Timber Final Requirement

TIMBER
COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

TIMBER DESIGN
Generally refers to the proper evaluation of wood or lumber elements such as individual
planks, joist, beams, post or columns which include the connection of elements to the other
elements and the foundation, and the performance of elements and connections making up
structural system.
The design of a timber structures requires all components of the structure to be of sufficient
size and strength to withstand the forces to which the structure might be reasonably be
subjected during its useful life. Proper design also requires sufficient stiffness in members
and structural system to prevent deformations associated with reasonable loads from
impairing the service ability of non structural system or causing the structures to feel or
appear unsafe.
Timber construction Manual (5th edition)
this manual is developed by AITC to provide state-of-the-art technical information

and recommendations on engineered timber constructions
AITC American Institute of Timber Construction

Types of Timber/Lumber
1. Sawn Lumber is the product of lumber mills and is produced from many species
Plain Sawn Cut
- The most basic way to cut lumber by slicing the lumber in continuous parallel
motion.
- This method of cutting procedures different grain patterns depending on the
location it was cut on the log.
- It is known to shrink and expand most because the grains run left to right on the
width of the board.
- The milling is fast with a minimum amount of waste of raw material.
Quarter Sawn Cut
- The lumbers are cut on the quarters.
- The wood grains of this specific method of cutting are more consistent and tight
and when the grains are tighter, it makes the material sturdier.
- All the grains run more in an up right direction, meaning the wood will not expand
and shrink as much, compared to the plain sawn cut.
- The milling is medium fast with a medium amount of waste of raw materials
Rift sawn Cut
- Almost similar to the quarter sawn cut, the rift sawn is milled in slightly different
angle.
- This method allows the grain to sit more tight to one another.
- The grains run vertically with the thickness of the board, meaning it will only
shrink and expand in height.
- It is the most expensive milling technique but requires least amount of
maintenance.
1 | Page
TIMBER
Conclusion:
-
If it is used for renovation of a for rent house, it would be ideal to use plain sawn
planks for economic reason.
- If it is used for the renovation of our own house, it would be ideal to use quarter
sawn planks for a little more quality materials.
- If it requires using high quality materials with very little maintenance, then the
best materials would be rift sawn planks.
2. Glued Laminated timber (Gluelam)
- Is a type of structural timber product composed of several layers of dimensioned
timber bounded together with durable, moisture-resistant adhesives. This
material is called a laminating stock or lamstock for short.
- By laminating several pieces of timber, a single large, strong structural timber is
manufactured from smaller pieces.
- These structural members are used as vertical columns and horizontal beams, as
well as curved and arched shapes. Gluelam is readily produced in curved shapes
and its available in range of species and appearance characteristics to meet
varied-end use requirement. Connections are usually made with bolts, dowels and
steel plates.
- Gluelam has much lower embodied energy than reinforced concrete and steel;
although of course it des entail more embodied energy than solid timber. Can be
used in much longer span, heavier load and complex shapes.
Gluelam = weight of Steel = weight of Concrete
Gluelam 6 times Strength of Steel
2 | Page
TIMBER
Simple Beam
is a member that is supported only at its ends ( simple or pinned end conditions) and
resist loads across a single span. The beam ends are allowed to rotate freely.
Design shall satisfy the three conditions:

1.
2.
3.
4.
Bending Stress
Shear Stress parallel to the grain
Deflection
Bearing Stress
3 | Page
TIMBER

I=
bd3
12
c=
d
2
Bending Stress Formula
fb=
fb=
mc
I
m
s
s=
I
c
Shearing Stress
fv=
bd 3 bd2
=
d
6
2
s=
fb=
VQ
I b'
fb=
Q=a y
1. Derive fb and fv for Rectangular
Section
m m
=
s bd 2
6
6m
2
bd
b. Shearing Stress
fv=
VQ
I b'
Q=a y
A=bd
( d2 )( d4 )
bd
8
fv=
( )
( bd12 ) ( b)
V
a. Bending Stress
fb=
mc
I
m
s
Q=
b ' =b
bd
8
4 | Page
TIMBER

V
2 3 V
3 V
1.5 V
=
=
=
db 2 db 2 A
A
3
( ) ( )
fv=
s = section modulus
fv = horizontal shear stress (shear parallel
to grain)
V = shear force
Q = first moment about na of the area of
the section bet. The plane of intersection
and outside the edge of the cross section
on the same na.
1. 5 V
A
WHERE:
fb = extreme fiber bending stress
m = applied bending moment
I = area moment of inertia w/ respect to
the NA
b = width of the plane across w/c fv is

calculated
a = shear area
= distance from shear area centroid
of na
c = distance from the NA to the extreme

fiber
2. Derive fb and fv for Triangular
Section
3.
10.
11.
12.
4.
13.
5.
14.
6.
15.
7.
16.
8.
17.
9.
a. Bending Stress
b.
c.
fb=
I=
m
s
bd3
36
I
d. s= c
c=
2d
3
e.
s=
bd
2
36 bd 3
=
2d
36 2
3
()
bd 2
24
5 | Page
TIMBER

fb=
f.
m 24 m
=
bd 2 bd 2
24
g. Shearing Stress
'
h.
i.
j.
k.
l.
b b
=
d d
2
'
fv=
b=
VQ
'
Ib )
b
2
s.
t.
u.
v.
w.
x.
y.
z.
aa.
ab.
ac.
ad.
ae.
af.
y = y 1 + y 2
d d 3 d2 d d
y 1= =
=
2 3
6
6
ag. fv=
bd 2
24
( )
( bd36 )( b2 )
V
m.
n.
o.
y 2=
1 d d
=
3 2 6
()
p.
d d d
y = + =
6 6 3
q.
1 b d
Q=a y =
2 2 2
ah. =
3V
2 bd
ai.
aj. fv =
d bd 2
=
3
24
)( )
r.
3V
2A
ak.
al.
am.
an.
ao.
ap.
aq.
ar.
18.Derive fb and fv for Circular Section
as.
at.
au.
av.
aw.
ax.
ay.
az.
ba.
bb.
6 | Page
TIMBER
( fb= ms )
a. Bending Stress
bc.
r4
I= 4
bd.
c=r
be.
I
C
bf. S =
bg.
fb
bh.
r4
4
r
m
r3
4
4m
r3
bi.
4m
bj. fb= Ar
r
4
( )
r
4
WHERE:
A= r 2
bk.
b. Shearing Stress
fv=
VQ
'
Ib )
bl.
y =
b' =2 r
bm.
4r
3
bn.
Q=a y
bo.
bp.
bq.
=
Q
( )( 34 r )
r
2
2 r3
3
br.
bs.Q =
r2 4 r
2 3
( )
fv =
VQ
'
Ib
V
=
2 r3
3
( )
r4
(2 r )
4
bt.
7 | Page
TIMBER

bu.
4V
3 r2
bv.
bw.
fv =
4V
3A
bx.Design of Simple Beams

by. Example 1. Simple Beam (Laterally Supported)
bz.
A structural glued laminated timber is used as simple beam to support the

residential floor load. Check the adequacy of the beam.
ca. Given:
cb.
b = 130mm (assumed)
cc.
d = 305mm (assumed)
cd.
L = 3.66m (Beam length)
ce.
DL = 718 Pa
cf.
LL = 1915 Pa
cg.
S = 4.88 m (Tributary Width)
ch.
wood
= 5.18 kN/ m3
ci.
Fb= 21.8 MPa
cj.
FV = 2.40 MPa
ck.
E = 8.47 x 103 MPa
cl.
cm.
Solution:
cn. Compute Loadings ( W = Unit LL or DL x Tributary Width)

co.
WDL = (718)(4.88) = 3,503.84 N/m = 3.5 kN/m
cp.
WLL = (1915)(4.88) = 9, 345.20 N/m = 9.35 kN/m
cq.
WB =
x bd
cr.
= (5.18)(0.130)(0.305)
cs.
= 0.21 kN/m (weight of beam itself)
8 | Page
TIMBER

ct.
WT = WDL + WLL + WB
cu.
= 3.5 + 9.35 + 0.21
cv.
= 13.06 kN/m
cw.
a.) Compute M and S (fb = m/s)
cx.
da.
I=
db. C
dc.
S=
m=
W T L2
8
( 13.06 ) (3.662)
8
cy.
cz.
= 21.87 kN-m
b d3
12
.305
2
I
C
( .130 )(.305)3
12
= 3.07 x 10
-4
m4
= .1525
3.07 x 104
.1525
21.87(10 6)
dd. fb= 2.01 x 103 x 10 9
= 2.01 x 10-3
= 10.88 MPa
de. or use
df.
fb =
6m
b d2 =
6 (21.87 x 106 )
(130)( 305)2
= 10.85 MPa
dg. Note: Cvor CL will be used only for the estimate or selection of cross-section
dh. Timber Construction Manual 5th Edition (AITC)
di. P64 T-3.8 Fb = FbCDCM (Cv or CL) CC CiCT forGluelam ( load perpendicular to
wide face of lam)
dj. P56 T-3.4 CD = 1.0 (load duration factor 10yrs.)
dk. P58 T-3.5 CM = 1.0 (wet service factor (visually graded timber 5inx5in and
larger)
9 | Page
TIMBER
dl. P59 T Cv = (
130.18
b
304.8
d
6.4
L
1.0
Volume Factor
1
x

