CDMA Chapter0to2

Introduction to Spread
Spectrum Communications
JungLang Yu
Department of Electronic Engineering
Fu Jen Catholic University
Taipei, Taiwan
Tel: +866-2-29052102
Fax:+866-2-29042638
e-mail : yujl@ee.fju.edu.tw
Ftp:
http://www.ee.fju.edu.tw/communication/main.html
OUTLINE
FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Outline - Page 1
TEXT BOOKS
Textbook:
1. R.L. Peterson, et. al., Introduction to spread spectrum
communications, 1995,
2. V.P. Ipatov, Spread spectrum and CDMA, Principles and
Applications,, 2005
Reference:
1. IS-95 CDMA and CDMA 2000 Cellular/PCS Systems Implementation,
V.K. Grag, 2000, Chap 1~Chap7
2. S.G. Glisic, Adaptive WCDMA, 2003.
3. S. Verdu, Multi-user Detection, 1998
4. P. Van Rooyen, et., al., Space-time processing for CDMA mobile
communications, 2000
5. A.J. Viterbi,Principles of spread spectrum communication, 1995
Introductions
Basic digital communication concepts
Spread spectrum systems
Binary shift-register sequences
Synchronization, code acquisition, code tracking
Performance of spread spectrum systems in jamming
environments
Code division multiple access channel
Single user matched filter
Optimum multi-user detection, Decorrelating Detector,
Nondecorrelating linear multi-user detection
Multi-Carrier CDMA (OFDM)
GRADE
Computer Exercise 35%
Midterm project and presentation 30% (paper survey) : 23th
April
Term project and presentation 35% (duplicate its simulation
results) : 11th June
Due date
z Computer exercise: a week after assignment
z Midterm project : on 2nd April
z Term project : on 21th May
Project topics:
Topics :
z Multi-user detection
z RAKE receivers
z Channel Estimation
z Synchronization in spread spectrum systems
z Power control in CDMA systems
z Handover techniques
z Wireless LANs based on spread spectrum technology
z Advanced wireless techniques: OFDM, UWB, etc.
z Any topics related CDMA are OK after discussing with Dr. Yu.
References :
z IEEE Transaction on Communication
z IEEE Transaction on Vehicle Technology
z IEEE Transaction on Signal Processing
z IEEE Transaction on Wireless Communication
z Signal Processing
0.1 Mobile communications

1st Generation: analog voice service (9.6Kbps)
z
z
z
z
AMPS(USA), Advances Mobile Phone Service, IS-54

NMTS(Europe), Nordic Mobile Telephone System
TACS(England), Total Access Communication System
NAMTS(Japan), NEC Advances Mobile Telephone System

2.5 Generation: enhanced data service for GSM
z GPRS for packet switching system (9k, 13.4k, 15.6k,
21.4k/slot, 8 slots/channel)
z HSCSD for high-speed circuit switching data (14.4k/slot, 8
slots/channel)
z EDGE integration of GPRS and HSCSD (384kbps)
2nd Generation: voice and lower-rate data service (9.6Kbps)

z
z
z
z
z
D-AMPS(USA), Digital-AMPS, IS-136

GSM(Europe), Global System for Mobile Communication
DCS(England), Digital Cellular System
PDC(Japan), Personal Digital Cellular
CDMA(North American), IS-95
FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 1
3rd Generation: voice, data and multi-media service

(2Mbps)
4th Generation: voice, data and interactive-media service
(156Mbps)
Quality of Service in old generations:

z Voice Quality (improved) , Coverage (world-wide seamless
access) & Costs (low)
z Quality of Service aspects : low BER and low delay time
New Services and Capabilities in new generations

z Enabling new voice and data service that are not currently
available with 1G and 2G technology
z High bandwidth services (data, image, multimedia)
0.2 Development of CDMA

Spread spectrum communications originate from MIT
Lincoln Labs since 1920s.
The theory of spread spectrum communications has been
well known since the late 1940's.
It has been used somewhat intensively in the field of secure
military communications since 1950's, but in commercial
applications it is a relatively new technique.
The spread spectrum technique has been released from
military since 1970s.
The first major commercial application of spread spectrum
techniques was the Global Positioning System (GPS).
0.3 3G development history

Seamless World-wide Access
R.G. Cooper and Nettleton proposed the North American DS-CDMA

systems in 1977. It is further commercialized by Qualcomm as
narrowband CDMA(IS-95)
In 1985, ITU (International Telecommunication Union) proposed the
3G specification, which is called FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile
Telecommunication Systems). In 1996 it is renamed as IMT-2000
(International Mobile Telecommunication) and defines the
specifications
z 144K bps in fast moving speed
z 384K bps in walking, slow moving speed
z 2M bps in standstill environment
Proposals for 3G Standards
z Wideband-CDMA (Europe)
z CDMA-2000 (North American)
z TD-SCDMA (China)

