doped fiber. Also, to couple the input signal with the pumped signal from Laser 1 there is a WDM Multiplexer
(position3). Another WDM Multiplexer is used to couple the contra-propagation pumped signal from Lasers 2 and 3
with the input signal. A Polarization Combiner is used to combine the pumped signals from Laser 2 and 3. On
position 1 there is another tap monitor coupler that gets a sample of the input signal so it is possible to the SCM to
calculate the input power level, through the POTDET1 value given by photodetector 1. To accomplish the output
power measurement there is another tap monitor coupler that provides a sample of the output signal to
photodetector 2, which gives POTDET2 value to the SCM. The last component before the amplified signal output is
located on position 4 and is responsible for splitting the signal in two parts through a 99% coupling, so it is possible
to monitor the output signal. Therefore there is the OUTPUT signal (99% of the original optical power) and the
MONITORING signal (1% of the original power).
December, 2007
5-114
Reception (IN): SC-APC connector where it receives the incoming signal from the MUX optical fiber cable.
Transmission (OUT): SC-APC connector where it send the amplified signal to SCM (Supervisory Channel
Multiplexer), which multiplexes the data with the supervision optical channel.
Monitoring (OUT): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the in-service
monitoring and analyses of the optical signal.
729
MTBF [hours]
3 x 10
Optical Characteristics
Total output power [dBm]
Wavelength [nm]
Input power [dBm]
Gain flatness [dB]
Gain [dB]
Noise figure [dB]
PMD [ps]
PDG [dB]
Gain stability [dB]
Optical bandwidth [nm]
Input/output Optical isolation [dB]
Input or output port return loss [dB]
ASE return power [dBm]
Output pump remaining power [dBm]
Min.
Max.
24
1529 to 1565
-10
+5
1
34
5.5(1)
1
1
0.5
36
35
35
-30
-30
December, 2007
5-115
Besides, it is necessary to verify if the Laser is correctly switched off before pulling out the Sub-rack unit, when
necessary.
5.17.15 Observation
The 24 dBm Booster Amplifier supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor unit located in the same
Amplifier Sub-rack and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through this supervisor it is possible
to accomplish all the adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a
computer that has the calibration and adjustment software installed.
(Alternative 1): Switch off the Transponders connected to the optical multiplexer which sends the optical
multiplexed signal to the Booster Amplifier (see Procedures to Remove Transponder unit). Once the
Transponder Lasers are turned off, there will not be optical signal in the Booster Amplifier input. This
procedure will automatically turn off the Booster Lasers. So, the optical cord may be unplugged and the
amplifier may be pulled out from the Sub-rack.
(Alternative 2): If it is not possible the Transponder Lasers switch off for any reason, the procedure is the
following:
December, 2007
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(Alternative 1): Unplug the optical cord from the 24 dBm Booster Amplifier which will cause an
immediate Laser switch off.
(Alternative 2): Turn off the 24 dBm Booster Amplifier power supply, partially pulling it out from the
Sub-rack. After that, unplug the optical cord.
December, 2007
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December, 2007
5-118
Band
17
Spare LASER
Filter
Dry contact
Power
supply
Band
C: C Band
L: L band
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filters and special assembling
A: AGC
B: Monochannel filter
C: GFF (Gain Flattening Filter)
D: GFF + AGC
E: Mid stage access
F: Electronic AGC
G: Mid stage access + Electronic AGC
H: GFF + Electronic AGC
J: Mid stage access + Electronic AGC + GFF
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent
I: Internal at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External at amplifier and at optical amplifier supervisor units
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
5-119
As it has 2 amplification stages it can operate using a dispersion compensating module (DCM) between its two
amplification stages and/or a OADM, trough the use of a MUX and DEMUX unit.
In Line Amplifier
December, 2007
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5-121
POT1, POTDET1 and POTDET2 values to the SCM, which are used by it to calculate respectively Laser n pump
power, input power and output power.
Though the backplane card of the Amplifier Sub-rack, the SCM communicates with the Amplifier Supervisor through
TX and RX and receives power feeders for VCC (+5 V) and Ground (GND).
The amplifier addressing in equipments Amplifier Sub-rack is based on the signal acquired from A0, A1, A2, A3,
which are sent through the backplane card to the Amplifier Supervisor.
S1, S2, S3 signals are responsible for activating the LEDs located on the front panel.
In the following figure it is possible to see details of the unit scheme:
The In Line Amplifier unit is a type of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier). So its working principle is based on an
erbium doped fiber pumping power, through a suitable pump Laser. With this pumping, the erbium ions are excited
to a higher energy level, following by a drop to its initial energy level, emitting photons with wavelength around 1550
nm and accomplishing the received optical signal amplification.
The optical module is composed of isolators 1, 2, 3 and 4 (position 2) which eliminates reflections on the input and
output of the 2 amplification stages of the erbium doped fiber. Also, to couple the input signal with the pumped
signal from Laser 1 there is a WDM Multiplexer (position3). Another WDM Multiplexer is used to couple to contrapropagation pumped signal from Laser 2 with the input signal. On position 1 there is another tap monitor coupler
that gets a sample of the input signal so it is possible to the SCM to calculate the input power, through the
POTDET1 value given by photodetector 1. To accomplish the output power measurement there is another tap
monitor coupler that provides a sample of the output signal to photodetector 2, which gives POTDET2 value to the
SCM. The last component before the amplified signal output is located on position 1 (coupler 2) and is responsible
for sending to signal to the output connector (OUTPUT) and to the coupler 3 (position 4) trough a 99 % coupling. At
the end of the first stage there is another coupler, that sends a sample of the signal to be monitored by monitoring
1.
On position 6 an OADM is used to drop a sample of the amplified signal of the amplifier output, in a spectral region
without the presence of optical channels, and adds it to the input. With this totally optical procedure the optical
power on the amplifier input is kept constant and then the per channel power on the amplifier output is also kept
constant, and is independent on the numbers of optical channels on the input.
A dispersion compensating module (DCM) can be used between output 1 and output 2 and/or add/drop functions
can be done trough the use of multiplexing and demultiplexing modules.
December, 2007
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Reception (IN1): this SC-APC connector receives the optical multiplexed signal from the SCD (Supervisory
Channel Demultiplexer) unit.
Transmission (OUT1): this SC-APC connector sends the optical signal after being amplified by the first
stage. This signal can be used to do a dispersion compensating, using a dispersion compensating module,
and/or to do add/drop functions, using an OADM.
Monitoring (MONITORING1): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the
in-service monitoring and analyses of the optical signal, at the first stage output.
Reception (IN2): this SC-APC connector receives the optical signal that comes straight from the first stage,
or from a dispersion compensating module or from an OADM, depending on the application.
Transmission (OUT2): this SC-APC connector sends amplified signal to SCM (Supervisory Channel
Multiplexer) unit, which multiplexes the data with the supervision optical channel.
Monitoring (OUT2): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the in-service
monitoring and analyses of the optical signal, at the second stage output.
416
MTBF [hours]
3 x 10
Optical Characteristics:
Total output power [dBm]
Wavelength [nm]
Input power [dBm]
Gain flatness [dB]
Gain [dB]
Noise figure [dB]
PMD [ps]
PDG [dB]
Gain stability [dB]
Optical bandwidth [nm]
Input/output Optical isolation [dB]
Input or output port return loss [dB]
ASE return power [dBm]
Output pump remaining power [dBm]
Min.
Max.
17
1529 to 1565
-50
-24
1
35
(1)
5.5
1
1
0.5
36
35
35
-30
-30
December, 2007
5-123
The other previously described alarms are only seen through the calibration and adjustment software.
5.18.15 Observations
The In Line Amplifier supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor unit located in the same Amplifier
Sub-rack and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through this supervisor it is possible to
accomplish all the adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a
computer that has the calibration and adjustment software installed.
December, 2007
5-124
December, 2007
5-125
December, 2007
5-126
LOA
Band
21
Spare LASER
Filter
Dry contact
Power
supply
Band
C: C Band
L: L band
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filters and special assembling
A: AGC
B: Monochannel filter
C: GFF (Gain Flattening Filter)
D: GFF + AGC
E: Mid stage access
F: Electronic AGC
G: Mid stage access + Electronic AGC
H: GFF + Electronic AGC
J: Mid stage access + Electronic AGC + GFF
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent
I: Internal at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External at amplifier and at optical amplifier supervisor units
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
December, 2007
5-127
As it has 2 amplification stages it can operate using a dispersion compensating module (DCM) between its two
amplification stages and/or a OADM, trough the use of a MUX and DEMUX unit.
In Line Amplifier
December, 2007
5-128
The SCM acts over the Optical Module through An and Kn to polarize the Laser n and accomplish an automatic
power control. To keep temperature stability, the SCM acts over TEC+n and TEC-n, based on the acquisition
December, 2007
5-129
obtained from NTCn, which is a variable resistance inversely proportional to the Laser temperature changes.
Through the NTCn value the SCM performs the Laser temperature acquisition. The Optical Module also provides
POT1, POTDET1 and POTDET2 values to the SCM, which are used by it to calculate respectively Laser n pump
power, input power and output power.
Though the backplane card of the Amplifier Sub-rack, the SCM communicates with the Amplifier Supervisor through
TX and RX and receives power feeders for VCC (+5 V) and Ground (GND).
