1

4.4 Research Procedures

4.4.1. Get the volcanic rock sample.

4.4.2. Crush the volcanic rock sample according to the size of concrete aggregates.

4.4.3. Sieve the volcanic rock sample according the desired size and particle distribution. Use
sieve No.9

4.4.4

Mix the concrete ingredients using class A proportion.

Mixture Class: A

4.4.5 MOLDING SPECIMEN

Specimens molded on a level, rigid, horizontal surface, free from vibration and other
disturbances, and near as practicable to storage location.
Concrete placed in molds with scoop, blunted trowel, or shovel

Concrete remixed in mixing pan with shovel or trowel to prevent segregation during molding.

Scoop, trowel, or shovel moved around the perimeter of mold opening when adding concrete to
ensure even distribution of concrete. Specimens made in layers of approximately equal volumes
and rodded as follows.

Specimen Type and Size

CYLINDER
DIAMETER
4in
6in
9in
BEAMS
WIDTH
6 to 8in
>8in

Number of Layers of
Approximately Equal
Depth

Number of Roddings
per layer

2
3
4

25
25
50

2
3 or more equal depths, each
not exceeding 6 in

1 per 2in2 top surface area

1 per 2in2 top surface area

Final layer placed in an amount that will fill mold after compaction
Underfilled molds adjusted with representative concrete during consolidation of top layer

4.4.6. CONSOLIDATION RODDING

Each layer rodded with rounded end of tamping rod in accordance with table 2
Rodding distributed uniformly over cross section of mold
Bottom layer rodded throughout its depth
After each layer is rodded, mold is lightly tapped 10 to 15 times with open hand or mallet

FINISHING CYLINDERS

Excess concrete struck off from surface

Top surface finished by striking off with tamping rod where consistency of the concrete permits
or with wood float or trowel.
Finishing performed with minimum manipulation that produces a flat even surface level with
rim of mold.

Surface or concrete has no depression or projection larger than 1/8 in

4.4.7. CURING

Covering After Finishing To prevent evaporation of water from the unhardened concrete, the
specimen shall be covered immediately after finishing, preferably.
Initial Curing During the first 24 to 48 hours after molding, all the test specimens shall be
stored under the conditions representative of the concrete in the structure or pavement.
Following the period of initial cure, the specimens may be transported to the laboratory for
subsequent curing and testing. Laboratory curing shall consist of a minimum of 95% humidity
and temperature of 73.4 3o F (23 0.94o C)

4.4.8. Determination of Compressive Strength of Cylindrical

Concrete Specimen

1. Compression test on specimen shall be made as soon as practicable after removal from the
moist storage. A 28 day test shall be performed within the 20th day. Test specimen shall be kept
moist buy any convenient method during the period between removal from moist storage and
testing. They shall be tested in moist condition.
2. All test specimen for a given test age shall be broken within the permissible time tolerance
prescribed below.

Test Age
24 hours
3 days
7 days
28 days
90 days

Permissible Tolerance
0.5 hours or 2.1%
2 hours or 2.8%
6 hours or 3.6 %
20 hours 3.0%
2 days 2.2%

10

3. Rest the specimen on the lower extrusion controller, place the top extrusion controller on the
specimen, and check the spacing between the sides of the specimen and the extrusion controller
to ensure no contact between the cylinder and the steel. Slide the specimen and the extrusion
controller configuration into the center of the concentric circles of the lower bearing block.
Check the alignment of the upper bearing face after lowering it into position.

11

4. Apply the load until the specimen fails, and record the maximum load supported by the
specimen during the test .
5. Calculate the compressive strength of the specimen by dividing the maximum load carried by the
specimen during the test by the average cross-sectional area.
C = Q/ R2
s

WHERE:

Cs = Compressive Strength (psi)

Q = load at failure ( lb-force )
R = radius of specimen ( in )
For 6-inch ( 150mm ) diameter specimen = Q/28.274

