Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
p-down and bottom up when vent is in side (pick longest L/Dhe). Added spherical vessel L/D. Corrected calculation of vented volume to be
square enclosures)
ulation of vented volume to be entire section volume, not Veff (Veff is only used to determine the worst case L/D to the vent location)
t dimension.
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the methods a
NFPA 68-2007 Evaluate L/D for Equipment Shapes
Calculate the Vent Area for each section of the Enclosure or for the whole enclosure
Notes:
1)
The original printed version of the annex inserts the incorrect diameter of the conical hopper top into the eq
2)
Placing a single vent somewhere along the central axis does not change the volume to be vented, but changes the
3)
When a single vent is used, the volume to use in the vent area equations is the entire enclosure volume, no
4)
When multiple vents are placed along the central axis, the volume to use in the vent area equations is the s
5)
When subdividing along original central axis, at the point the section Length equals Dhe, then L/D=1.
6)
Closer placement of vents does not reduce L/D or change the orientation of the axis, since the subdivision
7)
When vents are placed such that L/D is less than or equal to 2, there is no further reduction in required vent area/se
8)
For Dust Collectors, if the Volume between bags is considered, then look at a top-down height and calculate a smal
Rectangular Vessels with 1 Vent at end of section (no hopper extension)
Length
Width 1
Width 2
Volume
2 meters
The longest distance from one end of the vessel to the opposite end of the vent.
2 meters
(Measured along central axis)
2 meters
8 cubic meters
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central axis
flame length). With only one vent, enter the longest distance from one end of the vessel to the
opposite end of the vent.
H
Aeff
2 meters
4 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape
p
Dhe
8 meters
2 meters
L/D
Width a2
1.8 meters
Dimension of straight side
Width b2
1.5 meters
Dimension of opposite straight side
Volume
2.7 cubic meters
Volume of Rectangular Section above the vent
If the Vent is mounted horizontally on the top of vessel, then B47 should be set to zero.
Length
3 meters
The distance from the top end of the vent to the top end of the Rectangular Hopper.
Width a2
1.8 meters
Dimension of straight side
Width b2
1.5 meters
Dimension of opposite straight side
Volume
8.1 cubic meters
Volume of Rectangular Section
If no Hopper, then B57 should be set to zero.
Height h
2 meters
The distance from the top to the bottom of the the Rectangular Hopper
Width a1
0.5 meters
Dimension of Rectangular Hopper bottom (same side as B48)
Width b1
0.3 meters
Dimension of Rectangular Hopper bottom (same side as B49)
Volume
2.33 cubic meters
Volume of Rectangular Hopper Section
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central axis
flame length). With only one vent, enter the longest distance from one end of the vessel to the
opposite end of the vent.
H
Veff
Aeff
5 meters
10.43 cubic meters
2.086 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape above the hopper
Aspect
Side a
Side b
p
Dhe
L/D
3.476281 Bottom-up
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central axis
flame length). With only one vent, enter the longest distance from one end of the vessel to the
opposite end of the vent.
H
Veff
Aeff
2.5 meters
6.75 cubic meters
2.7 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape above the hopper
Aspect
Side a
Side b
p
Dhe
L/D
1.527778 Top-Down
Determine Worst-Case (either Top-Down or Bottom-up) for L/D (H/Dhe), Total Volume is the same
L/D(max) 3.476281 Bottom-up
Summary Block for Copying values
Length (H)
5 meters
Volume (V)
13.13 cubic meters
Area (Aeff)
2.086 square meters
Diameter (Dhe)
1.438319 meters
4.5 meters
2.01 meters
14.27889 cubic meters
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central axis
flame length). This assumes all venting at one end.
H
Aeff
4.5 meters
3.173087 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape
Dhe
L/D
2.01 meters
2.238806
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central axis
flame length). With only one vent, enter the longest distance from one end of the vessel to the
opposite end of the vent.
H
Veff
Aeff
4 meters
7.387979 cubic meters
1.846995 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape above the hopper
Dhe
1.533514 meters
L/D
2.608387 Bottom-Up
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central axis
flame length). With only one vent, enter the longest distance from one end of the vessel to the
opposite end of the vent.
H
Veff
Aeff
3.5 meters
8.906415 cubic meters
2.54469 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape above the hopper
Dhe
L/D
1.8 meters
1.944444 Top-Down
Determine Worst-Case (either Top-Down or Bottom-up) for L/D (H/Dhe), Total Volume is the same
L/D(max) 2.608387 Bottom-Up
Summary Block for Copying values
Length (H)
4 meters
Volume (V)
12.47736 cubic meters
Area (Aeff)
1.846995 square meters
Diameter (Dhe)
1.533514 meters
2 meters
4.18879 cubic meters
The effective area, Aeff, shall be determined by dividing Veff by H (based on the longest central axis
flame length). This assumes all venting at one end.