W-CDMA:
It is proposed by Ericsson (Sweden) and NTT DoCoMo
(Japan) which is an extension of GSM systems. In 2001,
The first W-CDMA 3G service is proposed in Japan by the
DoCoMo company.
CDMA-2000
It is an extension of narrowband CDMA (IS-95)
z CDMA one, integration of IS-95 in 1997, 8 voices, 64K
bps/channel
z CDMA-2000 1X, wideband service, 307K bps in 1.25M Hz
BW
z CDMA-2000 3X, wideband service 2M bps in 5M Hz BW
z CDMA 2000 1X EV-DO, 2.5M downlink /307K uplink bps in
1.25M Hz BW
TD-SCDMA
It is the combination of TDMA system and synchronization
CDMA, which is proposed by the Simens (Germany) and
Datang (China) in 1999.
3G Telecommunication licenses
z
z
z

Network Operators
Taiwan : A,B,C,D for W-CDMW at 2G Hz and E for CDMA2000 at 800M

Hz.
Japan: 2 for W-CDMA and 1 for CDMA2000
Korean: 3 for W-CDMA and 1 for CDMA2000
0.4 International Telecommunication Union

IMT-2000 specification : ITU
z International Mobile Telecommunications 2000
z the time schedule for the first trial system : year 2000
z the frequency range to be used : around 2000 MHz
The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is

responsible for the IMT-2000 specification.
z The requirements for the 3G standardisation have been
discussed under the term FPLMTS (Future Public Land
Mobile Telecommunications System) since the early 1990s.
z In the mid 1990s the term FPLMTS was changed to the term
IMT-2000.
http://www.cdg.org & http://www.umtsworld.com/umts/links.htm

UMTS (WCDMA) ETSI
z UMTS stands for Universal Mobile Telecommunications
System
z UMTS is a member of the ITUs IMT-2000 global family of
3G mobile communication systems
z The European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI)
is responsible for the UMTS standardization
z UMTS is the successor standard to the second generation
GSM.
z UMTS will play a key role in creating the future mass market
for high-quality wireless multimedia communications that
will approach 2 billion users worldwide by the year 2010

Air Interfaces for 3G : WCDMA

Air Interfaces for 3G : WCDMA
WCDMA
GSM

Air Interfaces for 3G : CDMA2000

Spectrum Allocation for 3G
0.5 4G possible techniques
0.6 Important Research Topics

1. PN sequences
2. Code acquisition / Code tracking
3. Modulation/demodulation
4. Power control
5. Handover techniques
6. RAKE receivers
7. Channel Estimation
8. Adaptive CDMA networks
9. Radio fading channel
10. Multiuser detection
11. Advanced CDMA systems, MC-CDMA, OFDM
W-CDMA with OFDM technique Multi-Carrier CDMA

LAS-CDMA (large area synchronization CDMA by China)
Position CDMA
UWB (ultra wideband) technique
4G standards will be proposed in 2010 ( NTT DoCoMo
plans to propose the 4G standard in 2007).
0.7 Reference
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
CDMA development group, http://www.cdg.org

3G Partnership Project 2http://www.3gpp2.org/
3 G Partnership Projecthttp://www.3gpp.org/
UMTS Worldhttp://www.umtsworld.com/umts/links.htm
3G Today - IMT-2000 Standardhttp://www.3gtoday.com/index.html
CDMA2000http://www.ericsson.com/
Cellular Onlinehttp://www.cellular.co.za/main.htm
Cellular Technologies Of The Worldhttp://www.cellular.co.za/main.htm
Philips Consumer Communications
http://www.wca.org/dgibson/index.htm
TDD White Paperhttp://www.tddcoalition.org/
TD-SCDMA White Paperhttp://www.siemens-mobile.com/mobile
Wireless Web Features - TD-SCDMA and W-CDMA make ideal partners
for 3Ghttp://wireless.iop.org/
UMTS Worldhttp://www.umtsworld.com/umts/links.htm
Ch1: Basic digital communication concepts
Reference
1.
R.L. Peterson, et. al., Introduction to spread spectrum communications, Chapter 1
2.
S. Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Edition, 2000
1.1.
Typical Digital Communications
1.2.
Detection in AWGN channel
1.2.1.
Coherent Modulation Scheme
Matched filter (correlator receiver) :
y (t ) = s1 (t ) + n(t ) or s2 (t ) + n(t )
n(t ) N (0, N 0 / 2)
Department of Electronic Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University
1/20
2/20
Error probability :
Send
s1 (t )
T
v(T ) = ( s1 (t ) + n(t ))( s2 (t ) s1 (t ))dt = E12 E1 + W

0
Send
s2 (t )
T
v(T ) = ( s2 (t ) + n(t ))( s2 (t ) s1 (t ))dt = E2 E12 + W

0
where
T
E12 = s1 (t ) s2 (t )dt
0
Ei = si2 (t )dt ,
i = 1, 2
W = n(t )( s2 (t ) s1 (t ))dt Gaussian, with

