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M ax i m u m M ar k s : 100
Read t h e f ol l ow i n g i n st r u ct i on s car ef u l l y.
1. All quest ions in t his paper ar e of object ive t ype.
2. Ther e ar e a t ot al of 65 quest ions car r ying 100 mar ks.
3. Quest ions 1 t hr ough 25 ar e 1-mar k quest ions, quest ion 26 t hr ough 55 ar e 2-mar k quest ions.
4. Quest ions 48 and 51 (2 pair s) common dat a quest ions and quest ion pair s (Q. 52 and Q.53) and (Q. 54 and
Q.55) ar e linked answer quest ions. The answer t o t he second quest ion of t he above pair depends on t he
answer t o t he fir st quest ion of t he pair. I f t he fir st quest ion in t he linked pair is wr ongly answer ed or is unat t empt ed, t hen t he answer t o t he second quest ion in t he pair will not be evaluat ed.
5. Quest ions 56 - 65 belong t o gener al apt it ude (GA). Quest ions 56 - 60 will car r y 1-mar k each, and quest ions
61-65 will car r y 2-mar ks each. The GA quest ions will begin on a fr esh page.
6. Un-at t empt ed quest ions will car r y zer o mar ks.
7. Wrong answer s will carr y NEGATI VE mar ks. For Q.1 to Q.25 and Q.56 - Q.60, 1/3 mark will be deducted for
each wr ong answer. For Q. 26 t o Q. 51, and Q.61 - Q.65, 2/3 mar k will be deduct ed for each wr ong answer.
The quest ion pairs (Q. 52, Q. 53) and (Q. 54, Q. 55) ar e quest ions wit h linked answer s. Ther e will be negat ive
mar ks only for wr ong answer t o t he fir st quest ion of t he linked answer quest ion pair i.e. for Q. 52 and Q.54,
2/3 mar k will be deduct ed for each wr ong answer. Ther e is no negat ive mar king for Q. 53 and Q.55..
t (t 1)
u (t 1)
2
(c)
(t 1)2
u (t 1)
2
(d)
t2 1
u (t 1)
2
( A)dv
t he l oop
(d)
(b)
can be expressed as
t he l oop
(c)
t2
u (t )
2
t he l oop
(b)
(a)
( A) ds
40
32
Gain (dB)
(a)
A dl
20
t he l oop
(b) 18
(c) 50
(d) 90
39.8
s
(b)
(c)
32
s
(d)
39.8
s2
32
s2
10. I n the circuit shown below what is the output voltage (V out )
if a silicon transistor Q and an ideal op-amp are used?
+ 15 V
1 k
5V
_
Vout
+
_
15 V
(a) 15 V
(b) 0.7 V
(c) +0.7 V
(d) +15 V
RC
Rc
y za z is
7. The divergence of the vector field A = xa x ya
1
3
(a) 0
(b)
(c) 1
(d) 3
100
10
(rad/s)
RA
(a) k 2
(b) k
(c) l /k
(d)
RB
M VI B, 05H ;
PTR: ADD B;
DCR B;
JNZ PTR;
ADI 03H ;
HLT;
At t he end of program, accumul at or cont ai ns
(a) 17H
(b) 20H
(c) 23H
(d) 05H
(b) R/ 10 kH z
(c) R/ 5 H z
(d) R/ 5 kH z
3 5 2
5 12 7
2 7 5
(a) 0
(b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 3
(a) 100
(b) 300
(c) 500
(d) 1500
+
V1 _
Vf = Vout +
_
+
A0 _
(a) u(t)
k
+
_
(a) 5 kH z
(b) 12 kH z
(c) 15 kH z
(d) 20 kH z
17. I n a M OSFET operat i ng i n t he sat urat i on regi on, t he
channel l engt h modul at i on effect causes
(a) an i ncrease i n t he gat e-source capaci t ance
(b) a decrease i n t he t ransconduct ance
(c) a decrease i n t he uni t y-gai n cut off frequency
