Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Rabeia Alhadi
____________________________________________________________________________________________________/__/__
Scott Dietz
Date
Committee Chair
____________________________________________________________________________________________________/__/__
Mohamed Elnahas
Date
Committee Member
____________________________________________________________________________________________________/__/__
Malcolm Kesson
Date
Committee Member
At
The Savannah College of Art and Design
By
Rabeia M. Alhadi
June/2011
Dedication
Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to the Libyan Ministry of Education for its financial support, without which this research would never
have been possible. I was fortunate in having Prof. Scott Dietz as my committee chairman at SCAD. I am most grateful to him for encouraging
and advising me throughout my work, as well as for his advice, comments and valuable discussions during the preparation of the final
submission of this thesis. I am also very grateful to Prof. Mohamed Elnahas, my faculty advisor, for his advice and comments on my thesis prior
to submission. My thanks are also due to Prof. Malcolm Kesson, my topic consultant, for his comments and guidance throughout my work on
this thesis. I would also like to extend my gratitude for editorial help rendered by Mrs. Zeba Siddiqui for her valuable and ongoing assistance.
Many thanks also go to the staff of the SCAD Library for their assistance.
Outside the academic arena, my deepest thanks go to my family and in particular my husband, Mohamed A. Elmughrbi. Its various
members never stopped encouraging me to finish this thesis and they continued to bear with me throughout the period of my work because of
my academic interests.
Finally, I thank my Creator for His grace, for having such helpful people around me, and for the privilege of being able to complete this
research.
Table of Content:
List of Figures
Abstract
Part One:
1.1 Theoretical Context
1.2 Arguable Position
List of Figures:
Part One:
Fig. 2.19: The main entrance to the Medina, known as Bab Al-Hurriyah
(the Freedom Gate) the earliest fortified wall around the town was built in
Part Two:
Fig. 2.22: Right: The main hall of Gurji mosque, Lift: Islamic Inscriptions
in the mosque
Fig. 2.24: The modern shore of Tripoli reflecting the contrast between the
part of Tripoli
07, 2010)
Fig. 2.32: The new skyscrapers of Tripoli (some of them are under
Part Three:
Part Five:
Fig. 5.1: The Root Two proportion systemFig. 5.2: Root Three proportion
system
Fig. 5.8: Pattern III Environment Simulation Result, 30-foot depth space
Fig. 5.9: Pattern III Environment Simulation Result, 20-foot depth space
Part Four:
Fig. 7.4: Buildings skin layers, left: during moderate climate and at
nights, right: during hot climate.
Part Six:
Fig. 6.2: Best building orientation study result, Tripoli, Libya (Ecotect
software
software)
Fig. 7.16: The main entrance of the project and the main courtyard
Part Seven:
Fig. 7.1: Dynamic mashrabbia behaviour during daytime
Fig. 7.2: Dynamic mashrabbia detailed design
Fig. 7.3: Dynamic mashrabbia effact on interior spaces at different
opening stages
Abstract
Information
Modeling
(BIMPD)
and
computational
Part One
Topic Research
1.1
outskirt of Tripoli, despite the fact that they still need to return to
population
of
1.6
million
is
growing
by
handle such growth. The rapid growth of the city requires a new
approach to its urban structure, the layout and organisation of
housing, employment location and eventually traffic management."
(said CBRE report) 2
CB Richard Ellis(CBRE) Report on the Libyan real estate market July, 2010,
http://www.libyaonline.com/news/details.php?id=13972, accessed on November 20, 2010.
acceptable climate for its occupants. This thesis explores what role
living that reflects the areas cultural roots. In this design, the focus
will be on the skin of the tower, which will introduce a kinetic facade
design of a tall building and discusses how solar control and natural
efficient
seasons.
building
design.
Such
facade
systems
minimize
skin that has the ability to adapt, mutate and adjust according to the
urban sustainability.
aims for
local climate. The approach of this design is to develop a bioinspired kinetic envelope system which has the interactive access
As the first green skyscraper in the city, the project will play
It will be
10
and floor. These elements hold the coolness throughout the hot
day, which represent natural and environmental sustainability (Fig.
