Jos Rizal

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This name uses Spanish naming customs: the first or paternal family name is Rizal Mercado and the
second or maternal family name is Alonso Realonda.
For other uses, see Jos Rizal (disambiguation).

Jos Rizal

Born

Jos Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda

June 19, 1861[1]
Calamba City, Laguna[1]

Died

December 30, 1896(aged 35)[2]

Bagumbayan, Manila[2]

Cause of death

Execution by firing squad

Monuments

Luneta Park, Manila

Calamba, Laguna
Daet, Camarines Norte

Other names

Pepe[3][4]

Alma mater

Ateneo Municipal de Manila,University of Santo

Tomas,Universidad Central de Madrid

Organization

La Solidaridad, La Liga Filipina

Religion

Roman Catholic / Rizalan

Spouse(s)

Josephine Bracken (1896)

[5]

Children

Francsco Rizal y Bracken (who died after birth)

Parents

Francisco Rizal Mercado (father)

Teodora Alonso (mother)

Signature

Jos Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda (June 19, 1861 December 30, 1896) was
a Filipino nationalist, novelist, poet, ophthalmologist, journalist, andrevolutionary. He is widely
considered one of the greatest heroes of the Philippines.[6] He was the author of Noli Me Tngere,
[7]
El Filibusterismo,[8] and a number of poems and essays. He was executed on December 30, 1896,
by a squad of Filipino soldiers of theSpanish Army.[9][10]

Francisco Rizal Mercado (18181897)

Rizal's house in Calamba, Laguna.

Contents
[hide]

1 Early life
2 Education

3 Personal life, relationships and ventures

o

3.1 Association with Leonor Rivera

3.2 Relationship with Josephine Bracken

4 In Brussels and Spain (1890-1892)

5 Return to Philippines (1892-1896)

o

5.1 Exile in Dapitan

5.2 Arrest and trial

6 Execution

7 Works and writings

o

7.1 Novels and essays

7.2 Poetry

7.3 Plays

7.4 Other works

8 Reactions after death

o

8.1 Retraction controversy

8.2 "Mi ltimo adis"

8.3 Later life of Bracken

8.4 Polavieja and Blanco

9 Criticism and controversies

9.1 National hero status

9.1.1 Made national hero by colonial Americans

9.1.2 Made national hero by General Aguinaldo

9.2 References to the Catholic Church

9.3 Critiques of books

9.4 Role in the Philippine revolution

10 Legacy
o

10.1 Species named after Rizal

11 Historical commemoration

12 Rizal in popular culture

o

12.1 Adaptation of his works

12.2 Biographical films

12.3 Others

13 See also

14 Notes and references

15 Sources

16 Further reading

17 External links

Early life[edit]
Jose Rizal was born to the wealthy Mercado-Rizal family in Calamba, Laguna, of the Philippines.
The Mercado-Rizals were considered one of the most prestigious Filipino families during their time.
Jose Rizal came from the 13-member family consisting of his parents, Francisco Mercado II and
Teodora Alonso Realonda, and nine sisters and one brother. His parents were leaseholders of
a hacienda and an accompanying rice farm by the Dominicans.[11][12]
From an early age, Jose Rizal Mercado showed a precocious intellect. He learned the alphabet from
his mother at 3, and could read and write at age 5. [12] Upon enrolling at the Ateneo Municipal de
Manila, Jos dropped the last three names that make up his full name, on the advice of his
brother,Paciano Rizal, and the Mercado-Rizal family, thus rendering his name as "Jos Protasio
Rizal". Of this, Rizal writes: "My family never paid much attention [to our second surname Rizal], but
now I had to use it, thus giving me the appearance of an illegitimate child!" [13] This was to enable him
to travel freely and disassociate him from his brother, who had gained notoriety with his earlier links
to Gomburza. From early childhood, Jos and Paciano were already advancing unheard-of political
ideas of freedom and individual rights which infuriated the authorities. [note 1][note 2] Despite the name

change, Jos, as "Rizal" soon distinguished himself in poetry writing contests, impressing his
professors with his facility with Castilian and other foreign languages, and later, in writing essays that
were critical of the Spanish historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippine societies. Indeed, by
1891, the year he finished his El filibusterismo, this second surname had become so well known
that, as he writes to another friend, "All my family now carry the name Rizal instead of Mercado
because the name Rizal means persecution! Good! I too want to join them and be worthy of this
family name...".[13]

Education[edit]

Rizal, 11 years old, a student at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila

Rizal first studied under Justiniano Aquino Cruz in Bian, Laguna, before he was sent toManila. As
to his father's request, he took the entrance examination in Colegio de San Juan de Letran and
studied there for almost three months. He then enrolled at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila and
graduated as one of the nine students in his class declared sobresaliente or outstanding. He
continued his education at the Ateneo Municipal de Manila to obtain a land surveyor and assessor's
degree, and at the same time at the University of Santo Tomaswhere he did take up a preparatory
course in law.[15] Upon learning that his mother was going blind, he decided to switch to medicine at
the medical school of Santo Tomas specializing later in ophthalmology.

Rizal as a student at theUniversity of Santo Tomas

Without his parents' knowledge and consent, but secretly supported by his brother Paciano, he
traveled alone to Madrid, Spain in May 1882 and studied medicine at the Universidad Central de
Madrid where he earned the degree, Licentiate in Medicine. He also attended medical lectures at
the University of Paris and the University of Heidelberg. In Berlin, he was inducted as a member of
the Berlin Ethnological Society and the Berlin Anthropological Society under the patronage of the
famouspathologist Rudolf Virchow. Following custom, he delivered an address in German in April
1887 before the Anthropological Society on the orthography and structure of the Tagalog language.
He left Heidelberg a poem, "A las flores del Heidelberg", which was both an evocation and a prayer
for the welfare of his native land and the unification of common values between East and West.
At Heidelberg, the 25-year-old Rizal, completed in 1887 his eye specialization under the renowned
professor, Otto Becker. There he used the newly-invented ophthalmoscope (invented by Hermann
von Helmholtz) to later operate on his own mother's eye. From Heidelberg, Rizal wrote his parents:
"I spend half of the day in the study of German and the other half, in the diseases of the eye. Twice a
week, I go to the bierbrauerie, or beerhall, to speak German with my student friends." He lived in a
Karlstrae boarding house then moved to Ludwigsplatz. There, he met Reverend Karl Ullmer and
stayed with them in Wilhelmsfeld, where he wrote the last few chapters of Noli Me Tngere.
Rizal was a polymath, skilled in both science and the arts. He painted, sketched, and made
sculptures and woodcarving. He was a prolific poet, essayist, and novelist whose most famous
works were his two novels, Noli Me Tngere and its sequel, El filibusterismo.[note 3][7] These social
commentaries during the Spanish colonization of the country formed the nucleus of literature that
inspired peaceful reformists and armed revolutionaries alike. Rizal was also a polyglot, conversant in
twenty-two languages.[note 4][note 5][16][17]
Rizal's multifacetedness was described by his German friend, Dr. Adolf Meyer, as "stupendous."[note
6]
Documented studies show him to be a polymath with the ability to master various skills and
subjects.[16][18][18][19] He was an ophthalmologist, sculptor, painter, educator, farmer, historian, playwright
and journalist. Besides poetry and creative writing, he dabbled, with varying degrees of expertise, in
architecture, cartography, economics, ethnology, anthropology, sociology, dramatics, martial
arts, fencing and pistol shooting. He was also a Freemason, joining Acacia Lodge No. 9 during his
time in Spain and becoming a Master Mason in 1884.

Personal life, relationships and ventures[edit]

Rednaxela Terrace, where Rizal lived during his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong (photo taken in 2011).

