CT Analyzer Introduction

Abdulla Hakeem
abdulla.hakeem@omicron.at

28 February 2012

Ideal CT

No losses are considered:

1 2

n1 I 2

n2 I1

Real CT: CT Analyzer Model

Ip

Ip

Is

P1

RCT
Np

Iext

IL

Ns Vcore

IE
RH

S1

VRCT

Lm

ZB

Reddy

P2

S2

Is

The 3 parts of the CTA model:

Winding Ratio
Core (Represented by the excitation curve)
Winding Resistance

Iext

Ip

Hysteresis loop
BFe = Bmax (Saturation)

B
0 < BFe < Bmax
Residual
magnetism

BFE = 0

1
VC t dt
n A

B
Coersive
force
H

nI
lm

Hysteresis loop <-> Excitation curve

linear scale

B [T]
LS
logarithmic scale

Lm

H [A/m]

Flux [Vs] / Current [A]

Impact of saturation on transfer behavior

0A

Saturation Flux

0 Vs
time [ms]

Impact of burden on saturation

RS
VCore
ZB

Higher burden =
stronger saturation!

Impact of Remanence on Saturation

Bwithout remanence

Primary
Secondary

Time to saturate
= 1.5 cyc
time [s]

B
IS ~ UC
t

Primary / secondary current

Primary / secondary current

UC ~

Bwith remanence

Primary
Secondary

Time to
saturate =
0.5 cyc
time [s]

Impact of saturation on Differential Protection

Grid

F1

CT1

Protection
device 1

CT2

Protection
device 2

2,5

Different
saturation

IDiff

1,5

Similar
saturation

0,5

0
0

IStab

F2

Kinds of cores
Closed cores (no air gap):
Meterering CTs
Class P, PX, TPS, TPX, C, K
Accuracy with CTAnalyzer: 0,02 %

Cores with small air gap:

Class PR, TPY, K
Accuracy with CTA: ~0,2 %
Useable for COCO duty

Cores with large air gap:

Class TPZ, T
Accuracy with CTA: ~1 %
COCO duty (for high transients, large Tp)

CT Standards

Abdulla Hakeem
abdulla.hakeem@omicron.at

28 February 2012

IEC 600 44-1 and IEC 600 44-6

IEC 600 44-1

IEC 600 44-6

> Class M

> Class TPS

> For Metering CTs

> Class P
> No requirements for
remanence

> Class PR

> Class TPX (no air gap)

> No requirements for
remanence

> Class TPY (small air gap)

> Max. remanence: 10 %

> Max. remanence: 10 %

> Class PX

> Class TPZ (big air gap)

> non remanent core

> Assessment with physical

CT Data

Handles only symmetrical faults

Handles unsymmetrical faults

(faults with DC component)

Always consider the use of the nominal burden!!

Error Definitions

Is
I

Ip
1
2

Iexc
I

100 1 T
2

c
N

i
t

i
t
dt %
0 r s
p
Ip T
(Composite error, IEC 600 44-1)

100 ie
%

2Ip
(Peak instantaneous
error, IEC 600 44-6)

Metering CT requirements
Security
Factor (FS)

c
1

IP
10

0%

0,2FS5
Core saturates
too late

-5%
-10%

OK

Failed

Beware of underburden a metering CT!

I P ,rated

Protection CT requirements
Accuracy Limiting
Factor (ALF)

IP

c
1

10

0%

OK

Failed
-5%

5P10
-10%

Core saturates
too early

Beware of overburden a protection CT!