0
E[W] = 0,
T
E[W 2 ] = E[ n(t )( s2 (t ) s1 (t ))dt n(q )( s2 (q ) s1 (q ))dq ]

=
N0
2
( s2 (t ) s1 (t )) 2 dt =
N0
( E1 + E2 2 E12 )
2
3/20
If s1 (t ), s2 (t ) are equally probable, then the optimum k is determined by

1
1
k = ( so1 (T ) + so 2 (T )) = ( E2 E1 )
2
2
and
Pe = Q (
d /2
) = Q(
E1 + E2 2 E12
E + E2 2 E12
) = Q( 1
)
2 n
2N0
Define
z=
( E1 + E2 ) Eb
=
2N0
N0
R12 =
2 E12
E
= 12
E1 + E2 Eb
Then
Pe = Q ( z (1 R12 ))
Example:
R12 = 0 for BFSK, orthogonal signaling, Pe = Q ( z )

R12 = 1 for BPSK, antipodal signaling, Pe = Q ( 2 z )
Bandwidth:
For a rectangular pulse of period T, the spectrum is
S ( f ) = A2Tsinc( fT )
The spectrum for the passband is
Sm ( f ) =
A2T
{sinc[( f f 0 )T ] + sinc[( f + f 0 )T ]}
2
For PSK, ASK, we have
4/20
BWRF =
2
T
For FSK, f 2 f1 = 1/ 2T (minimum frequency spacing for orthogonal signaling), we

have
BWRF =
2.5
T
Bandwidth efficiency:
R
1
R=
,
BW
T
for baseband signal
1
for ASK,PSK
= 1/ 2
1/ 2.5 for FSK
1.2.2.
z
Noncoherent Modulation Scheme

ASK :
z
z
Bandpass filter : correlator receiver or matched filter with cos(.) and sin(.).
Envelope detector : square law detector.
r (t ) = A cos( wct + ) + n(t )

A
cos( )
2
A
rQ = sin( )
2
A2 / 4 if 1 is sent
y=
if 0 is sent
0
rI =
1
E
Pe e z / 2 for z = b >> 1
2
N0
FSK:
if 1 is sent
A cos( wct + ) + n (t )
r (t ) =
A cos( wc t + wt + ) + n(t ) if 0 is sent
1
Pe = e z / 2 for all z
2
z
DPSK:
Transmitter
5/20
a)
Suboptimum Rx (ref Ziemer 5th p358)
r (t ) = A cos( wct + i + ) + n(t )

T
y = A2 cos( wc t + i + ) cos( wct + i 1 + )dt

0
A2 T
A2T
cos(
)
dt
=
cos( i )
i
i 1
2 0
2
Pe = Q ( z )
=
b)
Optimum Rx
6/20
r (t ) = A cos( wc t + i + ) + n(t )
AT
cos( i + )
0
2
T
AT
yi = A cos( wc t + i + )sin( wc t )dt =
sin( i + )
0
2
T
xi = A cos( wc t + i + ) cos( wc t )dt =
y = xi xi 1 + yi yi 1 =
Pe =
1.2.3.
A2T 2
A2T 2
cos( i i 1 ) =
cos( i )
4
4
1 z
e
2
Performance Comparison
7/20
8/20
1.3 Signal Detection in Geometric Representation

1.3.1
Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization (GSO)

Given a finite set of signals
{si (t ), i = 1" M ,0 t T } , find orthonormal basis function
{i (t ), i = 1" K ,0 t T }, K M
by
v1 (t )
v1
a)
v1 (t ) = s1 (t ), 1 (t ) =
b)
v2 (t ) = s2 (t ) < s2 ,1 > 1 (t ), 2 (t ) =
c)
v3 (t ) = s3 (t ) < s3 ,1 > 1 (t ) < s3 ,2 > 2 (t ), 3 (t ) =
d)
Continue until all signals have been used.
v2 ( t )
v2
v3 ( t )
v3
Where
T
< x, y >= x (t ) y * (t )dt ,

0
x =
Using {i (t ), i = 1" K } , the signal
x (t ) x* (t )dt = < x, x >
sn (t )
can be represented by
9/20
i =1
i =1
sn (t ) = < sn ,i > i (t ) = Sini (t )
Define (t ) = [1 (t )" K (t ) ] , S n = [ S1n " S Kn ] , then

T
sn (t ) = (t )S n
Geometric view of signal detection
1.3.2
If
s j (t )
is transmitted, then
r (t ) = s j (t ) + n(t ) = (t )S j + n(t )
T
Z = r (t ) H (t )dt = H (t ) (t )S j dt + n(t ) H (t )dt =S j + N