Jos Rizal's life is one of the most documented of 19th century Filipinos due to the vast and
extensive records written by and about him.[20] Almost everything in his short life is recorded
somewhere, being himself a regular diarist and prolific letter writer, much of the material having
survived. His biographers, however, have faced difficulty in translating his writings because of Rizal's
habit of switching from one language to another.
They drew largely from his travel diaries with their insights of a young Asian encountering the West
for the first time. They included his later trips, home and back again to Europe through Japan and
the United States,[21] and, finally, through his self-imposed exile in Hong Kong.
Shortly after he graduated from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila University),
Rizal (who was then 16 years old) and a friend, Mariano Katigbak, came to visit Rizal's maternal
grandmother in Tondo, Manila. Mariano brought along his sister, Segunda Katigbak, a 14-year old
Batanguea from Lipa, Batangas. It was the first time they met and Rizal described Segunda as
"rather short, with eyes that were eloquent and ardent at times and languid at others, rosycheeked,
with an enchanting and provocative smile that revealed very beautiful teeth, and the air of a sylph;
her entire self diffused a mysterious charm." His grandmother's guests were mostly college students
and they knew that Rizal had skills in painting. They suggested that Rizal should make a portrait of
Segunda. He complied reluctantly and made a pencil sketch of her. Unfortunately for him, Katigbak
was engaged to Manuel Luz.[22]

Business Card shows Dr. Jos Rizal is an Ophthalmologist in Hong Kong

From December 1891 to June 1892, Rizal lived with his family in Number 2 of Rednaxela Terrace,
Mid-levels, Hong Kong Island. Rizal used 5 D'Aguilar Street, Central district, Hong Kong Island, as
his ophthalmologist clinic from 2 pm to 6 pm. This period of his life included his recorded affections

of which nine were identified. They were Gertrude Beckett of Chalcot Crescent (London), wealthy
and high-minded Nelly Boustead of the English and Iberianmerchant family, last descendant of a
noble Japanese family Seiko Usui (affectionately called O-Sei-san), his earlier friendship with
Segunda Katigbak, Leonor Valenzuela, and eight-year romantic relationship with a distant
cousin, Leonor Rivera (popularly thought to be the inspiration for the character of Mara Clara in Noli
me tangere).

Association with Leonor Rivera[edit]

See also: Leonor Rivera

A crayon portrait of Leonor Rivera by Jos Rizal

Leonor Rivera is thought to be the inspiration for the character of Maria Clara in Noli Me
Tngere and El Filibusterismo.[23] Rivera and Rizal first met in Manila when Rivera was only 14 years
old. When Rizal left for Europe on May 3, 1882, Rivera was 16 years of age. Their correspondence
began when Rizal left a poem for Rivera saying farewell. [24]
The correspondence between Rivera and Rizal kept Rizal focused on his studies in Europe. They
employed codes in their letters because Rivera's mother did not favor Rizal. A letter from Mariano
Katigbak dated June 27, 1884, referred to Rivera as Rizal's "betrothed". Katigbak described Rivera
as having been greatly affected by Rizal's departure, frequently sick because of insomnia.
When Rizal returned to the Philippines on August 5, 1887, Rivera and her family had moved back
to Dagupan, Pangasinan. Rizal was forbidden by his father Francisco Mercado to see Rivera in
order to avoid putting the Rivera family in danger because at the time Rizal was already labeled by
the Spaniards as a filibustero or subversive[24] because of his novel Noli Me Tngere. Rizal wanted to
marry Rivera while he was still in the Philippines because of Rivera's uncomplaining fidelity. Rizal
asked permission from his father one more time before his second departure from the Philippines.
The meeting never happened. In 1888, Rizal stopped receiving letters from Rivera for a year,
although Rizal kept sending letters to Rivera. The reason for Rivera's year of silence was the
connivance between Rivera's mother and the Englishman named Henry Kipping, a railway
engineer who fell in love with Rivera and was favored by Rivera's mother.[24][25] The news of Leonor
Rivera's marriage to Kipping devastated Rizal.
His European friends kept almost everything he gave them, including doodlings on pieces of paper.
In the home of a Spanish liberal, Pedro Ortiga y Prez, he left an impression that was to be
remembered by his daughter, Consuelo. In her diary, she wrote of a day Rizal spent there and

regaled them with his wit, social graces, and sleight-of-hand tricks. In London, during his research
on Morga's writings, he became a regular guest in the home of Dr. Reinhold Rost of the British
Museum who referred to him as "a gem of a man."[20][note 7] The family of Karl Ullmer, pastor
of Wilhelmsfeld, and the Blumentritts saved even buttonholes and napkins with sketches and notes.
They were ultimately bequeathed to the Rizal family to form a treasure trove of memorabilia.

Josephine Bracken was Rizal's common-law wife whom he reportedly married shortly before his execution

Relationship with Josephine Bracken[edit]

Further information: Josephine Bracken
In February 1895, Rizal, 33, met Josephine Bracken, an Irish woman from Hong Kong, when she
accompanied her blind adoptive father, George Taufer, to have his eyes checked by Rizal. [26] After
frequent visits, Rizal and Bracken fell in love with each other. They applied to marry but, because of
Rizal's reputation from his writings and political stance, the local priest Father Obach would only hold
the ceremony if Rizal could get permission from the Bishop of Cebu. He was unable to obtain an
ecclesiastical marriage because he would not return to Catholicism. [5]
After accompanying her father to Manila on her return to Hong Kong, and before heading back
toDapitan to live with Rizal, Josephine introduced herself to members of Rizal's family in Manila. His
mother suggested a civil marriage, which she believed to be a lesser sacrament but less sinful to
Rizal's conscience than making any sort of political retraction in order to gain permission from the
Bishop.[27] Rizal and Josephine lived as man and wife in a common-law marriage in Talisay in
Dapitan. Reportedly, the couple had a son, Francsco Rizal y Bracken, who lived only for a few
hours.[28]

In Brussels and Spain (1890-1892)[edit]

In 1890, Rizal, 29, left Paris for Brussels as he was preparing for the publication of his annotations
of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (1609). He lived in the boarding house of the
two Jacoby sisters, Catherina and Suzanna, who had a niece Suzanna ("Thil"), age 16.
Historian Gregorio F. Zaide states that Rizal had "his romance with Suzanne Jacoby, 45, the petite
niece of his landladies." Belgian Pros Slachmuylders, however, believed that Rizal had a romance
with the 17-year-old niece, Suzanna Thil, as his other liaisons were all with young women. [29] He
found records clarifying their names and ages.
Rizal's Brussels stay was short-lived; he moved to Madrid, giving the young Suzanna a box of
chocolates. She wrote to him in French: "After your departure, I did not take the chocolate. The box
is still intact as on the day of your parting. Dont delay too long writing us because I wear out the

soles of my shoes for running to the mailbox to see if there is a letter from you. There will never be
any home in which you are so loved as in that in Brussels, so, you little bad boy, hurry up and come
back"[29] In 2007, Slachmuylders' group arranged for an historical marker honoring Rizal to be
placed at the house.[29]
The content of Rizal's writings changed considerably in his two most famous novels, Noli Me
Tngere, published in Berlin in 1887, andEl Filibusterismo, published in Ghent in 1891. For the latter,
he used funds borrowed from his friends. These writings angered both the Spanish colonial elite and
many educated Filipinos due to their symbolism. They are critical of Spanish friars and the power of
the Church. Rizal's friend Ferdinand Blumentritt, an Austria-Hungary-born professor and historian,
wrote that the novel's characters were drawn from real life and that every episode can be repeated
on any day in the Philippines. [30]
Blumentritt was the grandson of the Imperial Treasurer at Vienna in the former Austro-Hungarian
Empire and a staunch defender of the Catholic faith. This did not dissuade him from writing the
preface of El filibusterismo after he had translated Noli Me Tngere into German. As Blumentritt had
warned, these books resulted in Rizal's being prosecuted as the inciter of revolution. He was
eventually tried by the military, convicted and executed. Teaching the natives where they stood
brought about an adverse reaction, as thePhilippine Revolution of 1896 took off virulently thereafter.

