A PROJECT REPORT ON

EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES

INTRODUCATION

WHAT IS AN EARTHQUAKE ?
An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy
in the Earths crust that creates seismic waves. A sudden rapid
hacking of the earth caused by breaking and shifting of rocks
beneath the earths surface.

RICHTER SCALE The answer to the question what is the Richter scale is, it's
an instrument, which can measure the power and energy
released during an earthquake. Initially it was called the Richter
magnitude test scale and the scale range was from 0 to 10.

FORMULA -

To measure the intensity of an earthquake a Richter scale

formula is used which is mentioned below. It records the
movement of the earth's surface at the epicentre of an
earthquake. The number so recorded is used for calculating the
energy released. The formula is:
ML = log10A - log10A0() ML = log10A - log10A0() Where,
A = Greatest Deviation on Wood-Anderson seismograph.
A0 = Distance of the Epicenter = Location of the
Earthquake

TYPES OF EARTHQUAKE

There are two types of earthquake

o Inter plate earthquake
o Intra plate earthquake

INTERPLATE EARTHQUAKE
An interplate earthquake is an earthquake that occurs
at the boundary between two tectonic plates. Earthquakes of
this type account for more than 90 percent of the total seismic
energy released around the world.

Plate Tectonics Major Plates of

Earth

INTRAPLATE EARTHQUAKE

An intraplate earthquake is an earthquake that occurs

in the interior of a tectonic plate, whereas an interplate
earthquake is one that occurs at a plate boundary. Intraplate
earthquakes are relatively rare.
Notable examples of damaging intraplate earthquakes are
the devastating Gujarat earthquake in 2001, the 2012 Indian
Ocean earthquakes, the 1811-1812 earthquakes in New Madrid,
etc.

NECESSITY
Safety :1) With the earthquake resisting structure we can save
human lives.
2) This type of structure will not be affected by the ill effects
of earthquake on a structure.
Economy :1) We can achieve economy with this type of structure.

Causes Of Earthquake
1) Earthquakes are vibrations, or oscillations, of the ground
surface caused by transient disturbance of the elastic or
gravitational equilibrium of the rocks at or beneath the
surface of the earth
2) Earthquake occurs

when

two

tectonic

plates

move

suddenly against each other. The rocks usually break

underground at the hypocenter and the earth shakes,
waves spread from the epicenter ,the point on the surface
above the hypocenter if an quake occurs under the see it
can cause isunami.

Effect Of Earthquake
1) Seismic waves, can damage and sometimes, completely
destroy buildings .
2) In regions consisting of hills and steep slopes, earthquake
vibration may cause landslides and mudslides, and cliffs to
collapse, which can damage buildings and lead to loss of
life.

3) Soil vibration can either shake a building off its foundation,

modify its support, or cause its foundations to disintigrate.
4) Strong surface seismic waves make the ground heave
lurch, and damage the structure.

Prominent EQ in India

INTRODUCTION
Earthquake-resistant structures are structures Designed to
withstand earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely
immune to damage from earthquakes, the goal of earthquakeresistant construction is to erect structures that fare better
during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts.
According

to

building

codes,

earthquake-resistant

structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of

a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.

To combat earthquake destruction, the only method

available to ancient architects was to build their landmark
structures to last, often by making them excessively stiff and
strong, like the el castillo pyramid at chichen itza.

Currently,

there

are

several

design

Philosophies

in

earthquake engineering these range from appropriately sizing

the structure to be strong and ductile enough to survive the
shaking with an acceptable damage, to equipping it with base
isolation or using structural vibration control technologies
minimize any forces and deformations.

to

ADVANCED EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT DESIGN

TECHNIQUES
1) Base isolation

BASE ISOLATION
It is easiest to see this principle at work by referring
directly to the most widely used of these advanced techniques,
which is known as base isolation. A base isolated structure is
supported by a series of bearing pads which are placed
between the building and the building's foundation.
A variety of different types of base isolation bearing pads
have now been developed. For our example, we'll discuss lead
rubber bearings. These are among the frequently used types
of base isolation bearings.

A leadrubber bearing is made from layers of rubber

sandwiched together with layers of steel. In the middle of the
bearing is a solid lead "plug." On top and bottom, the bearing is
fitted with steel plates.

EARTHQUAKE GENERATED FORCES

It is important to know that the inertial forces which the

building

undergoes

are

proportional

to

the

building's

acceleration during ground motion. It is also important to

realize that buildings don't actually shift in only one direction.

Because of the complex nature of earthquake ground

motion, the building actually tends to vibrate back and forth in
varying directions. So, Figure 3 is really a kind of "snapshot" of
the building at only one particular point of its earthquake
response.

BASIC ASSUMPTIONSThe following assumptions are made in the analysis of

earthquake resistant design of structures:1) An earthquake causes impulsive ground motions, which
are complex and irregular in character, with each change
in period and amplitude lasting for a small duration.
2) An earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with
winds or powerful floods and sea waves.
3) The value of elastic modulus of materials, wherever
required, may be taken as the one used for static analysis,
unless more definite value is available for use in such a
condition.

