Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
REPORT
OF THE
I
coMMlssloN
FOR THE
Table of Contents
Page
.3
Formaiion and Work of the
Commission
4
11
II
13
15
20
Phytopatholosical Data
24
26
29
15
32
34
37
39
47
49
53
55
62
..
,l
Preamble
1952, plenomcna
iu
-3-
21s1,
Dr
Dr
Joscph
\EEDI{A]\{
(r,- K
),
lt
;,r
Lrr Ohviero OI-IVO (Ita1y), I'rofessor of Human Inltoml.,n thc Facully of Nfedici.e oi ihe f,niversitl of Boloilna; Iormerly l-ccturcr
in General Biology, Uriversity ol Turtn.
Dr
Samuel B. PESSO.t (Braz,l), Prolessor oI l'arasi(ol.,sy at the Unrversity of Sao Parlo; former\' Director of Public Health for the
State of Sa., Paulo; Hon. Proiessrr h t|c lacrlties ol \iedicme of
Prolessor ol Brcteliology at, and Vic,e President of, the Soviet Academy of Medicine;
formcrly chicf rnedical expert nt ihc Khaba.oisl. Trial of Japanese
accused of pa.ticipating in b:rcteriological lvarlare
llr
ol
tr.
Uni,Ff-irv of
!on..
Nho a.rived in PeLing on lhe 6th Aug-, jrsi bef(,re thc rcturD ol the
Cooniss,on fro Shenrans (X{uliden). Since he was thns only al)le to
be present durrng the last tbree \1'eel$ of tlc Comdission's vork, he
lvas established in the statts of Obserlcr Consullant, and ir tlat capacity
gave great hell to the procccdinss
-4-
-5
of Modcrn
DI Y{NGChihTa
(Professor
olIh
ic Hcalrh, Aurora
Univc$irl',
SIanshai).
trlost oi the memlcrs ol tle Cc,lDnittce accompanied the Commission
cr
hazardotrs
liai
e some of
Cllncsc sciertists and nedical men, aticndcd thc meetinss of thc Com
missron as olservers or to give evi.lence Letore ir. 'rhe Comrnission
wishes to rhanh al! these colleagues, tor Nhose scicntitic attainments arld
probity it conceive{l a.Le.p rcspcct
oncci\.aL,le
!ote. 'lhc
ti
\{r N A KO\\/II'SKI;
Inlerpretcr to ljr
Nlrs S. R PI')SSOI;acling is Secretalv
Pessox
't-
Peace Council
t. ,,rno
n..
Se.reIary-Gc erxl:
Dr KUNG N Chilar
A.rsisinft
Dr CHI
Su-I'Lua Slcrctnr-r o{
l|e
ClhiDesc
Uedical '\ssocintion
constant inconvenienccs and dangers ot heal-I air bombartlnents
Dr
those
\V11
X'le(Lcrl Collcsc
Nlcmbers
Lhe Com,tssion
Nlshtlo
u;hom they h
reriders homa
NnnkiDg UDiversiiY
perishcd wh
tli('loilicrl
Assistart Llirecior l'aloratorv ol ErtorLolog: '
dcarlemia Sinica
-.6-
of
-7 -
parts ol China to
colleasues in the
$ront line \ri anti bacterial defence'
Tle
-8-
names
bear
Documentation+
the
Lry
thc Korean anrl Chinese Cl.r\:ernmerts and drssemrnated itr the wesrerD
lhe First Re|. .f tfic Taoreju X,lediaal Ser\lrc (SlA/ll*" deall orl)
eith c\-cnrs oI Jan and Feb 1952 Thc haterial coniailed in i1 lvas
Thc l\!o nrost dctailc.l rcports \.orc thos( ol the Chinesc Commission
for lDvcsrisatirg the Amcrican Llrime of Gc[n \\iarfare&.bich carriec] oul
ia\.cstisations Loar u Korea ard in \1.) Chnlr (l,Ianchrria) drrine Lr,e
morlh of \farcl 'lle main oire oi ihese \ras lhar oi the sub co fiiss;o,r
h liorcii rrirlled irl I'cknrs in i\pril, sivcn nr full nr ricN.\/s5 (SupDl ),
anil al)ri(lSerl jn SlA./l:l 'L'he re|ort oi thc snl comnrissron, in N.,ihcrst
China (lrla,ichrrix) \\as si,rilarly prirltc.l
l'cliins anrl aLrnlgcd in
SL\/3 'l'his rcport is th:rt \rhrch c.,ilaine.L'r the fullesi eniomoloqi.al
informatron \othing ol slri.Lll. scienliric signilicance Nas a.lded by t|e
Tnlernaii.!ral Ilenrocrai;r T,asye.s' \crsion oI tl,c sarrrc h,illcrjal, aerir
printed ir Pel.irg, an.l nrllr r cprodrlccd ir SI,\/8
|11j:,lishe.L.