1.3). 4
gather,
toward the courtyard, which was in the center of the house (see Fig
inside the house by allowing hot air to ascend, while cooler air to
reduce cooling loads in the hot climates. At night, cool air comes in
4
5
Ibid.
Ibid.
11
lattices, thereby enabling the entry of air currents, which reduce the
temperature; reflected heat, solar radiation, and the intensity of
traffic noise (see Fig 1.3).
Ibid.
12
they still plays the same role of the traditional one, providing shade,
where the main gate was faced with a solid wall to provide privacy
Physics
be found. 7
Ibid.
13
14
direct light are detected, the metal panels diverge, and their
patterns completely overlap, blocking the suns rays. The sensors
are programmed in a variety of ways to maximize energy efficiency
and savings. 9
Faade:
Adaptive Shading Coverage: 124 sq. m.
Materials: Waterjet-cut steinless steel, glass
Dimensions: 5.6m Wide x 6.7m Tall
2-
Ibid.
15
grid. When retracted, their profile will 'disappear' into the structural
profile of the roof (see figs 1.6, 1.7).
During the day, the primary function of the system will be
sun shading. A custom algorithm combining historic solar gain data
with real-time light-level sensing will control the shading units. 10
AP:
20,000 sq. feet of shading area
Ibid.
16
new
public
parkand
three
towers.
Shading control
Privacy control
Ibid.
17
18
reflect a single geometric theme. "Our concept for the Abu Dhabi
Investment
Council
headquarters
was
generated
from
13
12
13
Ibid.
19
DETAILS
the building. 14
Ibid.
Ibid.
16
20
Part Two
Context Analysis
21
2.1.1 Introduction
optical
and
thermophysical
properties
of
building
design rather than external treatment like the HAVC system. That is
17
Gul Koc Zerrin Yilmaz, Building form for cold climatic zones related to building
envelope from heating energy conservation point of view, Energy and Buildings,
2003, vol. 35, pp. 383388.
22
with more moving parts, and the main trend driven by kinetic
and
research
consistently
justify
that
interactive
There are many examples among which the following ones are
worth mentioning. Consider, for instance, eye adaptation that the
pupil controlling the amount of light entering the eyes
24
. This was
20
23
accessible
through
occupants'
computers
allows
personal
In
addition,
Siedlungsund
the
envelope
systems
Wohnungsbaugesellschaft
of
the
(GSW)
Gemeinntzige
headquarters
26
25
Sullivan, C. C.
26
Michael Wiggington, Jude Harris, Breathing in Berlin, Architecture Week 2003, 0903, pp.
E1.1.
24
systems like the biological nervous tissue are to sense and record
occupants
information
turn the kinetic components related to the skin tissue can adjust
context)
acclimated function for outside and inside air condition signals, and
28
27
27
Bettig B., J. Shah, Derivation of a standard set of geometric constraints for parametric modeling
and data exchange, Computer-Aided Design, 2001, vol.33, pp.17336.
28
29
30
from
through
geometry
31
complex
to
shape,
from
materials
to
constrains
defined
by
users
or
Ibid.
29
25
32
developed
radiation
These
and
changes
of
multilayer
envelopes.
results
in
an
iterative
design
process
supporting
kinetic
26
On control:
On sampling:
has termed virtual space events of the interactive skin and how
33
Ibid.
27
distinction
between
passive
systems
with
minimal
mechanics such as the wind walls of artist Ned Kahn (Fig 2.5-E)
and more complex mechanical systems such as the Agesis
Hyposurface (Fig 2.5-F).
35
Ibid.
28
36
37
Ibid.
Dirk Stichweh, New York Skyscrapers, Prestel: Munich, Berlin, London, New York, 2009
29
38
39
Ibid
Ibid
30
across continental Europe for the first half of the twentieth century
(with the notable exceptions of the 26-storey Boerentoren in
Antwerp, Belgium, built in 1932, and the 31-storey Torre Piacentini
in Genoa, Italy, built in 1940). New York City developers competed
among themselves, with successively taller buildings claiming the
title of "world's tallest" in the 1920s and early 1930s, culminating
with the completion of the Chrysler Building in 1930 and the Empire
State Building in 1931, the world's tallest building for forty years.