Or
Z i = Sij + N i
T
N i = n(t )i* (t )dt

0
Statistics of Z i , N i
a)
N i Gaussian, so is Z i
b)
E [ N i ] = 0, E[ Z i ] = Sij
c)
cov( N i , N j ) = E [ N i N *j ] = E[ n(t )i* (t )dt n* ( ) j ( )d ] =
N0
2
i* (t ) j (t )dt =
N0
ij
2
10/20
it is uncorrelated Gaussian, with 2 =
d)
cov( Z i , Z j ) = E[( Z i Z i )( Z j Z j )* ] = E [ N i N *j ] =
e)
i =1
i =1
1
2
K
2
f ( Z / s j (t )) = f ( Z i / s j (t )) = (2 ) e
= ( N 0 )
1.3.3
N0
2
K
2
( Z i Sij ) 2
i =1
N0
exp(
) = ( N 0 )
N0
ij
2
( Z i Sij )2
2 2
exp(
2
1
ZSj )
N0
M-ary PSK
si (t ) =
2 Es
cos( wc t + i ), 0 t Ts , i = 1" M
Ts
Where i =
2 (i 1)
, Es is symbol energy
M
2
2
si (t ) = Es cos( i )
cos( wc t ) sin( i )
sin( wc t )
Ts
Ts
= Es [ cos( i )1 (t ) sin( i )2 (t )]
If only two neighboring symbols are considered, e.g. s1 (t ), sM (t ) , then the BER is
computed by
P2 ( sM / s1 ) = Q (
Es sin(
11/20
)
M ) = Q ( 2 Es sin( ))
N0
M
The SER of M-ary PSK is bounded by
2 Es
2 Es
sin( )) Ps 2Q (
sin( ))
N0
M
N0
M
Q(
1.3.4
M-ary FSK
si (t ) =
2 Es
cos( wc t + (i 1) wt ), 0 t Ts , i = 1" M
Ts
For continue-phase FSK, w
i ( t ) =
1
. We define basis as
Ts
2
cos( wc t + (i 1) wt ), 0 t Ts , i = 1" M
Ts
Then we have
si (t ) = Es i (t )
The SER has the upper bound of
M
i =2
i =2
Ps = P ( s2 " sM s1 ) P2 ( si s1 ) = Q (
2 Es 2
) = ( M 1)Q ( Es N 0 )
1.3.5
QAM
si (t ) =
2
( Ai cos wot + Bi sin wot ) = Ai1 (t ) + Bi2 (t ), 0 t Ts
Ts
Where Ai , Bi = a, 3a," ( L 1)a, L = M

If
Es
is the average symbol energy, then
Es =
2( M 1) 2
a
3
The symbol error rate is related to PAM error probability by

Ps1 =
1 2a 2
2a 2
2a 2
1
Q(
) + Q(
) + 2Q (
)( L 2) = 2(1 )Q ( 2a 2 N 0 )
L
L
Then SER for QAM is

1
Ps = 1 Pc = 1 (1 Ps1 ) 2 2 Ps1 = 4(1 )Q ( 2a 2 N 0 )
L
12/20
13/20
1.4 Comparison of Modulation Schemes

Bandwidth efficiency
1.4.1
R
BW
M-PSK,M-QAM,M-DPSK
BW =
R=
1
log 2 M (bps )
Ts
log 2 M
R
=
= 0.5log 2 M
BW
2
Coherent M-FSK
The minimum frequency spacing to maintain orthogonality is 1 2Ts
BW =
2
Ts
1 M 1 1 M + 3
+
+ =
Ts
2Ts
Ts
2Ts
R=
1
log 2 M (bps )
Ts
2log 2 M
R
=
BW
M +3
Noncoherent M-FSK
The minimum frequency spacing to avoid the cochannel interference is
BW = M
2
Ts
R=
1
log 2 M (bps )
Ts
log 2 M
R
=
BW
2M
SER vs. BER
1.4.2
z
Es N 0 vs. Eb N 0
2 Ts
Ts = Tb log 2 M
Es = Eb log 2 M
E s Eb
log 2 M
=
N0 N0
Ps vs. Pb
for M-PSK, M-QAM, and Gray coding is used
Pb
Ps
log 2 M
for M-FSK
Pb
MPs
2( M 1)
14/20
15/20
1.5 Signaling through fading channels

We discuss the effects of the flat-fading channel, with assumption that
z
z
z
fading is independent of frequency

signals are narrowband relative to channel filtering effect
delay spread is much smaller than symbol period
flat-fading channel model
1.5.1
Modulation signal: m (t ) , it is either frequency variance or phase variance

Transmitted signal: st (t ) = A cos( wc t + m (t ))
Direct path A cos( wc t + m (t ) + )
Scattering (indirect path)
N
k =1
Ak cos( wc t + m (t ) + k )
Scattering effect
sr (t ) = k =1 Ak cos( wc t + m (t ) + k )
N
= Ak cos( k ) cos( wc t + m (t )) Ak sin( k ) sin( wc t + m (t ))

k
= X I cos( wct + m (t )) X Q sin( wc t + m (t ))
16/20
With central limit theorem, we have
X I , X Q Gaussian with N (0, 2 )