(d) a decrease i n t he out put resi st ance
(b) tu(t)
(c)
t
u (t )
2
(d) e 1 u(t)
V2 (s)
of t he circui t shown below
V1 (s)
100 F
Y(s)
1
s
Vout
+
10 k
V1(s)
V2 (s)
100 F
0.5 s 1
s 1
s 2
(c)
s 1
(a)
3s 6
s 2
s 1
(d)
s 2
(b)
(b) 4
(c) 5
(d) 7
t 2
25. L et g(t) = e
, and h(t) i s a fi l t er mat ched t o g(t). I f
g(t ) i s appl i ed as i n pu t t o h(t ), t hen t h e Four i er
t ransform of t he out put i s
f 2
f 2 / 2
(a) e
(b) e
(d) e
4
(a)
9
2
(c)
3
1
(b)
2
5
(d)
9
(c) 8
(d) 16
j6
_
VL1
j40I2
10VL1
I2
I1
(a) 10090
(c) 80090
RL=10
VS
(a) 2
1 1 1
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
(b) 8000
(d) 10060
Va(s)
+_
RL
VZ = 5 V
2 f 2
(c) e | f|
2
1
ILoad
10 V
Ka
(a) 1
(b) 5
(c) 10
(d) 100
10
1+10s
(s)
(a) 12.5
(b) 25
(c) 50
(d) 100
39. T h e D F T of a v ect or
C
1 F
RD
10k
V0
Vi
M
RL
10k
q r
2
(a)
(d)
(c) 50
(d) 200
40. The si gnal fl ow graph for a syst em i s gi ven bel ow. The
t ransfer funct i on
dy
5
6 y(t ) = x(t).
2
dt
dt
d2 y
s i s a scal ed versi on
(c)
(b) 32
a b c d
d a b c
s = a b c d c d a b
b c d a
(b)
(a) 8
b c d i s t h e v ect or
Y(s)
for t hi s syst em i s
U (s)
1
1 0 t 2
x(t) =
0 ot her wise
Assumi ng t hat y(0) = 0 and
U(s)
-1
dy
= 0 at t = 0, t he L apl ace
dt
e2 s
(a)
s(s 2)(s 3)
1 e2 s
(b)
s(s 2)(s 3)
(a)
e2s
(c)
(s 2)(s 3)
1 e2s
(d)
(s 2)(s 3)
(c)
s 1
(b)
5s 6 s 2
s1
(d)
s 4s 2
s 1
2
s 6s 2
1
2
5s 6 s 2
1 k
2V
+ 15 V
+ 15 V
_
+
1 k
15 V
15 V
+1V
1 k
1 k
V out
Y(s)
t ransform of y(t) i s
-1
(a) 4
(b) 6
(c) 8
(d) 10
42. I n t he ci rcui t shown bel ow, Q1 has negl i gi bl e col l ect ort o-emi t t er sat ur at i on vol t age and t he di ode dr ops
negl i gi bl e vol t age acr oss i t under for war d bi as. I f
V cc i s +5 V, X and Y ar e di gi t al si gnal s wi t h 0 V as
l ogi c 0 and V cc as l ogi c 1, t hen t he Bool ean expr essi on
for Z i s
1k
(d) 0 for al l t
R1
Z
+ 1k
44. Three capaci t ors C1, C2 and C3 whose val ues are 10F,
5F, and 2F respect i vel y, have breakdown vol t ages of
10V, 5V, and 2V respect i vel y. For t he i nt erconnect i on
shown bel ow, t he maxi mum safe vol t age i n Vol t s t hat
can be appl i ed acr oss t h e com bi n at i on , an d t h e
correspondi ng t ot al charge i n C st ored i n t he effect i ve
capaci t ance across t he t ermi nal s are respect i vel y,
R2
Q1
+V cc
Diode
(a) XY
(b) XY
(c) XY
(d) XY
(d) 7 and 80
C2
C3
45. There are four chi ps each of 1024 byt es connect ed t o a 16 bi t address bus as shown i n t he fi gure bel ow. RAM s 1, 2, 3 and
4 respect i vel y are mapped t o addresses
RAM#4
1024B
RAM#3
1024B
E
RAM#2
1024B
A0-A9
E
A10
A11
RAM#1
1024B
A13
Input
A12
A14
A15
S1 S0
11
10
01
00
IC
R2
L I N K ED AN SWER QU EST I ON S
St at em en t f or L i n k ed An sw er Qu est i on s 52 an d 53 :
A monochromat i c pl ane wave of wavel engt h = 600m i s
propagat
i ng in t he di rect i on as shown i n t he fi gure bel ow.