I P ,rated

Knee Point Definition

V*

Kneepoint estimation:

Saturation

1
1,3
1
=

1,3

+10 %

+50 %
Linear part

I*
(*): Different excitation curves:
IEC 600 44-1: VCT, rms, Irms
IEC 600 44-6: VC, rms, Ipeak

Class M
applies for 50%
- 100% of rated
burden

applies for 25% 100% of rated

burden

Classes 0,1 0,2 - 0,2S 0,5 - 0,5S 1 3 5

(at nominal current)
Excerpt from the standard for classes 0,1 0,2 0,5 1:
Current ratio error at percent of nominal
Accuracy Class current

Phase error at percent of nominal current

20

100

120

20

100

120

0,1

0,4

0,2

0,1

0,1

15

0,2

0,75

0,35

0,2

0,2

30

15

10

10

0,5

1,5

0,75

0,5

0,5

90

45

30

30

1,0

1,5

180

90

60

60

Tolerances for class P and PR

@ rated Ip

@ accuracy limit

Accuracy Current
class
error %

Phase displacement

Composite error %

Minutes

Centiradians

5P

60

1,8

= 5

10P

= 10

Class PX

CT is defined by
> the physical data of the CT
> max. Winding Resistance (@ 75 C)
> Winding Ratio ( 0,25 %)
> Excitation Curve (represented by kneepoint (Ek, max. Ie))

similar to ALF

EK

VC @ Kneepoint

K X RCT Rb I S ,rated

VC @ I S ,rated

similar to
VA rating

Classes TPX, TPY and TPZ

> TPX
> high remanence, hence no requirement for Kr
> AC+DC detection

> TPY
> Kr < 10 %
> AC+DC detection

> TPZ
> remanence is negligible
> Only AC detection

100 ie
%

2Ip
ie ie ,ac ie ,dc

100 ie ,ac
%
ac
2Ip

Tolerances for class TPX, TPY and TPZ

Accuracy
class

TPX
TPY
TPZ

@ rated Ip

@ accuracy
limit

Current
error %

Phase displacement
Minutes

Centiradians

Peak
instantaneous
error %

0,5
1
1

30
60
180 18

0,9
1,8
5,3 0,6

= 10
= 10
= 10

Transient fault current and Ktf

AC fault current
1,5

1,5

= 0

= 90

0,5

Current [A]

Current [A]

DC fault current

-0,5

0,5
0
-0,5
-1

-1

-1,5

-1,5
-0,2

-0,1

0,1

0,2

-0,2

0,3

Time [s]

-0,1

0,1

0,2

0,3

Time [s]

Ktf

Flux [Vs] resp. Ktf

DC fault

3
2

Scaling of Ktf is only valid if

amplitude of AC = 1 Vs!
Hence the Ktf is unitless.

1
0
-1

AC fault

-2
0

0,2

0,4

Time [s]

0,6

0,8

CO and COCO duty

14

12

Ktd

10

Ktd

Ktd = Ktf, max

Ktf with
remanence

Ktf without
remanence

Ip

0
0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

0,5

0,6

-2

tal

tal

t1

tfr

t2

Ktd calculation

Maximum value of the first cycle:

Tp

T p Ts T p
K td T p
1
Ts

Ktd for CO duty:

t

t al

T pTs T pal
Ts
K td
e e 1
(
T

T
)

p s

>=Kr (If residual

magnetism is considered)

Ktd for COCO duty:

t 'al
t ''al
T T t '
( t fr tal ) T T t ''al

Tp
Tp
p s
p s
Ts
Ts
Ts
K td

e 1
e e sin t e
e
(
T

T
)
(
T

T
)

p s
p s

Ktd and KSSC

IEC 600 44-1: Accuracy is required up to ,
IEC 600 44-6: Accuracy is required up to ,

Buffer for fault

current with DC
component

ALF only for

symmetrical fault
current

ANSI 57.13: Metering CTs (Class M)

Ratio error

Classes
0,3 / 0,6 / 1,2

Phase Error

ANSI C57.13: Protection CTs

> Class C
> Leakage Flux is negligible (Closed Core)

> Class T
> Significant Leakage Flux (Gapped Core)

> Class X
> Similar to Class PX (IEC 600 44-1)
> Defined via the model

IEC standard: IS is
used for assessment
IS

Vb I S Z b

Vb

Zb

IEEE standard: Vb is
used for assessment
(considering a
standardized burden)

Relation between Current, Voltage and Burden

I S ,rated Z b

20 I S ,rated Z b

40 V

800 V

0%

Failed

OK

-10%

Example: C800 (Class C, 800 V @ 20*IS, rated)