Then
sr (t )
can be expressed as
sr (t ) = R cos( wc t + m (t ) + )
Where
R= X +X
2
I
2
Q
Rayleigh distribution, f R ( r ) =
r2
2 2
= tan 1 ( X Q X I ) uniform distribution
Direct path effect
sr (t ) = A cos( wc t + m (t ) + ) + X I cos( wc t + m (t )) X Q sin( wc t + m (t ))
= R1 cos( wc t + m (t ) + 1 )
Where
R1 Rician distribution, f R1 ( r1 ) =
r1
exp(
r12 + A2
)I0 (
Ar1
), r1 0
I 0 () is modified bessel function of order zero
Rayleigh channel
1.5.2
Consider the coherent receiver (the frequency and phase of the received signal are known)
T
yD = [ R cos( wc t + m (t ) + ) + n(t )]
0
=R
2
cos( wc t + )dt
T
T
cos(m (T )) + W
2
T
N
cos(m (T )) indicates the signal term and W N (0, 0 ) is the noise term.
2
2
Further, the amplitude of cos(m (T )) for BPSK, FSK, and DPSK is unity. Then we can find
where R
17/20
the SNR at the receiver
z=
Eb R 2T
=
N0 2 N0
Since R is of Rayleigh distribution, z is chi-square distribution with 2 degree of freedom, i.e.,
f ( z) =
1.5.3
R 2T
1
z
exp( ), z 0, z = E
z
z
2 N0
BER for BPSK in Rayleigh fading channel

For BPSK, the BER is given by
Pe ( z ) = Q ( 2 z )
However, z is random variable of chi-square distribution. We compute the averaged BER as
follows.
Pe = Pe ( z ) = Q( 2 z ) f ( z )dz =
2z
1
t2
1
z
exp( )dt exp( )dz
2
z
z
2
Define
u=
2z
du =
1
t2
1
z
exp( )dt , dv = exp( )dz
2
z
z
2
1
z
e z dz , v = exp( )
z
2 2 z
Therefore
z
z
1
Pe = Q( 2 z ) exp( ) ( exp( ))(
e z )dz
0
z 0
z
4 z
1
1
2 2
1
1
exp{ z (1 + )}dz
z
z
Let
w = z , dw =
dz
dz = 2wdw
2 z
Pe
18/20
becomes
Pe =
=
1
1
2 2
1 1
w exp{ w (1 + z )}2wdw
2
exp{ w (1 + z )}dw
2
Let
1
x2
1
x = 2 w2 (1 + ), or
= w2 (1 + )
z
2
z
Then
Pe =
=
1 1
exp{
0
1
1
2
(1 + 1 z )
x2
1
}(
)dx
2
2(1 + 1 z )
1
2
exp{
0
1
x2
z
)
}dx = (1
2
1+ z
2
Other binary modulation
1.5.4
Coherent FSK
The BER is given by
Pe ( z ) = Q( z )
Pe =
1
z
)
(1
2
2+ z
DPSK
The conditional BER is given by
Pe ( z ) =
1
exp( z )
2
Then the averaged BER is computed by
19/20
1
1
1
z
Pe = Pe ( z ) = exp( z ) f ( z )dz = exp( z ) exp( )dz
2
2
z
z
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
=
exp{ z (1 + )}dz =
((1 + )1 ) exp{ z (1 + )}
2z 0
z
2z
z
z 0
=
1
2( z + 1)
Noncoherent FSK
The conditional BER is given by
1
z
Pe ( z ) = exp( )
2
2
Then the averaged BER is computed by
1
z
1
z 1
z
Pe = Pe ( z ) = exp( ) f ( z )dz = exp( ) exp( )dz
2
2
2
2 z
z
0
0
1
1 1
1
1 1
1 1
exp{ z ( + )}dz =
(( + ) 1 ) exp{ z ( + )}
2z 0
2 z
2z
2 z
2 z 0
1
z +2
Error probability for binary modulation schemes in flat-fading Rayleigh channels

(a)
Coherent /Noncoherent FSK
Error probability for binary modulation schemes in flat-fading Rayleigh channels

(b)
BPSK and DPSK
20/20
Ch2: Spread Spectrum communication Systems
1/16
Reference
1.
R.L. Peterson, et. al., Introduction to spread spectrum communications, Chapter 2
2.
V.P. Ipatov, Spread spectrum and CDMA, Principles and Applications, 2005, Chapter 2.4, 3.1,
3.2, 7.1
Matlab-based Program : Text 2 : 3.25, 3.26, 3.28, 7.31, 7.32
Introduction
2.1
z The modulation and demodulation of spread spectrum technique must have the following
characteristics
a) The transmitted signal energy must occupy a bandwidth which is much larger than the
information bit rate and which is approximately independent of the information bit rate.
b) Demodulation must be done in part by correlation of the received signal with a replica of the
signal used in the transmitter to spread the information signal.
Lowpass equivalent signals
2.2
z
A bandpass signal is given as s (t ) = a (t ) cos( wc t + (t )) , where a (t ) is the envelope and
(t ) is the phase. Bandpass signal can be expressed in terms of lowpass equivalent signal
by s (t ) = Re[ sl (t )e
jwct
] where sl (t ) = a(t )e j (t ) is the lowpass equivalent signal (or
complex baseband signal).