RE
500
(b) 30
(c) 40
(d) 50
Ei
3
4
3
(c)
2
(a)
Kr
Hr
i r
r = 1.0
r = 4.5
0
Ht
Et
19.2
(b) 1
kt
z
(d) l og23
pdf of received
1 signal for bit 0
(c) 45 and
pdf of received
signal for bit 1
0.5
-1
Er
Hi
Ki
1
2
1
(c)
8
1
4
1
(d)
16
(a)
(a) 0.23
(b)
E0
2
(c) 0.44
4
(b)
5
3
(d)
2
(c) 1
2
E0
2
E0
2
E0
( a x a z ) e
(d)
E0
2
E0
2
104 ( x z)
3 2
(a x a z )e
V /m
/m
V /m
/m
104 ( x z)
( a x a z ) e
j
3 2
10 4 ( x z)
104 z
3
V
V/m
104 z
j
3
)e
V
( a x a z ) e
j
/m
104 z
(a x a z ) e
( a x a z ) e
E0
104 ( x z)
3 2
V
( a x a z ) e
(a x a z
(b)
1
(a)
2
E0
3 2
104 ( x z)
3
V
V /m
/m
St at em en t f or L i n k ed An sw er Qu es-t i on s 54 an d 55 :
X AX B u ;
IS
+
10V
VS
y = CX + Du
5
2
1
y
_ 2A
1
S
1
S
1 0
1
1 0
1
X u
(a) X
X u (b) X
1 1
1
1 1
1
y 1 1 X u
y 1 1 X u
1 0 1
1 1
1
(c) X
X u (d) X
X u
1
1
0 1
1
y 1 1 X u
y 1 1 X u
(a)
te
e
(c) t
e
e t
0
e t
(b)
te
t
e
(d)
0
e t
(c) di g out
(b) 36
(c) 40
(d) 24
te
e t
(c)
9 9n 1
10
9 9 1
8
(b)
(d)
9 9n 1
9 9 1
8
(b) (0, 1)
(c) (1, )
(d) (0, )
65. What i s the chance t hat a l eap year, sel ect ed at random,
wi l l cont ai n 53 Sat urdays?
2
7
1
(c)
7
3
7
5
(d)
7
(a)
(b)
AN SWERS
1. (c)
2. (d)
3. (c)
4. (a)
5. (d)
6. (b)
7. (d)
8. (c)
9. (b)
10. (b)
11. (b)
21. (b)
31. (b)
41. (c)
51. (c)
61. (c)
12. (a)
22. (d)
32. (c)
42. (b)
52. (c)
62. (d)
13. (b)
23. (c)
33. (b)
43. (d)
53. (c)
63. (d)
14. (a)
24. (a)
34. (b)
44. (c)
54. (a)
64. (b)
15. (a)
25. (d)
35. (a)
45. (d)
55. (a)
65. (a)
16. (a)
26. (c)
36. (b)
46. (c)
56. (d)
17. (d)
27. (b)
37. (d)
47. (c)
57. (c)
18. (c)
28. (c)
38. (d)
48. (c)
58. (c)
19. (a)
29. (c)
39. (a)
49. (b)
59. (b)
20. (c)
30. (b)
40. (a)
50. (d)
60. (b)
EXPL AN AT I ON S
1. L et us consi der t he swi t ches A and B and bul b Y.
Swi t ches can be 2 posi t i ons up (0) or down (1)
St art i ng wi t h bot h A and B i n up posi t i on. L et t he bul b
be OFF. Now si nce B can operat e i ndependent l y when
B goes down, t he bul b goes ON
A
B
Y
up (0)
up (0)
OFF
up (0)
down (1) ON
Now keepi ng A i n down posi t i on when B goes down, t he
bul b wi l l go OFF.
A
B
Y
down (1)
up (0)
ON
down (1) down (1) OFF
fi nd t rut h t abl e corresponds t o XOR gat e.
A de = A ds
11.