130.18
130
304.8
305
=(
6.4
4.88
dm.
1.0
x
dn.
= 1.06 1.0 use Cv= 1.0
do.
t
CC = 1-2000 ( r
2
Curvature Factor ( for curve member only and use
CC = 1 if not a curve)
dp.
dq.
P63 T-3.7 Ci =0.80 Incising Factor

T- 3.6 Ct = 1.0
dr.
Fb = 21.8(1)(1)(1)(1)(0.80)(1) = 17 .44MPa
ds.
fb Fb
dt.
10.88MPa 17.44 MPa Safe!!!
du.
b.) Compute Shearing Stress (fv =
VQ
I b' )
10 | P a g e
TIMBER
dv. Note: the beam has a bearing at the support, the code requires the shear force to
check may exclude he distributed load applied within d of the end.
dw.
W T L
=
2
R=
13.06 (3.66)
2
= 23. 90 kN
dx.
dy.V = R- W T (d)
= 23.9- (13.06)(.305) = 19.92 kN

dz.
ea.
bd
12
I=
= 3.07 x 10-4 m4
eb.
ec.
eg.
b d2
Q= 8 =
( .130 )(.305)2
8
= 1.51 x 10-3 m3
ed.
ee.
b= b = 0.130 mm
ef.
3
( 19.92 ) ( 10 ) ( 1.5 x 103 ) (10 9)
fv = (3.07 x 104 )(0.130)(1015 ) = 0.75 MPa
eh.
ei. using derived formula
ek.
(1.5)(9.92)(103)
(130)(305)
ej. fv =
1.5 V
A
p64 T-3.8
FV = FV CDCMCt
= .75 MPa
same values use in Fb
el. FV = 2.4(1)(1)(1)
em.
en.
eo.
FV = 2.4 MPa
FV FV
.75MPa 2.4 MPa
c.) Compute for deflections

ep.
eq. Liveload Deflection (WLL = 9.35kN/m)
11 | P a g e
TIMBER
5w L
384 EI
er. LL =
3.664
2
5(9.35)
= 8.4 mm
es.
et. Deadload Deflection
eu.
DL= LL(
8.4(
W DL + W B
)=
W
3.5+ 0.21
) = 3.33 mm
9.35
ev.
ew.
ex. Recommended Deflection Criteria
From T- 3.9 p66 TCM-AITC
L
360
ey. Commercial & Institutional Liveload =
3660
360
= 10.17 mm >8.4
Safe!!!
ez.
fa.
Appliedload plus De adload=
L
3660
=
=15.25 mm
240 240
fb.
fc.
15.25mm > 11.70mm

Safe!!!
fd.
fe. Check ratios of actual values to allowable values:
ff.
fg.
fb
fh. Bending:
fv
fk. Shear:
1
v
1
b
10.88
= 17.44 =0.62 1.0
GOOD!
fi.
fj.
0.75
= 2.40 =0.31 1.0
GOOD!
fl.
fm.
12 | P a g e
TIMBER
fn. Deflection(LL) =
8.40
L/360 =
10.17 =0.83 1.0
GOOD!
fo.
fp.
fq. Deflection (DL) =
11.70
15.25 =0.77
1.0
GOOD!
fr.
fs.
ft.
fu.
fv.
fw.
fx.
fy.
fz.
ga.
gb.
gc.
gd.
ge.
gf.
gg.
gh.
gi.
gj. INVESTIGATION OF SIMPLE BEAM
gk.
Example 2 :
gl.
gm.
A rectangular beam carries a
uniformly distributed load of W in Kn/m over its entire span. The beam is freely
supported at its ends.
gn. fb= 16.5mPa
go. fv= 1.75mPa
gp.
a. What is the value of maximum vertical shear?
b. What is the value of span L of the beam?
c. What is the value of W which will give maximum load?
gq.
Solution:
a. Max Vertical Shear

gr.
gs.
(fv=Fv)
Fv=
1.5 V
A
A=
(125) (375)
13 | P a g e
TIMBER
Afv
V= 1.5 =
gt.
(125)(375)(1.75)(103)
=54.6Kn
1.5
gu.
b. Span L of Beam (fb=Fb)
gv.
gw.
WL 2
M=
8
gx.
6m
fb= bd 2
2
gy.
fb=
WL
)
8
2
bd
6(
6 WL
8 bd 2
8 fbbd 2
=WL2 1
6
gz.
WL
2 =54.69KN
ha.
V=
hb.
103N
WL=109.38KN=109.38X
8(16.5)(125)(375)2
6
hc.
(109.38X103) (L)
hd.
L=3536mm = 3.54m
c. Max Load W
he.
WL
V= 2
hf.
W=
30.90
2Y
L =
2(54.69)
3.54
KN
m
14 | P a g e
TIMBER

hg.
hh.
hi. INVESTIGATION OF SIMPLE BEAM
hj. Ex ample 3 :
hk.
A wooden Beam having a simple san of 3.5 m carries a total load of
8kN/m (including its own weight). Thw width and depth are 190mm and 250mm
respectively, use dressed dimension by reducing its dimensions by 10 mm.
hl. NSCP table6.1
hm.
For 80% grade ( bagtikan)
hn. Fb = 16.6 MPa

ho. Fv = 1.82 MPa
bending stress?
a. What is the maximum actual
hp. Ew = 6,480 MPa

stress?
b. What is the maximum actual shearing
hq.
c. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?
hr. Solution:
a. Maximum actual Bending Stress
2
hs.
w l 2 8 ( 3.5 )
m=
=
=12.25 kN m
8
8
6
ht.
fb=
6 m 6 ( 12.25 ) ( 10 )
=
=7.09 MPa< 16.6 MPa SAFE
2
bd
( 180 ) ( 240 )2
hu.
b. Maximum Actual Shearing Stress
hv.
V=
wl 8 ( 3.5 )
=
=kN
2
2
3
1.5V 1.5 ( 14 ) ( 10 )
hw. fv= A = ( 180 ) ( 240 ) =0.49 MPa<1.8 MPa SAFE
hx.
15 | P a g e
TIMBER

c. Maximum Actual Dflection
hy.
5 w l4
=
max
hz.
384 EI
3
ia.
bd3 ( 180 ) ( 240 )

I=
=
=207.36 x 106 mm
12
12
ib.
max=
4
5 ( 8 ) ( 103 ) ( 3500 )
5 w l4
=
=11.63 mm
384 EI 384 ( 6480 ) ( 207.36 x 10 6 mm )
ic. INVESTIGATION / DESIGN OF SIMPLE BEAM (with overhang at ends)

id. EXxample 4:
ie. The beam is subjected to a uniform load of 4kN/m
a. Determine the value of X at the end supports so that the shear stress in the beam is
as small as possible.
b. Determine the min shear stress if d = 200 mm and b = 60 mm
c. Determine the value of depth d for a max. flexural stress of 8.50 MPa with the same
width b.
if.
ig.
ih.
ii.
ij.
ik.
il.
im.
in. SOLUTION
a. Value of X for min shear stress
io.
R1 + R2=4 ( 3.5 ) where
ip.
2 R 1=14
R1=R2
16 | P a g e
TIMBER
iq.
R 1=
14
=7 kN
2
ir. Assume shear min;

is.
V min =R1Wx
it.
3.5=714 ( x )
V min =
7
2
= 3.5 kN
iu. X= 0.875 m
iv.
b. Minimum Shear Stress
iw.
fv=
VQ 1 .5 V 1. 5 ( 3500 )
=
=
A
( 200 )( 60 )
I b'
= 0.44 MPa
ix.
c. Depth d at maximum bending stresss
iy.
iz.
ja.
fb=
6m
2
bd
m=2 x 2=1 .53 kN m
6
6 m 6 ( 1 . 53 ) ( 10 )
d=
=
=18 , 000
bf b
8 .5 ( 60 )
2
d= 1800=134 mm
jb. (Simple Beam with support provided by framing)

jc. Example 5:
jd.
Using the data in example 1, determine the beam stability factor, CL if

the joist provided lateral support at 400mm O.C.
je. Given :
jf. b = 130mm
jg. d =305mm
jh. Fb = 21.8 MPa
ji. Fv = 2.40 MPa
jj. E = 8470 MPa
jk. CD = 1.0
jl. CM = 1.0
17 | P a g e
TIMBER

jm. CV = 1.0
jn. CC = 1.0
jo. Ci = 0.80
jp. Ct = 1.0
jq.
jr. Solution: (Lu-unexpected length)
a.
js.
jt.
ju.
jv.
b.
jw.
jx.
jy.
jz.
ka.
No. of unsupported length (Lu) = (Beam Span Floor Jerst Spacing) 1