4.4.9. COMPUTATION
Concrete Cylinder age 7 days
Sample No.
Q (kg)
1
20,000.00

2
3

21,000.00
21,000.00

12

Sample No.1
Cs =

Q
28.274

Cs =

20,000.00(2.2)
28.274

Cs = 1556.40 psi

Cs =

21,000.00(2.2)
28.274

Cs = 1634.24 psi

Cs =

24,000.00(2.2)
28.274

Cs = 1867.70 psi

Cs =

Q
28.274

Sample No.3

Sample No.3
Q
28.274

Cs = 1789.88 psi

Cs =

23,000.00(2.2)
28.274

Sample No.2

Sample No.2
Q
28.274

Q
28.274

21,000.00(2.2)
28.274

Q
28.274

25,000 (2.2)
28.274

Cs = 1945.52 psi

Cs = 1634.24 psi

Concrete Cylinder age 14days

Sample No.
Q (kg)
1
23,000.00
2
24,000.00
3
25,000.00

Concrete Cylinder age 28 days

Sample No.
Q (kg)
1
29,000.00
2
30,000.00
3
32,000.00
Sample No.1

Sample No.1
Q

Cs = 28.274

29,000.00( 2.2)
28.274

13

Cs = 2256.80 psi
Sample No.2
Cs =

Q
28.274

30,000.00(2.2)
28.274

Cs = 2334.62 psi
Sample No.3
Cs =

Q
28.274

32,000.00(2.2)
28.274

Cs = 2490.26 psi

4.4.10. Tabulated Data result of Compressive Strength of Cylinder Specimen

14

Sample
identification

Parts of sctructure

Date
sampled

Date
tested

Age in
Days

Compressive
strength(psi)

1
2
3

CONCRETE CYLINDER

09-19-14

09-19-14

-do-do-

-do-do-

7
7
7

1556.40
1634.24
1634.24

2130

1
2
3

CONCRETE CYLINDER

09-19-14

09-19-14

-do-do-

-do-do-

14
14
14

1789.88
1867.70
1945.52

2610

1
2
3

CONCRETE CYLINDER

09-19-14

09-19-14

-do-do-

-do-do-

28
28
28

2256.80
2334.62
2490.26

3000

-do-do-

-do-do-

-do-do-

7 days Specimen after

failure

14 days Specimen after

failure

Govt. std.
Specs
Rqd. (psi)

28 days Specimen after

failure

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE AT VARIOUS AGES IN

PERCENT OF 28-DAYS STRENGTH
DAYS

PERCENT

DESIGN STRENGTH_28 DAY psi

4000
3500
3000

25000

2000

15

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
35
40
50
60
70
80
90
100

18
38
49
57
63
68
71
74
77
79
81
83
85
87
88
88.5
90
91.5
93
94
95
96
97
97.5
98
99
99.5
100
101
102
105
108
112
116
118
120
121
122

720
1520
1960
2280
2520
2720
2840
2960
3080
3160
3240
3320
3400
3480
3520
3540
3600
3660
3720
3760
3800
3840
3880
3900
3920
3960
3980
4000
4040
4080
4200
4320
4480
4640
4720
4800
4840
4880

630
1330
1750
1995
2205
2380
2485
2590
2695
2765
2835
2905
2975
3045
3080
3100
3150
3205
3255
3290
3325
3360
3395
3415
3430
3465
3485
3500
3535
3570
3675
3780
3920
4060
4130
4200
4235
4270

540
1140
1470
1710
1890
2040
2130
2220
2310
2370
2430
2490
2550
2610
2640
2655
2700
2745
2790
2820
2850
2880
2910
2925
2940
2970
2985
3000
3030
3060
3150
3240
3360
3480
3540
3600
3630
3660

4.4.11. Determination of Flexural Strength of Concrete

450
950
1225
1425
1575
1700
1775
1850
1925
1975
2025
2075
2125
2175
2200
2215
2250
2290
2325
2350
2375
2400
2425
2440
2450
2475
2490
2500
2525
2550
2625
2700
2800
2900
2950
3000
3025
3050

360
720
980
1140
1260
1360
1420
1480
1540
1580
1620
1660
1700
1740
1760
1770
1800
1830
1860
1880
1900
1920
1940
1950
1960
1980
1990
2000
2020
2040
2100
2160
2240
2320
2360
2400
2420
2440

16

4.4.12. MOLDING SPECIMEN

a) Specimens molded on a level, rigid, horizontal surface, free from vibration and other
disturbances, and near as practicable to storage location.
b) Concrete placed in molds with scoop, blunted trowel, or shovel
c) Concrete remixed in mixing pan with shovel or trowel to prevent segregation during
molding.
d) Scoop, trowel, or shovel moved around the perimeter of mold opening when adding
concrete to ensure even distribution of concrete. Specimens made in layers of
approximately equal volumes and rodded as follows.