The amplifier addressing in equipments Amplifier Sub-rack is based on the signal acquired from A0, A1, A2, A3,
which are sent through the backplane card to the Amplifier Supervisor.
S1, S2, S3 signals are responsible for activating the LEDs located on the front panel.
In the following figure it is possible to see details of the unit scheme:
The In Line Amplifier unit is a type of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier). So its working principle is based on an
erbium doped fiber pumping power, through a suitable pump Laser. With this pumping, the erbium ions are excited
to a higher energy level, following by a drop to its initial energy level, emitting photons with wavelength around 1550
nm and accomplishing the received optical signal amplification.
The optical module is composed of isolators 1, 2, 3 and 4 (position 2) which eliminates reflections on the input and
output of the 2 amplification stages of the erbium doped fiber. Also, to couple the input signal with the pumped
signal from Laser 1 there is a WDM Multiplexer (position3). Another WDM Multiplexer is used to couple to contrapropagation pumped signal from Laser 2 with the input signal. On position 1 there is another tap monitor coupler
that gets a sample of the input signal so it is possible to the SCM to calculate the input power, through the
POTDET1 value given by photodetector 1. To accomplish the output power measurement there is another tap
monitor coupler that provides a sample of the output signal to photodetector 2, which gives POTDET2 value to the
SCM. The last component before the amplified signal output is located on position 1 (coupler 2) and is responsible
for sending to signal to the output connector (OUTPUT) and to the coupler 3 (position 4) trough a 99 % coupling. At
the end of the first stage there is another coupler, that sends a sample of the signal to be monitored by monitoring
1.
On position 6 an OADM is used to drop a sample of the amplified signal of the amplifier output, in a spectral region
without the presence of optical channels, and adds it to the input. With this totally optical procedure the optical
power on the amplifier input is kept constant and then the per channel power on the amplifier output is also kept
constant, and is independent on the numbers of optical channels on the input.
A dispersion compensating module (DCM) can be used between output 1 and output 2 and/or add/drop functions
can be done trough the use of multiplexing and demultiplexing modules.
December, 2007
5-130
Reception (IN1): this SC-APC connector receives the optical multiplexed signal from the SCD (Supervisory
Channel Demultiplexer) unit.
Transmission (OUT1): this SC-APC connector sends the optical signal after being amplified by the first
stage. This signal can be used to do a dispersion compensating, using a dispersion compensating module,
and/or to do add/drop functions, using an OADM.
Monitoring (MONITORING1): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the
in-service monitoring and analyses of the optical signal, at the first stage output.
Reception (IN2): this SC-APC connector receives the optical signal that comes straight from the first stage,
or from a dispersion compensating module or from an OADM, depending on the application.
Transmission (OUT2): this SC-APC connector sends amplified signal to SCM (Supervisory Channel
Multiplexer) unit, which multiplexes the data with the supervision optical channel.
Monitoring (OUT2): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the in-service
monitoring and analyses of the optical signal, at the second stage output.
625
MTBF [hours]
3 x 10
Optical Characteristics:
Total output power [dBm]
Wavelength [nm]
Input power [dBm]
Gain flatness [dB]
Gain [dB]
Noise figure [dB]
PMD [ps]
PDG [dB]
Gain stability [dB]
Optical bandwidth [nm]
Input/output Optical isolation [dB]
Input or output port return loss [dB]
ASE return power [dBm]
Output pump remaining power [dBm]
Min.
Max.
21
1529 to 1565
-50
-24
1
35
5.5(1)
1
1
0.5
36
35
35
-30
-30
December, 2007
5-131
5.19.15 Observations
The In Line Amplifier supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor unit located in the same Amplifier
Sub-rack and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through this supervisor it is possible to
accomplish all the adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a
computer that has the calibration and adjustment software installed.
5-132
December, 2007
5-133
December, 2007
5-134
Band
24
Spare LASER
Filter
Dry contact
Power
supply
Band
C: C Band
L: L band
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filters and special assembling
A: AGC
B: Monochannel filter
C: GFF (Gain Flattening Filter)
D: GFF + AGC
E: Mid stage access
F: Electronic AGC
G: Mid stage access + Electronic AGC
H: GFF + Electronic AGC
J: Mid stage access + Electronic AGC + GFF
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent
I: Internal at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External at amplifier and at optical amplifier supervisor units
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
5-135
In Line Amplifier
December, 2007
5-136
December, 2007
5-137
The SCM acts over the Optical Module through An and Kn to polarize the Laser n and accomplish an automatic
power control. To keep temperature stability, the SCM acts over TEC+n and TEC-n, based on the acquisition
obtained from NTCn, which is a variable resistance inversely proportional to the Laser temperature changes.
Through the NTCn value the SCM performs the Laser temperature acquisition. The Optical Module also provides
POT1, POTDET1 and POTDET2 values to the SCM, which are used by it to calculate respectively Laser n pump
power, input power and output power.
Though the backplane card of the Amplifier Sub-rack, the SCM communicates with the Amplifier Supervisor
through TX and RX and receives power feeders for VCC (+5 V) and Ground (GND).
The amplifier addressing in equipments Amplifier Sub-rack is based on the signal acquired from A0, A1, A2, A3,
which are sent through the backplane card to the Amplifier Supervisor.
S1, S2, S3 signals are responsible for activating the LEDs located on the front panel.
In the following figure it is possible to see details of the unit scheme:
The In Line Amplifier unit is a type of EDFA (Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier). So its working principle is based on
an erbium doped fiber pumping power, through a suitable pump Laser. With this pumping, the erbium ions are
excited to a higher energy level, following by a drop to its initial energy level, emitting photons with wavelength
around 1550 nm and accomplishing the received optical signal amplification.
The optical module is composed of isolators 1, 2, 3 and 4 (position 2) which eliminates reflections on the input and
output of the 2 amplification stages of the erbium doped fiber. Also, to couple the input signal with the pumped
signal from Laser 1 there is a WDM Multiplexer (position3). Another WDM Multiplexer is used to couple to copropagation pumped signal from Laser 2 with the input signal on stage 2. One more WDM multiplexer is used on
stage 2 to couple the pump from laser 3 to the signal. This pump laser works is a counter-propagation way. On
position 1 there is another tap monitor coupler that gets a sample of the input signal so it is possible to the SCM to
calculate the input power, through the POTDET1 value given by photodetector 1. To accomplish the output power
measurement there is another tap monitor coupler that provides a sample of the output signal to photodetector 2,
which gives POTDET2 value to the SCM. The last component before the amplified signal output is located on
position 1 (coupler 2) and is responsible for sending to signal to the output connector (OUTPUT) and to the coupler
3 (position 4) trough a 99 % coupling. At the end of the first stage there is another coupler that sends a sample of
the signal to be monitored by monitoring 1.
On position 6 an OADM is used to drop a sample of the amplified signal of the amplifier output, in a spectral
region without the presence of optical channels, and adds it to the input. With this totally optical procedure the
optical power on the amplifier input is kept constant and then the per channel power on the amplifier output is also
kept constant, and is independent on the numbers of optical channels on the input.
A dispersion compensating module (DCM) can be used between output 1 and output 2 and/or add/drop functions
can be done trough the use of multiplexing and demultiplexing modules.
December, 2007
5-138
Reception (IN1): this SC-APC connector receives the optical multiplexed signal from the SCD
(Supervisory Channel Demultiplexer) unit.
Transmission (OUT1): this SC-APC connector sends the optical signal after being amplified by the first
stage. This signal can be used to do a dispersion compensating, using a dispersion compensating module,
and/or to do add/drop functions, using an OADM.
Monitoring (MONITORING1): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the
in-service monitoring and analyses of the optical signal, at the first stage output.
Reception (IN2): this SC-APC connector receives the optical signal that comes straight from the first
stage, or from a dispersion compensating module or from an OADM, depending on the application.
Transmission (OUT2): this SC-APC connector sends amplified signal to SCM (Supervisory Channel
Multiplexer) unit, which multiplexes the data with the supervision optical channel.
Monitoring (OUT2): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the in-service
monitoring and analyses of the optical signal, at the second stage output.
833
5
MTBF [hours]
3 x 10
Optical Characteristics:
Total output power [dBm]
Wavelength [nm]
Input power [dBm]
Gain flatness [dB]
Gain [dB]
Noise figure [dB]
PMD [ps]
PDG [dB]
Gain stability [dB]
Optical bandwidth [nm]
Input/output Optical isolation [dB]
Input or output port return loss [dB]
ASE return power [dBm]
Output pump remaining power [dBm]
Min.
Max.
24
1529 to 1565
-50
-24
1
35
5.5(1)
1
1
0.5
36
35
35
-30
-30
December, 2007
5-139
5.20.15 Observations
The In Line Amplifier supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor unit located in the same Amplifier
Sub-rack and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through this supervisor it is possible to
accomplish all the adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a
computer that has the calibration and adjustment software installed.
December, 2007
5-140
December, 2007
5-141
December, 2007
5-142
ROA
Band
28
Spare LASER
Filter
Dry contact
Power
supply
Band
C: C Band
L: L Band
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filters and special assembling
M: Pumping in 1488 nm (for remote pump)
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent
I: Internal at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External at amplifier and at optical amplifier supervisor units
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
December, 2007
5-143
Raman Pre-Amplifier
December, 2007
5-144
5-145
The SCM acts over the Optical module through An and Kn to polarize the Laser n and accomplish an automatic
power control. To keep temperature stability, the SCM acts over TEC+n and TEC-n, based on the acquisition
obtained from NTCn, which is a variable resistance inversely proportional to the Laser temperature changes.