= (3660 400) -1 = 8pcs.
No. of concentrated load (P) = No. of Lu + 1
= 8 + 1 = 9pcs
Fr. Table 4.3 AITC p-83
Seven or more equal concentrated loads, evenly spaced
with lateral at points of load application
>use Le = 1.84Lu
Effective Length Le = 1.84 < 400 = 736mm

Slenderness Ratio Rb of bending Member
kb. Rb=
d
b 2 < 50
where:
Le effective length in
bending
kc.
kd.
d depth of member
b width (breadth) of
member
ke.
736( 305)
( 130 )2
kf.
=3.64 < 50
safe!!!
kg.
kh.
ki.
kj. C. Fr. Table 3.B AITC p-64
Modulus of Elasticity Prime E=ECMC2
kk.
kl. or Allowable Modulus of Elasticity = 8470 (1.0) (1.0)
km.
= 8470 mPa
kn. D. Fr. Table 4.2 (Euler Buckling coefficient for bending members) p-82 AITC
ko.
KbE= 0.610
FbE=
K bE E
2
RB
KbE Euler buckling coefficient for bending member
kp.
E1 Allowable modulus of Elasticity
kq.
RB Slenderness ratio of the bending member
18 | P a g e
TIMBER
kr.
FbE=
0.61(8470)
( 3.64 )2
Formula for CL using AITM p-
kv.
1+ F bE/ F b
1.9
CL =
F
1+ bE
Fb
1.9
CL =
( 1+22.3545 )
1.9
FbE
Fb
0.95
kw.
kx.
= 389.95mPa
ks.
kt.
81 (Beam Stability Factor)
ku.
ky.
K bE E1
R 2B
1+22.395
1.9
22.3595
0.95
CL =
CL =
12.294511.2968
0.99 7 1.0 or unity
kz.
Conclusion:
la.
If the lateral
support is laterally at short intervals, the beam may be assumed to be fully supported
laterally. It can be observed that the reduction of allowable bending stress using the Beam
Stability Factor (CL) is less than the reduction of applied Bending Stress that can be
obtained by considering concentrated loads at short intervals instead of uniformly
distributed load.
lb.
lc.
Page 81 (AITC)
ld.
Means of
Preventing Lateral Rotation of Beam at its end or Bearing Points
1. Attachment of the bottom of the beam in a direction perpendicular to the
beam axis.
2. Attachment of the top of the beam to the wall or parapet or to the roof
diaphragm, provided the roof is adequately attached to the wall.
3. Full depth blocking between parallel beams at ends and bearing points of
parallel beams.
4. Cross bracing between parallel beams of the ends and bearing points
5. Attachment of top and bottom of the ends of beams to girts or rim members.
6. Use of suitable approved connection hardware.
19 | P a g e
TIMBER
le. * Means of providing support against Lateral Movement of the Beam at Intermediate
Points or Continuously along the Beam
lf.
1. Attachment of Structural Roof or Floor Sheating or Deck directly to the

beam
lg.
2. Suitable attachment of the roof and floor framing to the beam (girders,
joists, trusses)
lh.
3. Intermediate full depth blocking
li.
4. Bridging or bracing at intermediate points
lj.
5. Proper attachments of suitable ceiling materials
lk. Note: Refer to AITC ( Timber Construction Manual)

ll.
Pg-80 Table 4.1- Bracing Rules for lateral Stability of Bending Members
lm.Simple Beam (Laterally Unsupported)

ln. Example 6:
lo.
Determine an appropriate beam section using 18 m Gluelam Timber (assume,

gluelam varying loads along its length. The beam is braced 7.5 m from the left end.
The bear has to resist a moment of 150 kN-m
lp. Given: Properties of Agoho Wood (Assumed as Gluelam)

lq.
Fb = 26.3 MPa
lr.
Fv= 2.95 MPa
ls.
E = 8.22 MPa
lt.
AITC ( 5th edition)
lu.
CD= 1 p64 T-3.4 ( for 10 yrs)
lv.
CM= 1 p58 T-3.5
lw.
CC= 1 p61
lx.
CI= 0.80 p63 T-3.7
ly.
Ct= 1 p62 T-3.6
lz. Note :CD or load duration factor is the only factor to be used to determine the section
modulus or cross section
ma.
Fb=Fb CD( to compute Sc)
mb.
Fb = Fb CD (CV or Ct ) ( to check SD)
20 | P a g e
TIMBER

mc.
Note: Use smallest Cvor Ct
md.
SC = Section Modulus (computed)
me.
SD = Section Modulus ( Design)
mf.
mg.
mh.
mi.
mj.
mk.
ml.
mm.
Solution:
1. Section Modulus (Fr. Table 3.8 p64)

2. Fb= FbCD
mn.
= 26.3 (1)
mo.
Fb= 26.3 MPa
mp.
Fb = Fb=
m
s
M
fb
150 (10 )
26.3
mq.
SC
mr.
SC
= 5,703,422.05
ms.
mt. Try cross section and compute section modulus.
mu.
s=
bd
6
mv.
Selection:
mw.
170mm x 610mm
SD=10 542 833.33 mm3
mx.
150mm x 540mm
SD=7 290 000.00 mm3
my.
160mm x 575mm
SD=8 816 666.67 mm3
mz.
180mm x 645mm
SD=12 480 750.00 mm3
21 | P a g e
TIMBER

na.
nb. A) Try 160mm x 575mm
150(10)6
M
nc. f b= S = 8 816 666.67 =17.01 MPa
nd. B) Volume Factor
130.18
ne. C v = 160
1
10
)(
304.8
575
1
10
6.40
18
)( )
1
10
=0.8291
nf. C) Beam Stability Factor

ng.
Lu=18 m7.5 m=10.50 m
nh.
Lu 10 500
=
=18.26
d
575
ni. For Single Span Beam (Uniformly distributed and
Lu
7
d
nj.
nk. Use Le = 1.63Lu + 3d
nl.
= 1.63 (10 500) + 3 (575)
nm.
Le = 18 840mm
nn.
RB =
Led
<5 0
b2
no.
R b=
18 840(575)
<5 0
1602
np.
20.57<50 SAFE !
nq.
E' =E C M Ct
nr.
8 220 (1 )( 1 )
22 | P a g e
TIMBER

ns.
E' =8 220 MPa
nt.
nu.
K bE=0.610
nv.
FbE =
nw.
FbE =
K bE E '
R B2
0.61 ( 8220 )
=11.85 MPa
20.57 ( 20.24 )2
Fb
11.85
Fb =
where F' b=
0.4506
nx.
F bE
ny.
F bE
F b
1+
1.9
nz.
FbE
Fb
1+

1.9
C L =
oa. C L =
1+0.4506
1.9
1+ 0.4506 2 0.4506
=0.434
1.9
0.95
ob. Compare Cv and CL and use smallest value CL=0.434

oc.
F ' b=F b C d ( C v C L )
23 | P a g e
TIMBER

od.
F' b=26.3 ( 1 ) ( 0.434 )=11.41 MPa
oe.
NOTE :f b > F ' b UNSAFE !
of.
A.
Try 180mm x 645mm

6
M 150(10)
og. f b= S = 12 480 750 =12.02 MPa
B.
Volume Factor
oh. C v =
130.18
180
1
10
)(
304.8
645
1
10
6.40
18
)( )
1
10
=0.81
oi.
oj.
C.
Beam Stability Factor
ok.
Lu=18 m7.5 m=10.50 m
ol.
Lu 10 500
=
=16.28
d
645
om.
For Single
Span Beam (Uniformly distributed and
Lu
7
d
on. Use Le = 1.63Lu + 3d

oo.
op.
oq.
= 1.63 (10 500) + 3 (645)

Le = 19 050mm
RB =
Led
< 50
b2
24 | P a g e
TIMBER
19 050(645)
<50
1802
or.
R b=
os.
19.47<50 SAFE !
ot.
ou.
E' =E C M Ct
ov.
8 220 (1 )( 1 )
ow.
E' =8 220 MPa
ox.
oy.
K bE=0.610
oz.
FbE =
pa.
FbE =
K bE E '
R B2
0.61 ( 8220 )
=13.23 MPa
2
20.57 ( 19.47 )
Fb
13.23
Fb =
where F ' b=
26.3
pb.
F bE
pc.
25 | P a g e
TIMBER