'l'hosc nho v.ish to cx:'nilre the earler retorts r,ould l,c !'cll a(lvisell
io st dy them i11 tle aho\-e or{ler ll_\ lhe iime llrat thc Drcmbers.i lhe
l.arvyers'Comniission rerrrned 10 ldrote (rni,l ,\l)ril), x consnle,alle
' l'l,e .eler.rces conrrincd if I'c L.\t chtc to \pD.nili.es rvhiel, \.ijl
r laLer d.te
** l'hc loll.^\'nrs (lo.ureut
idenLitj,catidr $ill|. trKL:1,.!suc scrj6, Sr'!/i \or
Clinra \.Ns AAcncr, NC-\-\/ ; l)o.nrre,rt\ arr l!lq Lo rhc lntcrnational S.Lc.nl'.
Co,rnission, iI China, ISCCI ; n, l(.rea, ISCK/
Ic
10
ptrblisIell at
tl
i
I
I
mission rvas rclatl\.cly wcll informed on this subiec! shce one of its
mcmLers h:'d been the chief ext)err at the Kh;iba.olsk irial, a d:mother
had heen one ol lhe \,ery ien r,estern scielltists ilr al olfidal position nr
China rlurn)g 1le cour,.e oi ihe e!e ts themsehes. Tll 194,1 it had beel)
pari ol his cluty to report to his or so\ cnrneut tlal although hc hil.]
begun \cith an attihldc of great sccpticisrI], thc rnaterial collcctcd by thc
Chincsc Surgcotr-Ccncrrl's Oilicc sccrncd t., sholv clcrrly that thc
lapanese 1verc, and had been, .issenrinating plasue;nlccrccl llcas in
sc\.cral districts 'L'hcr rlere thus able to briig al,ort a consrdcrablc
numler of cascs of b11l)onic plaglre in areas Nherc it was Dormally nor
endernic, btrt x,here co itions for its sprcad Ncre iairly tavoural,le As
is gene.ally kno\.r, onder norlnal circlllnstnnces. lr boric plague is
erldcmic only in cerlain s|artlr circurscribed areas (eg FLrLien
u, l-..,
- t2-
13
--
accused
rl
'erv
tralrte,
lle
use oi
i,
Norli of thc Commissur r.as sone kind ol schcne \\hich coulil scric as
a lrarncvort for tle tacls {hich jl Notrld l.t!c to siL y in each parttcular
lactory ai ilxrbin
15
1.1
certainly not identical with the single species of this genus previously
recorded frod China (App.). Exactly the samc observation applis to the
midse Otthacladiur These zoologrcal and geographical discrepatrcies
must be ailotted due weight in the consideralion of a1l the cvidence.
Co
mission
\\'len
it
(,{pp.). Similarly, the sun flies found (.HeLoq)za tudesta; Maisen) \'erc
, t6-
-17 -
e !letcorological
Ilantl(trir)
an'l
sLr4rrising
all
I xi
associatcd the unusunl phenome'la
(
xnd the outb.*ks ol discase. Relevart also hcre is the question of the
Dreasrres lakcn in Chirla and Korea to coDtrol lnsect potulations (see
Arrp), a d ihar oI thc occnrrence of par}ogcns on ran.lon samples of
,,orn'al insccrs (App )
s. in (AP
artiiiciaL fnctor
18
19_
in Aprrerdix.
-20 -
-21 *
[)crttnnvssLs gallinut
rhen
of
Dcrmanvs.trts
a) Isatoma
b)
o
d) /roir,,d ' inlcction ol plants
llanj othcr hyt,rilcscs 1'ou1d also bc llatrsil)lc
ir' 1.
i",
rr' r f
e
23
--
Phytopathological Data
Several relerences wcrc nade
iomd, lotrever,
A |L;rd
casc
Lras
of disse[iilatjon ol a llatrt
ieli
.lisease occurred as
as e nuclr
]rle as Jui,v'
-24 -
droltrPing
fur$er
cases.