RB
RC
Rc
Rb
RA
h1(t)
RB
RC
h2(t)
RA
h (t)
lim
0
sin
=1
lim sin =
0
A = xax ya y za z
A x A y A z
A = x y z = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3
8.
As h(t) =
i nput
t a(f)
response
t
9.
t2
a(t)
2
(t 1)
a(t 1)
2
32db
40db
= 39.8
T(s) =
39.8
s2
8ab
R a R b
k2R a R b
Ra Rb
=
= k
R Rb Rc
Ra Rb c
k(R a R b R c )
10
R(symbol rat e)
BT =
20 l og k = 32
k = 10 1.6
R c =
5(1 )
(1 + )
For B T t o be mi ni mum, has t o be maxi mum
u(t 1)
Ra Rb
as Ra i s scal ed by fact s k
Ra Rb Rc
BT =
(t) t a (t)
u(t)
Rc =
100
52 10
M axi mum val ue of i s 1 whi ch i s a rol l off fact or
LCM of numerator
2
14. L CM of T 1, T 2, T 3 wi l l be: =
=
HCF of denominator.
100
2
Overal l t i me peri od =
sec.
100
H armoni c frequency = 100 rad/sec.
10
1
s
h(t) = u(t)
21.
H (s) =
16.
f s > 2f m = 10 K H Z
V(S)
1
.6
100 10 S
2
17. I D = K n VGS Vt (1 VDS ) out put r esi st ance i s
2
given by
1
r0 =
...(1)
I D VDS
I D
2
= k ' n VGS Vt
...(2)
VDS
2
1
1
r0 =
I D / dVDS k n V V 2
Gs t
L
F or I d eal cases
2
I D = k ' n VGs Vt
L
ID
0
VDS
r=
18. Con si d er op t i on A: I n whi ch al l t he pol s li e on t he l eft
of j axi s whi ch sat i sfy casual st abl e LT1 syst em.
Op t i on B : For a st abl e casual syst em, t here are no
rest ri ct i on for t he posi t i on of zeroes on s pl ane.
10 4
s
V1 ( s )
V 2 (s) =
10 4 10 4
3
10 10
s
s
1
1
V2 ( s)
s s 1
=
V1 ( s)
2 s2
1
s
Zi = (4 + j 3)
10 10 3
23.
ZL =
l og = 1dB;
S=
1 1 0.1 1.1
1.22
1 1 0.1 0.9
25.
g(t) = e t
20. f (n) a4 x a3 x a2 x a1 x a0
I f compl ex root s are i n even no. (i n pai r) t hen t he real
root s wi l l al so be even.
opt i on (c) i s wrong.
a0
0
a4
As no. of root s = 4
Product s of 4 nos . < 0
ei t her 1 or 3 nos < 0.
B is
Product of root s:
Z1Z1* ,Z 2Z2* 0
2
e t e f
= H( s) G(s)
= e f 2 e f 2
= e 2f
26. Gi v en :
U & V be t wo i ndependent & i dent i cal , di st ri but ed
random vari abl e
I.I.D
U & V are
Notation to identicat
probability density function
t
h(t) = g( t) = e ( t ) = e
As we know
| A| = a1 a2 a3 = 0
= 10 1 = 0.1
42 32 = 5
V(S)
2
Op t i on C: t ext t rue.
10 10
H ere f m = 5KH Z
Y(s)
1
s
u(t) = i nput
= Z0 (1 A 0 k)
Z0 = i ni t i al out put i mpedance (wi t hout feedback)
H ence, As K i s i ncreased, t he i nput i mpedance wi l l
i ncrease and out put i mpedance wi l l decrease.
V(s)
U ~ N
(0,1/ 4 )
Variance
Mean
Sign of gaussian distribution
random variable
V N 0,1 / 9 .
To f i n d :
Sol ut i on:
Rearrange t he probl em
V O U O
P
1 / 3 1 / 2
L et denot e
X
Y
V 1
E X E 1 1 E V O
3
3
VO
1
|
V
|
1
E 1 12 E
3
E | V |
9 19
UO
1
1
2
9
1.
U2
1 2
1
2
E y E
E U 4 1.