F bE
F b
1+
1.9
pd.
FbE
Fb
1+

1.9
C L =
1+0.5030
pe. C L =
1.9
1+ 0.5030 2 0.5030
=0.4808
1.9
0.95
pf. Compare Cv and CL and use smallest value CL=0.434

pg.
F ' b=F b C d ( C v C L )
ph.
F b=26.3 ( 1 ) ( 0.4808 )=12.65 MPa
pi.
NOTE :f b < F ' b SAFE !
'
pj. Conclusion: A deeper beam has a greater section of modulus but less stable. For
safer, use wider and shallower section.
pk.
pl.
pm.
pn.
po.
pp.
pq.
pr.
ps.
pt.
26 | P a g e
TIMBER

pu.
pv. BIAXIAL BENDING (Bending about both Axes)
pw. Bending members are commonly intended to be loaded primarily in their strong
direction (load direction parallel to wide face of member d). When bending
members are loaded in both strong and weak direction or are loaded obliquely.
px.
py. A) Horizontal Bending Members (Beam)
pz.
f bx=
Mx
Sx
W y L2
qa. M x = 8
Ix
S
=
x
qb.
Cx
qc.
Checking adequacy of bd : F ' bx =F bx C D C M C c C i C t
qd.
Designing of unknown bd : F ' bx =Fbx ( C v C L )
qe.
qf. B) Oblique Bending Members (Purlin)
Mx
f
=
bx
qg.
Sx
qh. M x =
qi.
Sx =
W y L2
8
Ix
Cx
My
f
=
by
qk.
Sy
ql.
qm.
M y=
W x L2
8
S y=
Iy
Cy
qj.
27 | P a g e
TIMBER
qn.
f bx
+
F ' bx
f by
F ' by
f
1 bx
F bE
1.0
qo.
where :
qp.
f bx=actual bending stress about strong axis
qq.
f by=actual bending stress about weak axis
qr.
F ' bx=bendingst ress multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors(strong axis)
qs.
F ' by=bending stressmultiplied by all applicable adjustment factors (weak axis)
qt.
f bE=critical buckling design value for bending members
qu.
Bending
Biaxial
qv. Example:
qw. A glued laminated timber with a span of 9m is to be used to support a uniform dead
load of 5.84 kN/m and a vertical roof load of 11.68 kN/m. aside from the uniform dead
load and vertical roof load, the beam is also subjected to a horizontal wind load P of
17.8 kN located at the midpoint. The member is used under normal temperature and
dry service condition and unlatterally braced between the end supports. The vertical
roof load is assumed to have construction load duration. Design a beam cross
section.
qx.
qy. Formula:
qz.
F ' bx=F bx C D ( C v C L )
ra.
F ' by=F by ( C v C L )
rb.
28 | P a g e
TIMBER

rc. B = 220mm (assumed)
rd. Cd = 1.25 (construction load)
re. Cd = 1.60 (wind load)
rf. Cv = 0.85 (assumed) <1.0
rg. Kbe = 0.61 (for gluelam)
rh. Ct = 1.0 (wet or dry) E
ri. Cm = 1.0 (graded 127mm x 127mm and greater)
rj.
rk. Solution: (Determine cross section due to bending)
rl. I. Along x-axis
rm. 1. Compute M about x-axis due to gravity (DL +RL)
rn.
Wy=DL+ LR=5.84+11.68=17.52 kN /m
ro.
M x=
W y L2 17.52(9)2
=
=177.39 kN . m
8
8
rp. 2. Compute Sx
rq.
rr.
F ' bx=F bx C D C v =15.65 ( 1.25 ) ( 0.85 )=17.58 MPa

M X 177.39 ( 10 )6
Sx = ' =
=10 090 443.69 mm 3
17.58
F bx
rs. II. Along y-axis

rt. 1. Compute M along y-axis due to wind load (P=wind load)
ru.
M y=
PL 17.8 ( 9 )
=
=40.05 kN . m
4
4
rv. 2. Compute Sy (Assume b=220mm)

rw.
F ' by=F by C D C fu =11.03 ( 1.60 ) ( 1.04 ) =18.35 MPa
29 | P a g e
TIMBER
rx.
S y=
M y 40.05 (10 )6
=
=2182 561.31mm 3
'
12.16
F by
ry. From p.51 (3.2.10) Load Combination (International Building Code-2) or NSCP 5 th
Edition p2-3 (203-11) ASD Load Combination
rz.
DL+75 + LR+ WL
sa.
DLdead load
sb.
live load
sc.
LRroof live load
sd.
WLwind load
se.
ELearthquake load
EL
1.4
)]
sf.
Sincethis pro blemthe largest load is the roof live load which is LR=11.68 ( 9 )=105.12 kN
sg.
So : Load Combination 175 ( LR+WL )
sh. Then multiply Sx and Sy by 175% = 1.75

si.
S x =1.75 ( 10 090 443.69 )=17 658 276.46 mm
sj.
S y =1.75 ( 3 293 585.53 )=3 819 482.29 mm3
sk. 3. Assume a trial section

sl. Try 220mm x 735mm cross-section
sm.
2
Sx =
bd 2 220 ( 735 )
=
=19 808 250 mm3
6
6
30 | P a g e
TIMBER

2
db2 735 ( 220 )

S
=
=
=5 929000 mm 3
y
sn.
6
6
so.
sp.
by
dy
sq. Note:
should be
1.0 then use CL
bd 3 220 ( 735 )
=
=7 279 531875 mm 4
12
12
sr.
I x=
ss.
db3 735 ( 220 )

I y=
=
=652 190 000 mm4
12
6
st.
2
su.
5.84(9)
M DL =
=59.13 kN . m
8
sv.
M LR =
11.68( 9)2
=118.26 kN . m
8
2
sw. M WL =
y
17.8(9)
=40.05 kN . m
4
sx.
sy.
F ' bx=F bx C D C v F bx C D C L which ever of C v C L controls(use lowest value)
sz.
C D =1.60 wind load
ta. Compute CV and CL then compare use x=10

tb.
tc.
C v=
130.18
220
1
10
)(
304.8
735
1
10
6.40
9
)( )
1
10
=0.8398
31 | P a g e
TIMBER

td. Lu=9m because it is unilaterally supported between ends
te.
tf.
Lu 9 000
=
=12.24 7 use 1.63 ( 9 ) +3 ( 0.735 )=16.88 m
d
735
tg.
RB =

Le d
b
16.88(.735)
=16.01 50 OK !
(0.220)2
th. Note: Buckling occurs about y-axis so use Ey

ti.
E' y =E y C m C t =11 033.33 MPa
tj.
FbE =
K bE E ' y 0.61 (11 033.33 )

=
=26.26 MPa
2
R2B
( 16.01 )
Fbx =
tk.
tl.
26.26
=0.9917
26.48
F
Fbx =F bx C D =16.55 ( 1.6 )=26.48 MPa then bE
F bE
F b
1+
1.9
FbE
Fb
1+

1.9
C L =
tm. C L =
1+0.9917
1.9
1+ 0.9917 2 0.9917
=0.8139
1.9
0.95
tn. NOTE: In considering loading about y-axis by=735mm and dy=220mm (interchange)
therefore b/d=735/220=3.34>1.0 therefore CL = 1.0 and Cv is not applicable along yy-axis but instead use Cfu.
32 | P a g e
TIMBER

to.
use C L =0.8139<C V =0.8398
tp.
F ' bx =F bx C D C L=16.55 ( 1.60 ) ( 0.8139 )=21.55 MPa
tq.
F ' by =F by C D C fu =11.03 ( 1.60 ) (1.04 )=18.35 MPa
tr.
Fbx =
M DL
Sx
10
118.26 ( 6)
19 808 250
0.75 M LR ( 59.13 ) ( 10 )6
+
=
+ 0.75
Sx
19 808250
x
10
ts.
(40.05)( 6)
( 0.75 )=5.07 MPa
5 929 000
M WL
( 0.75 )=
F by =
Sy
y
tt. CHECK
tu.
7.47
+
21.55
5.07
[ ( )]
7.47
18.35 1
26.26
=0.6472<1.0 SAFE !
tv.
tw. Adopt 220 mm x 735 mm cross section
tx.
ty.
tz.
ua.
ub.
uc.
ud.
33 | P a g e
TIMBER

ue.
uf. Design of Purlins
ug.
2:
Example
uh. Investigate the purlins for a truss 15.0m length and 5.00m rise (pitch) that has a
center to center spacing of 3.0m using the given criteria:
ui. Criteria:
uj. Spacing of truss (Lt) = 15.0m
uk. Spacing of purlins (Sp) = 0.9m O.C.
ul. Spacing of truss (St) = 3.0m
um.
Liveload =
750Pa
un. Sheating = 96PA
uo. Roofing Material = 200PA
up. Use wood = 5.18 kN/m3
uq. Max=L/120
ur. b=100mm, d=125mm
us. Fbx = 16.55MPa
ut. Ex = 12 412.50 MPa
uu. Fby = 11.03 MPa
uv. Ey = 11 033.33 MPa
uw.
F ' bx=F bx C D C M Cc Ci Ct
ux.
w h ere :
uy.
C D =1.0
uz.
C c =1.0
va.
C M =0.80
vb.
Ct =0.80
34 | P a g e
TIMBER