Leaders of the reform movement in Spain: Left to right: Rizal, del Pilar, and Ponce (c. 1890).

As leader of the reform movement of Filipino students in Spain, Rizal contributed essays,allegories,
poems, and editorials to the Spanish newspaper La Solidaridad in Barcelona (in this case Rizal used
a pen name, Dimasalang). The core of his writings centers on liberal and progressive ideas of
individual rights and freedom; specifically, rights for the Filipino people. He shared the same
sentiments with members of the movement: that the Philippines is battling, in Rizal's own words, "a
double-faced Goliath"corrupt friars and bad government. His commentaries reiterate the following
agenda:[note 8]

That the Philippines be made a province of Spain (Philippines was a sub-colony of New
Spain - now Mexico, administered from Mexico city)
Representation in the Cortes
Filipino priests instead of Spanish friars--Augustinians, Dominicans, and Franciscansin
parishes and remote sitios

Freedom of assembly and speech

Equal rights before the law (for both Filipino and Spanish plaintiffs)

The colonial authorities in the Philippines did not favor these reforms. Such Spanish intellectuals as
Morayta, Unamuno, Pi y Margall, and others did endorse them.
Wenceslao Retana, a political commentator in Spain, had slighted Rizal by writing an insulting article
in La Epoca, a newspaper in Madrid. He implied that the family and friends of Rizal were evicted
from their lands in Calamba for not having paid their due rents. The incident (when Rizal was ten)
stemmed from an accusation that Rizal's mother, Teodora, tried to poison the wife of a cousin, but
she said she was trying to help. With the approval of the Church prelates, and without a hearing, she
was ordered to prison in Santa Cruz in 1871. She was made to walk the ten miles (16 km) from
Calamba. She was released after two-and-a-half years of appeals to the highest court. [19] In 1887,
Rizal wrote a petition on behalf of the tenants of Calamba, and later that year led them to speak out
against the friars' attempts to raise rent. They initiated a litigation which resulted in the Dominicans'
evicting them from their homes, including the Rizal family. General Valeriano Weyler had the
buildings on the farm torn down.
Upon reading the article, Rizal sent a representative to challenge Retana to a duel. Retana
published a public apology and later became one of Rizal's biggest admirers, writing Rizal's most
important biography, Vida y Escritos del Jos Rizal.[31][note 9]

Return to Philippines (1892-1896)[edit]

Exile in Dapitan[edit]
Upon his return to Manila in 1892, he formed a civic movement called La Liga Filipina. The league
advocated these moderate social reforms through legal means, but was disbanded by the governor.
At that time, he had already been declared an enemy of the state by the Spanish authorities
because of the publication of his novel.

Bust of Padre Guerrico in clay, by Rizal.

Rizal's pencil sketch of Blumentritt.

Rizal was implicated in the activities of the nascent rebellion and in July 1892, was deported
to Dapitan in the province of Zamboanga, a peninsula of Mindanao.[32] There he built a school, a
hospital and a water supply system, and taught and engaged in farming and horticulture. [citation
needed]
Abaca, then the vital raw material for cordage and which Rizal and his students planted in the
thousands, was a memorial.[citation needed]
The boys' school, which taught in Spanish, and included English as a foreign language (considered
a prescient if unusual option then) was conceived by Rizal and antedated Gordonstoun with its aims
of inculcating resourcefulness and self-sufficiency in young men. [citation needed] They would later enjoy
successful lives as farmers and honest government officials. [citation needed] One, a Muslim, became a datu,
and another, Jos Aseniero, who was with Rizal throughout the life of the school, became Governor
of Zamboanga.[citation needed]
In Dapitan, the Jesuits mounted a great effort to secure his return to the fold led by Fray Snchez,
his former professor, who failed in his mission. The task was resumed by Fray Pastells, a prominent
member of the Order. In a letter to Pastells, Rizal sails close to the ecumenism familiar to us today.[33]
"We are entirely in accord in admitting the existence of God. How can I doubt his when I am
convinced of mine. Who so recognizes the effect recognizes the cause. To doubt God is to doubt
one's own conscience, and in consequence, it would be to doubt everything; and then what is life
for? Now then, my faith in God, if the result of a ratiocination may be called faith, is blind, blind in the
sense of knowing nothing. I neither believe nor disbelieve the qualities which many attribute to him;
before theologians' and philosophers' definitions and lucubrations of this ineffable and inscrutable
being I find myself smiling. Faced with the conviction of seeing myself confronting the supreme
Problem, which confused voices seek to explain to me, I cannot but reply: 'It could be; but the God
that I foreknow is far more grand, far more good: Plus Supra!...I believe in (revelation); but not in
revelation or revelations which each religion or religions claim to possess. Examining them
impartially, comparing them and scrutinizing them, one cannot avoid discerning the human
'fingernail' and the stamp of the time in which they were written... No, let us not make God in our
image, poor inhabitants that we are of a distant planet lost in infinite space. However, brilliant and
sublime our intelligence may be, it is scarcely more than a small spark which shines and in an
instant is extinguished, and it alone can give us no idea of that blaze, that conflagration, that ocean
of light. I believe in revelation, but in that living revelation which surrounds us on every side, in that
voice, mighty, eternal, unceasing, incorruptible, clear, distinct, universal as is the being from whom it
proceeds, in that revelation which speaks to us and penetrates us from the moment we are born
until we die. What books can better reveal to us the goodness of God, his love, his providence, his
eternity, his glory, his wisdom? 'The heavens declare the glory of God, and the firmament showeth
his handiwork'."[34]
His best friend, professor Ferdinand Blumentritt, kept him in touch with European friends and fellowscientists who wrote a stream of letters which arrived in Dutch, French, German and English and
which baffled the censors, delaying their transmittal. Those four years of his exile coincided with the
development of the Philippine Revolution from inception and to its final breakout, which, from the
viewpoint of the court which was to try him, suggested his complicity in it. [20] He condemned the
uprising, although all the members of the Katipunan had made him their honorary president and had
used his name as a cry for war, unity, and liberty.[35]
He is known to making the resolution of bearing personal sacrifice instead of the incoming
revolution, believing that a peaceful stand is the best way to avoid further suffering in the country
and loss of Filipino lives. In Rizal's own words, "I consider myself happy for being able to suffer a
little for a cause which I believe to be sacred [...]. I believe further that in any undertaking, the more
one suffers for it, the surer its success. If this be fanaticism may God pardon me, but my poor
judgment does not see it as such."[36]

In Dapitan, Rizal wrote "Haec Est Sibylla Cumana", a parlor-game for his students, with questions
and answers for which a wooden top was used. In 2004, Jean Paul Verstraeten traced this book and
the wooden top, as well as Rizal's personal watch, spoon and salter.

