Griffith: working with bacteria that causes pneumonia

One was smooth (S) the other was rough (R)

Four experiments-concluded dead S hands down ability to kill to R
Bacteria will take up DNA from outside sources
Avery: did research that Hershey and Chase further explored
Hershey and Chase: working with virus that attacks bacteria
2 experiments:
1) Grew bacteria on food with radioactively labeled sulfur, infected
bacteria with virus, bacteria made new virus, new virus glowed
in the dark
Means: protein must be on outside of virus
2) Grew bacteria on phosphorus-DNA has phosphorus, protein
doesnt. It did not glow. DNA is inside protein.
Chargaff: weighed the DNA, discovered that A=T C=G
Rosalind Franklin: took the picture of Watson and Cricks DNA model
Watson and Crick: Determined structure of DNA, measured the width of DNA and
determined it is 2 nanometers wide
DNA REPLICATION
When do cells have to duplicate DNA and why?
Cells have to duplicate DNA so that each of the daughter cells formed during mitosis
will have an identical copy of the DNA. They duplicate occurs in the S phase or
synthesis phase of interphase.
Draw and label a replication bubble:

Telomere: a segment at the end of the DNA that has a piece chopped off during
replication
What two enzymes are involved and what do they do?
DNA helicase unwinds the DNA, forming two separate strands. Then DNA
polymerase adds free nucleotides to each strand, forming two new strands of DNA,
How is Eukaryotic replication different from prokaryotic replication?
Eukaryotic replication uses thousands of replication bubbles while prokaryotic
replication has a single, circular strand of DNA (plasmid).
Define and provide examples of recombinant DNA.
Recombinant DNA: any DNA that has a piece of non-parental DNA
Two ways to recombine:

1) Microbial gene transfers (viruses and transformation)

2) DNA technology
What are the two types of microbial gene transfers?
The two types of microbial gen transfers are virus and transformation.
What is RFLP? What is the purpose?
RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism) is a way to cut DNA into usable
pieces.
What is a restriction enzyme? Where does it come from? What does it do?
A restriction enzyme that cuts at specific places; an enzyme produced chiefly by
certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific
sequence of bases.
What is electrophoresis? What does it do? (Include drawing)
Electrophoresis is a way to separate pieces of DNA based on their size.
Gel+electricity

What is a cloning vector? How do we do cloning without vectors?

A cloning vector is a small piece of DNA into which a foreign DNA fragment can be
inserted. Ex: virus, bacteria.
What is PCR? What is the purpose? Be able to describe this test in detail.
Polymerase Chain Reaction: way to copy DNA
1) Mix: sample DNA, nucleotides (ATGC), polymerase, and primer
2) Subject it to cycles of heat/cool

Heat
Cool

Cool

Heat

What are some uses for genetically altered bacteria?

Human insulin is injected to E.coli genome because they reproduce at a
higher rate and then it is purified for diabetics.
Antibiotics and growth hormone