CHAPTER V – ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION

5.1 Supply –Conveyance Analysis

A supply-conveyance analysis is an approximate method for evaluating whether the supply satisfies the
demand in a system. In this the actual demand being feed by the supply tanks will be compared to the
design demand of the system based from fixture unit values.

5.1.1 Supply from Underground Reservoir Tank to the Elevated Cylindrical Water Tank

Water will be pumped from the underground reservoir tank to the elevated water tank using 2 transfer
pumps. The riser pipe that will convey the water to the tank has a total length of approximately 140 m.
The water will passed in a number of elements of pipe fittings and pump as shown in the table below.

Elements Quantity diameter equivalent length total length

90˚ Elbow 21 75 1.3 27.3
Gate Valve 4 75 0.9 3.6
Tees 2 75 2.9 5.8
Flow Control
valve 2 75 0.9 1.8
Check Valve 2 75 1 2
Transfer Pump 2 75 - -
Total Additional Length 40.5

5.1.1.2 Water Level at the Elevated Cylindrical Water Tank

Using Bernoulli equation, the water level in the Elevated water tank will be approximate. Considering 2
points for the Bernoulli equation, first point was the water level in the underground reservoir tank and the
second point will be the water level at the elevated tank. The equation will be:
Since both reservoirs was exposed to the atmosphere:

Where HA =

HL = hm + hf

Using equivalent length of pipes the minor loss in pipe fittings will be accounted as friction loss due to

pipe lengths. Therefore HL = hf, where hf = 0.00826 x

Then the equation will be

- 0.00826 x

Using the pump properties and assuming 95% efficiency of the pump, the computed value for was
359.577m. Comparing the computed head to the actual elevation of the water tank of 90.069m
from the bottom of the reservoir tank, it was shown that the 2 transfer pump at the pump room
can deliver water trice as much the water system needed. Therefore at 95% efficiency of the 2
pumps, the system is assured that it can maintain its water level even in peak loads of demand.

5.1.2 Supply from the Elevated Cylindrical Water Tank to the Outlet Pipes on Each Floor

The water will be supplied from the elevated water tank in two ways; 1. Pressurized Flow for 20th to 23rd
floor and 2. Gravity Flow for the rest of the system. Separate down feeds were provided for each type of
flow. Down feeds for gravity and pressurized flow has a diameter of 100 mm and 75 mm respectively.
5.1.2.1 Flow rate Distribution in the Gravity Flow Zone

Floor Level Elevation Roughness Design Diameter Friction loss Discharge

Pressure Coefficient
Ground 21680 120 372.8685 100
2nd Floor 24680 120 343.4968 100
3rd Floor 27680 120 314.1251 100
4th Floor 30680 120 284.7535 100
5th Floor 33680 120 255.3818 100
6th Floor 36680 120 226.0101 100
7th Floor 39680 120 196.6385 100
8th Floor 42680 120 167.2668 100
9th Floor 45680 120 137.8951 100
10th Floor 48680 120 396.5175 100
11th Floor 51680 120 367.1458 100
12th Floor 54680 120 337.7741 100
14th Floor 57680 120 308.4025 100
15th Floor 60680 120 279.0308 100
16th Floor 63680 120 249.6592 100
17th Floor 66680 120 220.2875 100
18th Floor 69680 120 190.9158 100
19th Floor 72680 120 161.5442 100

5.1.2.2 Flow rate Distribution in the Pressurized Zone

Floor Level Elevation Roughness Design Diameter Friction loss Pump head Discharge
Pressure Coefficient
20th Floor 75680 120 270.0676 100
21st Floor 78680 120 235.8007 100
22nd Floor 81680 120 201.5337 100
23rd Floor 84680 120 167.2668 100

5.1.2.3 Comparison between the Design Demand and the Actual Discharge

Floor Level Elevation Design Demand Actual Discharge

 Ground 21680
2nd Floor 24680
3rd Floor 27680
4th Floor 30680
5th Floor 33680
6th Floor 36680
7th Floor 39680
8th Floor 42680
9th Floor 45680
10th Floor 48680
11th Floor 51680
12th Floor 54680
14th Floor 57680
15th Floor 60680
16th Floor 63680
17th Floor 66680
18th Floor 69680
19th Floor 72680
20th Floor 75680
21st Floor 78680
22nd Floor 81680
23rd Floor 84680

5.2 Pressure Analysis of the System

The system will be subjected to pressure testing, its reliability will be analyzed according to its capacity to
carry large amount of pressure. In a high-rised condominium large pressures are expected due to its
elevation, these pressures may cause failure in the system if not sophisticatedly addressed in the design.

The Pressure test and Leak test are done in the system; the contractor must accomplish a Quality
Assurance Inspection Checklist after installation. This checklist will be the basis of the system reliability
in terms of pressure capacity. A sample of Quality Assurance Checklist is attached in this study (See
Appendix)

5.2.1 Pressure Testing for Waterlines

Pressure Testing shall be done in accordance to the technical specifications for Plumbing layouts, where
in after installation of pipes, the pipe and any valve section shall be subjected to hydrotastic pressure of 1
½ of the designed working pressure of the system 200 psig, but in the project the hydrotastic pressure that
was used for testing varies but the most commonly used was 180 psi, depending on what was specified by
the Contractor (JCI) and approved by the Designer (NBFCE).