Arrest and trial[edit]

By 1896, the rebellion fomented by the Katipunan, a militant secret society, had become a full-blown
revolution, proving to be a nationwide uprising. [citation needed] Rizal had earlier volunteered his services as
a doctor in Cuba and was given leave by Governor-General Ramn Blanco to serve in Cuba to
minister to victims of yellow fever. Rizal and Josephine left Dapitan on August 1, 1896, with letter of
recommendation from Blanco.
Rizal was arrested en route to Cuba via Spain and was imprisoned in Barcelona on October 6, 1896.
He was sent back the same day to Manila to stand trial as he was implicated in the revolution
through his association with members of the Katipunan. During the entire passage, he was
unchained, no Spaniard laid a hand on him, and had many opportunities to escape but refused to do
so.
While imprisoned in Fort Santiago, he issued a manifesto disavowing the current revolution in its
present state and declaring that the education of Filipinos and their achievement of a national
identity were prerequisites to freedom.
Rizal was tried before a court-martial for rebellion, sedition, and conspiracy, was convicted on all
three charges, and sentenced to death. Blanco, who was sympathetic to Rizal, had been forced out
of office. The friars, led by then Archbishop of Manila Bernardino Nozaleda, had 'intercalated' Camilo
de Polavieja in his stead, as the new Spanish Governor-General of the Philippines after pressuring
Queen-Regent Maria Cristina of Spain, thus sealing Rizal's fate.

Execution[edit]

A photographic record of Rizal's execution in what was thenBagumbayan.

Moments before his execution on December 30, 1896, by a squad of Filipino soldiers of the Spanish
Army, a backup force of regular Spanish Army troops stood ready to shoot the executioners should
they fail to obey orders.[37] The Spanish Army Surgeon General requested to take his pulse: it was
normal. Aware of this the Sergeant commanding the backup force hushed his men to silence when
they began raising "vivas" with the highly partisan crowd of Peninsular and Mestizo Spaniards. His
last words were those of Jesus Christ: "consummatum est",--it is finished.[16][38][note 10]
He was secretly buried in Pac Cemetery in Manila with no identification on his grave. His sister
Narcisa toured all possible gravesites and found freshly turned earth at the cemetery with guards
posted at the gate. Assuming this could be the most likely spot, there never having any ground
burials, she made a gift to the caretaker to mark the site "RPJ", Rizal's initials in reverse.
His undated poem, Mi ltimo adis believed to be written a few days before his execution, was
hidden in an alcohol stove, which was later handed to his family with his few remaining possessions,

including the final letters and his last bequests.[39]:91 During their visit, Rizal reminded his sisters in
English, "There is something inside it", referring to the alcohol stove given by the Pardo de Taveras
which was to be returned after his execution, thereby emphasizing the importance of the poem. This
instruction was followed by another, "Look in my shoes", in which another item was secreted.
Exhumation of his remains in August 1898, under American rule, revealed he had been uncoffined,
his burial not on sanctified ground granted the 'confessed' faithful, and whatever was in his shoes
had disintegrated.[19]
In his letter to his family he wrote: "Treat our aged parents as you would wish to be treated...Love
them greatly in memory of me...December 30, 1896." [20] He gave his family instructions for his burial:
"Bury me in the ground. Place a stone and a cross over it. My name, the date of my birth and of my
death. Nothing more. If later you wish to surround my grave with a fence, you can do it. No
anniversaries."[40]
In his final letter, to Blumentritt Tomorrow at 7, I shall be shot; but I am innocent of the crime of
rebellion. I am going to die with a tranquil conscience. [20] Rizal is believed to be the first Filipino
revolutionary whose death is attributed entirely to his work as a writer; and through dissent and civil
disobedience enabled him to successfully destroy Spain's moral primacy to rule. He also
bequeathed a book personally bound by him in Dapitan to his 'best and dearest friend.' When
Blumentritt received it in his hometown Litomice(Leitmeritz) he broke down and wept.

Works and writings[edit]

Rizal wrote mostly in Spanish, the then lingua franca of Filipino scholars, though some of his letters
(for example Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos) were written in Tagalog. His works have since
been translated into a number of languages including Tagalog and English.

Novels and essays[edit]

Noli Me Tngere, novel, 1887 (literally Latin for 'touch me not', from John 20:17)[41]
El Filibusterismo, (novel, 1891), sequel to Noli Me Tngere

Mi ltimo Adis, poem, 1896 (literally "My Last Farewell" )

Alin Mang Lahi (Whateer the Race), a Kundiman attributed to Dr. Jos Rizal [42]

The Friars and the Filipinos (Unfinished)

Toast to Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo (Speech, 1884), given at Restaurante Ingles, Madrid

The Diaries of Jos Rizal

Rizal's Letters is a compendium of Dr. Jose Rizal's letters to his family members, Blumentritt,
Fr. Pablo Pastells and other reformers

"Come se gobiernan las Filipinas" (Governing the Philippine islands)

Filipinas dentro de cien aos essay, 1889-90 (The Philippines a Century Hence)

La Indolencia de los Filipinos, essay, 1890 (The indolence of Filipinos)

Makamisa unfinished novel

Sa Mga Kababaihang Taga Malolos, essay, 1889, To the Young Women of Malolos

[43]

Annotations to Antonio de Moragas, Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (essay, 1889, Events in
the Philippine Islands)

El filibusterismo (UP Diliman).

The Triumph of Science over Death, by Rizal.

Poetry[edit]

A La Juventud Filipina
El Canto Del Viajero

Briayle Crismarl

Canto Del Viajero

Canto de Mara Clara

Dalit sa Paggawa

Felictacin

Kundiman (Tagalog)

Me Piden Versos

Mi primera inspiracion

Mi Retiro

Mi Ultimo Adis

Por La Educacin (Recibe Lustre La Patria)

Sa Sanggol na si Jesus

To My Muse (A Mi Musa)

Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo

A Man in Dapitan

Plays[edit]

El Consejo de los Dioses (The council of Gods)

Junto Al Pasig (Along the Pasig)[44]:381
San Euistaquio, Mrtyr (Saint Eustache, the martyr)[45]

Other works[edit]
Rizal also tried his hand at painting and sculpture. His most famous sculptural work was "The
Triumph of Science over Death", a clay sculpture of a naked young woman with overflowing hair,
standing on a skull while bearing a torch held high. The woman symbolized the ignorance of
humankind during the Dark Ages, while the torch she bore symbolized the enlightenment science
brings over the whole world. He sent the sculpture as a gift to his dear friend Ferdinand Blumentritt,
together with another one named "The Triumph of Death over Life".
The woman is shown trampling the skull, a symbol of death, to signify the victory the humankind
achieved by conquering the bane of death through their scientific advancements. The original
sculpture is now displayed at the Rizal Shrine Museum at Fort Santiago in Intramuros, Manila. A
large replica, made of concrete, stands in front of Fernando Caldern Hall, the building which
houses the College of Medicine of the University of the Philippines Manila along Pedro Gil Street in
Ermita, Manila.

Reactions after death[edit]

An engraving of the execution of Filipino insurgents at Bagumbayan (now Luneta).

Historical marker of Jos Rizal's execution site.