vc.
Ci =0.80
vd.
ve.
vf.
vg.
vh.
vi.
vj.
vk.
vl.
vm.
vn.
vo.
vp.
f bx
vq.
f by
F ' bx F ' by
1.0 investigation
vr.
f bx
+
F ' bx
f by
F ' by
[ ( )]
f bx
1
F bE
1.0 designing
vs.
vt. Solution:
vu.
I.
=arctan
( 7.55 )=33.69
Compute the loadings and moments

vv.
W LL = 0.750 (0.9)
= 0.675 kN/m
vw.
WS = 0.096 (0.9)
= 0.086 kN/m
vx.
WR = 0.200 (0.9)
= 0.80 kN/m
vy.
WP = 5.18 (0.100) (0.125) = 0.065 kN/m
vz.
Wt= 1.006 kN/m
wa.
wb.WDL = 0.33 kN/m
wc. WLL = 0.675 kN/m
wd.
we.
wf.
wg.
wh.
wi.
35 | P a g e
TIMBER

wj.
wk.
wl.
wm.
wn.
wo.
wp.
Mx
Sx
xi.
f bx=
xj.
0.942(10 )
260,416.667
xk.
f bx=3.617 MPa
wq.
wr.
ws.
wt.
wu.
xl.
wv.
ww.
wx.
wy.
xm.
sin
Wx = W t
xn.
= 1.006 sin (33.69)
xo.
Wx = 0.558 kN/m
xp.
wz.
= 1.006 cos (33.69)

Wy = 0.837 kN/m
xq.
Wy L
8
xa.
M x=
xb.
0.837 (3)
xc.
M x =0.942 kN m
xd.
W x L2
8
xr.
M y=
xs.
0.558 (3)2
xt.
M y =0.628 kN m
xu.
bd
6
xe.
Sx =
xf.
100(125)
xg.
S x =260,416.667 mm
xv.
b2 d
S y=
6
xw.
( 100 )2 (125)
xx.
S y =208,333.333 m m3
xh.
Wy= Wt cos
xy.
36 | P a g e
TIMBER
xz.
yc.
yd.
ye.
yf.
yg.
yh.
yi.
yj.
f by=
My
Sy
yl.
3.617 3.014
+
1.0
8.474 5.647
0.9607 1.0 ok
zc.
0.675 cos 33.69
zd.
W LLY =0.562 kN / m
ze.
3
zf.
I y=
zg.
W DLY =W DL cos
yy.
0.331 cos 33.69
yz.
W DLY =0.275 kN /m
zh.
b d
12
( .100 )3 (.125)
12
I y =1.042 x 10-5 m4
zi.
za.
zb.
f by=3.014 MPa
0.4268+0.5337 1.0
yo.
yp.
yq.
yr.
ys.
yt.
yu.
yv.
yw.
yx.
yb.
Fby = FbyCDCmCCCiCt
Fby = 11.03 (1.0) (0.80) (1.0) (0.80) (0.80)
Fby = 5.647 MPa
f bx
f
+ by 1.0
F ' bx F ' by
yn.
ya.
Fbx = FbxCDCmCCCiCt
Fbx = 16.55 (1.0) (0.80) (1.0) (0.80) (0.80)
Fbx = 8.474 MPa
yk.
ym.
0.628 (106)
208,333.333
W LLY =W cos
zj.
5 ( W DLX +W LLX ) L4
y=
384 E Y I Y
37 | P a g e
TIMBER

zu.
zk.
5 [ 2 ( 0.184 ) +0.374 ] [ 3 ]
384 (11,033.33 ) ( 1.042 x 105)

y=6.807 mm
zl.
zv.
zw.
( .100 )(.125)3
12
zm.
zn.
zo.
0.675 sin 33.69
zp.
W DLX =0.184 kN / m
-5
m4
zy.
5 ( 2W DLY +W LLY ) L
x=
384 E x I x
zz.
aaa.
zq.
W LLX=W sin
zr.
I x =1.628 x 10
zx.
W DLX =W DL sin
bd 3
12
I x=
zs.
0.675 sin 33.69
zt.
W LLX =0.374 kN / m
5 [ 2 ( 0.275 ) +0.562 ] [ 3 ]
384 (12,412.50 ) ( 1.628 x 105 )
aab.
x=5.804 mm
aac.
2
1
2 2
aad.
c= ( x + y )
aae.
( 5.8042 +6.807 2) 2
aaf.
c=8.945 mm < max
aag.
aah.
max=
L 3000
=
=25 mm
120 120
aai.
aaj.
The 100mm x 125mm purlins is adequate to carry the given

loads and stresses
aak.
aal.
aam.
aan.
aao.
38 | P a g e
TIMBER

aap.
aaq.
aar.
aas.
aat.
aau.
(Design of Beam) Bi-Axial Bending
aav.
aaw. A glued laminated timber with a span of 9m is to be used to support a uniform
dead load of 5.84 kN/m and vertical roof load, the beam is also subjected to a horizontal
wind load P of 17.8kN located at the midpoint. The member is used under temperature and
dry service condition and laterally unbraced between the end supports. The vertical roof live
load is assumed to have construction load duration. Design a beam cross-section.
aax.
aay.
psi 32.10 load combinations
aaz.
or NSCP 5th edition p. 2-3 (203-1)
aba. p.56 T-3.4 load duration factors
abb. p.59 3.4.3.2 volume factor
abc.
abd.
abe.
abf.
abg.
abh.
abi.
abj.
abk.
abl.
abm.
abn.
abo.
abp.
abq.
abr.
abs.
abt.
abu.
abv.
abw.
abx.
aby.
130.18
C v=
b
1
x
)(
304.8
d
1
x
640
L
1
x
) ( ) 1.0
Where x = 10 all other species

x = 20 southern species
p. 60 3.4.3.4 flat use factor for Fby for b > 304.8mm where d becomes b
C fu =
308.4 mm
d =b
1
9
Fbx= 16.55 MPa

Ex = 12,412.50 MPa
Fby = 11.03 MPa
Ey = 11,033.33 MPa
CD = 1.25 construction load
CD = 1.60 wind load
CV = 0.85 (assumed) 1.0
KbE = 0.61 for gluelam
Ct = 1.0 wet or dry (use for E)
Cm = 1.0 graded 127mm x 127mm and greater
Fbx = Fbx (CD) (CV)
Fby = Fby (CD) (Cfu)
abz.
aca.
39 | P a g e
TIMBER

acb.
acc.
acd.
ace.
acf.
acg.
ach.
I.
Compute M about x-axis
aci.
acj.
Wy = DL + RL
ack.
= 5.84 + 11.68
acl.
= 17.52 kN/m
acm.
acn.
M x=
Wy L
8
aco.
17.52 ( 9 )2
8
acs.
act.
(1.25) (0.85)
acu.
MPa
acv.
acw.
Fbx = 16.55
= 17.58
acx.
acq.
10,030,443.69m m
acy.
II.
acz.
M y=
adb.
PL
4
17.8 ( 9 )
4
adh.
adi.
adj.
adk.
adc.
add.
ade.
Assume b = 220mm
Cfu =
304.8
220
1
9
1.04
adl.
40.05 kN m
adp.
Compute m about y-axis
ada.
(1.04)
adf.
MPa
adg.
Mx
F ' bx
177.39 ( 106 )
Sx =
17.58
acp.
177.39 kN /m
Sx =
acr.
Fby = 11.03 (1.60)

= 18.35
adm.
S y=
adn.
My
F' by
40.05 ( 106 )
18.35
ado.
2,182,561.31m m
NSCP 5th edition p.2-3 (2003-11) ASD load combination
40 | P a g e
TIMBER

adq.
adr.
ads.
adt.
adu.
adv.
adw.
adx.
ady.
adz.
aea.
aeb.
aec.
aed.
aee.
aef.
DL+75%
L L+ L R + W L
EL
1.4
)]
Where:
DL dead load
LL live load
LR roof live load
WL wind load
EL earthquake load
Load combination = DL + 75% (LR + WL)
Assume DL = 100% (LR + WL)
= 175% (LR + WL)
Sx = 1.75 (10,030,443.69) = 17,658,276.46 mm 3
Sy = 1.75 (2,182,561.31) = 3,189,482.29 mm3
aeg.
aeh.
aei.
aej.
III.
aek.
ael.
aem.
aen.
Assume a trial section

b = 220mm
d = 735mm
aeu.
bd 2
Sx =
6
aev.
S y=
b2 d
6
aew.
S y=
( 220 )2 (735)
6
aeo.
Sx =
220(735)
6
aep.
aex.
S x =19,808,250m m3
S y =5,929,000 m m3
aeq.
aer.
aey.
LR ( L2 )
M LRx =
8
aez.
W DL ( L2 )
M DLx =
8
afa.
M DLx =
aes.
M LRx =
aet.
11.69 ( 9 )
8
5.84 ( 92 )
8
M LRx =118.36 kN m
41 | P a g e
TIMBER

afb.
M DLx=59.13 kN / m
afc.
afd.
afe.
aff.
afg.
Fbx = FbxCDCVor FbxCDCL

Whichever of Cvor CL controls use lowest value
CD = 1.6 wind load (select from the table)
C v=
afh.
C v=
afi.
130.18
220
130.18
b
1
10
)(
1
x
)(
304.8
735
304.8
d
1
10
1
x
640
L
)( )
6.4
9
)( )
1
x
1
10
afj.
afk.
afl.
afm.
afn.
afo.
afp.
afq.
Load duration x = 10 any country

x = 20 southern
Lu = 9m because it is unlaterally supported
AITC from T-4.3 p.83
Uniformly distributed load
Lu 9000
=
=12.24 7
d
735
afr.
afs.
aft.
afu.
Le = 1.63 (9) + 3 (0.735)