The first completed World Trade Center tower became the world's
tallest building in 1972 for two years. That changed with the
completion of the Sears Tower (later renamed the Willis Tower) in
Chicago in 1974(Fig. 2.8), which became the world's tallest building
for several decades 40.
40
Ibid
31
that the rigid steel frame structure that had "dominated tall building
United Arab Emirates which now the location of the tallest building
design and construction so long was not the only system fitting for
Ibid
42
Ibid
32
Report 44,
of
and
the
43
44
Brundtland
renewable
materials
which
and
launched
systems.
the
concept
Ecological
and
maintenance
Ibid
45
NewmanMAN, P. Sustainability and Cities: The Role of Tall Buildings in the New
Global Agenda. Proceedings of the CTBUH Sixth World Congress, Melbourne, Australia,
2001, pp. 76-109.
33
design
relation to the seasonal paths of the sun across the sky has a
are:
energy
efficiency,
design
flexibility,
resource
Design Factors
34
a tall building, that is, the roof area is almost insignificant compared
to faade areas. Thus, the energy gain or loss for a tall building
depends very much upon the materiality and technology employed
in the faade treatment 50.
a tank, intended for eventual use. The recycled water is used for
toilets, washing machine and outside tap use. Grey water recycling
Ibid
51
35
Case Studies
54
Ibid
Abel, C. Sky High: Vertical Architecture. Royal Academy ofArts. London, 2003.
36
Reinsurance
Headquarters:
Foster
and
Partners
lowest resistance to wind and diminishes demands on the loadThe fifteen-story tower expresses its technological innovations on
the load-bearing structure lies directly behind the glass faade and
triangular light shafts behind the facade, which spiral upwards over
planned as a future support for solar cells. The interior and exterior
the whole height of the building. These light and air shafts are
its orientation toward the daily path of the sun. Deep incisions and
Ibid
37
improves
transparency,
and
increase
daylight
38
The Pearl River Tower: The Pearl River Tower (Fig. 2.13) is a
Carey, H. L. The Solaire: Green By Design. Battery Park City Authority, New York, 2006.
39
western cities of the Arab world and between European and African
2.3.1 Background
cities
59
40
by the Phoenicians in the first half of the first millennium B.C. under
2.3.3Economy
the name of Oea. Among the Greeks Oea, together with the
Greek, three cities), a name that was retained for Oea. In 105
was conquered by the Vandals, and during the sixth and seventh
GDP, and 60% of public sector wages. Libyan oil and gas licensing
Tripoli was part of the Ottoman Empire. In October 1911, the city
was captured by the Italian Army, which remained there until 1943,
60
Ibid.
61
41
62
Ibid
42
increase between 1969 and 2005. In 1969 the residential land use
readings
covering
rain,
average
maximum
daily
climbed in 1980 to 4,573.3 hectare or 30.8% of the total area, and
69
67
68
Ibid
BBC Weather, http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=TT00033
GEOGRAFIA Online, Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 4 (71 - 84) 2008,
Changes in residential land-use of Tripoli city, Libya: 1969-2005
http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/geografia/images/upload/7.2008-osama%20kh%20ali-english1.pdf
43
Fig. 2.19: The main entrance to the Medina, known as Bab Al-Hurriyah (the Freedom Gate)
the earliest fortified wall around the town was built in the 4th century.
44
was designed along the lines of other Arab cities. Its narrow streets
celebrations throughout the year which also link people with their
heritage.
houses 70.
resident and visitor alike can experience and enjoy the city's most
and other features of the Madina serve to remind people about the
the Karamanli Palace (1736), the Gurgi Mosque (1833), and the
Castle, or Citadel (first centuries A.D.; rebuilt in the 14th, 16th, and
20th centuries).