The sections of the pipelines were solely filled by water and had been subjected to the testing pressure by
means of a pump connected to the pipe. All valves were opened during the testing.

Figure 5.1 Opening of valves before the hydro testing

The result of testing Figure 5.2 Hydro Testing for each floor is
summarized at the Table below.

Table 5.1- Pressure Test Report for Pipe and Pipe Fittings of HWL and CWL lines
Floor Elevation (m) Test Pressure (psig) Design Pressure (psig) Remarks
Ground 15.500 180 54.08 System passed the requirements
2nd Floor 19.000 180 49.82 System passed the requirements
3rd Floor 22.000 180 45.56 System passed the requirements
4th Floor 25.000 180 41.3 System passed the requirements
5th Floor 28.000 180 37.04 System passed the requirements
6th Floor 31.000 180 32.78 System passed the requirements
7th Floor 34.000 180 28.52 System passed the requirements
8th Floor 37.000 180 24.26 System passed the requirements
9th Floor 40.000 180 20 System passed the requirements
10th Floor 43.000 190 57.51 System passed the requirements
11th Floor 46.000 200 53.25 System passed the requirements
12th Floor 49.000 180 48.99 System passed the requirements
14th Floor 52.000 180 44.73 System passed the requirements
15th Floor 55.000 180 40.47 System passed the requirements
16th Floor 58.000 180 36.21 to be subjected for testing
17th Floor 61.000 180 31.95 to be subjected for testing
18th Floor 64.000 180 27.69 to be subjected for testing
19th Floor 67.000 180 23.43 to be subjected for testing
20th Floor 70.000 180 39.17 to be subjected for testing
21st Floor 73.000 180 34.91 to be subjected for testing
22nd Floor 76.500 180 29.94 to be subjected for testing
23rd Floor 80.000 180 24.97 to be subjected for testing

From 16th to 23rd floors pressure testing are not yet done because the installation of pipe and fittings are
not yet finished. But based from the results shown from the ground floor to the 15 th floor it is shown that
the pipe material used in the system can carry up to 180 psi of pressure load. Compared to the computed
pressure load that the pipe will be experienced in actual operation it shows that the system is adequate in
terms of pressure capacity.

5.2.2 Leak Test

During Hydro testing leaks in the system is also examined, leaks are determined by the leak test. The
pipes are filled with water and the pressure in the pipe sections is recorded. After the test duration of 2
hours the pressure reading will be examined. If there is a pressure drop in the reading, therefore there
were leaks in the system; the personnel handling the testing will now start to locate the leaks. Leaks are
properly addressed and the pipe section will be subjected for retesting.

The result of leak test is summarized in the Table below.

Floor Initial Reading(psig) Final Reading(psig) Remarks

Ground 180 180 No pressure drop
2nd Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
3rd Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
4th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
5th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
6th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
7th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
8th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
9th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
10th Floor 190 190 No pressure drop
11th Floor 200 200 No pressure drop
12th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
14th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
15th Floor 180 180 No pressure drop
16th Floor 180 - to be subjected for testing
17th Floor 180 - to be subjected for testing
18th Floor 180 - to be subjected for testing
19th Floor 180 - to be subjected for testing
20th Floor 180 - to be subjected for testing
21st Floor 180 - to be subjected for testing
22nd Floor 180 - to be subjected for testing
23rd Floor 180 - to be subjected for testing

The results show that the system was reliable in terms of quality of work in the installation of the
pipelines. Since no leaks are recorded during the testing of each floor, it is expected that there will be no
loss in the system during actual operation due to leaks.
5.3 System Reliability against Problems Encountered in a Water Distribution System

Since no water distribution system is perfect, the system will always encounter problems especially
during actual operations. It must be noted that if we want to measure the reliability of a system we must
examine its capability to avoid failures. These failures might occur in pipes, appurtenances and fittings,
pumps and even in tanks. In the design of the system some of these failures must be considered.

5.3.1 Water Hammer Failure

Water hammer is large fluctuations develop in the system that produce pounding noises and vibration.
This force is capable of bursting the pipe fittings and pipe lines, may cause leaks and may shorten the life
span of the system.

To avoid this damages due to excessive pressure the designer provide a means of regulating the pressure,
that is by installing a pressure reducing valve in the system. The PRV is installed in the 10 th floor of the
building where in it reduce the accumulated pressure from the top zone to a gage of 20 psi, which is the
actual minimum pressure required for a water closet.

The location of the installation of PRV is computed based from the maximum pressure criterion of 70 psi.
The maximum pressure zone height is 115.5 ft or 9.6 floors. Therefore the desired location for the PRV is
in the 10th floor based from the computed pressure zone height. (See Appendix for computation)