Retraction controversy[edit]
Several historians report that Rizal retracted his anti-Catholic ideas through a document which
stated: "I retract with all my heart whatever in my words, writings, publications and conduct have
been contrary to my character as a son of the Catholic Church."[note 11] However, there are doubts of its
authenticity given that there is no certificate of Rizal's Catholic marriage to Josephine Bracken.
[46]
Also there is an allegation that the retraction document was a forgery.[47]
After analyzing six major documents of Rizal, Ricardo Pascual concluded that the retraction
document, said to have been discovered in 1935, was not in Rizal's handwriting. Senator Rafael
Palma, a former President of theUniversity of the Philippines and a prominent Mason, argued that a
retraction is not in keeping with Rizal's character and mature beliefs. [48] He called the retraction story
a "pious fraud."[49] Others who deny the retraction are Frank Laubach,[16] a Protestant minister;Austin
Coates,[25] a British writer; and Ricardo Manapat, director of the National Archives.[50]
Those who affirm the authenticity of Rizal's retraction are prominent Philippine historians such
as Nick Joaquin,[note 12] Nicolas Zafra of UP[51] Len Mara Guerrero III,[note 13] Gregorio Zaide,[53] Guillermo
Gmez Rivera, Ambeth Ocampo,[50] John Schumacher,[54] Antonio Molina,[55] Paul Dumol[56] and Austin
Craig.[19] They take the retraction document as authentic, having been judged as such by a foremost
expert on the writings of Rizal, Teodoro Kalaw (a 33rd degree Mason) and "handwriting
experts...known and recognized in our courts of justice",H. Otley Beyer and Dr. Jos I. Del Rosario,
both of UP.[51]
Historians also refer to 11 eyewitnesses when Rizal wrote his retraction, signed a Catholic prayer
book, and recited Catholic prayers, and the multitude who saw him kiss the crucifix before his
execution. A great grand nephew of Rizal, Fr. Marciano Guzman, cites that Rizal's
4 confessions were certified by 5 eyewitnesses, 10 qualified witnesses, 7 newspapers, and 12
historians and writers including Aglipayan bishops, Masons and anti-clericals. [57] One witness was the
head of the Spanish Supreme Court at the time of his notarized declaration and was highly
esteemed by Rizal for his integrity.[58]
Because of what he sees as the strength these direct evidence have in the light of the historical
method, in contrast with merelycircumstantial evidence, UP professor emeritus of history Nicolas
Zafra called the retraction "a plain unadorned fact of history." [51]Guzmn attributes the denial of
retraction to "the blatant disbelief and stubbornness" of some Masons. [57]
Supporters see in the retraction Rizal's "moral courage...to recognize his mistakes," [53][note
14]
his reversion to the "true faith", and thus his "unfading glory,"[58] and a return to the "ideals of his
fathers" which "did not diminish his stature as a great patriot; on the contrary, it increased that
stature to greatness."[61] On the other hand, senator Jose Diokno stated, "Surely whether Rizal died
as a Catholic or an apostate adds or detracts nothing from his greatness as a Filipino... Catholic or
Mason, Rizal is still Rizal - the hero who courted death 'to prove to those who deny our patriotism
that we know how to die for our duty and our beliefs'." [62]

"Mi ltimo adis"[edit]

Main article: Mi ltimo adis
The poem is more aptly titled, "Adis, Patria Adorada" (literally "Farewell, Beloved Fatherland"), by
virtue of logic and literary tradition, the words coming from the first line of the poem itself. It first
appeared in print not in Manila but in Hong Kong in 1897, when a copy of the poem and an
accompanying photograph came to J. P. Braga who decided to publish it in a monthly journal he
edited. There was a delay when Braga, who greatly admired Rizal, wanted a good job of the
photograph and sent it to be engraved in London, a process taking well over two months. It finally
appeared under 'Mi ltimo pensamiento,' a title he supplied and by which it was known for a few
years. Thus, when the Jesuit Balaguer's anonymous account of the retraction and the marriage to
Josephine was appearing in Barcelona, no word of the poem's existence reached him in time to
revise what he had written. His account was too elaborate that Rizal would have had no time to write
"Adis."
Six years after his death, when the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 was being debated in the United
States Congress, Representative Henry Cooper of Wisconsin rendered an English translation of
Rizal's valedictory poem capped by the peroration, "Under what clime or what skies has tyranny
claimed a nobler victim?"[63] Subsequently, the US Congress passed the bill into law which is now
known as the Philippine Organic Act of 1902.[64]
This was a major breakthrough for a US Congress that had yet to grant equal rights to African
Americans guaranteed to them in theUS Constitution and the Chinese Exclusion Act was still in
effect. It created the Philippine legislature, appointed two Filipino delegates to the US Congress,
extended the US Bill of Rights to Filipinos, and laid the foundation for an autonomous government.
The colony was on its way to independence.[64] The Americans, however, would not sign the bill into
law until 1916 and did not recognize Philippine Independence until the Treaty of Manila in 1946fifty
years after Rizal's death.This same poem which has inspired liberty-loving peoples across the region
and beyond was recited (in its Indonesian translation by Rosihan Anwar) by Indonesian soldiers of
independence before going into battle.[65]

Later life of Bracken[edit]

Josephine Bracken, whom Rizal addressed as his wife on his last day,[66] promptly joined
the revolutionary forces in Cavite province, making her way through thicket and mud across enemy
lines, and helped reloading spent cartridges at the arsenal in Imus under the revolutionary General
Pantalen Garca. Imus came under threat of recapture that the operation was moved, with Bracken,
toMaragondon, the mountain redoubt in Cavite.[67]
She witnessed the Tejeros Convention prior to returning to Manila and was summoned by
the Governor-General, but owing to her stepfather's American citizenship she could not be forcibly
deported. She left voluntarily returning to Hong Kong. She later married another Filipino, Vicente
Abad, a mestizo acting as agent for the Tabacalera firm in the Philippines. She died
of tubercolosis in Hong Kong in March 15, 1902, and was buried at the Happy Valley Cemetery.
[67]
She was immortalized by Rizal in the last stanza of Mi Ultimo Adios: "Farewell, sweet stranger, my
friend, my joy...".

Polavieja and Blanco[edit]

Polavieja faced condemnation by his countrymen after his return to Spain. While visiting Girona,
in Catalonia, circulars were distributed among the crowd bearing Rizal's last verses, his portrait, and
the charge that Polavieja was responsible for the loss of the Philippines to Spain. [68] Ramon Blanco
later presented his sash and sword to the Rizal family as an apology.[citation needed]

Criticism and controversies[edit]

Attempts to debunk legends surrounding Rizal, and the tug of war between free thinker and Catholic,
have kept his legacy controversial.

Rizal Shrine in Calamba City, Laguna, the ancestral house and birthplace of Jos Rizal, is now a museum
housing Rizal memorabilia.

Jos Rizal's original grave at Paco Park in Manila. Slightly renovated and date repainted in English.

National hero status[edit]

The confusion over Rizal's real stance on the Philippine Revolution leads to the sometimes bitter
question of his ranking as the nation's premier hero. [69][70] But then again, according to the National
Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) Section Chief Teodoro Atienza, and Filipino
historian Ambeth Ocampo, there is no Filipino historical figure, including Rizal, that was officially
declared as national hero through law or executive order.[71][72] Although, there were laws and
proclamations honoring Filipino heroes.
Made national hero by colonial Americans[edit]
Some suggest that Jose Rizal was made a legislated national hero by the American forces
occupying Philippines. In 1901, the American Governor General William Howard Taftsuggested that
the U.S. sponsored Philippine Commission name Rizal a national hero for Filipinos. Jose Rizal was

an ideal candidate, favourable to the American occupiers since he was dead, and non-violent - both
favourable qualities which, if emulated by Filipinos, would not threaten the American rule or change
the status quo of the occuppiers of Philippine islands. Rizal did not advocate freedom for Philippines
either.[73] Subsequently, the US-sponsored commission passed Act No. 346 which set the anniversary
of Rizals death as a day of observance. [74]
Renato Constantino writes Rizal is a "United States-sponsored hero" who was promoted as the
greatest Filipino hero during the American colonial period of the Philippines after Aguinaldo lost the
PhilippineAmerican War. The United States promoted Rizal, who represented peaceful political
advocacy (in fact, repudiation of violent means in general) instead of more radical figures whose
ideas could inspire resistance against American rule. Rizal was selected over Bonifacio who was
viewed "too radical" and Apolinario Mabini who was considered "unregenerate." [75]
Made national hero by General Aguinaldo[edit]
On the other hand, numerous sources[76] quote that it was General Emilio Aguinaldo, and not the
second Philippine Commission, who first recognized December 30 as "national day of mourning in
memory of Rizal and other victims of Spanish tyranny. As per them, the first celebration of Rizal Day
was held in Manila on December 30, 1898, under the sponsorship of the Club Filipino. [77]
The veracity of both claims seems to be justified and hence difficult to ascertain. However, most
historians agree that a majority of Filipinos were unaware of Rizal during his lifetime, [78] as he was a
member of the richer elite classes (he was born in an affluent family, had lived abroad for nearly as
long as he had lived in the Philippines) and wrote primarily in an elite language (at that
time,Tagalog and Cebuano were the languages of the masses) about ideals as lofty as freedom (the
masses were more concerned about day to day issues like earning money and making a living,
something which has not changed much today either) [79]
Teodoro Agoncillo opines that the Philippine national hero, unlike those of other countries, is not "the
leader of its liberation forces". He gives the opinion that Andrs Bonifacio not replace Rizal as
national hero, like some have suggested, but that be honored alongside him. [80]
Constantino's analysis has been criticised for its polemicism and inaccuracies. [81] The historian Rafael
Palma, contends that the revolution of Bonifacio is a consequence wrought by the writings of Rizal
and that although the Bonifacio's revolver produced an immediate outcome, the pen of Rizal
generated a more lasting achievement.[82]