4
1 1
4
4
Quest i on reduce t o:
P (X > Y) = P (X Y > O)
As l et , Z = X Y, i t i s just l i near combi nat i on e random
vari abl e whi ch i s gaussi on di st ri but i on wi t h mean O
& vari ance 1.
t hei r L i near combi nat i on i s al so gaussi an = P (Z > O)
N ot e: By usi ng cent ral l i mi t t heorm, not e here mean
wi l l be E Z 0 as mean remai n same & vari ance
become n t i mes of resul t ing random vari abl e, so fi gure
wi l l became
fz(z)
+ o mean
27. Gi v en :
Car r y i n g ou t pl an :
2
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
det(M)
1
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 1
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 1 1 ...(1)
1 1 1
1
1
1
1
1 1 1 1
14
1 = 1
1 44
1 41
Usi ng (2) i nt o (1), we get
L et
1
1
1
1
2
1
1 1 1
1
1
2 1 1
I 4 1 1 1 1
1
1 2 1
1 1 2
1
1
1
1
1
...(2)
...(3)
1
1
A and B 1 1 1 114
1
1 41
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
1 1 1
But we are gi ven
1
1
m4
I4 A 41B14
1
n1
2
t hat det (I m + AB) = det (I n + BA)
1
det(I 4 A 41B14 ) = det I1 1 1 1 1
= det (1 + 4)
{ I 1 = 1}
= det (5)
=5
{ det ermi nant of a
scal ar i s t he same scal ar}
28. Given:
V s = 10053.13V
3
VS ~
I1
I K : K K i dent i fy mat ri x
2
1
det
1
1
0
1
1
B : n m mat ri x
To fi nd:
1 1 1
2 1 1
1 2 1
1 1 2
A : m n mat ri x
det (I m + AB) = det (I n + BA)
11
j4
+
VL1
j40 I2
j6
+
+ 10V
L1
RL= 10
I2
say
Pl an :
1. As per anal ysi s part we wi l l break mat ri x m i nt o
sum of I m and AB
2. Then use det (I m + AB) = det (I m + BA)
VS ~
I1
j4
+
VL1
j40 I 2
j6
+
+ 10V
L1
RL= 10
I2
12
10 K a + 1 = 100
10 K a = 99
Ci rcui t became
K a = 9.9 10
+
VL1
3
+ 10V
L1
I2= 0
I1
j4
VS ~
Vs
I1
3 4 j
j6
IS
Is Iz = IL
VTH
100
Vs
VL1 j 4 3 4 j
IL
Iz
10V
V2= 5V
I f I z (max)then I L (min) = 0
10 5
= 50 mA
10
I z (mi n) = I s I L (max)
I z (max) = I s =
40 j Vs
V TH = 10 j 4 Vs =
3 4 j
3 4 j
Is = Iz + IL
RL (mi n) =
40 90
100 53 13
5 53 13
V
5
K 125
IL (max) 40
Pz = V z I z (max) = 5 50 mA = 250 mw
31. 1st case :
VTH 800 90
V wx1 = 100 V
29. Gi v en :
M2
Vwx1 1.25 100 125V
M1
So,
Vyz1 =
w( s )
10
Va ( s ) = 1 10 s
R(S)
Ka
Va (S)
10
1 + 10s
w( s )
10
C( s )
K
comparing with
T
=10
V
(
s
)
1
10
Ka
w( s ) =
1 10 s
10
R( s )
1 Ka
1 10 s
K a 10
10K a
=
1 10 s K a 10 10 s (10K a 1)
Di vi di ng numerat or and denomi nat or by 10K a + 1
10K a
10K a 1
w
(
s
)
Now
=
10
R( s )
1
s
10K a 1
So
T closed loop =
10
(By comparing from formul a)
10K a 1
w(s)
2n d case:
100
.
100
Vyz2 = 100 V
100 100
125v
Vyt 2 =
0.8
M1 1
1
Now,
Vwx2 =
Vy z 2
125 100v
M2
1.25
100
Vwx2/Vyz2 =
100
32. L et t he effect i ve Q fact or i s q1 t hen i t can be wri t t en
usi ng i nduct ance and resi st ance of equi val ent ci rcui t .