H
Aeff
2 meters
2.094395 sq meters
2 meters
L/D
uld verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Rectangular Hopper.
ngular Hopper.
onical Hopper.
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the methods a
NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Buildings - Low Strength Method
Low Strength Method limited to Su of 60 and KG of 130
Room Dimensions
Length
7.5 meters
Width
3 meters
Height
4 meters
Volume
90 cubic meters
Example Data
Acetone
Isopropanol
Methanol
Ethanol
Su
54
41
56
KG
83
75
78
Alcohol/Methanol
(Methanol worse than acetone) Su is the Fundamental Burning Velocity, KG is the Deflagrati
56 cm/sec from NFPA-68 annex
If KG not available, estimate from Su as below and enter at l
75 bar-m/sec from NFPA-68 annex
Su 2
Basis is KG = 100, Su=46 fo
K G 2 K G1
Su1
KG
C factor
-4
0.068927
Av
Pred is the maximum pressure developed during the explosion and must be less th
C As
1
Pred2
Pred
Assumed 100 psf = 0.04788 bar
Pred
0.04788 bar
Av
US
Metric =
100 psf
0.04788 bar
Pstat (max)
Pstat is the static release pressure of the vent and must be at least 0.024 bar (0.35 psi) bar less than Pred
Pstat
0.02388 bar
7.5 meters
12 sq meters
14 meters
3.428571 meters
L/D
2.1875
Inertia Correction for Materials with KG < 130 bar-m/sec and Panel Mass < 40 kg/m^2
Correction for inertia is limited to KG < 130 bar-m/sec and panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then
If Av is larger than the exterior wall of the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls an
make them stronger.
n
1 number of panels
M T 6.67 P
Mformula
MT
0.2
red
n
0.3
V
0.5
KG
429.903 kg/m^2
40 kg/m^2
1.67
MT is minimum of 40 kg/m^2 or the formula above. If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult an exp
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller.
M
40 kg/m^2
US
8 lb/sq ft
If panel density is in US units, enter here and ente
Metric =
39.1 kg/m^2
Ai Av
A
Av
0 sq meters
40.6 sq meters
Buildings do not generally have vent ducts, so this is not included here.
uld verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the methods a
NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Buildings - High Strength Method
Room Dimensions
Length
6.91896 meters
Width
6.30936 meters
Height
4.48056 meters
Volume
195.5953 cubic meters
Internal Surface Area for Flat Walls and Ceiling
Floor
43.65421 meters
Roof
43.65421 meters
Walls
118.5406 meters
As
205.849 square meters
Material
KG
Example Data
Acetone
Isopropanol
Methanol
Ethanol
Hydrogen
KG
83
75
78
550
Su 2
Su1
K G 2 K G1
Propane
100 bar-m/sec from NFPA-68 annex
Su
54
41
56
Su
KG
Pred
Pred is the maximum pressure developed during the explosion and must be less than the room wall strength.
The high strength method is intended for use at building design pressures of greater than 0.1 bar.
Assumed 313 psf = 0.15 bar
Pred
0.1 bar
US
Metric =
313 psf
0.149865 bar
Pstat
Pstat is the static release pressure of the vent and must be > 0.1 bar and at least 0.05 bar less than Pred
Assumed 209 psf = 0.10 bar
Pstat
0.05 bar
US
Metric =
209 psf
0.10007 bar
Aeff
28.26947 sq meters
The effective hydraulic diameter, Dhe, for the enclosure shall be determined based upon the
general shape of the enclosure taken normal to the central axis.
Dhe = 4 * Aeff / p, Where p is the perimeter of the general shape
p
21.57984 meters
Dhe
5.239977 meters
L/D
L/D Correction
If L/D exceeds 2, a vent area correction is added
A=A0* [KG (L/D-2)^2]/750
A= 0.0000 Sq.Meters
where
Limits
A0= 25.3921
KG=
100 Bar M/sec
L/D=
1 No Dimensions
A1=A0 + A
A1= 25.3921 Sq.Meters
Correction for inertia is limited to panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then no correction is needed.
exterior wall of the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, tha
n
1 number of panels
M T 6.67 P
Mformula
MT
0.2
red
n
0.3
V
0.5
KG
1580.734 kg/m^2
40 kg/m^2
1.67
MT is minimum of 40 kg/m^2 or the formula above. If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult an exp
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller.
M
40 kg/m^2
US
8 lb/sq ft
If panel density is in US units, enter here and ente
Metric =
39.1 kg/m^2
Ai Av
A
Av
0 sq meters
25.3921 sq meters
Buildings do not generally have vent ducts, so this is not included here.
uld verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
This tab does not use the L/D tab for input values. Unless noted below, it is assumed that all venting is put on
the wall at the end of the longest dimension. If venting will be evenly distributed along the longest dimension,
such that L/D is evaluated as 1, enter YES in the cell below:
YES
om NFPA-68 annex
c estimated from NFPA-68
wall strength.