Through the NTCn value the SCM performs the Laser n temperature acquisition. The Optical Module also provides
POT1, POTDET1 and POTDET2 values to the SCM, which are used to calculate respectively Laser n pump power,
input power and output power.
The SCM communicates with the Amplifier Supervisor through TX and RX, by the backplane and is supplied by
GND and VCC (+5V)
The amplifier addressing in a site Sub-rack is based on the signal acquired from A0, A1, A2, A3, by the backplane.
S1, S2, S3 signals are responsible for activating the LEDs located on the front panel.
In the following figure it is possible to see Optical Module scheme details:
The Raman amplification is based on the silica intrinsic properties of the fiber. In this process a suitable quantity of
pump power with a wavelength lower then the signal wavelength is launched on the fiber. So, the pumped signal
excites the fiber silica atoms to a higher energy level and, due to the non linear fiber optic properties, they drop to a
lower energy level liberating photons on the 1550nm window, accomplishing the signal amplification. This effect is
called Stimulated Raman Scattering.
The Raman Pre-Amplifier unit works with two 1440 nm main pump Lasers (1 and 2) and two 1435 nm spare Lasers
(3 and 4), which are activated when one or both main Lasers fail. Pump Laser 1 and pump Laser 2 are coupled
through the Polarization Combiner 1, located on position 3. Also in position 3 is located Polarization Combiner 2
which couples the pumped signal from spare Lasers 2 and 3. All the pumped signals are multiplexed through a
Pump Laser Combiner, in position 4. A Tap Monitor Coupler is used to split the pumped signal and send it to
Photodetector 1, which sends to SCM POTDET1 signal, so it is possible to calculate the pumped power. The
pumped signal is multiplexed with the signal that comes from the optical link through a Multiplexer, in position 2. To
measure the output power another Tap Monitor Coupler is used, to send to Photodetector 2 a sample of the
amplified output signal. The last component before the amplified signal output is responsible to divide the signal in
two parts through a 99% coupling, so it is possible to monitor the output signal. Therefore there is the OUTPUT
signal (99%) and the MONITORING signal (1%).
December, 2007
5-146
Reception (IN): This SC-APC connector receives the optical multiplexed signal from the SCD (Supervisory
Channel Demultiplexer) unit.
Transmission (OUT): Through this SC-APC connector the Raman Pre-amplifier sends the amplified signal
to the EDFA Pre-Amplifier.
Monitoring (OUT): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the in-service
monitoring and analyses of the optical signal.
729
MTBF [hours]
3 x 10
Optical Characteristics
Wavelength [nm]
Gain flatness [dB]
Gain [dB]
Noise figure [dB]
PMD [ps]
PDG [dB]
Gain stability [dB]
Optical bandwidth [nm]
Input/output Optical isolation [dB]
Input or output port return loss [dB]
ASE return power [dBm]
Output pump remaining power [dBm]
Min.
Max.
1529 to 1561
1
5
10
1
1
0.5
32
35
35
-
5-147
The other previously described alarms are only seen through the calibration and adjustment software.
5.21.15 Observation
Raman Pre-amplifier supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor located in the same Amplifier Subrack and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through this supervisor it is possible to accomplish
all the adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a computer that
has the calibration and adjustment software installed.
Turn off Raman Pre-amplifier supply, partially pulling it out from the Sub-rack. After that, unplug the optical
cord.
December, 2007
5-148
IMPORTANT OBSERVATION: The reception optical path (Rx) composed by the fiber segments Line ODF
(Optical Distribution Fiber), ODF SCD e SCD Raman must not be undone with the Raman Pre-amplifier
Lasers on in any case. If so, the Raman Pre-amplifier will be seriously damaged.
Confirm that the reception optical path (Rx) composed by the Line ODF, ODF SCD e SCD Raman
is accomplished
Partially insert the Raman Pre-Amplifier in the Sub-rack,
Make the optical cord connection in its front panel,
Totally insert it in the Sub-rack
If necessary and possible, run the command to switch in the Laser.
December, 2007
5-149
December, 2007
5-150
5.
5.22 Raman Pre-Amplifier +30 dBm
5.22.1 Model
ROA
Band
30
Filte
r
Dry contact
Power supply
Band
C: C Band
L: L Band
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filters and special assembling
M: Pumping in 1488 nm (for remote pump)
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent
I: Internal - at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External - at amplifier and at optical amplifier supervisor units
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
December 2007
5-151
Raman Pre-Amplifier.
December 2007
5-152
5-153
The SCM communicates with the Amplifier Supervisor through TX and RX, by the backplane and is supplied by
GND and VCC (+5V).
The amplifier addressing in a site Sub-rack is based on the signal acquired from A0, A1, A2, A3, by the backplane.
S1, S2, S3 signals are responsible for activating the LEDs located on the front panel.
In the following figure it is possible to see Optical Module scheme details:
The Raman amplification is based on the silica intrinsic properties of the fiber. In this process a suitable quantity of
pump power with a wavelength lower then the signal wavelength is launched on the fiber. So, the pumped signal
excites the fiber silica atoms to a higher energy level and, due to the non linear fiber optic properties, they drop to
a lower energy level liberating photons on the 1550nm window, accomplishing the signal amplification. This effect
is called Stimulated Raman Scattering.
The Raman Pre-Amplifier unit works with four main pump Lasers. Wavelengths from four pump lasers are coupled
through the Polarization Combiner, located on position 3 and 4. A Tap Monitor Coupler is used to split the pumped
signal and send it to Photodetector 1, which sends to SCM POTDET1 signal, so it is possible to calculate the
pumped power. The pumped signal is multiplexed with the signal that comes from the optical link through a
Multiplexer, in position 2. To measure the output power another Tap Monitor Coupler is used, to send to
Photodetector 2 a sample of the amplified output signal. The last component before the amplified signal output is
responsible to divide the signal in two parts through a 99% coupling, so it is possible to monitor the output signal.
Therefore there is the OUTPUT signal (99%) and the MONITORING signal (1%).
December 2007
5-154
Reception (IN): This SC-APC connector receives the optical multiplexed signal from the SCD (Supervisory
Channel Demultiplexer) unit.
Transmission (OUT): Through this SC-APC connector the Raman Pre-amplifier sends the amplified signal
to the EDFA Pre-Amplifier.
Monitoring (OUT): This SC-APC connector emits a sample of the amplified signal, allowing the in-service
monitoring and analyses of the optical signal.
1500
5
3 x 10
Optical Characteristics
Wavelength [nm]
Gain flatness [dB]
Gain [dB]
Noise figure [dB]
PMD [ps]
PDG [dB]
Gain stability [dB]
Optical bandwidth [nm]
Input/output Optical isolation [dB]
Input or output port return loss [dB]
ASE return power [dBm]
Output pump remaining power [dBm]
Min.
Max.
1529 to 1561
2
12
14
1
1
0.5
32
35
35
-
5.22.10
Handling Care
As this is a type 4 Laser usage unit, it is indispensable to protect the output connector when turning on the
amplifier.
It is also important not switch the pump Laser on directly in is operational power. Firstly it must be switched on and
then its power can be gradually increased in 50 mW steps to avoid a possible deterioration in the optical output
connector.
Besides, it is necessary to verify if the Laser is correctly switched off before pulling out the Sub-rack unit, when
necessary.
5.22.11
December 2007
5-155
failure, this LED will start twinkling and the other two spare Lasers are activated. In case of 1 or 2 spare
Lasers failure, this LED will be permanently lighted.
PUMP OFF: Red LED that shows if the pump Laser is switched on.
5.22.12
5.22.13
The Raman Pre-amplifier accepts the pump Laser switch on/off telecommand sent by the management system. It
accepts also telecommand to modify the pump power.
Other commands are only executed through the calibration and adjustment software previously described.
5.22.14
-
Identification Label
5.22.15
Observation
Raman Pre-amplifier supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor located in the same Amplifier Subrack and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through this supervisor it is possible to accomplish
all the adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a computer
that has the calibration and adjustment software installed.
5.22.16
5-156
5.22.17
Confirm that the reception optical path (Rx) composed by: Line ODF, ODF SCD e SCD Raman is
accomplished
Partially insert the Raman Pre-Amplifier in the Sub-rack,
Make the optical cord connection in its front panel,
Totally insert it in the Sub-rack
If necessary and possible, run the command to turn on the Laser.
December 2007
5-157
December 2007
5-158
FOA
Band
28
Spare LASER
Filter
Dry contact
Power
supply
Band
C: C Band
L: L Band
Spare LASER
1: without spare LASER
2: with spare LASER
Filters and special assembling
M: Pumping in 1488 nm (for remote pump)
S: Standard
Dry contact
A: Absent
I: Internal at optical amplifier supervisor unit
E: External at amplifier and at optical amplifier supervisor units
Power supply
H: High - 48 VDC
L: Low - 5 VDC
December, 2007
5-159
Distant Amplifier
The optical coupler combines the signal with pump and sends the result of this combination to a stretch of EDF. In
the output of this stretch exists an isolator whose function is to prevent the backward-scattering.
The physical characteristics of this distant amplifier depend on the type of splice-box where it will be lodged.