(L1 L 2 )
Leq
q=
=
R1 R2
Re q
Now we subst i t ut e t he val ue of L 1 and L 2 i n t erms of q1
and q2
q R q R
q = 1 1 2 2 = q1R 1 q2 R 2 R 1 R 2
33. As h(t) =(t 1) + (t 3)
r (t) = h(t ) u(t)
= [(t 1) + (t 3)] u(t)
34.
1
t imes of time constant of open l oop syst em
100
10
1
1
Vyz1/Vwx1 =
2
r(t) 1
= u (t 1) + u (t 3)
1
w
I D = cos (Vas VT ) 2
2
L
as V B = V as
I D
ID
w
= cos 2(Vas VT )
Vas Vas
2
L
W
= cos Vas VT
L
= 40 10 6 (2 1) 40 106
Vas
1
dVB
25K
=
I D 40 106
I D
wL = 1 1
CR e q
35.
1
w L = 1 10 6 10 k 10k
1
1 10 6 20 103
1
~ 8
fL =
2 1 10 6 103
36. Si nce n(t) can be wri t t en i n funct i on of t usi ng st ep
funct i on x(t) = 4 (t) = 4 (t L )
2f L =
= s2Y(s)
d(t)
d2 y(t)
dy
L
s
6y
dt
dt
1 e 2 s
x( s )
y(s) = 2
=
s ( s 2)( s 3)
s 5s 6
37. Gi v en :
A l i near const ant coeffi ci ent , fi rst
order di fferent i al equat i on of y(t)
forci ng funct i on x(t)
i ni t i al condi t i on : y(0)
y(t) > 0
F i n d ou t :
2y(t), by changi ng t he val ue of x(t) and y(0)
An al y si s:
L et s t he di fferent i al equat i on i s
dy
py = x(t)
dt
P(2V x) = P V
2
Use t hi s resul t i nt o above expressi on
...(3)
F(x) G(x) = Pr (U x) Pr V
2
We know t hat
Pr (U x) = F U (x)
....(4)
x
Pr V = FV
and
2
2
...(6)
...(5)
...(7)
...(8)
....(9)
...(10)
x
2
x
1
n t I.F. dt 2 y 0
I.F.
1
2 n t I.F. dt 2 y 0
I.F.
So for get 2y(t), change t he n(t) by 2x(t), and y(0) wi t h
2y(0)
38. Gi v en :
Two r andom var i abl es (R.V.) U and V; I dent i cal l y
di st r i but ed.
M ean :
E (U) = 0 and E(V) = 0
Cumul at i ve di st ri but i on funct i on (CDF):
F U (x) = F(x)
F 2V (x) = G (x)
Now,
I .F. = e
1
x t I.F. dt y 0
Then
y(t) =
I.F.
I .F. i s i ndependent of n(t) and y(0)
So for fi nd 2y(t)
2y(t ) = 2
13
2y(t ) =
x
F(x) F 0
2
So from (10) F x G x 0
...(11)
Case 2: x i s ve (x 0)
x
x
2
x
x
F(x) F F(x) F 0
2
2
{ Non-Negat i ve funct i on}
So from (10) F x G x 0
...(12)
14
M AT RI X M ET H OD : L et t wo sequences
Case 3:
x0
From (11)
F(x) G(x) 0
M ul t i pl y by x, we get
(F( x) G( x)) x 0
Case 4:
x0
From (12)
F(x) G(x) 0
M ul t i pl y by x, we get
...(13)
F x G x x 0
...(14)
F x G x x 0
for all x
F(x)
1
2
e x
a colum vector
T
x2 (n) x2 (0), x2 (1),...... x2 (N) a colum vector
x2 (N)
x2 (N 1) ....
x2 (1)
x2 (0)
x (1)
x
(0)
x
(N)
.
2
2
2
.
x2 (1)
x2 (0)
.
.
.
x2 (1)
.
.
.
.
.
M
.
.
.
.
.
...(6)
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
x2 (N 1)
x2 (N)
x2 (N 1) x2 (N 2) x2 (N 3)
x (N)
x2 (N 1) x2 (N 2) ........
x2 (0)
2
/ 2 2
...(7)
a d c b
b a d c
M
c b a d
d c b a
G(x)
b c d a b c d
Fk x
f xdx
x
G(x)
Concl u si on :
The i mport ant poi nt t o remember i n quest i on i s t hat
CDF funct i on i s a non-decreasi ng funct i on.