= 16.883m
afv.
afw.
RB =
afx.
RB =
Le d
b
16.88( 0.735)
(0.220)2
RB =16.01 kN
afy.
afz.
aga.
Ey = EyCmCt
agb.
Ey = 11,033.33 (1.0) (1.0)
agc.
Ey = 11,033.33 MPa
42 | P a g e
TIMBER

agd.
FbE =
age.
FbE =
agf.
k bE E' y
R B2
0.61 ( 11,033.33 )
( 16.01 )2
FbE =26.26 MPa
agg.
agh.
agi.
F*bx = FbxCD
agj.
F*bx = 16.55 (1.6)
agk.
F*bx = 26.48 MPa
agl.
FbE 26.26
=
=0.9917
F bx 26.48
agm.
agn.
ago.
CL =
1+
F bE
2
Fb
1.9
1+
agp.
CL =
1+0.9917
1.9
agq.
CL =
0.8139
F bE
Fb
1.9
F bE
F b2
0.95
1+ 0.9917 2 0.9917
1.9
0.95
agr.
ags.
Note: in considering loading about y-axis by = 735m and dy = 220m
(interchange) therefore:
agt.
agu.
b
=3.34>1.0 use C fu
d
For x-axis:
agv.
CL = 0.8139 (use this lowest value)
agw.
CV = 0.8398
agx.
Fbx = Fbx (CD) (CL)
43 | P a g e
TIMBER

agy.
(0.8139)
Fbx = 16.55 (1.6)
ahb.
(1.04)
Fby = 11.03 (1.6)
agz.
Fbx = 21.55 MPa
ahc.
Fby = 18.35 MPa
aha.
Fby = Fby (CD) (Cfu)
ahd.
ahe.
f bx=
f by=
ahh.
M DLx 0.75 M LR x
+
Sx
Sx
0.75 M WLy
Sy
ahi.
ahf.
f bx=
59.13 ( 10 )6
118.26 ( 10 )6
+ 0.75
19,808,250
19,808,250
f by=
]
ahj.
ahg.
0.75(40.05) ( 10 )
5,929,000
f by=5.07 MPa
f bx=7.47 MPa
ahk.
ahl.
ahm.
ahn.
aho.
Substitute to formula
f bx
+
F ' bx
f by
F ' by
7.47
+
21.55
[ ( )]
f bx
1
F bE
1.0
5.07
[ ( )]
5.07
18.35 1
26.26
1.0
0.6473 1.0 safe!
ahp.
ahq.
ahr.
ahs.
aht.
ahu.
ahv.
ahw.
ahx.
ahy.
ahz.
aia.
44 | P a g e
TIMBER

aib.
aic.
aid.
aie.
aif.
aig.
aih.
aii.
aij.
aik.
ail.
aim.
ain.
aio.
aip.
aiq.
air.
ais.
ait.
aiu.
aiv.
Axially Loaded Columns
aiw.
aix.
Column is an example of axially loaded members. It is actually found in
trusses are used as struts and ties (vertical and diagonal members of truss). It is also found
in truss in which it connects the wall. The term column is generally applied to all
compression members.
aiy.
aiz.Types of Columns
1. Simple column consist of a single piece of post, timber, pole, sawn lumber, or glued
laminated.
2. Space column consist of two or more individual members of sawn lumber or glued
laminated timbers with their longitudinal axes parallel separated at their ends and
joined at the end by connectors to capably develop the required shear resistance.
3. Built-up columns consist of two or more pieces of lumber placed side by side in
direct contact and joined to one another by fasteners.
aja.
ajb.
ajc.
ajd.
aje.
ajf.
ajg.
ajh.
aji.
ajj.
45 | P a g e
TIMBER

ajk.
ajl.
ajm.
ajn.
ajo.
ajp.
ajq.
ajr.
ajs.
ajt.
aju.
ajv.
ajw.
FC* = FC (all applicable
adjustment factors except cp)
ajx.
KCE = 0.51- 0.839 (cove)
(american use)
ajy.
= 0.3 for visually graded
lumber
ajz.
= 0.384 for product with 0.11
cove 0.15
aka.
(American use)
akb.
= 0.418 for product with
cove 0.11
akc.
(forgluelam)
akd.
C = 0.8 for sawn lumber
ake.
C = 0.85 for round lumber
akf.C = 0.30 for glued laminated
timber
akg.
Le = keL effective length
akh.
Ke= effective length
coefficient (table 4.5)
Le
aki. d
= slenderness ratio 50
akj.
The larger the ratio
Le
d
or
Le 2
d2
FCE =
akk.
K CE E '
Le
d
( )
akl.E = E for the direction of buckling

multiplied by adjustment factors.
akm.
Simple Column
akn.
ako.
Determine the concentric axial load capacity for 1.5m, 3m, 4.5m and 6m
lengths sawn lumber usually stress graded timber. Assuming pinned end conditions,
construction load and no intermediate supports resisting buckling cross-section d =
127mm.
akp.
akq.
Given:
akr.
Obtained design values (NSCP visually stress graded timber p.6-32)
aks.
Properties of LAUAN
akt.
FC = 8.18 MPa compression parallel to the grain
aku.
E = 5830 MPa
akv.
CD = 1.25 for FC (NTC T-3-4 p.56)
akw.
Cm = 1.0 for E (viually graded timbers T-3-5 p.958)
akx.
Ct = 1.0 for E (wet or dry T-36 p.62)
aky.
C = 0.8 for sawn lumber
akz.
46 | P a g e
TIMBER

ala.
Ke = 1.0
alb.
1. Determine F*c and E
F*C = FCCD
alc.
ald.
= 8.18 (1.25)
ale.
= 10.23 MPa
alf.
E = ECmCt
alg.
= 5830 (1.0) (1.0)
alh.
= 5830 MPa
ali.
2. Determine the effective length
alj.
Le = keL
alk.
= 1L
all. = L
alm.
aln.
1.5m Le = 1.5m
alo.
3.0m Le = 3.0m
alp.
4.5m Le = 4.5m
alq.
6.0m Le = 6.0m
alr.
als.
3. Determine the slenderness ratio
alt.
Le
d
alu.
1.5m
alv.
Le 1500
=
=11.81<50 ok !
d
127
Le 3000
=
=23.67<50 ok !
d 127
3.0m
alw.
4.5m
Le 4500
=
=35.43<50 ok !
d
127
alx.
6.0m
Le 6000
=
=47.24 <50 ok !
d
127
aly.
4. Determine FCE and C
FCE =
alz.
ama.
k CE E '
Le
d
( )
kCE =0.3 (visually graded timber)
1.5m FCE = 12.54 MPa
47 | P a g e
TIMBER

amb.
3.0m FCE = 3.13 MPa
amc.
4.5m FCE =1.39 MPa
amd.
6.0m FCE = 0.78 MPa
ame.
amf.
5. Determine Column
Stability factor
F CE
FC
amg.
amh.
1.5m = 1.2258
ami.
3.0m = 0.3060
amj.
4.5m = 0.1359
amk.
6.0m = 0.0762
aml.
F
1+ CE
F C
CD=
2c
FCE 2
F
1+
1+ CE
FC
F C
2c
c
amm.
1.5m CD = 0.7563
amn.
3.0m CD =0.2836
amo.
4.5m CD = 0.1319
amp.
6.0m CD = 0.075
amq.
amr.
ams.
amt.
MPa
amu.
MPa
amv.
MPa
amw.
MPa
amx.
amy.
amz.
ana.
mm2
anb.
6. Determine FC
FC =F*C CD
1.5m FC = 7.74
3.0m FC = 2.90
4.5m FC = 1.35
6.0m FC = 0.77
7. Determine P
A = (127)2 = 16,129
P = fA
anc.
1.5m P = 125.84
kN
and.
3.0m P = 46.77 kN
ane.
4.5m P = 21.77 kN
anf.
6.0m P = 12.42 kN
ang.
anh.
ani.
anj.
ank.
anl.
anm.
ann.
ano.
anp.
anq.
anr.
ans.
Solution for midterm exam
ant.
anu.
Batch 1
anv.
Loadings:
anw.
WLL = 5.219 x 1.125
= 5.871 kN/m
anx.
WD = 1.250 x 1.125
= 1.406 kN/m
any.
WA = 0.315 x 1.125
= 0.354 kN/m
anz.
WP = 5.9 x 0.23 x
0.32 = 0.434 kN/m
aoa.
Wt =
8.065 kN/m
aob.
cos
aoc.
Wy = W t
aod.
Wy = 8.065
aoe.
Wy = 6.984 kN/m
aof.
Wx= Wt sin 30
aog.
Wy = 8.06
aoh.
Wy = 4.033 kN/m
cos( 30)
cos 30
48 | P a g e
TIMBER

