Tensegrity

preload or tensional prestress, which allows cables to

be rigid in tension

For the movement system created by Carlos Castaneda,

see Tensegrity (Castaneda).

mechanical stability, which allows the members to

remain in tension/compression as stress on the structure increases

Tensegrity, tensional integrity or oating compression, is a structural principle based on the use of isolated components in compression inside a net of continuous tension, in such a way that the compressed members (usually bars or struts) do not touch each other and
the prestressed tensioned members (usually cables or tendons) delineate the system spatially.[1]

Because of these patterns, no structural member experiences a bending moment. This can produce exceptionally
rigid structures for their mass and for the cross section of
the components.

The term tensegrity was coined by Buckminster Fuller in

the 1960s as a portmanteau of tensional integrity.[2] The
other denomination of tensegrity, oating compression,
was used mainly by Kenneth Snelson.

A conceptual building block of tensegrity is seen in the

1951 Skylon tower. Six cables, three at each end, hold
the tower in position. The three cables connected to the
bottom dene its location. The other three cables are
simply keeping it vertical.

A three-rod tensegrity structure (shown) builds on this

simpler structure: the ends of each rod look like the top
and bottom of the Skylon tower. As long as the angle between any two cables is smaller than 180, the position of
the rod is well dened.

Concept

Variations such as Needle Tower involve more than three

cables meeting at the end of a rod, but these can be
thought of as three cables dening the position of that
rod end with the additional cables simply attached to that
well-dened point in space.
Eleanor Hartley points out visual transparency as an important aesthetic quality of these structures.[3] Korkmaz
et al.[4][5] put forward that the concept of tensegrity is suitable for adaptive architecture thanks to lightweight characteristics.

2 Applications
The idea was adopted into architecture in the 1960s
when Maciej Gintowt and Maciej Krasiski, architects
of Spodek, a venue in Katowice, Poland, designed it as
one of the rst major structures to employ the principle
of tensegrity. The roof uses an inclined surface held in
check by a system of cables holding up its circumference.
The Skylon tower at the Festival of Britain, 1951

In the 1980s David Geiger designed Seoul Olympic Gymnastics Arena for the 1988 Summer Olympics. The
Tensegrity structures are structures based on the combiGeorgia Dome, which was used for the 1996 Summer
nation of a few simple design patterns:
Olympics is a large tensegrity structure of similar design
loading members only in pure compression or pure to the aforementioned Gymnastics Hall.
tension, meaning the structure will only fail if the Shorter columns or struts in compression are stronger
than longer ones. This in turn led some, namely Fuller,
cables yield or the rods buckle
1

HISTORY

3 Biology
Biotensegrity, a term coined by Dr. Stephen Levin,
is the application of tensegrity principles to biologic
structures.[6] Biological structures such as muscles,
bones, fascia, ligaments and tendons, or rigid and elastic cell membranes, are made strong by the unison of
tensioned and compressed parts. The muscular-skeletal
system is a synergy of muscle and bone. The muscles
and connective tissues provide continuous pull[7] and the
bones present the discontinuous compression.

A 12m high tensegrity structure exhibit at the Science City,

Kolkata.

A theory of tensegrity in molecular biology to explain

cellular structure has been developed by Harvard physician and scientist Donald Ingber.[8] For instance, the expressed shapes of cells, whether it be their reactions to
applied pressure, interactions with substrates, etc., all can
be mathematically modeled if a tensegrity model is used
for the cells cytoskeleton. Furthermore, the geometric
patterns found throughout nature (the helix of DNA, the
geodesic dome of a volvox, Buckminsterfullerene, and
more) may also be understood based on applying the principles of tensegrity to the spontaneous self-assembly of
compounds, proteins, and even organs. This view is supported by how the tension-compression interactions of
tensegrity minimize material needed, add structural resiliency, and constitute the most ecient possible use
of space. Therefore, natural selection pressures would
strongly favor biological systems organized in a tensegrity manner.
As Ingber explains:

to make claims that tensegrity structures could be scaled

up to cover whole cities.

The tension-bearing members in these

structures whether Fullers domes or Snelsons sculptures map out the shortest paths
between adjacent members (and are therefore,
by denition, arranged geodesically) Tensional
forces naturally transmit themselves over the
shortest distance between two points, so the
members of a tensegrity structure are precisely
positioned to best withstand stress. For this
reason, tensegrity structures oer a maximum
amount of strength.