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the m
NFPA 68-2007 Gases in Enclosures - High Strength Method
Enclosure Section Dimensions
(see L_D Tab to calculate these terms)
Length (H)
Volume (V)
Area (Aeff)
Diameter (Dhe)
4.5 meters
14.27889 cubic meters
3.173087 square meters
2.01 meters
Example Data
Acetone
Isopropanol
Methanol
Ethanol
Hydrogen
If KG not available, estimate
Su 2
Su1
K G 2 K G1
Su
KG
Hydrogen
KG
Pred
Pstat
US
Metric =
313
0.149865
4.6602 Sq.Meters
Correction for inertia is limited to panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then no correction is needed.
of the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, that is make th
n
1 number of panels
M T 6.67 P
Mformula
MT
0 .2
red
n
0.3
V
0.5
KG
5.99021 kg/m^2
5.99021 kg/m^2
1.67
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller.
M
40 kg/m^2
US
8 lb/sq ft
If panel density is in US units, enter here
Metric =
39.1 kg/m^2
If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult an exp
Ai Av
A
Av
0.729949 sq meters
5.3901 sq meters
YES/NO
2.619721 meters
Rectangular Duct
Y
Aspect
Side a
Side b
p
Rectangular Duct Dhe
Chosen Duct Dhe
2.27476 meters
Chose correct relation between P'red and Pred
Lduct
Duct L/Dhe)
2.1 meters
0.923174
0.19252 bar
User must MANUALLY Copy the value of P'red above into the initial entry for Pred at cell B22 and
VERIFY that the same chosen P'red value is valid at cell B95 (This could change if the vent area gets much larger as a
e user should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Example Data
Su
54
41
56
Isopropanol
KG
83
75
78
550
Su 2
Su1
K G 2 K G1
psf
bar
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the
NFPA 68-2012 Gases in Enclosures - Low Strength Method
Room Dimensions
Length
Width
Height
Volume
7.3152 meters
7.3152 meters
3.6576 meters
195.72604 cubic meters
This tab does not use the L/D tab for input values. Unless n
the wall at the end of the longest dimension. If venting will
such that L/D is evaluated as 1, enter YES in the cell below
No
Enter Appropriate Building Values For Enclosure Dimensions below (Copy and Paste Special - Values)
Longest dimension is length
Two smallest dimensions determine Area (cross-sectional area)
Wetted Perimeter is the sum of linear dimensions around the cross-section
Diameter (Dhe) is 4 x Area/Wetted Perimeter
0.6 bar-g
0 bar-g
Example Data
Acetone
Isopropanol
Methanol
Methane
Hydrogen
Propane
P0
Cd
Pa
0 bar-g
intial pressure in the enclosure
0.7 vent flow discharge coefficient, taken as 0.7. Can be increased to 0.8 when the vent is esse
0.013 ambient pressure outside the vent = 0.013 bar-g
Material
Su
Pmax
Xst
u
au
u
b
Gu
Propane
0.46 m/sec
7.9 bar-g
US
0.055 stoichimetric volume fraction fuel in air
Metric =
1.80E-05 unburned gas-air mixture dynamic viscosity = 1.8E-05 kg/m-sec for gas concentrations less
343 unburned gas-air mixture sound speed = 343 m/sec for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
1.2 unburned gas-air mixture mass density = 1.2 kg/m 3 for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
1.15 ratio of specific heats for burned gas-air mixture = 1.1 to 1.2 depending on the gas mixture
230.1 unburned gas-air mixture sonic flow mass flux = 230.1 kg/m 2-sec for an enclosure at ambien
Note that pressure terms in formula for u v are in absolute units, while the standard approach is to use ga
Default Parameters
1
2
0.39
1.23
0.0487 m/sec
Evaluation of 0
u Su Dhe 2
Re f
u
Ref
7.48E+04
3.1331
uv
uv
200000 Pred Pa
if _ Pred 1.9 Pa , au _ otherwise
u
312.7832 m/sec
u uv Dv 2
Re v
u
Rev
4.65E+07
1.8467
0=
5.7858
0 square meters
0
is increased. Otherwise 1 = 0
1 0 (0.6 Aobs As )
1=
5.7858
L/D Correction to
L/D
1.5000
L/D<5
If L/D exceeds 2.5, a correction is made to.
D
1 (1
1 )
2.5
5.7858
Deminimus value of C
S u u Pmax 1
C
2Gu Cd P0 1
1
b
1
1 P0 1 2
C-demin = 0.059351
C= 0.0564317
Determine Av0
Av0=
15.5941 Sq.Meters
Vgas
Xr
Venc
xst
Vgas
100 volume of gas at ambient pressure which could escape from the credible event, cubic meter
Xr= 9.289422
= 0.0759494
Av1 Av 0 X r1 / 3
Av1=
Xr
1
Correction for inertia is limited to panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then no correction is needed.
the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, that is make them
n
1 number of panels
0 .2
Pred
n 0.3 V
MT
0.5
Su
Mformula
MT
1.67
2500.228 kg/m^2
40 kg/m^2
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller.