:h
Forccs
trorlsed, lhe t\vo yorng menJ rvho wele aiterwards questi.,ned by the Codm;ssion perstlrally, retutied to their qlrartcrs aod brousht reinforctrlenls
lvhich destrayed ihe flcas i'ith a iire ol lrctrol and dne branches. Tr this
case tle soldiers Nere proiected in a lunber of ways (App.) and lhejr prompt
cormier measffes took cffcct before any apprciable nffnber .rf the fleas
could find tbeir B.al, to roules of traosit r:requeited bt hllman beinss. Tests
carded lrut by the l(orcan-Chrflese servjces showcd lhat these ileas ve.e
infccted vittrr plague bacteria, aid rhat they were hunian llcas
In ihe llsht of dl dlese and orher simllar facts, the Comnission had
no qtion b1rt ro conclude that the Lnerican air for{t was employing in
Korca mLhods very sjmilar to, if noi exactly nientical u.ilh, those enrployed
to spread plague by
tlc
var
-26-
-27
Korea
aid we shall
-28i
'Lhe
Iiar -\an
--30-
In lle
ol ihc ComDissim,
pathosenic
-31 -
in the southeastern part of Liaotung province near the Yaiu River, saw
eight Amrican lighter planes pas6 over tle city about half-an-hour after
noon. They recognised them without difficulty for such intrusions were
a common, almost daily, occurrence. The Chinese Air Observer Corps
identified them as F 86 planes and spotted their courses. From one of
crater at the point of impact of the object (App.) The location was
a maize field constituied by a small island surroundd by the beds of
ri\Fr, dry ar rhis rime ol year. Tle largesr "bomb'frag-re-t $as of
metal, but the most numerous werc of a thin porous calcareous srbstance
the nature of lvhich was not immediately obvious. This was late. identified and will be discussed sepa.ately (p. 44). The sire of the
incident was visited on the following day by two well-qualified entomologists, who had already searched in the immediate neishbourhood four
days earlier; they collected a further supply of flies, and carefully
assembled as many container-flagments as possibl, melting th snow
with the help of hot water.
The presence of snow, at least in d {ts between the furrows explains
how it liras possible for the insects (sluggish at the low environmental
temperature) to remain for more than a week in the close neighbourhood
of the point of impact It also explains th similar continued presence of
considerable numbers oI fowl feathers (also delivered at the sane time)
in the same zone. The insects and arachnids showed an anomalv of
seasodal appearance (see p. 20 above) and tie former also a rcgional anonaly
as to zoolosical specis (s p. 16 above).
Competent bacteriological examination by the Chinese dernonstratd
-12 -
(.Bacillss
The occurrence
_33 _.
horsefly
out, some of
'H.1:i:l:
thai the in
belo\,
fatal huflan
cases
of respiratory anth'ax
and
App.), showed that it had been possible to obrain new strains oi anihrax
cemed certain latal cases of cholera illustrative of those which have been
ant
ifl
very
y
rs
round for an hour or more as iI its pilot were trying to find something,
a country Sirl picking herbs on the h;llsides found a straw package con
taining a certain kind of clam She took some of the clams home and she
and her husband flade a meal .jf them raw; on th evening of the same
day both fell suddenll. ill and by the evening o{ the iollowing day both
were dead. Medical evidence showed that the cause of death s'as cholera
(App ). Further packages of clams {'ere found on the hillsides by the
local Home Guard, and bacieriological examination by t|e Korean aad
Chinese specialists provecl that the clams were heavily infected $'ith the
cholera vibrio (App ).
The !r'hole sequence of evnts becomes more and more extraordinary
the mole closelr it is examined In the lirst place, the appearance ol
marine molluscs (X,Ieretr;' Merctri'), contaminated in this way, on a hill
in ihe mrddle of the coultrysidc, can only be regarded as a highly un-
rhat cholera has never been an endemic disease in Korea. for while there
hafc becn a numbcr of outbreaks during the pESt forty years it was
always possible to trace them to a naritime point of entry. Yet here 11'as
a prrely rural iocus Furthermore, there had only been one previous
instance during this century of any cholera in Kora in May; seldom did
it appear beiore the month of,A,ugust- Then there were several peculiari
ties about the clams as found. In Korea they are not us ally wrapped in
straw lor sale, ther appeared here a month belore tieir usual scason
(indeed since the bcginning of the {ar thelr har-e not been reaching thc
rnarkets at all), and if anyone had sone to thc trouble ol la).iDg the packages do\rn at r.arious places on rhe hillside it was hard to explxin lvhy
nrany of the thick.alcarcous shells ot the clams should havc ben broken
-36
in tbe
-38-
_39 _
(1) Sprayins. In NCNA/8S, p.4, (Rcporr of rhe Chinse Scienrific Commrssion ir Korea) the claim Nas Dade rhat a Chinese volunree!