39. Gi v en :
a b c d
d a b c
p q r s a b c d c d a b
b c d a
...(1)
...(2)
To fi nd:
An al y si s: We know t hat
...(8)
q r
a a
b b
s = c c
d d
a a
b
b
DFT [p q r s] = DFT
c
c
d d
DFT p q
...(3)
b a
c b
d c
a d
= DFT [a b c d] DFT [a b c d] = [] []
DFT [p q r s]?
a d
a a
a d c b
b b
b a d c
a
b
c
d
=
c c
c b a d
d d
d c b a
Fx(x)
{ a non-decreasing function}
DFT [ a b c d] = []
a
b
...(4)
...(5)
s 2 2
Element wise
2 2
multiplication
...(9)
N ot e:
40.
V(S)
V(S)
44. Gi v en v al ues:
Capaci t ance Val ue
C1
10F
10V
C2
5F
5V
C3
2F
2V.
Forward pat h =
P1 = S , S = S
1 = 1
P2 = S 1
2 = 1
15
L oop =
Gi ven ci r cui t :
L 1 = 4S 1
C2
L 2 = 2S 1 S 1 = 2S 2
C3
L 3 = 2S 1
L4 = 4
T(S) =
=
41.
S2 S1
1 4 2S1 2S2 4S1
To f i n d :
S 1 S 2
S 1
2
1
2 =
5S
6S 2
S 6S 2S
1K
C1
D ev i si ng a pl an :
1k
2V
1 + 15
+ 15V
1
15V
1k
1 k
Vout
2
15V
1 k
+1V
Sol v i ng:
1 1
V out = 1v 1 2v 1
1
1 1
Gai n of
Gai n
Gai n of
non invert y
of
non invert y
amp (1)
i nvert y amp (2)
amp (1)
= [1 2 + 2] 2 v = 8v
42.
C2C3
capaci t ance = C C
2
3
& when t wo capaci t or are i n paral l el t hen t hei r addi ti on
C2C3
= C1
C2 C3
*
VCC
C = C1
C2C3
5F 2F
= 10F+
. = 11.4285F
C2 C3
5F 2F
CV =
Now when 7V
(b) 7V 11.4285 F = 80c 119C { B i s
z x. y
43. D 0 for al l +
1cm
Y
1000 sin t
1K
(V3)
C3
and across
Z
1K
(V2)
C2
as t hey are i n
7V
16
But i n capaci t or
Q2 = Q3
C1
C2V 2 = C3 V 3
C2V 2 = C3 V 3
[V 2 + V 3 = 7V]
C2
C2V 2 = C3 (7 V 2)
VAB
and
V2 =
7C3
C2 C3
V2 =
72
2V
25
V C1
45.
s1 s0
A 15 A 14 A 1 3 A 1 2 A 11 A 1 0 A 9 A 8 A 7 A 6 A 5 A 4 A 3 A 2 A 1 A 0
V3 5V
When
So, dont appl y resist ance volt age met hod i n t o capaci tor
one, i f you do t hat then you wil l obt ai n D as answer, but
whi ch is wrong.
2V
V3 = 7 V2 = 7 2
C3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
RAM 1
RAM 2
RAM 3
RAM 4
0
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0800H 0BFF
1800H 1BFF
2800H 23FF
3800H 3BFF
H
H
H
H
C3 2.8
V2 = C C
2
3
V2 8V [possi bl e as breakdown vol t age across
C2 i s 5V)]
R1
V R1
VAB
R1 R 2
1
2
1
1
(u 1) (u 1)
2
2
1
1
si mi l arl y pv(v) = ( 1) ( 1)
2
2
Z = (U + V)
so
pu(u) =
1
1
1
( z 2) ( z ) ( z 2)
4
2
4
So ent ropy H (z) = H (U + V)
R1
C2
V 3 = C C 2.8
2
3
1
2
[possi bl e as breakdown
RAM
RAM
RAM
RAM
1
2
3
4
L et s pl an t o sol ve probl em
47. U X V are t wo i ndependent and i dent i cal l y di st ri but i on
random vari abl e
C1
C1
VAB
C1 C 2
= P1l og + P2l og
1
1
+ P3 4
P
P2
3
1
1
1
log 2 4 log 2 log 2 4
4
2
4
1 1 1 3
=
2 2 2 2
=
VCC = 3V
60 k R
IC = 1mA
VB
R
2
R = 500
E
As I C = I E
si nce B
IB = 0
VB = V BE + RE I E = V BE + RE I C
V B = .7 + 1 10 3 500 = 1.2
R2
R2
V B = 1.2V =
=
3V
R 1 + R 2 60k + R 2
1.2 (60 + R2) = 3R 2
1.2 60
40 k
R2 =
1.8
48.