References to the Catholic Church[edit]

In one recorded fall from grace he succumbed to the temptation of a 'lady of the camellias.' The
writer, Maximo Viola, a friend of Rizal's, was alluding to Dumas's 1848 novel, La dame aux camelias,
about a man who fell in love with a courtesan. While the affair was on record, there was no account
in Viola's letter whether it was more than one-night and if it was more a business transaction than an
amorous affair.[83][84][note 15]

Critiques of books[edit]
Others present him as a man of contradictions. Miguel de Unamuno in "Rizal: the Tagalog Hamlet",
said of him, "a soul that dreads the revolution although deep down desires it. He pivots between fear
and hope, between faith and despair."[85] His critics assert this character flaw is translated into his two
novels where he opposes violence in Noli and appears to advocate it in Fili, contrasting Ibarra's
idealism to Simoun's cynicism. His defenders insist this ambivalence is trounced when Simoun is
struck down in the sequel's final chapters, reaffirming the author's resolute stance, Pure and
spotless must the victim be if the sacrifice is to be acceptable. [86]
Many thinkers tend to find the characters of Maria Clara and Ibarra (Noli me Tangere) poor role
models, Maria Clara being too frail, and young Ibarra being too accepting of circumstances, rather
than being courageous and bold.[87]

In El Filibusterismo, Rizal had Father Florentino say: "...our liberty will (not) be secured at the
sword's point...we must secure it by making ourselves worthy of it. And when a people reaches that
height God will provide a weapon, the idols will be shattered, tyranny will crumble like a house of
cards and liberty will shine out like the first dawn."[86] Rizal's attitude to the Philippine Revolution is
also debated, not only based on his own writings, but also due to the varying eyewitness accounts
of Po Valenzuela, a doctor who in 1895 had consulted Rizal in Dapitan on behalf of Bonifacio and
the Katipunan.

Role in the Philippine revolution[edit]

Upon the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution in 1896, Valenzuela surrendered to the Spanish
authorities and testified in military court that Rizal had strongly condemned an armed struggle for
independence when Valenzuela asked for his support. Rizal had even refused him entry to his
house. Bonifacio, in turn, had openly denounced him as a coward for his refusal. [note 16]
But years later, Valenzuela testified that Rizal had been favorable to an uprising as long as the
Filipinos were well-prepared, and well-supplied with arms. Rizal had suggested that
the Katipunan get wealthy and influential Filipino members of society on their side, or at least ensure
they would stay neutral. Rizal had even suggested his friend Antonio Luna to lead the revolutionary
forces since he had studied military science.[note 17] In the event that the Katipunan was discovered
prematurely, they should fight rather than allow themselves to be killed. Valenzuela said to
historian Teodoro Agoncillo that he had lied to the Spanish military authorities about Rizal's true
stance toward a revolution in an attempt to exculpate him. [88]
Before his execution, Rizal wrote a proclamation denouncing the revolution. But as noted by
historian Floro Quibuyen, his final poemMi ultimo adios contains a stanza which equates his coming
execution and the rebels then dying in battle as fundamentally the same, as both are dying for their
country.[89]

Legacy[edit]
Rizal was a contemporary of Gandhi, Tagore and Sun Yat Sen who also advocated liberty through
peaceful means rather than by violent revolution. Coinciding with the appearance of those other
leaders, Rizal from an early age had been enunciating in poems, tracts and plays, ideas all his own
of modern nationhood as a practical possibility in Asia. In the Noli he stated that if European
civilization had nothing better to offer, colonialism in Asia was doomed. [note 18]

Government poster from the 1950s

Though popularly mentioned, especially on blogs, there is no evidence to suggest that Gandhi or
Nehru may have corresponded with Rizal, neither have they mentioned him in any of their memoirs
or letters. But it was documented by Rizal's biographer, Austin Coates who interviewed Jawaharlal
Nehru and Gandhi that Rizal was mentioned, specifically in Nehru's prison letters to his daughter
Indira.[90][91]
As a political figure, Jos Rizal was the founder of La Liga Filipina, a civic organization that
subsequently gave birth to the Katipunan led by Andrs Bonifacio,[note 19], a secret society which would
start the Philippine Revolution against Spain that eventually laid the foundation of the First Philippine
Republic under Emilio Aguinaldo. He was a proponent of achieving Philippine self-government
peacefully through institutional reform rather than through violent revolution, and would only support
"violent means" as a last resort.[93] Rizal believed that the only justification for national liberation and
self-government was the restoration of the dignity of the people, [note 20] saying "Why independence, if
the slaves of today will be the tyrants of tomorrow?" [94] However, through careful examination of his
works and statements, includingMi Ultimo Adios, Rizal reveals himself as a revolutionary. His image
as the Tagalog Christ also intensified early reverence to him.
Rizal, through his reading of Morga and other western historians, knew of the genial image of
Spain's early relations with his people. [95] In his writings, he showed the disparity between the early
colonialists and those of his day, with the latter's injustices giving rise to Gomburza and the
Philippine Revolution of 1896. The English biographer, Austin Coates, and writer, Benedict
Anderson, believe that Rizal gave the Philippine revolution a genuinely national character; and that
Rizal's patriotism and his standing as one of Asia's first intellectuals have inspired others of the
importance of a national identity to nation-building. [25][note 21]
The Belgian researcher Jean Paul "JP" Verstraeten authored several books about Jose Rizal: Rizal
in Belgium and France, Jose Rizal's Europe, Growing up like Rizal (published by the National
Historical Institute and in teacher's programs all over the Philippines), Reminiscences and Travels of
Jose Rizal and Jose Rizal "Pearl of Unselfishness". He received an award from the president of the
Philippines "in recognition of his unwavering support and commitment to promote the health and
education of disadvantaged Filipinos, and his invaluable contribution to engender the teachings and
ideals of Dr. Jose Rizal in the Philippines and in Europe". One of the greatest researchers about
Rizal nowadays is Lucien Spittael.