Specimen Type and Size

BEAMS
WIDTH
6 to 8in
>8in

Number of Layers of
Approximately Equal
Depth
2
3 or more equal depths, each
not exceeding 6 in

Number of Roddings
per layer
1 per 2in2 top surface area
1 per 2in2 top surface area

e.) Final layer placed in an amount that will fill mold after compaction
f.) Under filledmolds adjusted with representative concrete during consolidation of top layer.

4.4.13 CONSOLIDATION RODDING

a.) Each layer rodded with rounded end of tamping rod in accordance with table 2
b.) Rodding distributed uniformly over cross section of mold
c.) Bottom layer rodded throughout its depth

17

d.) After each layer is rodded, mold is lightly tapped 10 to 15 times with open hand or mallet

4.4.14. CURING
a.) Covering After Finishing To prevent evaporation of water from the unhardened
concrete, the specimen shall be covered immediately after finishing, preferably.
b.) Initial Curing During the first 24 to 48 hours after molding, all the test specimens shall
be stored under the conditions representative of the concrete in the structure or pavement.
c.) Following the period of initial cure, the specimens may be transported to the laboratory
for subsequent curing and testing. Laboratory curing shall consist of a minimum of 95%
humidity and temperature of 73.4 3o F (23 0.94o C)

4.4.15. Determination of Flexural Strength of a concrete

a.) Put the specimen in the test machine. Center the loading apparatus in relation to the
applied axial force.
b.) Bring the load applying block in contact with the upper surface of the specimen at the
third points between the lower supports.
c.) If the fracture occurs in the tension surface ( the bottom surface ) outside the middle
third of the span length by more than 5% of the span length (about 1in)
Discard the result test

18

1.
Calculate the flexural strength, neglecting the beam weight, as follows:
a. When fracture initiates in the tension surface (i.e. The bottom surface) within the middle
third,
FS =

PL
2
bd

Where:
P = maximum load at failure in pounds
L = is the span length
d = is the depth of the beam
b = is the width of the beam
Note that all dimensions are in inches

b.

If fracture initiates in the tension surface (i.e.,the bottom surface )outside the middle third of
the beam by not more than 5% of the span length.

FS =

3 Pa
b d2

Where:
a = average distance, in inches, between the line of fracture and the nearest support measured
on the

tension surface of the beam.

19

4.4.16. COMPUTATIONS:
Concrete beam age 14 days

Sample No.
1
2
3

a = 10in

P (lb)
1980.00
1340.00
1930.00

a = 9.75in

Sample No.1
FS =

3 Pa
b d2

3 ( 1980 ) (12)
2
6(6 )

= 275.00 psi
a = 12in

Sample No.2
FS =

3 Pa
b d2

= 223.75 psi

3 ( 1340 ) (10)
6(6 2)

20

FS =
Sample No.3

3 Pa
2
bd

= 261.25 psi

3 ( 1980 ) (9.75)
2
6(6 )

4.4.17.Tabulated Data result of Flexural Strength of Beam Specimen

Sample
identificatio
n
1

Parts of
structure

CONCRETE
CYLINDER

Date
sampled

09-12-14

Date
tested

Age
in
Days

Compres
sive
strength(
psi)

09-26-14

14

275.00

-do-

-do-

-do-

14

223.75

-do-

-do-

-do-

14

261.25

Govt.
std.
Specs
Rqd.
(psi)

550

Relationship between Compressive and Flexural Strength

(28 days old)

Compressive
Strength
325
525
800
1025
1325
1700
2125
2600
3100
3625
4125
4700
5300
5900
6425
7000
7525
8125
9725

Flexural Strength
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
700
750
800
850
900
950
1000