soldier actually san' all American plane spraying insecrs at Chor-Won
unlikel
he fact
ii the cylindric
diaphraghms
into four
divided
b)'
three
steel
a1 body ol rhe bomb is
so
The
is
divided
longitudina'lly
that hall
compartments.
casing
sepa.aie
oI it, being mounted on hingesr can s$'ing open and release its contenis
at any flomen! desired. Below the lloor of the lowest compattment the
statem
(2)
lrar.
of
ihe
(\CN_A.,/
-40-
-47 -
(7)
press about theiuse of leaflet containersj bui the chief of the American
Army Chemical Corps is on record for !h staiement that they are wdll
suited Jor the (ldliver)' of biolosical objects (SIA/9, p.1; NCNA/85, p,5;
rscc/4/
(5) Leaflet Borhb rvith Doots opehed ljy a Propeller: In tb;s type,
which u'ould be sinilar in exierial appearance to both those just described, the passive propeller or airscrew in the nose 1rroul.l actuare a nrcthanism, t,r open a series ot doors along the length of ihe bomb after
it had carried out a predeiermined number of revolutions, The packets
are then blolvn out by the i.ind Again there is no mention of this in
the iPragrie documcntation, nor did the Conmission find direct evidence
of its existence or use. Bul nevertheless it was described iD one of the
lectures which the caprured airmen had received (Quinn/Ashlork, sec
below, p 51).
Self-Destroying). Oi
Conmission nor had
this
ihe
for lanuary,
1952
(6) Lerflet Bomb with Doors or Sides openids after Impaat- Here
the half-side of the boo1b, or a seris of doors in it, 11'ortld.be opened by
mechanism driveu by electric battery actir-ated only by the slock of
-
42-
-13-
have
flighr,
plpes
lo pos
si4ce it is not yeL clear how so fragile a container can stand the shock
oI dpdrture froft the plafle, ti
L
examine the calcareous fragmeflts preserved from it. But it did not
represent the only incident of,ihe kind which came to the notice of the
descdbed as the rather slow slantihg fall of silvery globes about twic
as big as lootballs (App.). Thele can be litde cloubt that this was
the same dvice agaif, Morebvr' on of the eye-witness accounts of
th Pai-Ch'ins-?zu cases (ISOO/5,; SIA/6, p. 1) mentioned shining
mosr ingnious oI all t1re types in quesrion, namely:rhe "egg-she
2ts,
"
con-
more
I rcpiacles
been mention
be
of
nd of wooden
boxes (NCNA/85, p 6). If thes indeed descended from the slry, it
was nore probably as part of the cargo of some kidd of Parachute
bomb. Packases oi siraw were used for th cholra clams of Dai-Dong
did howevr have the opporlunity oI examining nar Pyongyang frag
It
lvas thus possible io deduce that the inraor container rnust have
(12)
i
-44-
\
that there was a Iairly,regular concentdc distributio' around the spor
immediately beneath which the openihg of the oontainer had taken
.dpart from rhese cases, the Connissioll noted turo inleresting exmples of sround distribulion ol delivered objects. In one case (lSCC/
.pp.) feathers were found being bloNn aNay slowly by the wind
their point of arrival, so as to form a triangular area iZ mile lorg
rile \roi l dr the b:.e r li. rr,. gradual.I
a-J raLhpr le-" Ihal
lenglle ing and broadening. Though no coniainer o. its iragments rvere
found, the bomb in this case lvas probably oi the egg shell t)'pe In
anothc! instance, that oI the grear n mbe.s ot hunan fleas found on
a barc hillside (ISCK/3; App.)., it \,vas seen that rhe insects covered
an ellipsoidal area about 30 ]ds. X i0 yds. with a zone of maxinum
densiry at approximately one of the centres or foci of the ellipse. This
xould presumably suggest that the fleas wer delivered by some object,
perhaps a parachute container, which travlled along the long ax;s of
the ellipse.