The amount of vent area increase depends on the mode of opening, either hinged or translating.
M
Hinged Vent
10 kg/m^2
N YES/NO
US
Metric =
(0.05) M 0.6 Su
Av 2 Av1 FSH 1
0. 2
n0.3 V Pred
2 lb/sq ft
9.8 kg/m^2
0.5
(0.05) M 0.6 Su
Av 2 Av1 FSH 1
0. 2
n0.3 V Pred
FSH
0.5
Av
15.5941 sq meters
N YES/NO
4.455896 meters
Rectangular Duct
Aspect
Side a
Side b
p
Rectangular Duct Dhe
3.8691505 meters
Lduct
Duct L/Dhe)
2.1 meters
0.5427548
User must MANUALLY Copy the value of P'red above into the initial entry for Pred at cell B22 and
VERIFY that the same chosen P'red value is valid at cell B95 (This could change if the vent area gets much larger as a
user should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
ab for input values. Unless noted below, it is assumed that all venting is put on
st dimension. If venting will be evenly distributed along the longest dimension,
, enter YES in the cell below:
Example Data
Isopropanol
Su
0.54
0.41
0.56
0.4
3.12
0.46
Pmax
7.8
6.8
7.9
313 psf
0.149865 bar
for gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
centrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
centrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
pending on the gas mixture
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the
NFPA 68-2012 Gases in Enclosures - Low Strength Method
Enclosure Section Dimensions
(see L_D Tab to calculate these terms)
Length (H)
7.3152 meters
Volume (V)
195.72604 cubic meters
Area (Aeff)
26.756076 square meters
Diameter (Dhe)
4.8768 meters
Internal Surface (As) 214.0486 square meters
Example Data
Acetone
Isopropanol
Methanol
Methane
Hydrogen
Propane
0.6 bar-g
If Pred > 0.5 bar, use High Strength Method
0 bar-g
NOT USED in LOW STRENGTH
0 bar-g
intial pressure in the enclosure
0.7 vent flow discharge coefficient, taken as 0.7. Can be increased to 0.8 when the vent is esse
0.013 ambient pressure outside the vent = 0.013 bar-g
Material
Su
Pmax
Xst
u
au
u
b
Gu
Propane
0.46 m/sec
7.9 bar-g
US
0.055 stoichimetric volume fraction fuel in air
Metric =
1.80E-05 unburned gas-air mixture dynamic viscosity = 1.8E-05 kg/m-sec for gas concentrations less
343 unburned gas-air mixture sound speed = 343 m/sec for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
1.2 unburned gas-air mixture mass density = 1.2 kg/m 3 for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
1.15 ratio of specific heats for burned gas-air mixture = 1.1 to 1.2 depending on the gas mixture
230.1 unburned gas-air mixture sonic flow mass flux = 230.1 kg/m 2-sec for an enclosure at ambien
Note that pressure terms in formula for u v are in absolute units, while the standard approach is to use ga
Default Parameters
1
2
0.39
1.23
0.0487 m/sec
Evaluation of 0
u Su Dhe 2
Re f
u
u Su Dhe 2
Re f
u
Ref
7.48E+04
3.1331
uv
200000 Pred Pa
if _ Pred 1.9 Pa , au _ otherwise
u
uv
312.7832 m/sec
u uv Dv 2
Re v
u
Rev
4.65E+07
1.8467
0=
5.7858
0 square meters
0
is increased. Otherwise 1 = 0
1 0 (0.6 Aobs As )
1=
L/D Correction to
5.7858
L/D
1.5000
L/D<5
If L/D exceeds 2.5, a correction is made to.
2
D
1 (1
1 )
2.5
5.7858
Deminimus value of C
S Pmax 1
C u u
2Gu Cd P0 1
1
b
1
1 P0 1 2
C-demin = 0.059351
C= 0.0564317
Determine Av0
Av0=
15.5941 Sq.Meters
Vgas
Xr
Venc
xst
Vgas
100 volume of gas at ambient pressure which could escape from the credible event, cubic meter
Xr= 9.289422
= 0.0759494
Av1 Av 0 X r1 / 3
Av1=
Xr
1
Correction for inertia is limited to panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then no correction is needed.
the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, that is make them
n
1 number of panels
0 .2
Pred
n 0.3 V
MT
0.5
Su
Mformula
MT
1.67
2500.228 kg/m^2
40 kg/m^2
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller.
The amount of vent area increase depends on the mode of opening, either hinged or translating.