The Pump Source operates with 2 lasers. It locates in the transmission and reception of the system, and goes to
carry through the amplification of the optical signal in a distant amplifier (erbium fiber + optical coupler).
December, 2007
5-160
Pump Source
December, 2007
5-161
The CSM acts on the Optical Module through An and Km, polarizing the Laser n and carrying through the power
automatic control. To keep the stability, the CSM acts on the TEC+n and TEC-n to control the temperature, being
based on the gotten reading of the NTCn, that is inversely proportional a variable resistance to the temperature
variation of the Laser n. Through the value of NTCn the CSM carries through the reading of the temperature of the
Laser n. The Optical Module still supplies to the CSM the values of POTn and POTDET2, which are used by the
CSM respectively to carry through the readings of the pump power of the Laser n, input and output power.
The CSM also is responsible to activation of Laser 3 and 4 in case of failure of Laser 1 or 2.
The CSM communicates with the Amplifiers Supervisor through TX and RX via backplane and is fed through GND
and VCC (+5V).
The amplifier addressing in a determined sub-rack of a station is based on the signals read through A0, A1, A2 and
A3, via backplane.
The S1, S2 and S3 signals are responsible for the leds indication located in the frontal panel.
December, 2007
5-162
Max.
27 or 30
1480
1529
(1)
-40
35
35
-
1565
0
1
25
5.5(2)
1
1
0.5
36
-30
-30
-48
28.8 (30 dBm)
3 x 105
December, 2007
5-163
FAIL: It shows unit failure. It may be due to a pump power loss below the pre-defined threshold set by the
calibration and adjustment software or to Lasers overheating.
PUMP OFF: It shows if the pump Laser is switched off due one telecommand or one LOS alarm.
5.23.15 Observation
The Pump Source supervision is accomplished by the Amplifier Supervisor located in the same Amplifier Sub-rack
and which communicates to the sites Supervisor Master. Through this supervisor it is possible to accomplish all the
adjustments, configurations and calibrations necessaries to the amplifier, by connecting it to a computer that has
the calibration and adjustment software installed.
Turn off the Pump Source, partially pulling it out from the Sub-rack
After that, unplug the optical cord.
December, 2007
5-164
5.
5.24 Amplifiers Sub-Rack
5.24.1 Model
SBAmp 5
5.24.2 Functional Description
The Amplifiers Sub-Rack gives mechanical support to Optical Amplifier (Booster, Line and Pr-Amplifiers EDFA
and Raman) and Amplifiers Supervisor units. Besides, its backplane card provides:
Electrical communication between the Optical Amplifier units and the Amplifiers Supervisor and
December, 2007
5-165
Amplifier Sub-Rack
December, 2007
5-166
5.24.9 Observations
When necessary a sub-rack ("master") can be connected to another one ("slave") for communication with the
Transponder Supervisor Master of the station. This communication will establish through the "extended supervisor"
interface of the amplifiers supervisor located in the sub-rack "master" and "supervisor" interface of the amplifiers
supervisor located in the sub-rack "slave". More details about Transponder Supervisor Master and Amplifiers
Supervisor can be seen ahead in this Chapter.
December, 2007
5-167
December, 2007
5-168
5.
5.25 Optical Protection Switch
5.25.1 Model
OPS
Output coupler
Sensitivity
Switching
threshold
Power supply
Height
Output power
5: 50/50
7: 70/30
9: 90/10
Sensitivity
A: Sensitivity -25dBm, saturation -10 dBm
B: Sensitivity -15dBm, saturation 0 dBm
C: Sensitivity -5dBm, saturation 10 dBm
D: Sensitivity +5dBm, saturation 20 dBm
E: Sensitivity -20dBm, saturation -5 dBm
F: Sensitivity -20dBm, saturation -5 dBm (output coupler with multimode fiber)
Y: Sensitivity -50dBm, saturation +9 dBm
Z: Sensitivity -20dBm, saturation +39 dBm
Switching threshold
1: 1dB
2: 2dB
...
9: 9dB
0: 10dB
A: Adjustable
Power supply
A: 85/265 VAC 50/60 Hz
D: - 48 VDC
Height
1: 1U
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The switch turns automatically to the other fiber when receiving signal from the fiber which it is connected
to, has attenuation greater than 9 dB in relation to the adjusted level defined at installation. The switching
will occur only if the other fiber has adequate signal;
In case of an attenuation greater than 9 dB on both fibers, the switch will remain on the last position before
the second attenuation;
When both reception fibers have no signal, the switch will turn to the first one that recovers the signal.
Lock
The Lock function can only be enabled and disabled by telecommand. When Lock is activated, one front panel
LED located above the power meter turns on. On that function, all front panel buttons are disabled, setting priority to
control by telecommand. It will not be possible neither to switch nor turning on or off the equipment automatic
function through the front panel. The buttons will only be enabled when Lock is turned off by a telecommand. It is
possible to activate the lock function with the optical switch locked on any of the inputs or even with the equipment
on automatic switching function.
Bargraph - Optical Power
The bargraph shows the input optical power of the fiber which the optical switch is connected to. The bargraph is 16
LEDs set in which 2 are green and all the others are yellow. When the power is normal, the trimpot must be
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adjusted till the second green LED (left to right) turns on. When there is attenuation on the adjusted power greater
than 9dB, the first green LED turns off completely, indicating the lack of optical power on the fiber which the switch
is connected to.
Telesupervision
The table below describes the pin list of each contact of the analog supervision:
Closed
Contact 1 (Pins 7 - 8)
Lock off
Lock on
Auto off
Auto on
The telesupervision digital signals by DB9 are read by the LightPad i1600G Platform Management System.
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ODF IN1 Receiving signal input from the fiber1: Must be connected to the ODF (Optical Distribution
Frame) in the connector that has the reception route 1 fiber.
ODF IN2 Receiving signal input from the fiber2: Must be connected to the ODF in the connector that has
the reception route 2 fiber.
EQUIPMENT IN Transmission signal input: Must be connected to the equipment transmission which will
generate the signal to be coupled into two separated routes.
EQUIPMENT OUT Receiving signal output: Must be connected to the equipment which will receive the
protected signal. The present signal in this connector comes from reception route 1 or 2.
ODF OUT1 Transmission signal output to the fiber 1: Must be connected to the ODF in the connector that
has the transmission route 1. The present signal in this connector represents 50% of the inserted signal on
the EQUIPMENT IN connector.
ODF OUT2 Transmission signal output to the fiber 2: Must be connected to the ODF in the connector that
has the transmission route 2. The present signal in this connector represents 50% of the inserted signal on
the EQUIPMENT IN connector.
RECEPTION
IN 1 OUT 2.5
IN 2 OUT 2.5
OPERATING WAVELENGTH
o TRANSMISSION/RECEPTION (1310/1550) 30 nm
PIN
25 dBm
-20 dBm
PIN 1
0 dBm
-20 dBm
PIN 2
0 dBm
IN1: Green LED which turns on when the reception Optical Switch is connected to fiber1.
IN2: Green LED which turns on when the reception Optical Switch is connected to fiber2.
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AUTO: Green LED which turns on when the Auto function is active.
LOCK: Green LED which turns on when the Lock function is active.
POWER LINE A: Green LED which turns on when the A via is working correctly.
POWER LINE B: Green LED which turns on when the B via is working correctly.
POWER LINE ALR: Red LED which turns on when there is power failure.
unscrewing it,
screw it,
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5.
5.26 Dispersion Compensation Module (DCM)
5.26.1 Model
DC
Technology
Compensated
dispersion
Height
Technology
M: Fiber Bragg Gratings
Compensated dispersion
XXXX ps/nm
Height
1: 1 U
5.26.2 Functional Description
In long haul systems the use of these units is necessary in order to compensate the accumulated chromatic
dispersion on the optical link. The DCM unit is based on Fiber Bragg Gratings. It is used to nullify the dispersion
caused by that fiber. The DCM unit is according to ITU-T G.666 recommendation.
5.26.3 Physical Dimension
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IN: input connector for dispersion compensation of the optical multiplexed signal. The optical supervision
channel does not go through this module. The input optical power must not exceed +14 dBm.
OUT: output connector that delivers the optical signal with compensated dispersion.
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Turn off the Pre-Amplifier pump Laser connected to DCM input (see Remove Procedure of the PreAmplifier),
Unscrew it and
Screw it,
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Technology
Compensated
dispersion
Height
Technology
F: dispersion compensation fiber
Compensated dispersion
XXXX ps/nm
Height
1: 1 U
2: 2 U
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IN: input connector for dispersion compensation of the optical multiplexed signal. The optical supervision
channel does not go through this module. The input optical power must not exceed +14 dBm.
OUT: output connector that delivers the optical signal with compensated dispersion.
5.27.10
5.27.11
The DCF unit does not report alarms to the Management System.
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5.27.12
The DCF unit does not accept telecommands from Management System.
5.27.13
Turn off the Pre-Amplifier pump Laser connected to DCF input (see Remove Procedure of the PreAmplifier),
Unscrew it and
5.27.14
Screw it,
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5.
5.28 Optical Interleaver
5.28.1 Model
OI
band
50 GHz spacing
height
Band
C: C band
50 GHz spacing
1: 50 GHz
100 GHz spacing
1: 100 GHz
Height
1: 1U
Optical Interleaver
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IN: two input connectors for DWDM signals with 100 GHz spacing.
OUT: output connector for DWDM signal with 50 GHz spacing (interlaced).