z
Signal energy (define for a symbol period)
Es =
(t )dt = a 2 (t ) cos 2 ( wc t + (t ))dt
1 2
1
1
2
a (t ) dt = sl (t ) dt = El
2
2
2
Therefore, we have
El = 2 Es
2.3
Two communication problems
2.3.1
Pulse-noise jamming
2/27/2007
2/16
z A pulse-noise jammer having total averaged power J transmits pulses of bandlimited white
Gaussian noise whose PSD just covers the SS system bandwidth W (PSD= N J = J ). The
W
duty factor for the jammer is denoted by , which is the fraction of time during which the
NJ
jammer is ON. When the jammer is ON, the received jammer PSD is N J' = J
W =
T NJ
E = WN J T = WN J T N J = N J =

T
z BER for coherent BPSK

a) For no jammer present, only AWGN exists
PE = Q( 2
b) For pulse-noise jammer present
Eb
)
N 0 + N J'
PE = Q ( 2
Eb
)
N0
c) The averaged BER becomes ( P(e)=P(e/A)P(A)+P(e/B)P(B) )

PE ( ) = (1 )Q ( 2
Eb
Eb
) + Q ( 2
)
N0
N 0 + N J'
z Worse case BER

Assume N J' =
NJ
>> N 0 , then we have
PE ( ) Q( 2
Eb
E
) = Q( 2 b )
'
NJ
NJ
2/27/2007
Using approximation in (1.19), Q( x)
PE ( )
3/16
exp( x
x 2
)
2 , we have
exp( b )
NJ
4Eb N J
The worse case BER over is computed by

N
PE ( )
=0 = J
2 Eb
The corresponding maximum BER is

PE ,max =
1
1
2e 2 Eb N J
z The following plot shows that the BERs of BPSK in AWGN (continuous-noise jammer) and
worse-case pulse-noise jammer.
z The pulse-noise jammer can be alleviated by the combination of

a) Spread-spectrum techniques
b) Error correction + interleaving
2.3.2
Low probability of detection
z The goal of the LPD system is to use a signaling scheme that results in the minimum probability
of being detected within some time interval.
z The spread spectrum techniques can achieve the requirement of LPD.
2/27/2007
2.4
Direct-sequence spread spectrum
2.4.1
BPSK
4/16
z Transmitter
Sd(t)
d(t)
St(t)
2/27/2007
5/16
b p (t iT ), b {1}, p (t ) = ( T )
d (t ) =
i =
sd (t ) = 2 Pd (t ) cos( wo t ) = 2 P cos( wo t + d (t ))
c(t ) =
c p(t iT )
i
: spreading code, p (t ) = (
i =
t
), ci {1},
Tc
st (t ) = 2 Pc(t ) d (t ) cos( wo t ) = 2 Pc(t ) cos( wo t + d (t ))
z Power spectrum density

a) Formula for PSD-- Wiener Khinchin theorem, (ref. Proakis, pp539, pp619 and Ziemer
Chapter 5)
If v(t ) is a stationary R.P. and v(t ) = ai g (t iT ), ai R.V . where g (t ) is the specified

i =
waveform, then the PSD of v(t) is given by
Sv ( f ) =
1
2
Sa ( f ) G( f ) ,
T
where
S a ( f ) = Ra (m) exp(2fmT )
m =
Ra (m) = E [ai am+i ]

G ( f ) = FT {g (t )}
If u (t ) = v(t ) cos(2f 0t ) , then the PSD of u(t) is given by
2/27/2007
Su ( f ) =
6/16
1
[S v ( f f o ) + S v ( f + f o )]
4
b) Baseband
d (t ) =
b p(t iT ), b {1}, p(t ) = (T )
i =
Sb ( f ) = 1; P( f ) = Tsinc( fT )
PSD{d (t )} =
1
2
Sb ( f ) P( f ) = Tsinc 2 ( fT )
T
D( f )
c) Passband
sd (t ) = 2 Pd (t ) cos( wo t )
2P
[ D( f f o ) + D( f + f o )]
4
1
= PT sinc 2 ( f f o )T + sinc 2 ( f + f o )T
2
Sd ( f ) =
d) Spreading : treat d(t)c(t) as a new data sequence with period of Tc
snew (t ) = 2 Pd (t )c(t )
S new ( f ) = 2 PTcsinc 2 ( fTc )
St ( f ) =
1
PTc sinc 2 ( f f o )Tc + sinc 2 ( f + f o )Tc
2
Sd(f)
2/27/2007
7/16
St(f)
z Receiver: jammer effect.
y(t)
r(t)
Considering a signal tone interference with noise absent