M
Hinged Vent
10 kg/m^2
N YES/NO
US
Metric =
(0.05) M 0.6 Su
Av 2 Av1 FSH 1
0. 2
n0.3 V Pred
FSH
Av
8 lb/sq ft
39.1 kg/m^2
0.5
1
15.5941 sq meters
N YES/NO
4.455896 meters
Rectangular Duct
Aspect
Side a
Side b
p
Rectangular Duct Dhe
Chosen Duct Dhe
3.8691505 meters
2.1 meters
0.5427548
User must MANUALLY Copy the value of P'red above into the initial entry for Pred at cell B22 and
VERIFY that the same chosen P'red value is valid at cell B95 (This could change if the vent area gets much larger as a
user should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Example Data
Isopropanol
Su
0.54
0.41
0.56
0.4
3.12
0.46
Pmax
7.8
6.8
7.9
313 psf
0.149865 bar
for gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
centrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
centrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
pending on the gas mixture
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the
NFPA 68-2012 Gases in Enclosures - High Strength Method
Room Dimensions
Length
Width
Height
Volume
7.3152 meters
7.3152 meters
3.6576 meters
195.72604 cubic meters
This tab does not use the L/D tab for input values. Unless n
the wall at the end of the longest dimension. If venting will
such that L/D is evaluated as 1, enter YES in the cell below
No
3.6576 meters
7.3152 meters
26.756076 square meters
21.9456 meters
4.8768 meters
Enter Appropriate Building Values For Enclosure Dimensions below (Copy and Paste Special - Values)
Longest dimension is length
Two smallest dimensions determine Area (cross-sectional area)
Wetted Perimeter is the sum of linear dimensions around the cross-section
Diameter (Dhe) is 4 x Area/Wetted Perimeter
0.6 bar-g
0.1 bar-g
Example Data
Acetone
Isopropanol
Methanol
Methane
Hydrogen
Propane
P0
Cd
Pa
0 bar-g
intial pressure in the enclosure
0.7 vent flow discharge coefficient, taken as 0.7. Can be increased to 0.8 when the vent is esse
0.013 ambient pressure outside the vent = 0.013 bar-g
Material
Su
Pmax
Xst
u
au
u
b
Gu
Propane
0.46 m/sec
7.9 bar-g
US
0.055 stoichimetric volume fraction fuel in air
Metric =
1.80E-05 unburned gas-air mixture dynamic viscosity = 1.8E-05 kg/m-sec for gas concentrations less
343 unburned gas-air mixture sound speed = 343 m/sec for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
1.2 unburned gas-air mixture mass density = 1.2 kg/m3 gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at
1.15 ratio of specific heats for burned gas-air mixture = 1.1 to 1.2 depending on the gas mixture
230.1 unburned gas-air mixture sonic flow mass flux = 230.1 kg/m 2-sec for an enclosure at ambien
Note that pressure terms in formula for u v are in absolute units, while the standard approach is to use ga
Default Parameters
1
2
0.39
1.23
0.0487 m/sec
Evaluation of 0
u Su Dhe 2
Re f
u
Ref
7.48E+04
3.1331
uv
uv
200000 Pred Pa
if _ Pred 1.9 Pa , au _ otherwise
u
312.7832 m/sec
u uv Dv 2
Re v
u
Rev
4.70E+07
1.8489
0=
5.7928
89 square meters
0.4157934
is increased. Otherwise 1 = 0
1 0 (0.6 Aobs As )
1=
5.8843
L/D Correction to
L/D
1.5000
L/D<5
If L/D exceeds 2.5, a correction is made to.
2
D
1 (1
1 )
2.5
5.8843
( Pstat 1)
( P0 1)
( Pmax 1)
1/ b
1 b
( P0 1)
= 0.0151809
Determine Av0
Av 0
As
1 Pred 1
P 1
max
P 1
S
u u
Gu Cd
Av 0
1 Pred 1
P 1
max
As
Pred 1
Pmax 1
S
u u
Gu Cd
Av0=
15.9559 Sq.Meters
Vgas
Xr
Venc
xst
Vgas
100 volume of gas at ambient pressure which could escape from the credible event, cubic meter
Xr= 9.289422
= 0.0759494
Av1 Av 0 X r1 / 3
Av1=
Xr
1
Correction for inertia is limited to panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then no correction is needed.
the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, that is make them
n
1 number of panels
0 .2
Pred
n 0.3 V
MT
0.5
Su
Mformula
MT
1.67
2465.2265 kg/m^2
40 kg/m^2
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller.
The amount of vent area increase depends on the mode of opening, either hinged or translating.