The Optical Interleaver unit - DEMUX - presents the following optical interfaces:
OUT: two output connectors for DWDM signals with 100 GHz spacing.
IN: input connector for DWDM signal with 50 GHz spacing (interlaced).
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Parameter
Minimum
Wavelength [nm]
Typical
Maximum
1529.55
Channeling
1561.42
50
100
0.4
0.8
PDL [dB]
0.2
0.3
PMD [ps]
0.2
0.3
22
45
50
5.28.10
The Optical Interleaver unit has no visual indications on the front panel.
5.28.11
The Optical Interleaver unit does not report alarms to the Management System.
5.28.12
The Optical Interleaver unit does not accept telecommands from Management System.
5.28.13
5.28.14
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5.
5.29 Transponder Supervisor Master
5.29.1 Model
SPVL-4
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5.29.6 Observations
It is important to point out that diverse links in cascade are possible by "RS232" and "RS422" ports of the SPVL-4
involving AMPLIFYERS, OPTICAL SWITCH, SHK, FAN, MUX, DEMUX, ROADM, as for example:
- SPVL-4 AMPLIFIER SUPEVISOR FAN MUX DEMUX OPTICAL SWITCH SHK
- SPVL-4 OPTICAL SWITCH SHK
The connections between the SPVL-4 and others managed network elements (NE's), are carried through CCI
cables of four pairs crossed.
45
55
2 x 105
MTBF [hours]
LOCK: when lighted it indicates that the access to the "craft terminal" port is blocked.
It presents yet a luminous indication in the Ethernet connector, that when lighted indicates that link is active.
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5.29.10
Blocking of local management: it blocks "craft terminal" port (DB9) for local management;
5.29.11
Use anti-static wrist strap when removing the SPVL-4 from the sub-rack.
To remove the SPVL-4 from Transponders sub-rack does not demand previous care, it is enough:
5.29.12
Use anti-static wrist strap when inserting the SPVL-4 in the sub-rack.
To insert the SPVL-4 in the Transponders sub-rack does not demand previous care, it is enough:
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5.
5.30 Transponder Supervisor Managed Slave
5.30.1 Model
SPVL-4SM
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30
2 x 10
TX/RX: Yellow LED blinking, indicating the transmission and reception of data.
5.30.10
5.30.11
The Transponder Supervisor Managed Slave accepts telecommand to reinitialize the counters (error statistics).
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5.30.12
Use anti-static wrist strap when removing the Transponder Supervisor Managed Slave from the sub-rack.
Removing the Transponder Supervisor Managed Slave from the transponders sub-rack requires no previous care,
just to:
5.30.13
Use anti-static wrist strap when inserting the Transponder Supervisor Managed Slave in the sub-rack.
Inserting the Transponder Supervisor Managed Slave in the transponders sub-rack requires no previous care, just
to:
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5.
5.31 Amplifier Supervisor
5.31.1 Model
SPV - 5AO
5.31.2 Functional Description
The Amplifier Supervisor unit works giving support to the Transponder Supervisor Master. It is an intermediate
element in the communication between the Transponder Supervisor Master and the Optical Amplifier units present
in the Amplifier Sub-rack.
5.31.3 Physical Dimension
Amplifier Supervisor
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5.31.4
Block Diagram
20
MTBF [hours]
2 x 10
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5.
5.32 Supervisory Channel Multiplexer / Demultiplexer SCMD
5.32.1 Model
SCMD
Wavelength
Optical assembling
Height
Wavelength
1: 1310nm
2: 1470nm
3: 1510nm
4: 1625nm
5: 1450nm
Optical assembling
S: Standard
F: Filter 2 nm (used with Raman amplifier)
B: Bidirectional
Height
1: 1U
5.32.2 Functional Description
In systems with Booster Optical Amplifier, this unit has the function of multiplexing the supervisory optical channel
(which is transmitted on 1510 nm wavelength out of the amplification range) with the optical data channels right
after being amplified. In systems without booster optical amplification, the multiplexing of the optical supervisory
channel with the data channels can be made by the Optical Multiplexer unit, not demanding a SCMD unit.
For DWDM systems equipped with Optical Protection System unit, the SCMD unit can be assembled with
multiplexing function for the working and protection links in the same mechanical module (see Figure).
In systems with Optical Pre-Amplifier, this unit has the function of separate the optical supervisory channel from the
multiplexed data channels before their pre-amplification. In systems without optical pre-amplification, the
demultiplexing of the optical supervisory channel from the multiplexed data channels can be made by the Optical
Demultiplexer unit, not demanding a SCMD unit.
For DWDM systems equipped with Optical Protection System unit, the SCMD unit can be assembled with
demultiplexing function for the working and protection links in the same mechanical module (see Figure).
5.32.3 Physical Dimension
5-201
DATA: input connector that receives the multiplexed optical data channels after being amplified
SUPERVISION: input connector that receives the optical supervisory channel input. It is physically
connected to the OUT connector of the Terminal or Client Supervisory Channel unit.
LINE: optical signal composed of the multiplexing of all optical data channels and the optical supervisory
channel.
The Supervisory Channel Demultiplexer unit has the following SC/APC optical connectors:
LINE: input connector that receives the optical multiplexed signal composed of the data channels and the
optical supervisory channel.
SUPERVISION: output connector for the optical supervisory channel. It is physically connected to the input
connector (IN) of the Terminal or Client Supervisory Channel unit.
DATA: output connector for the multiplexed data channels. It is physically connected to the Pre-Amplifier
unit.
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Turn off the pump Laser(s) of the Booster Amplifier (see Remove Procedure of the Booster Amplifier) that
sends the multiplexed data channels to the SCMD unit,
Turn off the power supply of the Terminal or Client Supervisory Channel unit (see Remove Procedure of the
Terminal or Client Supervisory Channel Unit),
If the DATA connector is connected to Raman Pre-amplifier, the Raman pump Lasers must be turned off
(see Remove Procedure of the Raman Amplifier),
Unscrew it and
Screw it,
Turn on the pump Laser(s) of Booster Amplifier which the SCMD is connected to.
Turn on the power supply of the Terminal or Client Supervisory Channel unit.
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5.
5.33 Terminal and Client Supervisory Channel Units
5.33.1 Models
SCM
Type
Topology
Wavelength
Reach
Type
T: Terminal
C: Client
Topology
S: Star point to multipoint connection
B: Bus point to point connection
Wavelength
5: 1510nm
Reach
L: Long-haul: Pout = +6.0 dBm; Sensitivity = -50 dBm
S: Short-haul: Pout = 0 dBm; Sensitivity = -37 dBm
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5-208
The Terminal Supervisory Channel unit is a connection module, via optical fiber, for management data between a
station and another remote station. Its operation is similar to the Client Supervisory Channel Unit, except for the one
way transmission, therefore, with a smaller amount of blocks.
5.33.6 Hardware Configuration and Adjustment Procedures
The Supervisory Channel Unit has neither configuration nor internal adjusts.
5.33.7 Power Supply
+/- 5 V and 0 V provided by the Transponder Supervisor Master via transponder sub-racks backplane.
5.33.8 Electrical Interfaces
The Supervisory Channel module has the following electrical interfaces:
- SERIAL INTERFACE with computer using a "Terminal emulator" software (for example, HyperTerminal or
Teraterm) for configuration;
- INTERFACE with telephone device (RJ11 connector, "PHONE" jack);
- INTERFACE with telephone line (RJ11 connector, "LINE" jack);
- G.703 INTERFACE (for co-directional data at 64 kbps);
- 2 INTERFACES to FPGA programming (volatile and not volatile programming);
- INTERFACE to programming Motorola uC.
5.33.9 Optical Interfaces
The Client Supervisory Channel Unit has the following optical interfaces:
Tx and Rx NORTH: interface with the NORTH side of the optical network
Tx and Rx SOUTH: interface with the SOUTH side of the optical network
The Terminal Supervisory Channel unit has the following optical interfaces:
Tx and Rx
8.6
9.6
2 x 105
MTBF [hours]
Transmission wavelength [nm]
1510 +/- 1
512
+6
-50
-1
49
LOS1: Red LED indicating signal absence in "Rx1" in case of Client Supervisory Module.
LOS2: Red LED indicating signal absence in "Rx2" in case of Client Supervisory Module.
OBS: in case of Terminal Supervisory Channel unit only the LOS red LED indicating signal absence in "Rx".
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5.
5.34 Shelf House Keeping SHK
5.34.1 Model
SHK
Monitor up to 40 items/station equipment if they can express its operational clause through opening or
closing some kind of contact: relay dry contact or an interloc type contact. Some monitored items
examples are: station room door, equipment rack door, air conditioning state and so on.
Activate up to 8 equipment by closing or opening relay dry contacts. Some examples of activation are: bell
activation, direct current unit replacement, alternate current unit replacement and so on.
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2 EURO Connector located in the back panel, where every row in the EURO Connector is associated with a
telesignal/telecommand. For all rows, the specific telesignal/telecommand in accessed by pin pairs which
are connected between lines a and c of the EURO Connector. The b line (central) is not connected.
o
Running through the right lateral duct of the Rack, in an upfront view, the cable pairs are connected
to the terminal block, or Terminations Block of 50 pin pairs, placed on the vertical track that comes
out from the top of the rack.
telesignals 33-40
RS422 Supervisor serial interface that leaves the SHK, through RJ11 connector, and gets to the supervisor.