17
Ei
Er
Hr
Hi
Kr
Ki
r1= 1.0
x
19.2
t
r2= 4.5
Kt
0.5
Et
4
0
= 600 m
y=x+1
.5
x
2
x
y=
4
Sol vi ng (i ) and (i i )
x
5x
x
x 1
1 1
4
4
4
1
y
y=
4 1
n 4
2
104 rad/mt
Topi c:
Pl ane wave propagat i on (El ect ro magnet i cs)
...(i i )
F or m u l a:
Snel l s l aw,
x=
Sol ut i on:
4
5
K0 =
...(i )
y=
49.
Ht
4
5
Er1 sin i =
Er2 sin t
1.0 sin i =
4.5 sin19.2
1
x
4
K x = K O si n i
Bi t error rat e =
1
1
1
1 =
8
2
4
Ki
50 51
K z = K O cos i
Vx
5
VS
1s
10V
10 10
= 0
2
1
I S = 5 10 + 2 = 13
Current t hrough 1 =
K w = K O cos Qi
KO
2
KO
2
2A
Appl yi ng K CK at mode (V x)
2 IS
K x = K O si n i ;
2
2
j
cos i x
sin i z
j x z
10
= 10 A
1
V s 5 2 10V = 0
V s = 20V
104
x z
e x z = e
= e 3 2
...(1)
The component s consi t ut i ng t he ampl i t ude part of Ei
are
Ei
i
18
Ei o = Ex ax Ez az = E 0 cosi ax E0 sin i az
E
= 0 a x a z v/m
2
...(2)
53. Gi v en :
104
x z
3 2
j
j x z
e x z = e
sin r z
= e
10 4
x z
3 2
...(1)
Er
v/mt
Exo
Er
Ei
cos r x
= E 0 sin r ax E0 cos r az T
r
Er= 1.0
Kr
Ki
=
x
Kt
t
Et
Er = 4.5
= 600 m
2
104 rad/m
Topi c:
Pl ane wave propagat i on (El ect romagnet i cs)
F or m u l a:
For an obl i que i nci dence t he refl ect i on coeffi ci ent i s
cos t 1 cos i
2
1
2 cos t 1 cos i
T
2 cos t 1 cos i
2
cos t 1 cos i
2
1
H ere
1 = 2 = 0 = 4 10 H /mt
7
1 = 0; 2 = 4.5 0
Fi rst we fi nd t he angl e of i nci dnece i from snel l s l aw
as fol l ows
r1 sin i =
r2 sin t
1
cos19.2
4.5
1
cos19.2
4.5
1
cos 45
1
0.23
1
cos 45
1
r
+x
k 0 si n r
i r 90
j
E0
a x a z e
2
10 4
3 2
x z
V/m
55. Gi v en :
Usi ng dat a of previ ous quest i on
St at e t ranst i t i on mat ri x:
1 0
A=
1 1
F i n d ou t :
eAt , whi ch i s gi ven as
L 1[[SI A] 1]
Sol ut i on
1 0 1 0
SI A = S
0 1 1 1
0
S 1
=
1 S 1
[SI A] 1 =
Sol ut i on:
...(2)
Er = 0.23
= 19.i
K0 =
0.23E0
a x a z v/m
2
S 1
S 1 1
1
1
= S1
1
S 1 2
0
S 1
1
S 1
1
S1
L 1[SI A] 1 = L 1 1
S 1 2
1
S 1
1 1
0
L S 1
1
1
L1
L1 1
2
S 1
S
e t
= t
te
e t