4 History

Largest Tensegrity bridge in the world Kurilpa Bridge- Brisbane

The origins of tensegrity are controversial.[10] In 1948,

artist Kenneth Snelson produced his innovative X-Piece
after artistic explorations at Black Mountain College
(where Buckminster Fuller was lecturing) and elsewhere.
Some years later, the term tensegrity was coined by
Fuller, who is best known for his geodesic domes.
Throughout his career, Fuller had experimented incorporating tensile components in his work, such as in the
framing of his dymaxion houses.[11]

On 4 October 2009, the Kurilpa Bridge opened across

the Brisbane River in Queensland, Australia. A multiplemast, cable-stay structure based on the principles of
tensegrity, it is currently the worlds largest such strucSnelsons 1948 innovation spurred Fuller to immediately
ture.

3
to foresee tensegrity concepts.[17]

5 Stability
5.1 Tensegrity prisms
The three-rod tensegrity structure (3-way prism) has the
property that, for a given (common) length of compression member rod (there are three total) and a given
(common) length of tension cable tendon connecting
the rod ends together (there are six total), there is a particular value for the (common) length of the tendon connecting the rod tops with the neighboring rod bottoms (there
are three total) that causes the structure to hold a stable
shape. For such a structure, it is straightforward to prove
that the triangle formed by the rod tops and that formed
by the rod bottoms are rotated with respect to each other
by an angle of 5/6 (radians).[18]
The stability (prestressability) of several 2-stage tensegrity structures are analyzed by Sultan, et al.[19]

5.2 Tensegrity Icosahedra

Kenneth Snelsons 1948 X-Module Design as embodied in a twomodule column[9]

commission a mast from Snelson. In 1949, Fuller developed an icosahedron based on the technology, and he and
his students quickly developed further structures and applied the technology to building domes. After a hiatus,
Snelson also went on to produce a plethora of sculptures
based on tensegrity concepts. Snelsons main body of
work began in 1959 when a pivotal exhibition at the
Museum of Modern Art took place. At the MOMA exhibition, Fuller had shown the mast and some of his other
work.[12] At this exhibition, Snelson, after a discussion
with Fuller and the exhibition organizers regarding credit
for the mast, also displayed some work in a vitrine.[13]

Mathematical model of the tensegrity icosahedron

The following is a mathematical model for gures related

to the tensegrity icosahedron, explaining why the tensegrity icosahedron is a stable construction, albeit with innitesimal mobility.[20]

Snelsons best known piece is his 18-meter-high Needle Consider a cube of side length 2d, centered at the origin.
Tower of 1968.
Place a strut of length 2l in the plane of each cube face,
Russian artist Viatcheslav Koleichuk claimed that the idea such that each strut is parallel to one edge of the face and
of tensegrity was invented rst by Karl Ioganson, Russian is centered on the face. Moreover, each strut should be
artist of Latvian descent, who contributed some works to parallel to the strut on the opposite face of the cube, but
the main exhibition of Russian constructivism in 1921.[14] orthogonal to all other struts. If the Cartesian coordinates
Koleichuks claim was backed up by Maria Gough for of one strut are (0,d,l) and (0,d,l), those of its parallel
one of the works at the 1921 constructivist exhibition.[15] strut will be, respectively, (0,d,l) and (0,d,l). The coSnelson has acknowledged the constructivists as an in- ordinates of the other strut ends (vertices) are obtained by
uence for his work.[16] French engineer David Georges permuting the coordinates, e.g., (0,d,l)(d,l,0)(l,0,d)
Emmerich has also noted how Iogansons work seemed (rotational symmetry in the main diagonal of the cube).

8 SEE ALSO
U.S. Patent 3,169,611, Continuous Tension, Discontinuous Compression Structure, February 16,
1965, Kenneth Snelson.
U.S. Patent 3,866,366, Non-symmetrical TensionIntegrity Structures, February 18, 1975, Buckminster Fuller.

7 Basic tensegrity structures

The simplest tensegrity structure (a 3-prism)
Dierent shapes of tensegrity icosahedra, depending on the ratio
between the lengths of the tendons and the struts.