RS422 Extended serial interface that replicates the RS422 Supervisor connection for daisy-chain
connection with other Padtec NEs.
600
500
2 x 10
5-213
unscrew it,
screw it,
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5.
5.35 Main Power Module MPM
5.35.1 Model
MPM 48/48 - 3.
5.35.2 Functional Description
The Main Power Module MPM is the power supply module of the CWDM or DWDM system rack. Its purpose is
to provide DC power supply to all of the system modules, with -48 VDC, 0 VDC and Rack ground to the system.
5.35.3 Physical Dimension
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5.35.4
connector 1 (CON1), for the module power input. It has 05 pins, from left to right, pin 01 is for 48 Vdc via A
input power (circuit 01), pin 02 is for 0 V via A input power, pin 03 is for 48 Vdc via B input power (circuit
02), pin 04 is for 0 V via B input power, and pin 05 is for system ground input (lightning-rod).
connector 2 (CON 2), for the power output to the modules, It has 26 Pins, from left to right, pins 01 to 09,
are for 48 Vdc outputs, pins 10 to 18, are for 0 Vdc outputs, pins 19 to 26 are for system ground outputs.
connector 3 (CON3 ALARM), to provide a loop to the SHK, indicating the presence or absence of power
feed on via A. In case of circuit breaker opening or failure on via A, this loop will be open, and the SHK will
report the power failure on via A to the central management.
connector 4 (CON4 ALARM), to provide a loop to the SHK, indicating the presence or absence of power
feed on via B. In case of circuit breaker opening or failure on via B, this loop will be open, and the SHK will
report the power failure on via B to the central management.
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5.35.14 Observation
This module is protected against overload by two fast-acting thermal-magnetic circuit breakers, 16 Amperes each.
The set of connectors and circuit breakers is protected by an acrylic panel, for user protection, avoiding accidental
short circuits, or circuit breakers accidental disconnection, that may cause damages to the system.
turn off the front circuit breakers of power feed A and B vias,
disconnect all of the front panel electrical cables connected to the equipment,
unscrew it and
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screw it,
connect all of the front panel electrical cables connected to the equipment and
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5.36 FAN-G8
5.36.1 Model
FAN-G8
5.36.2 Functional Description
Unit FAN-G8 has 8 fans allowing the ventilation in all 10 slots of the transponders sub-rack and/or in all 6 slots of
the amplifiers sub-rack. This unit accomplishes the ventilation of LightPad i1600G platform rack and was
implemented for functioning with SPVL-4 Supervisor.
FAN G8 has the following general specifications:
ON/OFF Switch
Monitoring temperature by two sensors diametrically opposed and internal to the FAN
FAN G8 allows, when one of its fans fails, the speed of the adjacent ones is modified by the operator to
compensate the ventilation lack
Graphical presentation in the management of the position of the fans and its status.
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FAN-G8
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5-221
300
o
Up to 10
MTBF [hours]
0.8 x 105
TX/RX: LED blinks when it transmits the data for the management (RS-422).
Supervisor and Extended RJ11 Electric interfaces and, also, dry contact
Overheating: is recognized by management when the FAN temperature exceeds the threshold
configured in the equipment.
Telemeasurements:
Product Code
Serial Number
Status of 8 fans
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5.36.14 Observation
The FAN-G8 is protected by the on/off switch and an internal fuse for each power bus located on the front panel.
Every time the on/off switch is turned off, or if any failure happens, the Fan Module reports its unavailability to the
SHK. This activates a fan failure alarm to the central management.
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5.
5.37 Optical Cabling Tray
5.37.1 Model
BD-CO
CPCO
5.37.2 Functional Description
It is a sliding shelf for optical cords accommodation in the Rack.
5-225
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5.
5.38 DWDM Equipment Rack
5.38.1 Model
BT-44
5.38.3 Composition
The rack is manufactured and structured in steel plate, painted with electrostatic paint in RAL 7032 beige color,
with steel and acrylic door, 2100 x 600 x 300 mm (height, width and depth), with vertical accommodation capacity of
44 Us, 19 standard. It has two side compartments to vertical passage of cable, placed one at each side, being the
one on the right, for one who looks to the front of the rack, for the electrical cables and the one on the left for the
optical cables. The mechanical stability of the rack is guaranteed by four wooden brackets, upon which the rack is
accommodated, and that are overlapped to the shafts that allow for fixing the rack to the station floor through
fixation sleeves. The bottom of the rack is perforated by a 340 x 175 mm rectangular hole.
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6.
This chapter is intended to detail the Padtec equipment configuration within the station racks that integrates the
LightPad i1600G Platform.
It follows the general characteristics of LightPad i1600G Platform regarding mechanical and power consumption
aspects:
-
Accessibility: LightPad i1600G Platform meets accessibility orientations proposed by ETS 300 119-4.
Heat dissipation: LightPad i1600G Platform has its rack and sub-rack units projected to facilitate thermal
dissipation by natural convection, according to ETS 300 119-4 recommendation. Forced refrigeration can
be used when necessary. However, it must be pointed out that LightPad i1600G Platform does not need
forced refrigeration when operating in the CWDM technology.
Weight: the weight of a sub-equipped sub-rack is lower than 18 kg, as specified by ETS 300-119-4.
Power supply: LightPad i1600G Platform can be fed by -48 VDC or 110 / 220 VAC power supply. The last
case needs AC-DC converters. In both alternatives it is provided two redundant feeders, allowing power
supply protection. It meets norms ETS 300 132 (ETS 132-1 e ETS 132-2). Each active unit from LightPad
i1600G Platform has a DC-DC converter that generates all adequate internal DC voltages from the -48
VDC feeders.
In case of power supply fail (failure in both feeders), the equipment will recover its original configuration
after power supply restoration, without needing any operator intervention. The traffic restoration is instant
and the Management Systems returns to its stable operation in less than 30 seconds.
LightPad i1600G Platform is assembled in conductive metallic rack, with grounding plans and internal
grounding buses according to specification ETS 300 253.
LightPad i1600G Platform exceeds the operational temperature range proposed by ETS 300 019,
supporting temperatures from -10 C to +45 C. The maximum relative humidity is 90%. Transponder
units can operate without optical power variation in all operational temperature range.
LightPad i1600G Platform, for both CWDM and DWDM technologies, was homologated by Brazilian
Telecommunication Agency (ANATEL) regarding EMI and EMC characteristics, according to ETS 300 386
-1-2. LightPad i1600G Platform is also according to EN 300 386-3, EN5022 Class B and FCC part 15
Class A or B recommendations. Concerning environmental acoustic conditions, LightPad i1600G Platform
meets ETS 300 753 specification.
LightPad i1600G Platform meets storage condition specified by item 4 of ETS 300 019-1-1, considering
aspects of protection against water and temperature in the storage location. It meets also conditions
established by ETS 300 0019-1-2 specification, regarding class 2.2 transportation care.
The sub-racks used by LightPad i1600G Platform meet mechanical standards defined by ETS 300-119-4.
December, 2007
Physical dimension: the sub-rack dimension follows accessibility conditions defined by ETS 300 119-4.
up to 8 channels 1 U;
16 or 20 channels 2 U;
32, 40 or 80 channels 3 U;
6. Demultiplexer + Cabling Gutter CPCO/Optical Cabling Tray. The demultiplexer height varies similarly to
that of multiplexer height.
7. SCMD + Cabling Gutter CPCO/Optical Cabling Tray. SCM and SCD share a mechanical package. The
unit occupies 1 U high and requires a Cabling Gutter CPCO/optical cabling tray underneath.
8. Amplifier Sub-rack Unit. Each Amplifier Sub-rack (5U) requires a fan unit (1U) above the sub-rack (FAN
G8); an air deflector (2U) and Cabling Gutter CPCO (1U) underneath. In case one single sub-rack is not
enough, a second assembly (FAN G8 + Amplifier Sub-rack + Air Deflector + Cabling Gutter CPCO) shall
be included so that all amplifiers are inserted. If the DWDM equipment incorporates the Padtec
management system, each sub-rack shall include an Amplifiers Supervisor Slave.
9. Optical Protection Switching + Cabling Gutter CPCO/Optical Cabling Tray: The Optical Protection System
occupies 1U high, on 50/50 and 90/10 models. So, the assembly OPS unit + Cabling Gutter CPCO/tray
occupy 2 U.
10. DCM + Cabling Gutter CPCO/Optical Cabling Tray: The Dispersion Compensation Module unit occupies
1U high and the Cabling Gutter CPCO/tray occupies 1 U.
December, 2007
The OADMs (or ROADMs) units may be incorporated to the DWDM system. They also require a Cabling Gutter
CPCO/Optical Cabling Tray underneath and occupy 1U, 2U or 3U high, depending of the model.
If the use of AC/DC Source will be necessary this must be always in the high of the rack, above of the MPM.
Observation: When gutter CPCO will be used under of a passive device (for example, Mux, Demux,
SCMD, etc) placing behind gutter CPCO a Back Gutter of 1U. The function of it is to prevent that the hot air that
goes up in the back of the rack comes onward of it through the gutter CPCO opening.
In case one rack is no enough to house all equipment, additional rack(s) will be required, provided each one will
incorporate its own MPM power distribution unit. All racks shall be arranged one beside the next in the station so
that connecting the optical links between racks is made easier.