r (t ) = st (t Td ) + 2 J cos( wo t + J ) =
2 P c(t Td )d (t Td ) cos( wo t woTd ) + 2 J cos( wo t + J )
If Td = Td then c(t Td )c(t Td ) = 1 and
)
y (t ) = r (t )c(t Td )
)
= 2 Pd (t Td ) cos( wo t + ) + 2 J c(t Td ) cos( wo t + J )
14444244443 14444244443
Low data rate BPSK modulation
High data rate BPSK modulation
z Power spectrum density
1
PTc sinc 2 ( f f o )Tc + sinc 2 ( f + f o )Tc
2
1
+ J [ ( f f o ) + ( f + f o )]
2
1
S y ( f ) = PT sinc 2 ( f f o )T + sinc 2 ( f + f o )T
2
1
+ JTc sinc 2 ( f f o )Tc + sinc 2 ( f + f o )Tc
2
Sr ( f ) =
2/27/2007
8/16
Sr(f)
Sy(f)
z The output jammer power at the ideal BPF is computed by
f o +1 2T
J o = S J ( f ) H ( f ) df = 2 S J ( f ) df
f o 1 2T
1
= 2 JTc sinc 2 ( f f o )Tc df JTc 1df
2
JT
= c
T
z The signal power at the ideal BPF output has no changed. But the jammer power is reduced
JTc
. We define the processing gain of spread spectrum as
from J to
T
T
Gp =
Tc
2.4.2
Balanced QPSK
z Transmitter
s (t ) = P c1 (t ) cos( wo t + d (t )) P c2 (t ) sin( wo t + d (t ))
2/27/2007
d (t ) {
9/16
3
}
4
z Receiver
s (t Td ) = Pc1 (t Td )cos( wo t + d (t Td ) + )
Pc2 (t Td )sin( wo t + d (t Td ) + )
x(t ) =
1 s (t T )c (t T )2cos( w t + w t + )
d
1
d
o
IF
2
y (t ) = 1 s (t Td )c2 (t Td )2sin( wo t + wIF t + )

2
z If the spreading codes are correctly duplicated, Td = Td , we have c1 (t Td )c1 (t Td ) = 1 and

c (t T )c (t T ) = 1 . Then
d
x(t ) = P cos( wIF t d (t Td )) +

2
P c (t T )c (t T )sin( w t (t T )) + high freq. component
d
d
IF
d
d
1
2 2
y (t ) = P cos( wIF t d (t Td ))
2
P c (t T )c (t T )sin( w t (t T )) + high freq. component
d
d
IF
d
d
2
2 1
And
z '(t ) = x(t ) + y (t ) = 2 P cos( wIF t d (t Td )) + high freq. component
2
z (t ) = 2 P cos( wIF t d (t Td ))
2.4.3
Dual-channel QPSK
z Transmitter & receiver
2/27/2007
2.5
Frequency-hoping spread spectrum
2.5.1
Coherent FHSS
10/16
z Transmitter
2/27/2007
b p (t iT ),
d (t ) =
p1 (t ) =
i =
11/16
(T )
s
sd (t ) = 2 Pd (t ) cos( wo t ) = 2 P cos( wo t + d (t ))
2 p(t nT ) cos(w t + ) , p(t ) = ( T ), where w
hT (t ) =
n =
is synthesized frequency
Tc > Ts
for slow FHSS ,
Tc < Ts
for fast FHSS ,
st (t ) = sd (t )hT (t ) |high freq. part
2 P cos( wo t + wn t + d (t ) + n ) p(t nTc )
z Receiver
y1(t)
sr(t)
z The image reject filter is used to reject the image signal at frequency wn wo .
sr (t ) = st (t Td )
hR (t ) =
2 cos(w t +
n
)
)
wnTd ) p (t nTc Td )
n =
If Td = Td ,
y1 (t ) = st (t Td )hR (t )
2P cos(w t + w t + (t T ) + w T
2cos(w t + w T ) p(t nT T )
n d
o d
wiTd ) p (t iTc Td )
{2
2 P cos( wo t + wn t + d (t Td ) + n woTd wnTd )
cos( wn t + n wnTd ) p(t nTc Td )}
y (t ) =
2 P cos( wo t + d (t Td ) woTd ) p(t nTc Td )
= 2 P cos( wo t + d (t Td ) woTd )
2.5.2
Noncoherent FHSS
2/27/2007
12/16
z Transmitter for FH / MFSK
z Receiver for FH / MFSK
z FH/MFSK combines the FH technique with Noncoherent M-ary FSK modulation

z Parameter definition
a)
Ts = LT : symbol period (L bits/symbol). T : bit period
b)
Tc : Chip period that frequency subband is changed.
c)
Tc > Ts : slow FHSS
d)
Tc < Ts : fast FHSS
z For MFSK, f 1 Ts . There are M = 2 L subcarriers. The bandwidth is equal to
BW = 2 L f = M f = Wd .
z For frequency synthesizer, there are k bits per chip, and 2 k frequency subbands. The
bandwidth of FH/MFSK is equal to BW = 2 k Wd = Ws
2/27/2007
13/16
Noncoherent slow FH/MFSK SS
2.5.3
z
Tc > Ts , let Tc = NTs (N times symbols/frequency-hoping), E.g.,
a) E.g., k=3, L=2. and Tc = 2Ts
ws
wd
Ts
Tc
wd
b) E.g., k=2, L=2. and Tc = 4Ts MFSK FHSS