Several titles were bestowed on him: "the First Filipino", "Greatest Man of the Brown Race", among
others. The Order of the Knights of Rizal, a civic and patriotic organization, boasts of dozens of
chapters all over the globe [3] [4]. There are some remote-area religious sects who claim him as a
sublimation of Christ.[97] In September 1903, he was canonised as a saint in the Iglesia Filipina
Independiente, however it was revoked in the 1950s.[98]

Species named after Rizal[edit]

Jos Rizal was imprisoned at Fort Santiago and soon after he was banished at Dapitan where he
plunged himself into studying of nature. He then able to collect a number of species of various
classes: insects, butterflies, amphibians, reptiles, shells, snakes andplants.
Rizal sent many specimens of animals, insects, and plants for identification to the (Anthropological
and Ethnographical Museum of Dresden[99]), Dresden Museum of Ethnology. It was not in his interest
to receive any monetary payment, all he wanted were scientificbooks, magazines and surgical
instruments which he needed and used in Dapitan.
During his exile, Rizal also secretly sent several specimens of flying dragons to Europe. He believed
that they were a new species. The German zoologist Benno Wandolleck named them Draco
rizali after Rizal. However, it has since been discovered that the species had already been described
by the Belgian-British zoologist George Albert Boulenger in 1885 as Draco guentheri.[100]
Here are the three species named after Rizal:

Draco rizali - known as a flying dragon, this is a small lizard.

Apogania rizali - this is a very a rare kind of beetle with five horns
Rhacophorus rizali - a peculiar frog species. Rhacophorus rizali[101]

Historical commemoration[edit]

Although his field of action lay in politics, Rizal's real interests lay in the arts and sciences, in
literature and in his profession as an ophthalmologist. Shortly after his death, the Anthropological
Society of Berlin met to honor him with a reading of a German translation of his farewell poem
and Dr. Rudolf Virchow delivering the eulogy.[102]
The Rizal Monument now stands near the place where he fell at the Luneta in Bagumbayan,
which is now called Rizal Park, anational park in Manila. The monument, which also contains his
remains, was designed by the Swiss Richard Kissling of theWilliam Tel sculpture in Altdorf, Uri.
[note 22]
The monument carries the inscription "I want to show to those who deprive people the right
to love of country, that when we know how to sacrifice ourselves for our duties and convictions,
death does not matter if one dies for those one loves for his country and for others dear to
him."[20]
The Taft Commission in June 1901 approved Act 137 renaming the District of Morong into
the Province of Rizal. Today, the wide acceptance of Rizal is evidenced by the countless towns,
streets, and numerous parks in the Philippines named in his honor.

Second Tallest Jos Rizal statue in the world. Located at Calamba,Laguna, Rizal's hometown. It was
inaugurated on 2011, synchronous on the 150th Birth Celebration of the hero.

Rizal on the obverse side of a 1970Philippine peso coin

The Rizal Park at the Bulacan State University

Tribute to Rizal at Cavenagh Bridge in Singapore

Republic Act 1425 was passed in 1956 by the Philippine legislature requiring all high school
and college curricula a course in the study of his life, works and writings.
Monuments erected in his honor can be found in Madrid;[104] Tokyo; Wilhelmsfeld,
Germany; Jinjiang, Fujian, China;[105]Chicago;[106] Cherry Hill Township, New Jersey; Honolulu;
[107]
San Diego;[108] Mexico City, Mexico;[109] Lima, Peru;[110] Litomerice, Czech Republic;[citation
needed]
Toronto;[citation needed]and Montreal, Quebec, Canada. [citation needed]

A two-sided marker bearing a painting of Rizal by Fabin de la Rosa on one side and a
bronze bust relief of him by Philippine artistGuillermo Tolentino stands at the Asian Civilisations
Museum Green marking his visits to Singapore in 1882, 1887, 1891 and 1896. [111]

A Rizal bronze bust was erected at La Molina district, Lima, Peru, designed by Czech
sculptor Hanstroff, mounted atop a pedestal base with four inaugural plaque markers with the
following inscription on one: "Dr. Jos P. Rizal, Hroe Nacional de Filipinas, Nacionalista,
Reformador Political, Escritor, Lingistica y Poeta, 18611896." [112][113][114]

The USS Rizal (DD-174) launched in 1918

The statue of Rizal at the Rizal Park in Wilhelmsfeld, Germany

The National Historical Institute logo for the 150th Birth Anniversary of Jos Rizal

The Hong Kong Government erected a plaque beside Dr. Jos Rizal's residence in Hong Kong

A plaque marks the Heidelberg building where he trained with Professor Becker while in
Wilhemsfeld. There is a small Rizal Parkin that city where a bronze statue of Rizal stands. The
street where he lived was also renamed after him. A sandstone fountain in Pastor Ullmer's
house garden where Rizal lived in Wilhelmsfeld, was given to the Philippine government and is
now located atRizal Park in Manila.[115]
Throughout 2011, the National Historical Institute and other institutions organized several
activities commemorating the 150th birth anniversary of Rizal, which took place on June 19 of
that year.

Rizal in popular culture[edit]

Adaptation of his works[edit]
The cinematic depiction of Rizal's literary works won two film industry awards more than a century
after his birth. In the 10th FAMAS Awards, he was honored in the Best Story category for Gerardo de
Len's adaptation of his book Noli Me Tngere. The recognition was repeated the following year with
his movie version of El Filibusterismo, making him the only person to win back-to-back FAMAS
Awards posthumously.[citation needed]
Both novels were translated into opera by the composer-librettist Felipe Padilla de Len: Noli me
tangere in 1957 and El filibusterismoin 1970; and his 1939 overture, Mariang Makiling, was inspired
by Rizal's tale of the same name.[116]

Biographical films[edit]
Several films were produced narrating Rizal's life. The most successful was Jos Rizal, (Directed by
Marilou Diaz Abaya, produced by GMA Films and released in 1998). Cesar Montano played the title
role.[117] A year before it was shown another movie was made portraying his life while in exile in the
island of Dapitan. Titled Rizal sa Dapitan produced by Viva Films it stars Albert Martnez as Rizal
and Amanda Page as Josephine Bracken. The film was the top grosser of the 1997 Manila Film
Festival and won the best actor and actress trophies. [citation needed] Another film that tackled particularly on
the heroism of Rizal was the 2000 film Bayaning 3rd World, directed by Mike de Leon and
starring Joel Torre as Jos Rizal.

Others[edit]

Nearly every town and city in Philippines contains a street named after Rizal (Rizal street
and Rizal avenue)
At least ten towns / cities in Philippines are named "Rizal" (for example : Rizal - Cagayan)

A road in the Chanakyapuri area of New Delhi (India) is named Dr. Jose P Rizal Marg

The USS Rizal (DD-174) was a Wickes-class destroyer named after Rizal by the United
States Navy and launched on September 21, 1918.

The Jos Rizal Bridge and Rizal Park in the city of Seattle are dedicated to Rizal.[118]

Rizal also appeared in the 1999 video game Medal of Honor as a secret character in
multiplayer, alongside other historical figures such as William Shakespeare and Winston
Churchill. He can be unlocked by completing the single-player mode, or through cheat codes.[119]
[120]

[hide]

Part of Jos Rizal's ancestry

Domingo Lam-co
Josefa

Inez de la Rosa
Francisco Mercado

Juan Mercado

Bernarda Monicha

Cirila Alejandro

Clemente Mercado

Francisco Rizal Mercado

Saturnina Rizal

Eugenio Ursua

Manuel Alonso
Narcisa Rizal

Paciano Rizal

Lucia Rizal
Olympia Rizal

Manuel de Quintos
Lorenzo Alberto Alonso
Juan Alonso

Jos Rizal
Mara Rizal

Gregorio Alonso
Josefa Rizal

Concepcin Rizal

This does not include all of the ancestor's siblings, only the notable ones.
[show]Ancestors of Jos Rizal

See also[edit]

[[Jos Rizal University]

Jos Rizal's Global Fellowship

Rizal Shrine (Calamba City)

Rizal Shrine (Manila)

Rizal Technological University

Makamisa

Rizal Without the Overcoat

Jos Mart, Cuban national hero also executed by the Spanish in 1895

Notes and references[edit]

Notes
1.

2.