Testimonies of
Intelligence Agents
at Pyongy:rng of
-4<i-
_47 _
qa-fareo-l\
lr.-
-48-
-49 -
1'here can be tro douLrt that these acL issions had considerable
irlfhence on the western wo.ld. But those lvho did not lvish to bc
conrinced tendc.l to brush thenr aside as confessions obtained under
l95l June
Oct.
Lt
prcsence
Dcc 1st
strate inconsistencies in
{ari--e ,rrred J.
o b":n u
Feb 15th O'Neals li.st mission'r'r$ith baclerioloeical bonlbs ts.ieI.1 as
"cerLn bo,nbs", to be debrieled as "aii-Lrlrst VI"
Fcb 18th O'Neal sees evidence ol th bse oi sprayins techniqtre, lrom
"Decidlr "lap eI ! e,
tle US
admitted
prefiously been prepared for the.lvork by caulious inlormatory lectures, and not apprised of rvhat they wer expected to do, even after
Jan. 1952, until their actual arrival rn Korea. At Aherican and Japanese
bases, bacterial lvarfare Nas said to be a theoretical and p!rely defensi\-e
matter; but a! Korean bases pilots were surprised to iind that it had
already been started lveelcs or months before thir arrival. The fact
thal the general order musr hr\.e been gi\.en duridg tbe period of the
Kaesong peace talks was nol overlooked by the pilots.
-50-
morale
ol their fellow
endy no lonse. resarded as enenies those who had laid down their arms,
can weu be imasined.
its belief lhat lhe airmen werc not srbjected to any phl.sical or mental
pressure, and thai their treatmnt was worthy oI the best rraditions of
on lhe borders
the cleanliness
i
l
!h vdlages.
I'
UUI
P'*tl*
"1.4
Documents previously publNhod gare on the one hand soDe of &e bacteriological and epidemiological details relating the iDfected insects with cases
of humar diseasej aod on the oiher hand evidence relatjng the insects to the
*s-a -a
*t)24 *
: e 1::
fi ;f
r!3.
E!
.!x
;
a 6 4:-.
3P
53
:::
++
a[
these jnvestigations
At
netlod of incident
aDalysis was
explajnd The
++++
++++
++
(\ rrxlue) Isc4/2
Iroi.Yahs (K,
rhse) lsc(/3
emrg
ted
an
There
vectors
bacteriological tests, and the clinical cases follo\t'inr
In
connclion
++++
+++
++
++
J'I
++++
il
+I +)
-56-
+++ + ++++
suitabl vectors- Finally, lhe mosi stringent sanitarl precauiions are, and were
from the bginning, taken both by the Chinese md the North Koreans at the
frontier botween the countries
++
plasue (
r( dan.l.ilo
Dai.DoDs
+ +
.i.."
-57 -
(x,
.holera)
rscvr
,r'lt'bir
--58-
59.
'rl!)P/
'w
xtl
hactical experience
has showtr
tiat
rate parlly, io all otler ;nsect carried dL,seases, and help io exdlain thc
geneml tondency sccn in Korca to\l-ards the u,.e of inseol r.cctors 1'hc
exarnple taketr is t]:pical;1ve cannot limit thc possibilities oI bactenobe done, and thrcw light, as here, on apparenl cortradictions. An almost
that the diffusion of bacteria, riruses and toxins, in ae.osols is the only
effective
rrrectrve m9thorl
method or
of bacleriologicatr
Dacre orogrcal waflare.
warlare. Thus
rnus _Ja
Japanese exporience
(tl. pp. 13/14 abqve) can nolv be iltilised or a nelv level,
xamined by tle Commissio{r, ihat ol the
/3 i8;00010) occorrins in the cities oi
n in liiaotung prodnce, Northcast China
fity dlat a virus had been disseninaterl
The Comdssion was rnable ro reach a
rce it could hot establish a definite relad tbe air i,ncursions. Ne\"ertheless the
d full dorumntatim concerning it is
endices (IScC/6).
_60 _
rI
{u_
-61 -
i:','
t,t
Concltrslon
o" tB'."
.",""0,-
oD
destruction of humanity
-62-
-63-
II
(rscc5)
China (ISCCS)
'a
d'iseases
ot the
encephalitis type
p. Memorardun ou the
China.
T.
lublii
ald hedicil
REPRINTED BY HSINHUA NEWS AGENCY'