Another 3-prism

The distance s between any two neighboring vertices (0,d,

l) and (d, l, 0) is

A similar structure but with four compression members.

1
3
s2 = (d l)2 + d2 + l2 = 2(d l)2 + l2
2
2

Proto-Tensegrity
1921[gallery 1]

Prism

by

Karl

Ioganson,

Tensegrity Icosahedron, Buckminster Fuller,

Imagine this gure built from struts of given length 2l
1949[gallery 2]
and tendons (connecting
neighboring
vertices)
of
given

length s, with s > 3/2 l . The relation tells us there

Tensegrity Tetrahedron, Francesco della Salla,
are two possible values for d: one realized by pushing
1952[gallery 3]
the struts together,
the other by pulling them apart. For
example, for s = 2 l the minimal gure (d = 0) is a
Tensegrity X-Module Tetrahedron, Kenneth Snelregular octahedron and the maximal gure (d
= l) is a
son, 1959[gallery 4]
quasiregular cubeoctahedron. In the case s = 21 ( 51)l
we have s = 2d, so the convex hull of the maximal gure
is a regular icosahedron.
Cite error: There are <ref group=gallery> tags on this

In the particular case s = 3/2 l the two extremes co- page, but the references will not show without a {{reincide, and d = 12 l , therefore the gure is the stable ist|group=gallery}} template (see the help page).
tensegrity icosahedron.
Since the tensegrity icosahedron represents an extremal
point of the above relation, it has innitesimal mobility: a
small change in the length s of the tendon (e.g. by stretching the tendons) results in a much larger change of the
distance 2d of the struts.

8 See also
Cloud Nine
Hyperboloid structure

Patents
U.S. Patent 3,063,521, Tensile-Integrity Structures, November 13, 1962, Buckminster Fuller.
French Patent No. 1,377,290, Construction de Reseaux Autotendants, September 28, 1964, David
Georges Emmerich.
French Patent No. 1,377,291, Structures Linaires
Autotendants, September 28, 1964, David Georges
Emmerich.
U.S. Patent 3,139,957, Suspension Building (also
called aspension), July 7, 1964, Buckminster Fuller.

Interactions of actors theory

Saddle roof
Space frame
Synergetics
Tensairity
Tensile structure
Thin-shell structure

9.1

Gallery

References

[1] Gmez-Juregui, V (2010). Tensegrity Structures and

their Application to Architecture. Servicio de Publicaciones Universidad de Cantabria, p.19.
ISBN
8481025755.
[2] Swanson, RL (2013). Biotensegrity: a unifying theory
of biological architecture with applications to osteopathic
practice, education, and research-a review and analysis.
The Journal of the American Osteopathic Association 113
(1): 3452. PMID 23329804.
[3] Eleanor Hartley, Ken Snelson and the Aesthetics of
Structure, in the Marlborough Gallery catalogue for Kenneth Snelson: Selected Work: 1948 - 2009, exhibited
February 19 through March 21, 2009.
[4] Korkmaz, et al. (June 2011)
[5] Korkmaz, et. al (2011)
[6] Levin, Stephen, Tensegrity, The New Biomechanics";
Hutson, M & Ellis, R (Eds.), Textbook of Musculoskeletal
Medicine. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2006
[7] Musculoskeletal Prestress, "", Journal of Biomechanics,
October 2009.
[8] Ingber, Donald E. (January 1998). The Architecture of
Life. Scientic American.
[9] Maria Gough, In the Laboratory of Constructivism: Karl
Iogansons Cold Structures October, Vol. 84 (Spring,
1998), p. 109.
[10] Gmez-Juregui, V. (2009). Controversial Origins of
Tensegrity. International Association of Spatial Structures IASS Symposium 2009, Valencia.
[11] Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller, chapter on
Tensegrity.
[12] See photo of Fullers work at this exhibition in his 1961
article on tensegrity for the Portfolio and Art News Annual
(No.4).
[13] Lalvani (1996), p. 47.
[14] Droitcour, Brian (2006-08-18). Building Blocks. The
Moscow Times. Archived from the original on 200810-07. Retrieved 2011-03-28. With an unusual mix of
art and science, Vyacheslav Koleichuk resurrected a legendary 1921 exhibition of Constructivist art.
[15] Gough (1998), pp. 90-117.