M
Hinged Vent
10 kg/m^2
N YES/NO
US
Metric =
(0.05) M 0.6 Su
Av 2 Av1 FSH 1
0. 2
n0.3 V Pred
FSH
8 lb/sq ft
39.1 kg/m^2
0.5
Av
15.9559 sq meters
N YES/NO
4.507291 meters
Rectangular Duct
Aspect
Side a
Side b
p
Rectangular Duct Dhe
Chosen Duct Dhe
3.9137775 meters
Chose correct relation between P'red and Pred
Lduct
Duct L/Dhe)
2.1 meters
0.536566
User must MANUALLY Copy the value of P'red above into the initial entry for Pred at cell B22 and
VERIFY that the same chosen P'red value is valid at cell B95 (This could change if the vent area gets much larger as a
user should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
ab for input values. Unless noted below, it is assumed that all venting is put on
st dimension. If venting will be evenly distributed along the longest dimension,
, enter YES in the cell below:
Obstacles (all)
Diam
2.38 inch
0.060452 m
Spacing
1.5 ft
0.4572 m
Totl Num
256
Totl Surf
Example Data
Isopropanol
177.8266 m2
1914.109 ft2
Su
0.54
0.41
0.56
0.4
3.12
0.46
Pmax
7.8
6.8
7.9
313 psf
0.149865 bar
for gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
centrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
ntrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
pending on the gas mixture
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the
NFPA 68-2012 Gases in Enclosures - High Strength Method
Enclosure Section Dimensions
(see L_D Tab to calculate these terms)
Length (H)
7.3152 meters
Volume (V)
195.72604 cubic meters
Area (Aeff)
26.756076 square meters
Diameter (Dhe)
4.8768 meters
Internal Surface (As) 214.0486 square meters
Example Data
Acetone
Isopropanol
Methanol
Methane
Hydrogen
Propane
0.6 bar-g
If Pred < 0.5 bar, use Low Strength Method
0.1 bar<Pstat<(Pred-0.05) and Pred<0.5
0.1 bar-g
0 bar-g
intial pressure in the enclosure
0.7 vent flow discharge coefficient, taken as 0.7. Can be increased to 0.8 when the vent is esse
0.013 ambient pressure outside the vent = 0.013 bar-g
Material
Su
Pmax
Xst
u
au
u
b
Gu
Propane
0.46 m/sec
7.9 bar-g
US
0.055 stoichimetric volume fraction fuel in air
Metric =
1.80E-05 unburned gas-air mixture dynamic viscosity = 1.8E-05 kg/m-sec for gas concentrations less
343 unburned gas-air mixture sound speed = 343 m/sec for gas concentrations less than 5 vol%
1.2 unburned gas-air mixture mass density = 1.2 kg/m3 gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at
1.15 ratio of specific heats for burned gas-air mixture = 1.1 to 1.2 depending on the gas mixture
230.1 unburned gas-air mixture sonic flow mass flux = 230.1 kg/m 2-sec for an enclosure at ambien
Note that pressure terms in formula for u v are in absolute units, while the standard approach is to use ga
Default Parameters
1
2
0.39
1.23
0.0487 m/sec
Evaluation of 0
u Su Dhe 2
Re f
u
u Su Dhe 2
Re f
u
Ref
7.48E+04
3.1331
uv
200000 Pred Pa
if _ Pred 1.9 Pa , au _ otherwise
u
uv
312.7832 m/sec
u uv Dv 2
Re v
u
Rev
4.70E+07
1.8489
0=
5.7928
89 square meters
0.4157934
is increased. Otherwise 1 = 0
1 0 (0.6 Aobs As )
1=
L/D Correction to
5.8843
L/D
1.5000
L/D<5
If L/D exceeds 2.5, a correction is made to.
2
D
1 (1
1 )
2.5
5.8843
( Pstat 1)
( P0 1)
( Pmax 1)
1/ b
1 b
( P0 1)
= 0.0151809
Determine Av0
Av 0
1 Pred 1
P 1
max
As
P 1
red
Pmax 1
Av0=
15.9559 Sq.Meters
0.224874
Su u
Gu C d
Vgas
Xr
Vgas
Venc
xst
100 volume of gas at ambient pressure which could escape from the credible event, cubic meter
Xr= 9.289422
= 0.0759494
Av1 Av 0 X r1 / 3
Xr
1
Xr
1
Av1 Av 0 X r1 / 3
Av1=
Correction for inertia is limited to panel mass < 40 kg/m^2. If actual panel mass is less than MT, then no correction is needed.
the room, one can either include roof area for venting or increase the containing walls and floor Pred values, that is make them
n
1 number of panels
0 .2
Pred
n 0.3 V
MT
0.5
Mformula
MT
1.67
2465.2265 kg/m^2
40 kg/m^2
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller.
The amount of vent area increase depends on the mode of opening, either hinged or translating.