Vb

Zb

10

B-0.1

20

B-0.2

50

B-0.5

100

B-1

200

B-2

400

B-4

800

B-8

Burden Table
Burden

Burden
designation

Resistance
[]

Inductance
[mH]

Impedance
[]

Voltamperes
(at 5 A)

Powerfactor

Metering
Burdens

B-0.1

0,09

0,116

0,1

2,5

0,9

B-0.2

0,18

0,232

0,2

0,9

B-0.5

0,45

0,58

0,5

12,5

0,9

B-0.9

0,81

1,04

0,9

22,5

0,9

B-1.8

1,62

2,08

1,8

45

0,9

B-1

0,5

2,3

25

0,5

B-2

4,6

50

0,5

B-4

9,2

100

0,5

B-8

18,4

200

0,5

Relaying
Burdens

Applies for
60 Hz
IS = 5 A (Calculation for other IS: Z b

Vb
)
I S 20

Kneepoint

CTAnalyzer - Operations

Abdulla Hakeem
abdulla.hakeem@omicron.at

28 February 2012

CTA A new approach for CT Testing

Conventional CT
Testing

CTA

Current Ratio

Need for high test

current source
Depending on burden
and IP

No high test current

source needed
Independent from
burden and IP

Exc. curve / Knee

Point

VKnee limited by source

voltage

VKnee up to 30 kV
Support for
IEC 600 44-6

Residual Flux

No

Yes

Demagnetisation

No

Yes

Automated Data
Processing

No

Yes

Weight

Several 100 kgs

8 kg

Burden Setup

Primary Resistance Steup

CT Setup

Measuring Multi Core and Multi Ratio CTs

Shorten unused cores!

Do NOT shorten unused taps!

Busbar
Insulation
Core
Secondary winding

Measurement of CTs with air gap

Error: +0.5%

Error: +5%

Primary Wire

Error: -15%

Air Gap

Copper foil

Measurement in a GIS
Conductor

Earthing Switch

Utility line
disconnected

Circuit Breaker

Burden

max. 3 m

max. 100 m

Measurement on Bushing CTs

4-wire measurement
RContact
A

VContact
VTest

ZTest
VContact
RContact

RContact
A

VContact
VTest

ZTest

VContact
RContact

Menu View + Test Card View

Menu View
Access to 3
different test
modes

Test Card View

Test Card View

Navigate in
Test Card

Press ... for

further options

CT-Test: Order of Test Cards

> CT Object (Define CT Data, initiate test)

> Burden

Burden setup

> Residual Magnetism

CT Setup

> Primary Winding Resistance

Primary Resistance Setup

> Secondary Winding Resistance

> Excitation
> Ratio

> Assessment (of all relevant paremeters)

> Comment (Text file)

CT Setup

CT Object

Parameters
depending on
standard

Rated Burden

Connected
Burden
For CT
Production
Assessment

...

Guessing Function

CT Analyzer guesses according to standard:

P or M
Class
Accuracy limit / Security factor
Rated burden

User
IEC 600 44-1

CTA

CTA

5P

CTA

ALF: 10
CTA
30 VA

Perform Measurement
After configurations of settings in the CT-Object Test Card:
Press

to start test (Full test is executed automatically)

Connect test objects according to required connection setups

(depending on choice of test)
OK

Failed

Check detailed test results subsequently by scrolling through

test cards

Burden

Burden Z I sn2
Vmeas
Z
I meas

Residual Magnetism

Residual Magnetism: K res

res
S

Remanence Factor: K r r
S

S
r

S: Flux at
Kneepoint

HS

Resistance measurement

Ip
RCT

P1
IL

S1

VRCT
IE

RH

Np

Lm

Reddy

Ns

P2

S2

VC t 0

Resistance

Rref . Rmeas.