[20] Tensegrity Figuren. Universitt Regensburg. Retrieved

2 April 2013.

9.1 Gallery

10 Bibliography
Fuller, Buckminster.
SYNERGETICS
Explorations in the Geometry of Thinking,
Volumes I & II, New York, Macmillan Publishing
Co, 1975, 1979.
Fuller, Buckminster. "Tensegrity, Portfolio and Art
News Annual, No. 4 (1961), pp. 112127, 144,
148.
Fuller, R. Buckminster; Marks, Robert. The Dymaxion World of Buckminster Fuller, Garden City,
New York: Anchor Books, 1973 (originally published in 1960 by So. Ill. Univ. Press), Figs.
261-280. A good overview on the scope of tensegrity from Fullers point of view, and an interesting
overview of early structures with careful attributions
most of the time.
Gmez-Juregui, Valentin (2007). Tensegridad. Estructuras Tensegrticas en Ciencia y Arte (in Spanish). Santander: Universidad de Cantabria. ISBN
978-84-8102-437-1.
Gmez-Juregui, Valentn (2010). Tensegrity Structures and their Application to Architecture. Santander: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad
de Cantabria. isbn=978-84-8102-575-0.
Korkmaz, Sinan; Bel Hadj Ali, Nizar, Smith,
Ian F.C. (2011).
Conguration of Control
System for Damage Tolerance of a Tensegrity
Bridge. Advanced Engineering Informatics 26:
145. doi:10.1016/j.aei.2011.10.002.
Korkmaz, Sinan; Bel Hadj Ali, Nizar, Smith, Ian
F.C. (June 2011). Determining Control Strategies for Damage Tolerance of an Active Tensegrity
Structure. Engineering Structures 33 (6): 1930
1939. doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2011.02.031.

[16] In Snelsons article for Lalvani, 1996, I believe.

[17] David Georges Emmerich, Structures Tendues et Autotendantes, Paris: Ecole d'Architecture de Paris la Villette,
1988, pp. 30-31.
[18] Burkhardt, Robert William, Jr. (2008), A Practical Guide
to Tensegrity Design
[19] Sultan, Cornel; Martin Corless; Robert E. Skelton (2001).
The prestressability problem of tensegrity structures:
some analytical solutions. International Journal of Solids
and Structures 26: 145.

Lalvani, Haresh (ed.) (1996). Origins of Tensegrity: Views of Emmerich, Fuller and Snelson. International Journal of Space Structures 11 (1, 2). pp.
2755.
Juan, S. J.; Tur, J M (July 2008), Tensegrity
frameworks: Static analysis review, Mechanism and Machine Theory, 43, 7: 859881,
doi:10.1016/j.mechmachtheory.2007.06.010,
retrieved 2 April 2013

12

11

Further reading

Di Carlo, Biagio. STRUTTURE TENSEGRALI.

Quaderni di Geometria Sinergetica, Pescara 2004.
http://www.biagiodicarlo.com
Edmondson, Amy. A Fuller Explanation, EmergentWorld LLC, 2007. Earlier version available online at http://www.angelfire.com/mt/marksomers/
40.html
Forbes, Peter. The Geckos Foot: How Scientists are
Taking a Leaf from Natures Book, Harper Perennial, 2006, pp. 197230.
Hanaor, Ariel, Tensegrity: Theory and Application, Chapter 13 (pp. 385408) in J. Franois
Gabriel, Beyond the Cube: The Architecture of Space
Frames and Polyhedra, New York: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc., 1997.
Kenner, Hugh. Geodesic Math and How to Use It,
Berkeley, California: University of California Press,
1976. Now back in print. This is a good starting
place for learning about the mathematics of tensegrity and building models.
Masic, Milenko, Robert E. Skelton and Philip E.
Gill, "Algebraic tensegrity form-nding, International Journal of Solids and Structures, Vol. 42, Nos.
16-17 (Aug 2005), pp. 48334858. They present
the remarkable result that any linear transformation
of a tensegrity is also a tensegrity.
Morgan, G.J. (2003). Historical Review: Viruses,
Crystals and Geodesic Domes. Trends in Biochemical Sciences 28 (2): 8690. doi:10.1016/S09680004(02)00007-5. PMID 12575996.
Motro, R., Tensegrity Systems: The State of the
Art, International Journal of Space Structures, Vol.
7 (1992), No. 2, pp. 7584.
Pugh, Anthony. An Introduction to Tensegrity, University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles California, 1976, ISBN 0-520-03055-9
Snelson, Kenneth. Letter to R. Motro, International
Journal of Space Structures, November 1990.
Souza, et al., "Prestress revealed by passive cotension at the ankle joint", Journal of Biomechanics,
October 2009.
Vilnay, Oren, Cable Nets and Tensegric Shells: Analysis and Design Applications, New York: Ellis Horwood Ltd., 1990.
Wang, Bin-Bing, Cable-strut systems: Part I Tensegrity, Journal of Constructional Steel Research, Vol. 45 (1998), No. 3, pp. 281289.
Wilken, Timothy. Seeking the Gift Tensegrity, TrustMark, 2001.