PRINCIPLES OF EARTHQUAKE-RESISTANT DESIGN OF RCC

MEMBERS:The collapse of RCC buildings are generally preventable if
the following principles of earthquake resistant design are
observed1) Failure should be ductile rather than brittle- ductility with
large energy dissipation capacity must be ensured.
2) Flexure failure should precede shear failure.
3) Beams should fail before columns.
4) Connections should be stronger than the members which
fit into them.

EARTHQUAKE
RESISTANT DESIGN
PHILOSOPHY

EQ RESISTANT DESIGN PHILOSOPHY

o Basic Approach
To prolong damage of structure
Follow IS:13920 recommendations
o Only saving of life is considered, not the loss of property
o High strength may result in high acceleration levels, so
increasing strength alone wont always work.
o DESIGN PHILOSOPHY MINOR SHAKING

o No structural damage
o Reparable non structural damage
o No need to vacant building in post EQ repair stage

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o DESIGN PHILOSOPHY STRONG SHAKING
o
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Major structural damage

Non reparable non structural damage
Need to demolish building in post EQ stage
No complete collapse during EQ

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o DESIGN PHILOSOPHY STRONG SHAKING
o
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Major structural damage

Non reparable non structural damage
Need to demolish building in post EQ stage
No complete collapse during EQ

o
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o
o
o DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: USE OF DUCTILE MATERIAL
o

Ductility It is a ability of material to take the load beyond

elastic limit without failure
o Under reinforced sections are ductile

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o DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: STRONG-COLUMN
o WEAK-BEAM
o Weak beam leads to local failure whereas weak column
leads to global failure

o Weak beam act as ductile link

o
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o
o
o
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o DESIGN PHILOSOPHY: DESIGN REQUIREMENT
o Good Structural Configuration: ensure a direct and
smooth flow of inertia forces to the ground.
o Lateral Strength: damage induced in it does not result
in collapse.
o Adequate Stiffness: do not damage its contents under
low-to-moderate shaking.

o Good Ductility: improved by favorable design and

detailing strategies

o EFFECT OF EQ ON RCC STRUCTURE:

o TRANSFER OF FORCES
o EQ forces transfer from top to bottom through slab, beam,
column, foundation to ground
o Lateral force goes on increasing from top to bottom

o
o
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o FAILURE OF BEAM
o Flexural Failure: Longitudinal steel resist failure.
o Shear Failure: Stirrups resist failure. Closed stirrups are
to be provided to avoid such failure

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o DUCTILE DETAILING OF BEAM
o As the reversal of B.M. takes place in EQ at least
o a)

Two continuous bars on both faces

o b)

Half Ast at bottom face at support

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o DETAILING OF BEAM STIRRUPS
o

Min. Diameter of Stirrups:

6mmup to 5m span

8mmgreater than 5m span

o
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Hook
135o >= 10 times dia. of stirrups

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L.E,S,P, SANGLI

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o
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o DETAILING OF BEAM STIRRUPS
o

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o DETAILING OF LAPPING OF LONGITUDINAL BARS
L.E,S,P, SANGLI

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L.E,S,P, SANGLI

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o
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o COLUMN DESIGN STRATEGY
o Columns to sustain axial-flexural failure and shear failure.
Shear damage is brittle and must be avoided by providing
transverse ties at close spacing
o Columns to be at least 300 mm wide
o Column width of up to 200mm is allowed if unsupported
length < 4m and beam length < 5m.

o DETAILING OF COLUMN TIES

o Ties carry horizontal shear force, thereby resist shear
failure
o 135o hooks prevent opening of loops, consequently
buckling of concrete and vertical bars
o Closed ties at top and bottom of column provides confined
concrete

o
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o
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o DETAILING OF COLUMN TIES
o Extra links with 180o hooks for more than four vertical
bars
o Prevent buckling of vertical bar and bulging of 135o ties
o

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o DETAILING OF COLUMN LAPPING
o
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Lapping at mid span, where B.M. is zero

Lap length - 50 times bar diameter
Only half bars to be lapped at a time at any storey
Ties spacing at lap not more than 150 mm

o
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o BEAM-COLUMN JOINT: IMPORTANCE
o Joints have limited force carrying capacity, since
constituent materials have limited strength
o During EQ joints damage severely, leads to global failure
o Repairing damaged joints is difficult, hence avoid damage

o
o BEAM-COLUMN JOINT : EQ BEHAVIOR
o Under EQ shaking the beams adjoining a joint are
subjected to same sense of moment

o
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o DUCTILE DETAILING OF BEAM- COLUMN JOINT

o Two methods to avoid failure, wide column a closely

spaced closed- loop ties in joint region
o Ties hold concrete, also resist shear failure

o
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o DUCTILE DETAILING OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINT
o Narrow columns to be avoided, since it is difficult to hold
overhanging beam bars

o
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o DUCTILE DETAILING OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINT

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o DESIGN OF
EARTHQUAKE
RESISTING SIX
STOREY BUILDING
FOR EXAMPLE
o