aoi.
aoj.
aok.
aol.
Mx =
W yL
8
Mx =
6.984 (5)2
8
21.825 kN m
Mx =
aom.
W y L2
8
My =
aon.
Combined Axial and Flexural Loading (TCM 5th Edition p.131)
aoo.
aop.
Members subject to combined action of flexural and axial loading are
commonly encountered in timber construction. Such members include top and
bottom chords of trusses, columns subject to side loads, and any axial members
loaded eccentrically. Combined axial and bending loads arise in any of the following
conditions.
aoq.
aor. 1.) Axial compression and applied end moments.
aos.
2.) Centric axial loads and side loads.
aot. 3.) Eccentric axial end loads
aou. 4.) Combined end loads
aov.
aow.
General Equations (TCM 5th ed. P.132-134)
aox.
The following inequality should be satisfied for any combinations of
axial compression and flexural loading, including eccentric axial loading:
aoy.
aoz.
apa.
apb.
apc.
apd.
{ ( )[
( )] }
6 e1
d1
fc
F' b2 1
fb 1+ fc
Fce 2
Fbe
( Ffcc ) +
'
fb1 + fc
( )[
( )] +
F b 1
[ ( Fcefc )]
6 e1
fc
1+ 0.234
d1
Fce1
'
fb 2+ fc
6 e1
d2
( )
[ ( )] }
6 e1
d1
fc
1 +0.234
+0.234 fb 1+ fc
Fce 2
Fbe
( )
ape.
apf.
apg.
aph.
api.
apj. fc
apk. Fc
where:
49 | P a g e
TIMBER
apl. fb1 bending stress due to loads applied to the narrow face (bending in strong
direction)
apm.
fb2 bending stress due to loads applied to the wide face (bending in weak
direction)
apn.Fb1
apo.Fb2
app.Fbe
Fce1
apq.
apr. Fce2
aps. d1 wide face dimension
apt. d2 narrow face dimension
apu.e1 eccentricity measured parallel to the wide face of the member
apv. e2 eccentricity measured parallel to the narrow face of the member
apw.
apx.
apy.
apz.
aqa.
aqb.
aqc.
aqd.
aqe.
Euler Buckling Stresses
aqf.
Fce1=
aqg.
Fce2=
aqh.
aqi.
Fbe=
KceE'
2
1
d1
( )
Kce E'
2 2
d2
( )
Kbe E'
RB 2
aqj.
aqk.
where:
aql. E in each case is the modulus of elasticity associated with the direction of potential
buckling. And in all cases, the compressive axial stress and compressive flexural stress
must also be less than the corresponding Euler Buckling Stresses.
aqm.
fc< Fce 1
aqn.
fc< Fce 2
aqo.
fb 1=Fbe
aqp.
aqq.
aqr.
aqs.
Case 1. Concentric Axial Compression Plus Bending (Strong and Weak
Axes)
aqt.
50 | P a g e
TIMBER

aqu.
fb 1
fc
+
'
Fc
( )
aqv.
fc
F b1 1
Fce 1
'
fb 2
( ) ( )]
fb1
fc
F b2 1
Fce 2
Fbe
'
1. 0
aqw.
aqx.
Case 2. Concentric Axial Compression and Bending about the Strong
Axis Only
aqy.
aqz.
fc 2
+
F' c
( )
ara.
fb 1
fc
F b1 1
Fce 1
'
1. 0
arb.
arc.
Case 3. Eccentric Axial Compression without Bending Due to Side
Loads
ard.
are.
arf.
fc 2
+
F' c
( )
fc
( )[
( )] + (
fc
F b 1
(
[ Fce )]
6 e1
fc
1+0.234
d1
Fce1
fc
6 e2
d2
'
( )]
[
}
){ ( )
(
)
[
{ ( ) ]}
6 e1
fc
d1
fc
1 +0.234
+ 0.234
Fce 2
Fbe
F ' b 2 1
fc
Fce2
6 e1
fc
d1
Fbe
arg.
arh.
ari.
arj.
ark.
Case 4. Eccentric Axial Compression Only in the Strong Direction and
No Side Load Bending Occurs
arl.
2
arm.
fc
+
F' c
( )
( Fcefc )]
fc
F b 1
[ ( Fce )]
fc ( 6 e1 ) 1+0.234
'
arn.
aro.
arp.
Case 5. Axial Tension and Flexural Tension
51 | P a g e
TIMBER

Fb 1.0
ft fb
+
F' t
arq.
Fb Fb multiplied by all applicable adjustment factors except CL
arr.
ars.
art.
aru.
Case 6. Axial Tension and Flexural Compression
fbft
1.0
Fb
arv.
arw.
F=Fb multiplied by all applicableadjustment factors except Cv

arx.
ary.Other Important Notes: (AITC TCM 5th ed. P134)

arz.
In case 5 Cv applies (Volume Factor)
In case 6 CL applies (Beam Stability Factor)
When bending is about y-axis, Fb2 is used and is adjusted the flat use factor.
asa.
asb.
asc.
asd.
ase.
asf.
asg.
ash.
asi.
asj.
ask.
asl.
asm.
asn.
aso.
asp.
asq.
asr.
ass.
ast.
asu.
asv.
asw.
asx.
asy.
asz.
ata.
(Combined Axial Tension and Bending)
atb.
atc.
Example:
atd.
A 3m long glued laminated timber member made of western species to
resist a 133,500N axial tension and a uniform moment of 8,479N-m about the x-axis.
No lateral support is provided between the ends of the member. Design for a normal
duration of load and a dry condition of use. Ends of member are supported laterally
52 | P a g e
TIMBER
to prevent lateral rotation. Determine the suitability of a 130mm x 267mm western

species member.
ate.
atf. Visually Graded Western Species (3-DF AITC p.117, T-8.2)
It is assumed that the member will have or more laminations, also specified without
special tension laminations.
atg.
Fby=14.48 MPa
ath.
Fbx=13.80 MPa
ati.
Ft=10 MPa
atj.
Ey=13,105.28 MPa
atk.
atl. Solution:
atm.
atn.
Step 1. Select the applicable adjustment factors from tables
ato.
atp.
Cd=1.0 ( Normal ) Load duration factor (T 3.4 p .56 )
atq.
Cm=1.0 ( Visually graded timbers 125 mm x 125 mm ) > wet service factor (T 3.5 p .58 )
atr.
ats.
att.
atu.
Ct=1.0 ( Wetdry ) Temperature factor (T 3.6 p .62 )

Step 2. Determine Ft* and Fbx
'
atv.
F t=Ft (Cd )=10 ( 1 )=10 MPa
atw.
Fbx=Fbx ( Cd )=13.80 ( 1 )=13.80 MPa
atx.
E' =E ( Cm ) ( Ct )=13105.28 ( 1 ) (1 )=13,105.28 MPa
aty.
atz.
aua.
aub.
auc.
aud.
aue.
auf.
aug.
Step 3. Determine ft and fbx
A=130 ( 267 )=34,710 mm
2
b d 2 130 ( 267 )
S=
=
=1,544,595 mm3
6
6
ft =
I 133500
=
=3.85 MPa
A 34710
8479 ( 103 )
fbx=
=5.49 MPa
1544595
Step 4. Determine the Cv, CL, Le, Rb, Kbe
53 | P a g e
TIMBER

auh.
aui.
=1.84 Lu ( equalend moments ) AITCTCM T 3.4 p .83
auj.
=1.84 ( 3 ) ( 10 3 )=5,520 mm
auk.
Led 1 5520 ( 267 ) 2

RB= 2 2 =
=9.339
2
b
130
( ) [
aul.
Kbe=0.610 ( gluelam with6more laminations ) AITCTCM T 4.2 p.82
aum.
Fbe=
aun.
Fbe 91.659
=
=6.642
Fbx 13.80
auo.
aup.
auq.
aur.
Kbe E' 0.61 ( 13105.28 )