00
00
10
01
11
00
11
10
01
01
01
10
01
10
10
00
01
10
11
PN
0 0
Wd
Wd
WS
Wd
Wd
T
TS
TC
z Processing gain :
Jammer with power J
E
EW
J
If no FH, N J =
, b = b d
Wd N J
J
2/27/2007
If with FH, N J' =
14/16
E
EW
EW
J
, b' = b s = 2 k b d
Ws N J
J
J
So we define the processing gain here as
Eb
Gp =
2.5.4
Eb
N J
= 2k
NJ
Noncoherent fast FH/MFSK SS
The transmitter and receiver are identical to slow FHSS.
Tc < Ts , let Tc =
Ts
(N times frequency-hoping / symbol), E.g.,
N
a) L=2 (2 bits/symbol)
b) N=2 (2 FHs/symbol, or 1 FH/bit)
c) k=3 (there have 8 different frequencies/group)
d) L=2, k=2, N=4, MFSK FHSS
2/27/2007
00
00
10
01
15/16
11
00
11
10
01
01
01
10
01
10
10
00
01
10
11
00
PN
Wd
Wd
WS
Wd
Wd
TC
T
TS
z The output is demodulated by using Noncoherent MFSK. Besides, each symbol could be
detected by majority decision rule among the N outputs (N FH outputs/symbol).
z Processing gain is equal to G p = 2 k
2.6
Hybrid DS/FH SS
z Widely used in military spread spectrum systems
z Transmitter
z Noncoherent or differential coherent modulation is used in the Noncoherent frequency hopping.
sds (t ) = 2 P c(t ) cos( wo t + d (t ))
hT (t ) = 2 p (t nTc ) cos( wn t + n )
n =
st (t ) = sd (t )hT (t ) |high freq. part

= c(t ) 2 P cos( wo t + wn t + d (t ) + n ) p(t nTc )
n
2/27/2007
16/16
z Receiver
y1(t)
y2(t) y3(t)
st(t)
z If Td = Td = 0 ,
y1 (t ) = st (t )hT (t ) = c(t )
2 P cos( wo t + wn t + d (t ) + n ) p (t nTc )
2 p(t mT ) cos(w t +
c
m =
= c(t ) 2 P
{cos(w t + 2w t +
o
(t ) + 2n ) + cos( wo t + d (t ))}p (t nTc )
y2 (t ) = y1 (t ) |w = c(t ) 2 P
o
cos(w t +
o
(t )) p(t nTc ) = c(t ) 2 P cos( wo t + d (t ))
y3 (t ) = y2 (t )c(t )2cos( wo t + wIF t + ) = 2 P cos( wIF t d (t )) + high frequency component

y (t ) = 2 P cos( wIF t d (t ))
2/27/2007

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Introduction to Spread

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Outline - Page 1

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Outline - Page 3

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Outline - Page 2

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Outline - Page 4

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Outline - Page 5

0.1 Mobile communications

AMPS(USA), Advances Mobile Phone Service, IS-54

0.1 Mobile communications

2nd Generation: voice and lower-rate data service (9.6Kbps)

D-AMPS(USA), Digital-AMPS, IS-136

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 1

0.1 Mobile communications

3rd Generation: voice, data and multi-media service

0.1 Mobile communications

Quality of Service in old generations:

New Services and Capabilities in new generations

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 3

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 4

0.2 Development of CDMA

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 5

0.3 3G development history

0.3 3G development history

R.G. Cooper and Nettleton proposed the North American DS-CDMA

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 6

0.3 3G development history

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 7

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 8

0.3 3G development history

0.3 3G development history

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 9

0.3 3G development history

Taiwan : A,B,C,D for W-CDMW at 2G Hz and E for CDMA2000 at 800M

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 10

0.4 International Telecommunication Union

The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) is

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 12

0.4 International Telecommunication Union

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 13

0.4 International Telecommunication Union

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 15

0.4 International Telecommunication Union

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 14

0.4 International Telecommunication Union

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 16

0.4 International Telecommunication Union

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 17

0.5 4G possible techniques

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 18

0.6 Important Research Topics

W-CDMA with OFDM technique Multi-Carrier CDMA

CDMA development group, http://www.cdg.org

FJU-EE YUJL - Spread Spectrum Communications Chapter0 - Page 20

Ch1: Basic digital communication concepts

R.L. Peterson, et. al., Introduction to spread spectrum communications, Chapter 1

S. Haykin, Communication Systems, 4th Edition, 2000

Typical Digital Communications

Detection in AWGN channel

Coherent Modulation Scheme

Matched filter (correlator receiver) :

Department of Electronic Engineering, Fu Jen Catholic University

Ch1: Basic digital communication concepts

v(T ) = ( s1 (t ) + n(t ))( s2 (t ) s1 (t ))dt = E12 E1 + W

cov( N i , N j ) = E [ N i N j ] = E[ n(t )i (t )dt n* ( ) j ( )d ] =