EXTERNAL LINKS

12 External links
Tensegrity Scholarpedia article
Point, contrepoint. French tensegrity, art and design.
Scientic Publications in the Field of Tensegrity
by Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL),
Applied Computing and Mechanics Laboratory
(IMAC)
Valentin Gomez-Jaureguis site A web page (in English and Spanish) showing images, references and
explanations about tensegrity.
Kenneth Snelsons site with an article on the theory
and development of tensegrity as well as pictures of
his sculptures from desktop pieces to 90-foot towers.
Kirby Urners page on Kenneth Snelson, developed
in collaboration with the artist before the above ofcial site came on-line, still relevant.
Dubai Tensegrity Tower designed by Aurel von
Richthofen includes diagrams of proposed tower
with elevator.
Ortegrity by Timothy Wilken, MD 2002, 70-pagelong PDF document describing human interactions
in terms of tensegrity.
Tensegrity in a CellThis interactive feature allows
you to control a cells internal structural elements.
From Donald Ingber and the research department of
Childrens Hospital Boston.
Stephen Levins Biotensegrity site Several papers on
the tensegrity mechanics of biologic structures from
viruses to vertebrates by an Orthopedic Surgeon.
The Dynamic Template site: an article by Dr.
Lofthouse that demonstrates how spatially organised ows of aminophospholipids in the red blood
cell membrane convert the cell surface into a Dynamic Template for its cortical Spectrin cytoskeleton. This is the only model to date that provides
biological cells with a mechanism capable of prestressing exible, membrane-associated protein networks, which is absent from Glanz & Ingbers exclusively protein-based models of cellular tensegrity
structures.
Tensegrity examples Several tensegrity examples by
Marcelo Pars.
Sine Utilitate Examples of contemporary sculptural
constructions by Christos Saccopoulos using tensegrity principles.
Virtual 3D tensegrity structures an interactive Java
applet simulating various selectable structures.

13
13.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Tensegrity Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensegrity?oldid=634537304 Contributors: The Epopt, Tarquin, SimonP, Twilsonb, Stevertigo, Patrick, Gabbe, Nikai, Charles Matthews, Topbanana, Texture, Wilful, Xanzzibar, Centrx, Wolfkeeper, BenFrantzDale, Dratman, Leonard G., Manuel Anastcio, Pethan, Creidieki, Sonett72, Deelkar, Zaslav, Evand, Joaopais, Man vyi, David Gale, Pearle,
Conny, Keenan Pepper, Sjschen, Craigy144, BRW, Drbreznjev, Saxifrage, Omnist, AshishG, GregorB, Alcoved id, Gettingtoit, Calicocat, Rjwilmsi, AhmedFasih, Syndicate, Lockley, YurikBot, RussBot, Thos Davis, Dugosz, Ozaru, Wechselstrom, Cjfsyntropy, Cmglee,
DVD R W, SmackBot, Jfurr1981, JHuberman, Chris the speller, Bluebot, Joefaust, Kirbyurner, Nick Green, Mr3641, George100, CmdrObot, Kathy S, A876, JamesLucas, Sadharan, Guy Macon, Peterleroux, EagleFan, Kamojamo, Pekaje, Rlsheehan, ,
Dynamic template, RJASE1, John Darrow, Frees, Rgroleau, Ratsbew, Lwolberg, Calliopejen1, Tombarber6, Genya Avocado, ArthurOgawa, Zeldafreakx86, XLinkBot, Fede.Campana, Addbot, DOI bot, MrOllie, Karl gregory jones, Gengstrand, Devinronaldson, Tide rolls,
Lightbot, , Jarble, Yobot, AnomieBOT, Bob Burkhardt, Cureden, 205ywmpq, Vaywatch, Armbrust, Abigor, Thatwasclose, Konmaz, FrescoBot, Szczebrzeszynski, Citation bot 1, Skyerise, Btilm, Sinisterfootwear, Bodoni28, Fama Clamosa, Dinamik-bot,
Gangulybiswarup, RjwilmsiBot, EmausBot, Dima Terekhin, Ortac3, Slawekb, H3llBot, Tensegritywiki, Sven Manguard, Twigmowatt, Rememberway, Pbmaise, Segrim, Duranton, Badon, Kinestheticplayground, BattyBot, Point, Contrepoint., ChrisGualtieri, TylerDurden8823,
Kernsters, AODLOR, Jumpulse, Martin Roller, Empire of War, Monkbot, Wriether, Beenssle and Anonymous: 94