235 Tref .
235 Tmeas.

(IEC 60076-1)
Change Temperature under
Main -> Settings ->
Temperature

Demagnetisation
Requirement for Excitation and Ratio measurement:
Core MUST NOT be remanent before the measurement!
Therefore the core must the demagnetized before those measurements:

Excitation measurement
N
P1

RCT

Vcore

IExt

IL

VRCT

IE

RH

Np

S1

Lm

AC source with
variable
frequency

Reddy

Ns

P2

S2

Excitation test card

Direct and indirect measurement of

FSrIsr

P1

RCT

Np

Iext

Ns

RH

Lm

ZB

Reddy

P2

S2

FSrIpr

FSrIpr

Is

P1

RCT
Np

Iext

Ns

RH

P2

S1

Lm
Reddy

S1

ZB

S2

Calculation of direct and indirect

= +
=

=
+

The same applies to the ALFr!

Solve equation system with

2 variables (marked red)

Solve equation system with

2 variables (marked red)

Direct and indirect measurement of FS

FSiIsr
P1

RCT

Np

Iext, FSi

Ns

RH

Lm

ZB

Reddy

P2

S2

FSIpr

FSIpr

Is

P1

RCT
Np

S1

Iext, FS

Ns

RH

Lm
Reddy

P2

S1

ZB

S2

Calculation of FS and FSi

= +
=

Solve equation system with

3 variables (marked red)

=
+

The same applies to the ALF and ALFi!

Solve equation system with

3 variables (marked red)

Composite error <-> FS / ALF

Example: Metering CT 0,5FS5

FS FSi

direct@ Ipr

FS / FSi @ cr = 10 %
indirect@ FSr = 5

Ratio Measurement

N
P1

RCT

Vcore

VPrim

Iext

IL

IE

RH

Np

S1

Lm

VRCT

Reddy

Ns

P2

S2

Np
Ns

V prim
Vcore

Frequency selective measurement

0 dB

-60 dB
50 Hz

53 Hz

Current Ratio Calculation

IPRIM =
N*(IEXC+INB)
Ip

VRCT=IB*RCT
ISec = IEXC+IB

P1

S1

RCT

VCore

L main
RH

Np

IB

IE

R eddy

IEXC

ZB

ISEC

Ns

S2

P2

VC I *

IB

IEXC

IL

RCT RB 2 X B2 )

Ratio

Ratio :

I P ,rated
IS

I P ,rated
Phase :
IS

N : Winding Ratio

n2
n1

Assessment

Assessed Parameters depend

on standard and class

CT-Quick

Settings

Results

...

File Handling

Settings

without remanence
with remanence

Chinese standard

For integration of the CT

Analyzer into manufacturing
processes

CTAnalyzer Tool Set

Abdulla Hakeem
abdulla.hakeem@omicron.at

28 February 2012

CTA Startpage

1)

2)

3)

Start Page -> CT Analyzer Tools

Use
CTAnalyzer as
a multimeter
Links to dedicated
templates

Connect PC to
OMICRON
device

CTA QuickTest

> Advanced (multimeter functionality)

> CT Ratio* (set Vout and fout)
> VT Ratio* (set Vout and fout)
> Resistance (set Iout)

> Impedance (set Iout and fout)

> Reactance (set Vout and fout)

*: Enter correct values for Lmain and RS to avoid saturation

Results are available as .csv-data

Start Page -> Setup

Update
Firmware
Interface language
License

Start Page -> Support

Link to templates
All Standards
44-1 Class M and P
44-1 reduced
3-phases
5 cores
Far East
Iron Core
Multi Ratio CT

Link to
Update files
Installation and
Update Instruction

Link to
Manuals
Application Notes

Manual for CTA Start

Page
Contact information /
Technical Support

CTA Templates

Available Templates
All Standards
44-1 Class M and P (with assessment according to class)
44-1 reduced (only measurement results)
3-phases
5 cores
Far East (developed for far east market)
Iron Core (for assessment of the iron core)
Multi Ratio CT

Template Settings Single Ratio

data modified?

Options -> Test Settings

Options -> General Settings

Options -> Lockable Controls

Options -> Standard test settings