Based on the example of a DWDM system described in chapter 4 (Figure 6.1), it will be shown equipment
assembly examples for Terminal (stations # 1 and # 3) and Ring Terminal (station # 2) configurations.
December, 2007
6.4.1.
The units that integrate the Terminal equipment at stations # 1 and # 3 are the following:
-
1 MPM
1 Hub
2 FAN G8
4 Back Gutter
2 Air Deflector
1 Mutiplexer
1 Demutiplexer
1 SCMD
1 Raman Amplifier
1 Pre Amplifier
1 Booster Amplifier
1 Amplifiers Supervisor
December, 2007
Bay face (or face plan) for Terminal Equipment at stations # 1 and # 3:
December, 2007
6.4.2.
The units that integrate the Ring Terminal Equipment at Station # 2 are the following:
-
2 MPMs
16 Transponders
4 FANs G8
8 Back Gutters
4 Air Deflectors
2 Multiplexers
2 Demultiplexers
2 SCMDs
2 Optical Switches
2 Raman Amplifier
2 Pre-Amplifier
2 Booster Amplifier
2 Amplifiers Supervisor
December, 2007
Bay face (or face plan) for Ring Terminal Equipment at Station #2:
1 Blind Cover
1 FAN G8
1 Blind Cover
1 FAN G8
8 Transponders
1 Transponder Supervisor Slave
8 Transponders
1 Transponder Supervisor
1 Client Supervisory Channel
Gutter
Gutter
Gutter
Gutter
1 FAN G8
1 Booster Amplifier
1 Raman Amplifier
1 Pre Amplifier
1 Amplifier Supervisor
1 CPCO Cabling Gutter
1 Air Deflector (2U)
South Rack
North Rack
December, 2007
7.
7.1.
This chapter presents alternatives for the modular expansion of the Padtec DWDM platform. The simplest way for
the DWDM expansion is to incorporate new transponders so as to reach the final capacity of the already installed
multiplexer and demultiplexer units (or mux and demux units). Nevertheless this chapter is intended to propose
alternatives for the modular expansion using mux and demux units connected in linear chain. The alternatives
proposed below regard the modularity of the mux/demux units normally provided by Padtec. In addition other units
may be provided so as to meet with clients requirements.
In this chapter, the DWDM systems are unidirectional (one-way), i.e.,
transmission and a second fiber is assigned to west-east transmission. In
supported by the Padted DWDM platform, the number of channels referred
half. It justifies for in the bidirectional systems, one N-channel mux/demux
channels.
7.2.
Once the LightPad i1600G platform is already installed and operational with one set of mux/demux units, its full
capacity can be expanded in terms of supported optical channels by adding ONE additional set of mux/demux units.
The referred expansion may be carried in-service, i.e., without affecting the already operational optical channels.
Coupling the original mux/demux and the expansion mux/demux units is obtained by means of a band mux/demux
that is mechanically incorporated to the original mux/demux units.
The mux/demux units supported in the LightPad i1600G platform are summarized in the table below:
Channel Spacing
Mux / Demux
# of Channels
200 GHz
100 GHz
50 GHz
Coupled
16
20
32
40
80
7-1
units may support distinct capacities, for example, one 4-channel mux/demux unit may be connected to a 20channel mux/demux unit. It must be pointed out that for the correct dimensioning the optical link the final capacity of
the DWDM system, including all future expansions, must be taken into consideration. Additionally, in case there are
provisions for expanding the DWDM system, the originally installed mux/demux units shall incorporate band or subband mux/demux so as to permit in-service system expansion. Table 8.2 details the alternatives for combining
mux/demux units supported by the Padtec DWDM platform.
C Band
L Band
# of Channels
Blue
Red
16
20
32
40
80
7.2.1.
The optical C band that comprehends wavelengths ranging from 1525 and 1562 nm, may be split in two sub-bands:
In this alternative, in the initial installation phase the DWDM system incorporates one set of mux/demux units
operating in the blue (or red) sub-band. These mux/demux units must have internally incorporated a sub-band (blue
+ red) mux/demuxing components, that permits an in-service expansion of the DWDM system capacity, i.e., without
affecting the already operating optical channels.
The Figure below illustrates the DWDM expansion starting from multiplexing the blue and red sub-bands.
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7-2
7.2.2.
Using C and L optical bands constitutes an additional alternative for expanding the Padtec DWDM platform.
In this alternative, in the initial phase of installation the DWDM system includes a set of mux/demux units operating
in the C band. This mux/demux assembly incorporates, in the same mechanics, a band (C + L) mux/demux
component, so as to permit the in-service DWDM expansion, without affecting the already operational optical
channels.
The Figure below illustrates the alternative for DWDM system expansion starting from multiplexing the C and the L
bands.
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7.2.3.
Alternative for DWDM Expansion: Beginning from a CWDM LightPad i1600G Platform
The optical transport system developed by Padtec supports in the same Platform, the CWDM (Coarse WDM) and
DWDM technologies. The CWDM technology operates in an optical window ranging from 1310 to 1610 nm, and
supports up to 16 optical channels spaced 20 nm. One feature in this technology is its low cost, once the high
spacing between channels permits using low cost optical filters and optical transmitters, without any kind of
temperature control. The technology is very proper for metropolitan and access optical networks that wont require a
large number of optical channels nor optical amplification. This item details the alternatives for expanding the
transportation capacity provided by the Padtec system that evolves from a basic CWDM platform for an integrated
CWDM and DWDM platform. Then, in one initial phase the optical network contemplates only the CWDM
technology, thus minimizing the network deployment cost. According to the traffic increase and consequently the
increase in the service provider revenue, the original CWDM platform can be expanded so as to support DWDM
channels. The expansion may be of two types, and these are detailed in the following paragraphs.
7.2.3.1.
As already mentioned in paragraphs above, there is a 20 nm-spacing between the CWDM channels. The bandwidth
in each of the CWDM channels is 13 nm. So, up to eight 200 (1.6) nm or 16 100 GHz (0.8 nm)-spaced DWDM
channels may be inserted in just one CWDM bandwidth of 13 nm, provided the channels in C or L bands (DWDM
operating bands) are selected. Thus, one possibility for CWDM and DWDM integration is using some CWDM
wavelengths located in the C and L bands for DWDM channel transportation, i.e., some CWDM channels are
sacrificed (not used) so that transporting additional DWDM channels is possible. Up to 16 DWDM channels may
be included in each sacrificed CWDM channel. Refer to the Figure 8.3 for an example of integration.
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Figure 7.3: Integrating CWDM plus DWDM directly in the CWDM mux/demux
Figure 8.3 illustrates the transmission side only; the reception side incorporates a similar diagram for the
demultiplexer units. In the example above, the 1530 nm and 1550 nm wavelength channels support the DWDM
multiplexer output, which in turn shall contain 8 or 16 DWDM optical channels. Thus, the CWDM system with up to
14 optical channels expand to a CWDM + DWDM hybrid system which can support up to 46 optical channels.
7.2.3.2.
A second alternative to integrate CWDM and DWDM uses C and L band mux/demux components. These
components, incorporated to the CWDM mux/demux units, combine and separate from the CWDM optical channels
the DWDM optical channels that operate in the C or L band. Assigning a C or L band to DWDM channels requires
three CWDM channels not to be used. In case the C band is dedicated to a DWDM system, the channels
corresponding to 1530, 1550 and 1570 nm wavelength shall not be used in the CWDM. If the L band is dedicated to
a DWDM system, the channels corresponding to 1570, 1590 and 1610 nm shall not be used in the CWDM. The
Figure 8.4 illustrates this alternative for optical system expansion.
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December, 2007
7-6
8.
Safety Procedures
8.1.
Never touch the victim with bare hands until the circuit is open.
Open the circuit by turning the switches off. Should it be not possible, protect yourself using dry and
insulating material and make sure the victim is free from the conductor.
8.2.
8.3.
Artificial Breathing
It is important to start the mouth-to-mouth breathing promptly and search for medical help immediately.
In case of Burns
The treatment shall be applied after the victim recovers consciousness. Also it may be used while the victim is
receiving artificial breathing (in this case assistance requires at least two people).
WARNING
Never try to remove clothes that are in contact with burned areas of body.
8.4.
Mouth-to-Mouth Breathing
Kneel down so that your body keeps leveled to the victims head. Rest one hand on the victims head and
your second hand under his neck. Raise the victims neck and let it tip back as much as possible (Figure
9.1)
December, 2007
Displace your hand from the victims neck to his chin: position your thumb between the victims chin and
mouth, your forefinger along his jaw, and keep the remaining fingers together as illustrated in the Figure.
Breathe deeply (Figure 9.2).
With the index finger positioned between the victims chin and your mouth, keep your lips together and
breathe into his nostrils (Figure 9.3).
While carrying the steps above, make sure the victim is breathing (his thorax inflates). Should it be not
possible the victims nostrils may be causing the obstruction: in this case, open the victims mouth as much
as you can, by depressing his chin with your hand (Figure 9.4), position your lips around his mouth and
breathe into. Make sure the victims thorax inflates. You may use this second approach instead of the
already described method by keeping the victims nostrils closed, using the hands that initially supported the
victims head. Keep the victims head tipped back as much as possible. Start with ten quick breaths, and
then proceed in cycles of twelve to fifteen breaths each minute. Continue to breathe until the victim has
recovered consciousness.
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8.5.
Before initiating any installation, connection, tests and servicing operations, make sure to read the
Technical Instructions Manual, particularly any items concerning to:
o
Installation.