M
Hinged Vent
10 kg/m^2
N YES/NO
US
Metric =
(0.05) M 0.6 Su
Av 2 Av1 FSH 1
0. 2
n0.3 V Pred
FSH
Av
8 lb/sq ft
39.1 kg/m^2
0.5
1
15.9559 sq meters
N YES/NO
4.507291 meters
Rectangular Duct
Y
Aspect
Side a
Side b
p
Rectangular Duct Dhe
Chosen Duct Dhe
3.261481 meters
16.30741 meters
3.913778 meters
3.9137775 meters
Chose correct relation between P'red and Pred
Lduct
Duct L/Dhe)
2.1 meters
0.536566
User must MANUALLY Copy the value of P'red above into the initial entry for Pred at cell B22 and
VERIFY that the same chosen P'red value is valid at cell B95 (This could change if the vent area gets much larger as a
user should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Example Data
Isopropanol
Su
0.54
0.41
0.56
0.4
3.12
0.46
Pmax
7.8
6.8
7.9
313 psf
0.149865 bar
for gas concentrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
centrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
ntrations less than 5 vol% at ambient temperatures
pending on the gas mixture
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the methods a
NFPA 68-2007 Dusts in Buildings
Room Dimensions
Length
8.6 meters
Width
5 meters
Height
7.3 meters
Volume
313.9 cubic meters
This tab does not use the L/D tab for input values. Unless noted below, it is assum
the wall at the end of the longest dimension. If venting will be evenly distributed al
such that L/D is evaluated as 1, enter YES in the cell below:
YES
132 bar-m/sec
0.04788 bar
9.1 bar
0.0345 bar
0.005262 Pred/Pmax
Av 0 1 10 4 1 1.54 Pstat
Av0
0.5 psig
0.034474 barg
4/3
St
V 3/ 4
Pmax
1
Pred
13.76933 sq meters
8.6 meters
36.5 sq meters
p
Dhe
24.6 meters
5.934959 meters
L/D
A v1 A v0
0.75
2
2
exp(0.95 Pred )
D
1 0.6
0.75
A v1 A v0 1 0.6
2
exp(0.95 Pred 2 )
D
Av1
13.76933 sq meters
23.40786 sq meters
For Panel Mass > 40 kg/m^2, NFPA-68 recommends use of the Annex F (not included here)
Based on the Task Group Activities, the inertia equations are applicable up to KSt limit of the basic equation (i.e. KSt=
Inertia Correction for Panel Mass < 40 kg/m^2
n
1 number of panels
M T 6.67 P
0 .2
red
n
0.3
V
0.5
K St
1.67
Av 3 1
Av3
23.40786 sq meters
Av 2
Calculate the worst-case building partial volume fraction, Xr, from the following equation:
Mf
Afs
Cw
H
Ms
Asur
Ass
V
148 gm
0.37 sq meters
500 gm/m^3
7.3 meters
100 gm
20 sq meters
0.37 sq meters
313.9 m^3
Av 4 Av 3 X r1 3
Av4
Xr
1
22.1311 sq meters
Buildings do not generally have vent ducts, so this is not included here.
uld verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the me
NFPA 68-2007 Dust in Equipment
1 meters
2 cubic meters
4 square meters
1 meters
318 bar-m/sec
0.88 bar
8.4 bar
0.1 bar
0.104762 Pred/Pmax
US
Metric =
Av 0 1 10 4 1 1.54 Pstat
Av0= 0.167514 sq meters
0.5 psig
0.034474 barg
4/3
St
V 3/ 4
0.75
2
A v1 A v 0 1 0.6
2
exp(0.95 Pred )
D
Turbulence Correction
Select as many options as applicable for the enclosure and this picks the highest correction.
Pmax
1
Pred
Building?
N YES/NO
Flow-Created?
Inlet Air
Inlet Pipe Diam
Outlet Pipe Diam
Vaxial
Vtangential
N YES/NO
20 m^3/sec
1m
1m
10 meter/sec
12.7324 meter/sec (0.5 Vtan_max)
Rotating Equip?
N YES/NO
Rotational Radius
0.5 meter
Rotational Speed
1000 RPM
Vtangential
26.17994 meter/sec (0.5 Vtan_max)
For Panel Mass > 40 kg/m^2, NFPA-68 recommends use of the Annex F (not included here)
Based on the Task Group Activities, the inertia equations are applicable up to KSt limit of the basic equation (i.e. KSt=
Inertia Correction for Panel Mass < 40 kg/m^2
n
1 number of panels
M T 6.67 P
Mformula
MT
0 .2
red
0.590121 kg/m^2
0.590121 kg/m^2
0 .3
V
0.5
K St
1.67
Vent area is increased if panel density exceeds the threshold or 40 kg/m^2, whichever is smaller. The total mass
of the panel, including insulaton, fasteners and restraint system is divided by the open vent area.