place and continuity through time are well expressed. The Madina
entrance to the city. It was the only one of Oea. The arch contains
71
45
consulate for the Italian state of Tuscany. The house was restored
Karamanli Palace
Gurji Mosque:
Karamanli palace is dating back to the early 19th century,
built by Yusuf Karamanli. Some rooms on the 1st floor have been
turned into exhibits with dolls acting out everyday life. The
was built by Mustapha Gorji in 1834 AD, who was the head of the
Karamanli family ruled Tripoli through most of 18th and half way
port. The building includes a school and a tomb (or a grave) of the
through the 19th century. With their fall, the house became
72
73
Ibid
46
assumed that the first fortress was built in the 7th century, to
one of the best examples of Islamic stone carvings and floral motifs
At least until the 17th century, it appears that all sides of the
fortress were surrounded by water. Much of the present structure
dates back to the 18th and 19th centuries, the plan is distinctly
Fig 2.22: Right: The main hall of Gurji mosque, Lift: Islamic Inscriptions in the mosque
74
Ibid
75
Ibid
47
concrete buildings and busy streets dominate the new part of the
city. The old city is nearby (Fig. 2.24, 2.25), but these roads and
structures have a distinctly modern feel. Buildings are popping up
at a furious rate, in an effort to draw investors and demonstrate
Libya's success as an independent, self-sufficient nation.
48
are either immigrants or needy people, who cannot afford their own
ignorance of the city context and the local culture leads the city to
northwestren part of the city, close to the port and the old
Fig2.27: Commercial and Residential high-rise building in the modern part of Tripoli
49
Projects in progress:
The following are some pictures that show some of Tripolis
ongoing high-rise buildings style, most of these projects are still under
extrusions of an efficient floor plan and some of the modern ones are
iconic pieces of high-rise urban sculptures, and no one of them is
inspired by place, culture, or environment.
76
Walid El-Tigi / Yasser Fathy, Hydra Properties unveils Tripoli Towers in Libya,
zawea.com, Zawya,
http://www.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20081124090455/Hydra%20Properties%20unv
eils%20Tripoli%20Towers%20in%20Libya, accessed: Des 04, 2010
50
Fig. 2.32: The new skyscrapers of Tripoli (some of them are under construction): dwarfing
Boulayla and Alfatah towers.
JW.Marriott Hotel (bottom right)
77
51
Part Three
Site Analysis
52
Latitude: +32.83
Longitude: +13.08
waterfront. The site was carefully selected to serve the main goal of
53
At
78
Tripoli City Centres Urban and Architectural Charter, Tripoli urban fabric
map, http://www.iau-idf.fr/index.php?id=615&etude=717, accessed on Jan 10,
2011.
54
Ibid
55
80
Ecotect Software
56
57
3.9
Environment Simulations
the term of sun, it has high monthly temperatures and high diurnal
summer June 21
The
square form received the highest amounts of solar radiation, also
82
58
59
3.9.2
Shadow Study:
60
Velocity :
Pressure :
61
Part Four
Programming
62
temperatures 83.
Tripoli.
83
63
these squares (Fig. 4.2). From the public squares, streets branch in
2- Commercial:
together 84.
Suq: the building will include a retail (suq) that supplies the
occupants with their daily needs. It is intended that the suq will
enhance the local neighborhood by providing additional commercial
facilities.
Restaurants:
The Living Skyscraper will include three restaurants will be
distributed inside the tower
3- Cultural and educational:
Fig 4.2: One of Tripolis medina streets
84
Ibid
64
(see Fig. 4.3), and have had other positive impacts on local
4- Health:
Gym: the project will include two separate gym, one for women
among inhabitants of the city. This center will be in the first floor to
5- Recreation:
skygardens distributed within the tower while the main park will be
Handicrafts gallery
Library
Day care
65
66
square
feet
of
land
adjacent
to
other
high-rise
residential facilities is the first of its kind in Libya. The project will
67
Auditorium
30000 sq.f .
48000
sq.ft..
Space
Residential
Two-bedroom
apartment
One-bedroom
apartment
Quantity
200
1800 sq.ft.
15000 sq.ft.
60000 sq.ft.
240.000
sq.ft.
Total building area: 973.000 sq.ft, Site area: 194000 sq. ft , Site
1500 sq.ft.
coverage: 40%,
Area
15000 sq
ft/floor
Commercial
1-Retail
2-Restaurant
Health
Health club (gym)
Womens
Mens
Roof gardens
Car parking
Total area
500.000
sq. ft
4
850 cars
15000sq.f.
80000 sq.ft
30000 sq.ft
110.000
sq.ft.
3000 sq.ft.
2000 sq.ft.
1000sq.ft.
3000 sq.ft.
1000sq.ft.
1000sq.ft.
10000 sq.ft.
2000 sq.ft.