=
=91.659 MPa
2
2
RB
9.339
Beam Stability Factor
1+
aus.
CL=
aut.
CL=
Fbe
Fbx
1.9
1+6.642
1.9
1+
Fbe
Fbe
Fbx
Fbx
1.9
0.95
1+6.642 2 6.642
=0.991
1.9
0.95
auu.
auv.
Cv will be unity since the dimensions of the trial member are less than the
standard size member
auw.
aux.
auy.
auz.
ava.
avb.
Cv=
130.18
130
1
10
)(
304.8
267
1
10
6.4
3
)( )
1
10
1.0
Cv=1.093>1.0 use Cv=1.0

Step 5. Determine F*bx, Fbx** and check the formula of case and case
avc.
Fbx=FbxCdCv=13.80 ( 1 ) ( 1 )=13.80 MPa
avd.
Fbx=Fbx ( Cd )( CL )=13.80 ( 1 ) ( 0.991 )=13.68 MPa
ave.
avf.
avg.
Case 5:
ft
fbx
3.85 5.49
+
=
+
=0.783 1.0 OK !
'
F t Fbx 10 13.80
avh.
54 | P a g e
TIMBER

avi.
avj.
Case 6:
fbxft 5.493.85
=
=0.120 1.0 OK !
Fbx
13.68
avk.
avl.
Therefore the 130mm x 267mm western species axial member is satisfactory.
avm.
avn.
avo.
avp.
avq.
avr.
avs.
avt.
avu.
avv.
avw.
avx.
avy.
avz.
awa.
awb.
awc.
awd.
awe.
awf.
awg.
awh.
awi.
(Eccentric Axial Compression and Side Load Bending)
awj.
awk.
Example:
awl.
awm.
A 171mm x 267mm western species glued laminated timber column is
planned for the loading and conditions as illustrated in the figure. The column is
braced in the x and y directions at both top and bottom.
awn.
awo.
awp.
awq.
awr.
aws.
awt.
awu.
awv.
aww.
awx.
awy.
awz.
axa.
axb.
axc.
axd.
axe.
axf.
55 | P a g e
TIMBER

axg.
axh.
axi.
axj.
axk.
axl.
axm.
axn.
P=75,650 N (31,150 N is for
axz.
DL and 44,500 N for SL-snow load)

axo.
e1=51 mm
axp.
WL=2,919 N/m (wind load
only)
axq.
factor)
aya.
Ct=1.0 (Temp. factor, wet
and dry)
ayb.
Load Combination:
DL+0.75(SL+WL)
Cd=1.60 (Load duration
Kbe=0.61 (Gluelam-
Bending)
ayc.
Kce=0.418
axr.
Fc=13.45 MPa
ayd.
Ke=1.0 (pinned ends)
axs.
Fbx=11.73 MPa
aye.
C=0.90 (Gluelam)
axt.
E=11,036 MPa
ayf.
Case 1.
axu.
Cm=0.80 (wet service
factor for Fb)

axv.
ayg.
fb 1=fbx
ayh.
fb 2=0
ayi.
e 1=ex
ayj.
e 2=0=ey
factor for Fc)

axw.
factor for E)
axx.
Sx=2,031,737 mm3
axy.
A=45,657 mm2
ayk.
ayl.
aym.
ayn.
ayo.
ayp.
1.) Determine the preliminary design
ayq.
Fbx=Fbx ( Cd )( Cm )=11.73 ( 1.6 ) ( 0.80 )=15.01 MPa
ayr.
Fc=Fc ( Cd )( Cm )=13.45 (1.6 )( 0.73 )=15.71 MPa
ays.
E' x=Ex ( Cm ) (Ct )=11036 ( 0.833 )( 1 )=9,192.99 MP a
ayt.
ayu.
2.) Determine the actual stresses
ayv.
56 | P a g e
TIMBER
ayw.
Mx=
2
W L2 2.919 ( 4.57 )
=
=7.62 kN .m
8
8
ayx.
fbx=
6
Mx 7.62 ( 10 )
=
=3.75 MPa
Sx 2031737
ayy.
fc=
ayz.
aza.
azb.
P DL +0.75 SL 31150+0.75 ( 44500 )

=
=
=1.41 MPa
A
A
45657
3.) Determine Fb (Final allowable bending stress)
azc.
Lu=L=4.57 m
azd.
Lu 4570
=
=17.12>7
dx 267
aze.
use 1.63 Lu+ 3 d
azf.
=1.63 ( 4.57 ) +3 ( 0.267 )=8.25 m

RB=
azg.
Fbe=
azh.
azi.
8.25 ( 0.267 )
Led
=
=8.68 50
2
b
0.1712
0.61 ( 9192.99 )
=74.43 MPa
8.68 2
Fbe 74.43
=
=4.9587
Fbx 15.01
azj. CL=
1+ 4.9587
1.9
1+4.9587 2 4.9587
=0.9878
1.9
0.95
azk.
azl.
'
F bx=Fbx (CL )=15.01 ( 0.9878 )=14.83 MPa
azm.
azn.
x=10 yr s
Cv
azo.
Cv=
130.18
171
1
10
)(
304.8
267
1
10
6.4
4.57
)( )
1
10
=1.02>1.0 use Cv=1.0

57 | P a g e
TIMBER

azp.
azq.
azr.
'
F bx=smaller of [ Fbx ( Cv ) +fc Fbx ]
F' bx=smaller of [ 15.01 ( 1.0 ) +1.41 15.01 ]

'
azs.
F bx=smaller of [ 16.42 MPa 15.01 MPa ]
azt.
use F ' bx=14.83 MPa
azu.
azv.
azw.
4.) Determine Fc
azx.
Lex 4.57
=
=17.12
dx 0.267
azy.
Ley 4.57
=
=26.73
dy 0.171
azz.
use =26.73 ( governs )

d
baa.
Fce=
0.418 ( 9192.99 )
=5.38 MPa
2
26.73
bab.
Fce 5.38
=
=0.3425
Fc 15.71
bac.
Cp=use formula
bad.
Cp=0.3266
bae.
F' c=Fc ( Cd )( Cm ) ( Cp )=13.45 ( 1.6 ) ( 0.73 ) ( 0.3266 )=5.13 MPa
baf.
bag.
Fc e 1=Fc e x =
0.418 ( 9192.99 )
=13.11 MPa
17.122
bah.
58 | P a g e
TIMBER

bal.
bai.
bam.
( Ffcc ) +
( )[
( )] 1.0
fc
F b 1
(
[ Fce )]
6 e1
fc
fb1 + fc
1+ 0.234
d1
Fce1
'
'
baj.
bak.
0.0755+0.4085 1.0
ban.
bao.
0.484 1.0GOOD !
bap.
baq.
Therefore adopt 171mm x
267mm western species glued
laminated timber as it satisfied all
the AITC requirements.
bar.
bas.
bat.
1.41
+
5.13
( )
3.75+1.41
[ ][
6 ( 51 )
1.41
1+0.234
267
13.11
[ ( )]
14.83 1
1.41
13.11
)] 1.0
59 | P a g e

Timber Final Requirement

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Timber Final Requirement

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

TIMBER

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

Timber construction Manual (5th edition)

this manual is developed by AITC to provide state-of-the-art technical information

AITC American Institute of Timber Construction

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

Design shall satisfy the three conditions:

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

Bending Stress Formula

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

b = width of the plane across w/c fv is

= distance from shear area centroid

c = distance from the NA to the extreme

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

bx.Design of Simple Beams

A structural glued laminated timber is used as simple beam to support the

L = 3.66m (Beam length)

S = 4.88 m (Tributary Width)

Fb= 21.8 MPa

E = 8.47 x 103 MPa

cn. Compute Loadings ( W = Unit LL or DL x Tributary Width)

WDL = (718)(4.88) = 3,503.84 N/m = 3.5 kN/m

WLL = (1915)(4.88) = 9, 345.20 N/m = 9.35 kN/m

= 0.21 kN/m (weight of beam itself)

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

= 3.5 + 9.35 + 0.21

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

= 1.06 1.0 use Cv= 1.0

Curvature Factor ( for curve member only and use

P63 T-3.7 Ci =0.80 Incising Factor

10.88MPa 17.44 MPa Safe!!!

b.) Compute Shearing Stress (fv =

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

= 23.9- (13.06)(.305) = 19.92 kN

same values use in Fb

c.) Compute for deflections

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

From T- 3.9 p66 TCM-AITC

ey. Commercial & Institutional Liveload =

Appliedload plus De adload=

15.25mm > 11.70mm

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

fq. Deflection (DL) =

a. Max Vertical Shear

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

For 80% grade ( bagtikan)

hn. Fb = 16.6 MPa

a. What is the maximum actual

hp. Ew = 6,480 MPa

b. What is the maximum actual shearing

c. What is the maximum deflection of the beam?

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

bd3 ( 180 ) ( 240 )

ic. INVESTIGATION / DESIGN OF SIMPLE BEAM (with overhang at ends)

R1 + R2=4 ( 3.5 ) where

COMPILATION OF NOTES DESIGN

ir. Assume shear min;

m=2 x 2=1 .53 kN m

jb. (Simple Beam with support provided by framing)