Servicing (maintenance).
Never permit anyones access to the areas of equipment where there are warning labels whenever
equipment is operating.
Should access to equipment interior or components is absolutely needed, the access shall be permitted to
technical or servicing personnel herein defined as follows:
o
Duly trained personnel, skilled with adequate technical background and required experience that
qualify them to prevent any harmful conditions that might occur along any functioning or measuring
step, so as to minimize any risky situations both for themselves and for thirty parties.
The servicing personnel action is restricted to replacing any faulty units with spare units.
In order to proceed eventual cleaning of equipment external parts, never user any flammable
substances or any other substances that might result in changes to labels or inscriptions, etc.
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The safety procedures established in present guide detail the operations and/or precautions to be observed
in order to protect the servicing personnel while carrying work steps and assure equipment safe operation,
i.e., preventing people from harmful situations.
Whenever any safety locks are infringed SWITCH OFF VOLTAGE. To do so, turn off the power switch and
any power supply.
The safety procedures already detailed in present instruction guide are identified with the statement symbol
below.
8.6.
Labels comply with the ISO 3864 international standards. The symbols or statements (warning) are surrounded with
geometric figures according to ISO 3864.
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Labels are attached to indicate harmful conditions. Labels may contain any familiar sign or any warning required
protecting both the user and the maintenance staff against risky situations, particularly:
Dangerous voltages
Explosion hazards
All symbols presented below may be attached to any Padtec equipment, though not necessarily attached in the
equipment this instruction guide refers to.
8.6.1.
Dangerous Voltages
This warning sign shall be attached next to high voltage sources, and indicates electrical shocks. Only the Padtec
assigned personnel is authorized to open any panels/units that bear this sign.
The sign associated to a Class 1 equipment to be connected to the power supply indicates the referred equipment
requires grounding before it is connected to the power supply, e.g.:
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8.6.2.
Any optical signal input originating from a LASER source requires label warnings as per IEC 60825-1 International
Standards.
LASER Class
Rated output
Wave length
Reference standard
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8.6.3.
Heat-radiating mechanical components are identified using the warning label below, as per IEC 60417 standard.
Figure 8.13: Warning indicates danger when contacting any heat-radiating surface.
According to IEC 60950-1 standard, touchable mechanical components are referred to whenever the T temperature
exceeds the limits established in the formulae below (temperatures in C):
DTmx = Value established as per IEC 950 standard, and specified in the table below.
Tmra = Maximum permitted room temperature as per equipment specification or 25C, whichever is higher.
December, 2007
Components to be accessed by
operator
Manual/hand switches, subject to
holding-on or touching-on, for short
time periods
8.6.4.
Temperature (C)
Metal
Glass, porcelain
Plastic, rubber
35
45
60
30
40
50
45
55
70
45
55
70
Electromagnetic compatibility
The standards on electromagnetic compatibility depend on the nature of installation (cable terminals, grounding)
and operational conditions (equipment, shielded covers, etc.)
Before initiating any installation, switching on, tests, operation and carrying any servicing operation, refer to the
Equipment Technical Instruction Guide (DWDM), particularly those items relating to:
Installation.
Maintenance.
8.6.5.
All connections (installed in equipment outside panel) are built in shielded cables, using exclusively the
connectors referred in present Technical Instruction Guide or in Installation Standards of the Operating
Station.
Shields (if applicable) assembled during the installation process shall be cleaned and degreased.
Before installing any shielding units, clean and remove grease off any peripheral surfaces (contact springs,
connecting points, etc).
The shelf plates shall be adequately bolted to the shelves, and these to the cabinet.
In order to correctly install equipment compatible with electromagnetic compatibility standards, follow any
provided instructions.
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8.6.6.
Install any electrical units as specified in order to meet electromagnetic compatibility requirements.
Make sure equipment operates with all shields duly positioned (shielded covers for plates, connectors,
protectors, etc).
8.6.7.
Electrostatic discharges: Before removing any electrostatic discharge protections from displays, connectors
etc., follow the established protecting measures. After finishing any servicing and monitoring operations,
make sure to replace electrostatic discharge protections.
Most electronic devices are electrostatic discharge sensible; the corresponding warning label is below;
December, 2007
A/D
AGC
AJT
Adjustment
APC
APS
ASE
ATM
BG
Bar graph
BMPD
CAS
CSC
CWDM
DC
Direct Current
DC
Dry Contact
DCF
DCN
Demux
Demultiplexer
DH
Dual Homing
DWDM
EDFA
EMC
Electromagnetic Compatibility
ESCON
ESD
Electrostatic Discharges
FEC
FICON
Fiber Connectivity
GND
Ground
GNE
IP
Internet Protocol
ISO
ITU-T
LASER
LED
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9-1
LOS
Loss of Signal
LSB
MOD
Modulator
MP
Microcontroller
MPM
MSB
Mux
Multiplexer
NC
No Connected
NRZ
NTC
OADM
ODF
OSNC
OTN
PD
Photodiode
PIN
Input Power
PIN-FET
POUT
Output Power
RX
Reception
SCD
SCM
SDH
SH
Single Homing
SHK
SNMP
STM-N
TA
Transimpedance Amplifier
TC
Temperature Controller
TCP
TEC
Thermoelectric Cooler
TR
2R Transponder
TR3R
3R Transponder
TRFEC
TSC
TTL
Transistor-Transistor Logic
TX
Transmission
VGA
WDM
December, 2007
9-2
9.2 References
1 EN 300 386: Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM); Telecommunication network
equipment; Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements
2 EN 50081 Class B: Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic emission standard
3 EN 50082 Class B: Electromagnetic compatibility - Generic immunity standard
4 EN 5022 Class B: Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance characteristics of information
technology equipment
5 EN 55022 Class B: Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and
methods of measurement
6 ETSI ETS 300 019: Environmental conditions and environmental tests for telecommunications equipment
7 ETSI ETS 300 119: European telecommunication standard for equipment practice
8 ETSI ETS 300 132: Power supply interface at the input to telecommunications equipment
9 ETSI ETS 300 253: Earthing and bonding of telecommunication equipment in telecommunication centres
10 ETSI ETS 300 385: Radio equipment and systems (RES); Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard
for digital fixed radio links and ancillary equipment with data rates at around 2 Mbit/sec and above
11 ETSI ETS 300 386-1: Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements
12 ETSI ETS 300 386-2: Electro-Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) requirements
13 ETSI ETS 300 417-1-1: Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Generic requirements of transport functionality
of equipment; Part 1-1: Generic processes and performance
14 ETSI ETS 300 753: Acoustic noise emitted by telecommunications equipment
15 FCC part 15 Class A or Class B
16 GR1312CORE Generic Requirements for OFAs and Proprietary DWDM Systems
17
GR-2979-CORE Generic Requirements for Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (OADMs) and Optical Terminal
Multiplexers (OTMs)
18 IEC 60417: Graphical symbols for use on equipment
19 IEC 60825-1: Safety of Laser Products - Part 1: Equipment classification, requirements and user's guide
20 IEC 60950-1: Information technology equipment - Safety
21 ISO 3864: Graphical symbols - Safety colors and safety signs
22 ITU-T G.650: Definition and test methods for the relevant parameters of single-mode fibers
23 ITU-T G.652: Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable
24 ITU-T G.653: Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre cable
25 ITU-T G.654: Characteristics of a cut-off shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
26 ITU-T G.655: Characteristics of a non-zero dispersion-shifted single-mode optical fibre and cable
27 ITU-T G.661: Definition and test methods for relevant generic parameters of optical amplifier
devices and subsystems
28 ITU-T G.662: Generic characteristics of optical amplifiers devices and subsystems
December, 2007
9-3
29 ITU-T G.663: Application related aspects of optical amplifier devices and subsystems
30 ITU-T G.664: Optical safety procedures and requirements for optical transport systems
31
32
ITU-T G.665: Generic characteristics of Raman amplifiers and Raman amplified subsystems
ITU-T G.666: Characteristics of PMD compensators and PMD compensating receivers
33
ITU-T G.783 - Characteristics of Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) Equipment Functional Blocks
45
ITU-T G.798: Characteristics of Optical Transport Network Hierarchy Equipament Funcional Blocks
46 ITU-T G.803: Architecture of transport networks based on the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)
47 ITU-T G.8201: Error performance parameters and objectives for multi-operator international paths within the
Optical Transport Network (OTN)
48 ITU-T G.823: The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the 2048 kbit/s
hierarchy
49 ITU-T G.825: The control of jitter and wander within digital networks which are based on the synchronous
digital hierarchy (SDH)
50 ITU-T G.8251: The control of jitter and wander within the optical transport network (OTN)
51 ITU-T G.826: End-to-end error performance parameters and objectives for international constant bit rate
digital paths and connections
52 ITU-T G.827: Availability performance parameters and objectives for end-to-end international constant bit
rate digital paths
53 ITU-T G.871: Framework for Optical Transport Network Recommendations
54 ITU-T G.872: Architecture of Optical Transport Networks
55 ITU-T G.873.1: Optical Transport Network (OTN): linear protection
56 ITU-T G.874: Management Aspects of the Optical Transport Network
57 ITU-T G.957: Optical interfaces for equipments and systems relating to the synchronous digital hierarchy
58 ITU-T G.959.1: Optical Networking Physical Layer Interfaces
December, 2007
9-4