Jump up^ When Jos was baptized, the record showed his parents as Francisco Rizal
Mercado and Teodora Realonda."Jos Rizals Lineage"
Jump up^ At age 8 (in 1869) he was reputed to have written the poem Sa aking mga
Kabata and had for its theme the love of one's native language.[14]

3.

Jump up^ His novel Noli was one of the first novels in Asia written outside Japan and China
and was one of the first novels of anti-colonial rebellion. Read Benedict Anderson's commentary: [1].

4.

Jump up^ He was conversant in Spanish, French, Latin, Greek, German, Portuguese, Italian,
English, Dutch, and Japanese. Rizal also made translations from Arabic, Swedish, Russian, Chinese,
Greek, Hebrew and Sanskrit. He translated the poetry of Schiller into his native Tagalog. In addition he
had at least some knowledge of Malay, Chavacano, Cebuano, Ilocano, and Subanun.

5.

Jump up^ In his essay, "Reflections of a Filipino", (La Solidaridad, c.1888), he wrote: "Man is
multiplied by the number of languages he possesses and speaks."

Trinidad Riz

6.

Jump up^ Adolf Bernard Meyer (18401911) was a German ornithologist and anthropologist,
and author of the book Philippinen-typen (Dresden, 1888)

7.

Jump up^ Dr. Reinhold Rost was the head of the India Office at the British Museum and a
renowned 19th century philologist.

8.

Jump up^ In his letter "Manifesto to Certain Filipinos" (Manila, 1896), he states: Reforms, if
they are to bear fruit, must come from above; for reforms that come from below are upheavals both
violent and transitory.(Epistolario Rizalino, op cit)

9.

Jump up^ According to Laubach, Retana more than any other supporter who 'saved Rizal for
posterity'. (Laubach, op.cit., p. 383)

10.

Jump up^ Rizal's trial was regarded a travesty even by prominent Spaniards of his day. Soon
after his execution, the philosopher Miguel de Unamunoin an impassioned utterance recognized Rizal
as a "Spaniard", "...profoundly and intimately Spanish, far more Spanish than those wretched men
forgive them, Lord, for they knew not what they didthose wretched men, who over his still warm
body hurled like an insult heavenward that blasphemous cry, 'Viva Espana!'"Miguel de Unamuno,
epilogue to Wenceslao Retana's Vida y Escritos del Dr. Jos Rizal.(Retana, op. cit.)

11.

Jump up^ Me retracto de todo corazon de cuanto en mis palabras, escritos, impresos y
conducta ha habido contrario mi cualidad de hijo de la Iglesia Catlica: Jesus Cavanna, Rizal's
Unfading Glory: A Documentary History of the Conversion of Dr. Jos Rizal (Manila: 1983)

12.

Jump up^ Joaquin, Nick, Rizal in Saga, Philippine National Centennial Commission, 1996:""It
seems clear now that he did retract, that he went to confession, heard mass, received communion,
and was married to Josephine, on the eve of his death".

13.

Jump up^ "That is a matter for handwriting experts, and the weight of expert opinion is in
favor of authenticity. It is nonsense to say that the retraction does not prove Rizal's conversion; the
language of the document is unmistakable."[52]

14.

Jump up^ The retraction, Javier de Pedro contends, is the end of a process which started
with a personal crisis as Rizal finished the Fili.[59][60]

15.

Jump up^ Rizal's third novel Makamisa was rescued from oblivion by Ocampo.

16.

Jump up^ Bonifacio later mobilized his men to attempt to liberate Rizal while in Fort
Santiago. (Laubach, op.cit., chap. 15)

17.

Jump up^ Antonio Luna denounced the Katipunan, but became a general under Emilio
Aguinaldo's First Republic and fought in the PhilippineAmerican War.

18.

Jump up^ Also stated in Rizal's essay, "The Philippines: A Century Hence", The batteries are
gradually becoming charged and if the prudence of the government does not provide an outlet for the
currents that are accumulating, someday the sparks will be generated. (read etext at Project
Gutenberg)

19.

Jump up^ Bonifacio was a member of La Liga Filipina. After Rizal's arrest and exile, it was
disbanded and the group splintered into two factions; the more radical group formed into
the Katipunan, the militant arm of the insurrection.[92]

20.

Jump up^ Rizal's annotations of Morga's Sucesos de las islas Filipinas (1609), which he
copied word for word from the British Museum and had published, called attention to an antiquated
book, a testimony to the well-advanced civilization in the Philippines during pre-Spanish era. In his
essay "The Indolence of the Filipino" Rizal stated that three centuries of Spanish rule did not do much
for the advancement of his countryman; in fact there was a 'retrogression', and the Spanish
colonialists have transformed him into a 'half-way brute.' The absence of moral stimulus, the lack of
material inducement, the demoralization--'the indio should not be separated from his carabao', the
endless wars, the lack of a national sentiment, the Chinese piracyall these factors, according to

Rizal, helped the colonial rulers succeed in placing the indio 'on a level with the beast'. (Read English
translation by Charles Derbyshire at Project Gutenberg.)
21.
[96]

Jump up^ According to Anderson, Rizal is one of the best exemplars of nationalist thinking.
(See also (subscription required))

22.

Jump up^ Rizal himself translated Schiller's William Tell into Tagalog in 1886.[103]

References
1.
2.
3.

^ Jump up to:a b Valdez, Valdez & Et Al 2007, p. 59.

^ Jump up to:a b Valdez, Valdez & Et Al 2007, p. 7.
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Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.ISBN 978-981-4345-06-4.

4.

Jump up^ Fadul 2008, p. 31.

5.

^ Jump up to:a b Fadul 2008, p. 21.

6.

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7.

^ Jump up to:a b Noli Me Tngere, translated by Soledad Locsin (Manila: Ateneo de Manila,
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8.

Jump up^ Jos Rizal; Jos Rizal National Centennial Commission (1961).El filibusterismo (in
Spanish). Linkgua digital. pp. 9.ISBN 978-84-9953-093-2.

9.

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a Genius, Writer, Scientist and National Hero. Quezon City: All-Nations Publishing Co., Inc. ISBN 971642-070-6.

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11.

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12.

^ Jump up to:a bhttp://asianhistory.about.com/od/profilesofasianleaders/p/joserizalbio.htm

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^ Jump up to:a b Vicente L. Rafael On Rizal's El Filibusterismo, University of Washington, Dept.

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19.

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Nationalism".

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Sinagtala Publishers.

58.

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Pacific

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61.

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Book 'The Pride of the Malay Race'". CBCP (Catholic Bishop's Conference of the Philippines)
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^ Jump up to:a b Pacis, Vicente Albano. "RIZAL IN THE AMERICAN CONGRESS". The
Philippines Free Press Online. RetrievedDecember 27, 1952.

65.

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67.

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68.

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69.

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84.

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85.

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Feria and P. Daroy (Manila: National Book Store, 1968).

86.

^ Jump up to:a b Jos Rizal, El Filibusterismo (Ghent: 1891) chap.39, translated by Andrea
Tablan and Salud Enriquez (Manila: Marian Publishing House, 2001) ISBN 971-686-154-0. (online text
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95.

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96.

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imagination". Verso Publication, London. ISBN 1-84467-037-6.

97.

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Socio-Civic Org'n". Ladies for Rizal Bonn Chapter. Retrieved on 2012-09-20.

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1885". The Reptile Database. RetrievedDecember 23, 2013.
101.

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102.
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2008)
103.

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104.

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105.
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Web.archive.org (May 4, 2008). Retrieved on February 19, 2011.
106.
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Rizal Bulletin, March 29, 2010.
107.

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108.

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109.

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110.

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113.

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114.

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11/22/2008

115.

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Inquirer.

116.

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Retrieved December 30, 2009.

117.

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118.

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119.

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120.

Jump up^ Medal of Honor cheats for PS1