13.2

Images

File:Brisbane_(6868660143).jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/dd/Brisbane_%286868660143%29.jpg

License: CC BY 2.0 Contributors: Brisbane Original artist: Steve Collis from Melbourne, Australia
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically: Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:In16695.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/In16695.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Museum of London website (http://www.museumoflondon.org.uk/) Original artist: British Ocial Photograph
File:Snelson_XModule_Design_1948.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/Snelson_XModule_Design_
1948.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Bob Burkhardt
File:Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Stereogram_guide_cross-eyed.
png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hyacinth
File:Stereogram_guide_parallel.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/Stereogram_guide_parallel.png
License: Public domain Contributors: Own work Original artist: Hyacinth
File:Tensegrity_Structure_-_Science_Park_-_Science_City_-_Kolkata_2010-02-18_4567.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.
org/wikipedia/commons/f/f4/Tensegrity_Structure_-_Science_Park_-_Science_City_-_Kolkata_2010-02-18_4567.JPG License: CC
BY 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Biswarup Ganguly
File:Tensegrity_icosahedron.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Tensegrity_icosahedron.png License:
CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Drawing made by me with PowerPoint and Paint.Net Original artist: Martin Roller
File:Tensegrity_icosahedron_shapes.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Tensegrity_icosahedron_
shapes.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Drawing made by me with PowerPoint and Paint.Net Original artist: Martin Roller
File:Tensegrity_simple_3_RL.png Source:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/34/Tensegrity_simple_3_RL.png
License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from: Tensegrity_simple_3.gif <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:
Tensegrity_simple_3.gif' class='image'><img alt='Tensegrity simple 3.gif' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/
26/Tensegrity_simple_3.gif/50px-Tensegrity_simple_3.gif' width='50' height='67' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/2/26/Tensegrity_simple_3.gif/75px-Tensegrity_simple_3.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/
Tensegrity_simple_3.gif/100px-Tensegrity_simple_3.gif 2x' data-le-width='192' data-le-height='256' /></a>
Original artist: Tensegrity_simple_3.gif: Cmglee
File:Tensegrity_simple_4_RL.png Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Tensegrity_simple_4_RL.png License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This le was derived from: Tensegrity_simple_4.gif <a href='//commons.wikimedia.org/
wiki/File:Tensegrity_simple_4.gif' class='image'><img alt='Tensegrity simple 4.gif' src='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
thumb/a/a2/Tensegrity_simple_4.gif/50px-Tensegrity_simple_4.gif' width='50' height='67' srcset='//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/
commons/thumb/a/a2/Tensegrity_simple_4.gif/75px-Tensegrity_simple_4.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/
a/a2/Tensegrity_simple_4.gif/100px-Tensegrity_simple_4.gif 2x' data-le-width='192' data-le-height='256' /></a>
Original artist: Tensegrity_simple_4.gif: Cmglee
File:Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Text_document_
with_red_question_mark.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Created by bdesham with Inkscape; based upon Text-x-generic.svg
from the Tango project. Original artist: Benjamin D. Esham (bdesham)

13.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0