Intended Vent Panel Density
M
7.45 kg/m^2
US
0.75 lb/sq ft
If panel density is in US units, ente
Metric =
3.7 kg/m^2
If greater than 40 kg/m^2, consult
Av 3 1
Av3
0.205858 sq meters
Av 2
Calculate the worst-case building partial volume fraction, Xr, from the following equation:
Mf
Afs
Cw
H
Ms
Asur
Ass
V
148 gm
0.37 sq meters
500 gm/m^3
1 meters
100 gm
20 sq meters
0.37 sq meters
2 m^3
Xr
Av 4 Av 3 X r1 3
Xr
1
YES/NO
0.511963 meters
Rectangular Duct Y
Aspect
Side a
Side b
p
Rectangular Duct Dhe
Guidance
1. The duct area used in the Vent Duct Effect is that e
2. When duct area is larger than the vent area, actua
3. The actual duct area should be no more than 1.5 ti
0 meters
0.26 mm
0
0
Constraint
Avf*Lduct/V
Av/Aeff
Constraint
Solution Problems
1. If the Pred is too low, the constr
2. If the Duct length is too great, th
Suggestions to Solve
1. Increase Pred
2. Shorten duct
3. Change to round duct
4. Straighten duct
<1
0
0.051464
should verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.
Correction for Flow-Created Turbulence (uses the maximum Axial or Tangential Turbulence)
This would be typical for a cyclone
0
Correction factor if Rotating Equipment
This would be typical for a grinder or hammermill
0
Pred is too low, the constraint of Av/Aeff is not met and Cells B183-187 will not be numbers
Duct length is too great, the constraint of Avf*Lduct/V is not met and the same thing will happen.
ions to Solve
e to round duct
M6.7P n
K
0.2 3
T red 0.5
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the meth
Determine Pred for "Inertialess" vents, including L/D, Turbulence, and Partial Volume
For Panel Mass > 40 kg/m^2, NFPA-68 recommends use of the Annex F (here)
Use:
1) Enter Input data and value slightly below desired Pred at B26
2) Use solver to set Target Cell M7 equal to desired Pred with Inertia, by changing cell B26
2 meters
2.4 cubic meters
4 square meters
2 meters
260 bar-m/sec
0.856099 bar
Solver solution constrained > 0.01
9.1 bar
0.1 bar
US
0.5 psig
0.094077 Pred/Pmax
Metric = 0.034474 barg
Av 0 1 10 4 1 1.54 Pstat
4/3
St
V 3 / 4
Pmax
1
Pred
0.75
A v1 A v 0 1 0.6
2
exp(0.95 Pred 2 )
D
K St
Turbulence Correction
Select as many options as applicable for the enclosure and this picks the highest correction.
Building?
N YES/NO
Flow-Created?
N YES/NO
For Flow-Created Turbulence, use the maximum Axial or Tangential Turbulence
Inlet Air
20 m^3/sec
This would be typical for a cyclone
Inlet Pipe Diam
1m
Av2/Av1=
0
Outlet Pipe Diam
1m
Vaxial
16.66667 meter/sec
Vtangential
12.7324 meter/sec (0.5 Vtan_max)
Rotating Equip?
N YES/NO
Correction factor if Rotating Equipment
Rotational Radiu
0.5 meter
This would be typical for a grinder or hammermill
Rotational Speed
1000 RPM
Av2/Av1=
0
Vtangential
26.17994 meter/sec (0.5 Vtan_max)
ighest Av2/Av1=
Calculate the worst-case building partial volume fraction, Xr, from the following equation:
Mf
Afs
148 gm
0.37 sq meters
Cw
H
Ms
Asur
Ass
V
500 gm/m^3
2 meters
100 gm
20 sq meters
0.37 sq meters
2.4 m^3
Ms/Ass =
Cw =
640 gm/m2
200 gm/m2
Av 4 Av 2 X r1 3
Xr
1
1 equal panels
Round
m=
Po =
Pmax =
1 bara
Rectang 1.06066
1
0
10.1 bara
2.4000 bara
Pred due to panel inertia = 1.4000 barg =
0.886
0.5
305.5
20.30
psig
8.0 - Determine Pv
Pv = 0.010989
1<
K = 261.1166
k = 0.13827
f(Pv) = 3.314968
Pri =
6.0 - Determine vent param 10.0 - Determine exponent 15.0 - Determine Pri for
< k
= 0.75672
0.6114
Pri =
Pri =
1.4000 bar
1.4000 bar
1<
2.3671
15.0 - Determine Pri for
< k
1.8561
16.0 - Determine increase
over vent pressure after
deployment Pri
2.4000 bara
Disclaimer - This spreadsheet is the personal work of Samuel Rodgers, given freely without any implied warranty or g
This is not authorized by any employer, by NFPA, or by any other organization.
Use of this spreadsheet is solely the responsibility of the user and the user should verify that the methods a
Insert Prugh Le-Chatalier for Hybrid Mix from Loss Prevention
Question whether the shape of the curve can be estimated using the same Brandes method
Insert Hybrid Mixture estimation from Su.
uld verify that the methods and equations are consistent with the controlling NFPA standard.