68
4.7 Conclusion
If we apply this unique program to The Living Skyscraper, this
vertical neighbourhood not only has to promote diversity, it must act
as an extension of the city in the sky, dependent on the diverse
activities and resources of the city to maintain a healthy, symbiotic
relationship.
69
Part Five
Schematic Design
70
5.1 Introduction
Since the most important and fundamental aspects of
The Living Skyscraper are intended to representing Islamic
culture and
in a
sensors .
In order to generate the dynamic mashrabbia it is
important to define and explore the Islamic geometric patterns
The
71
categories:
1.
Most of these
86
90
72
The
most
striking
characteristic
among
Islamic
simple
forms;
they
have
been
combined,
duplicated,
91
92
Ibid.
Ibid.
73
gills gradually open as the sun becomes far in the sky in order
to maximize daylight.
93
Jones, 1978
74
enter.
5.5.1 Pattern I
west faade in the summer at 6:00 pm. The same study was
done in two different depth spaces, 20-foot depth interior
space, and 30-foot depth exploration space for determining
75
76
5.5.2 Pattern II
77
Fig. 5.8: Pattern III Environment Simulation Result, 30-foot depth space
78
Fig. 5.9: Pattern III Environment Simulation Result, 20-foot depth space
Fig. 5.10: Pattern I Environment Simulation Result, 30-foot depth space
79
Simulation Result:
Shadow Study: The result of the shadow study shows
94
daylight
the area which in the modern part of Tripoli.
range, both in winter and summer. The study also shows that
94
80
81
Building Elevations:
Based on the sun study of the building form, the west and
Fig. 5.12: First floor zoning
the east faades of the two towers will be covered by the kinetic
mashrabbia, and it is optional to cover the south elevation ( see
Fig: 5.14,5.15).
82
83
84
Part Six
Design Development
85
Fig, 6.1).
design of the building. After the mashrabbia takes its final form and
building and evaluated to know its effects on both the exterior and
86
the building from solar radiation. Some of the mashrabbia units are
established around the first ten floors of the towers to provide the
occupants of these floors with an acceptable level of privacy (see
Fig. 6.3).
Fig. 6.2: Best building orientation study result, Tripoli, Libya (Ecotect software
87
-Basement Floors:
- Site Plan:
Since the Living Skyscraper is close to the center of
Tripoli; the tower will have clear views of the old city of Tripoli and
the modern part of the city, as well as the Mediterranean Sea. The
skyscraper itself is composed of two towers spiraling around a
central courtyard. The main entrance of the project is facing the
old city of Tripoli as a kind of connection between the project and
the old city.
The main
courtyard
The main
entrance
The old city of
Tripoli
Entrance
To the main
park
Fig. 6.4: Site plan
88
part of the project begins from the second floor of the main tower,
and it continues residential until the 47th floor of this tower. The
visitors do not cross over with any of the other users of the
building.
Entrnce
Fig. 6.7: Second floor plan.
Residential
89
- Project Elevations:
The buildings hanging parks are placed between the towers
and after different numbers of levels which are tall enough to
accommodate full-grown trees (see Fig.6.7). Both towers also
feature sky gardens in the top three floors in order to further reduce
the potential for solar gain. The form of the towers has been
sculpted to provide sky gardens in what would otherwise have
become the most sensitive areas of the building. The sky gardens
also provide visual relief for users of the building and one of its
important amenity spaces during the cooler months of the year.
90
91
Project Perspectives:
92
6.5.3
93
Part Seven
Final Design
94
The
shading
device,
whose
translucent
95
daylight to
closed.
mashrabbia
on
the
interior
spaces
of
the
96
season, the
climate.
97
98
Floor Plans:
-
Basement Plan
99
Building Section:
100
Building Elevations:
101
102
Perspectives:
103
Fig. 7.16: Left, the main entrance of the project. Right, the main courtyard
104
105
7.4 Conclusion
Designing a high-rise building for a specific location
valuing good design but a way of linking the past with the
106
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12, 2010
Abel, C. Sky High: Vertical Architecture. Royal Academy of Arts,
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107
Tripoli City Centres Urban and Architectural Charter, Tripoli urban fabric
map, http://www.iau-idf.fr/index.php?id=615&etude=717
108
109