CH 10

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 273 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM
Chapter 10
Algebraic Techniques
This chapter deals with simplifying expressions, expanding binomial products,
and factorising quadratic expressions.
After completing this chapter you should be able to:
simplify algebraic expressions, including those involving fractions
generate, evaluate and expand quadratic expressions
recognise perfect squares and complete the square
factorise expressions
simplify expressions involving algebraic fractions
generate and describe quadratic expressions.
Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

WM: S5.3.1S5.3.5
274
Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1
Diagnostic Test
1
15a a =
A 15
10
B 14
C 7a 2b
D 14a
3a 2b + 4a =
A a 2b
C 15a
B a + 2b
11
D 5a b
5 (2x 3) =
A 8 2x
B 2 2x
C 2x 2
D 5+x
12
B y 2 15y
C 3y 2 15y
D 3y 2 y
t t
--- --- =
3 5
A 0
2t
C -----15
a
--- + a =
3
2a
A -----3
a2
C ----3
A 3x 2 + 12x 2
B 3x 2 + 12x 2
C 3x 2 + 3x + 2
D 3x2 + 2x + 2
(x 3)2 =
A x2 9
B x2 + 9
C x 2 6x + 9
D x 2 + 6x 9
(5 3x)2 =
A 25 3x 2
y(y 7) 2y(4 y) =
A y 2 15y
7x (3x 1)(x + 2) =
B 25 9x 2
C 25 15x + 9x 2 D 25 30x + 9x 2
13
(5x 1)(5x + 1) =
A 25x 2 1
B 25x 2 + 1
C 25x 2 10x + 1 D 25x 2 + 10x 1

B 2
D 2t
4a
B -----3
2a 2
D --------3
2y 3x
3y 4x ------ + ------ =
3
4
5y + 5x
28y 39x
A ----------------------B ------------------------12
12
7y 13x
yx
C ---------------------D ----------12
12
14
15
16
)2 = x 2 8x + then:
If (x
A
= 8; = 64
= 4; = 16
= 2; = 4
When factorised, pq 5p 2 =
A 4p 2
B p(q 5p)
C pq(1 5p)
D cannot be
factorised
When factorised, 4x + 4t x 2 xt =
A (4 x)(x + t)
B (4 x)(4 t)
C x(4 x t) + 4t
D 3x 3t
(x 3)(x + 5) =
A x 2 15
B x 2 + 2x 15
C 2x + 2
D x 2 2x 15
17
When factorised, m 2 4n 2 =
A (m 4n)(m + 4n)
B (m 4n)2
(3x 5)(2x + 3) =
A 6x 2 x 15
B 6x 2 + 5x 15
C 6x 2 x 2
D 6x 2 + 5x 2
8; = 8
C (m 2n)2
D (m + 2n)(m 2n)
275
18
When factorised, 81x 2 16y 2 =
23
A (9x 2y)(9x + 2y)
A (4x 1)(3x + 2)
B (9x 4y)(9x + 4y)
B (12x + 1)(x 2)
C (3x 2y)(3x + 2y)
C (4x + 1)(3x 2)
D (9x 4y)
19
20
21
D (12x 1)(x + 2)
When factorised, x 2 18x + 81 =
24
When factorised, x 3 + x 2 + 12x =
A (x + 9)(x 9)
B (x + 9)2
A x(x 2 + x + 12)
C (x 18)2
D (x 9)2
B x(x 3)(x + 4)
C x(x + 12)(x + 1)
When factorised, 16x 2 40x + 25 =

A (16x 25)2
B (16x + 25)2
C (4x 5)2
D (4x + 5)2
D x 2(x + 1) + 12x
2
25
When factorised, x 2 7x + 10 =
A (x 5)(x 2)
B (x + 5)(x + 2)
C (x 10)(x 1) D (x + 10)(x + 1)
22
When factorised, 12x 2 + 5x 2 =
26
When factorised, 3x 2 + x 10 =
A (3x + 1)(x 10)
x + 5x 14 =
When simplified, -----------------------------2x + 14
B x(x + 3)
A x 2 + 3x
2C x1
D x----------2
3
5
- ------------- =
When simplified, ----------------2
2
x + 2x x 4
2 ( x + 3 )
A ------------------------------------x(x + 2)(x 2)
2
B (3x + 5)(x + 2)
2x 10x 12
B -----------------------------------------2
2
( x + 2x ) ( x 4 )
2
--------------C
2x 4
C (3x 1)(x + 10)

D (3x 5)(x + 2)
2
D -----------------------------2
2x + 2x 4
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
Section
14
57
810
1114
15, 16
17, 18
19, 20
21
22, 23
24
25, 26
A. SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS (REVIEW)

Example 1
Simplify, where possible, by collecting like terms.
a 3a + 4a
b 11b b
c 2ab + 3ab
d 3x 2 + 2x
276
a 3a + 4a
= 7a
b 11b b
= 11b 1b
= 10b
d 3x 2 + 2x is in simplest form
(x 2 and x are unlike terms)
c 2ab + 3ab
= 5ab
Exercise 10A
1

a 4a + 5a
b 3x + 2x
e 2x + x
f x + 3x
i a2 + a2
j 7x + 3
m 17x x
n x2 + x
q 3b 2 b 2
r 2ba + 3ab
u xy + 2yx
v 3p 2p
c
g
k
o
s
w
5x 2x
3x 2x
x 2 + 10x 2
7b + b
11n 11n
15b 8b
d
h
l
p
t
x
b+b
3x x
17x 7
7b b
3ab + ba
7bca 5abc
Example 2

a 6d + 3d + 5
b 4x + 5 + 2
c 3x x 2 + 4x
a 6d + 3d + 5
= 9d + 5
c 3x x 2 + 4x
= 7x x 2
b 4x + 5 + 2
= 4x + 7
Simplify, by collecting like terms.

a 6x 3x + 7x
b 7y 2y 3y
d 7ab 2ab + 11ab
e 4x 2y + 13x 2y 8x 2y
g 11xy 5xy 6xy
h 6ab 3ab 2ab + 7ab
c 9a 2 + 13a 2 17a 2
f 7q + q + 4q 10q
i 4p 2q + 3p 2q 5p 2q p 2q

a 5x + 4x 2
b m+7+4
d 2y + y + 3
e p + 3p 5
g 6t + 4 3t
h 16n 16 + 5n
j 7k + k 8
k 4a2 a2 7a
2
2
m 2m m + 5n
n 3x + 2y + 5x
2
2
p 2ab + b + 2b
q 6x + 4x 10
t 5 + 2a 1
s n + n + 2n 2
v 5mn 8m 4mn
w a2b + 2ab 2 + 4a 2b
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
x
x+6+x
7 + 4x x
p 2 + p + 4p 2
5cd + 2dc 2
3a + 2b a
6a + 3a ab
x x 2 + 2x
5x 2 3x 2 + 6x 3
Example 3
a 4x 7x 5 + x
b 5 5a a + 7
c x 5 2x 1
a 4x 7x 5 + x
= 2x 5
(as 4 7 + 1 = 2)
b 5 5a a + 7
= 5 + 7 5a a
= 12 6a
c x 5 2x 1
= x 2x 5 1
= x 6

a 4x 7x
b 4x 7x
d 6d d
e 6d d
g 4n 11n
h 4n + 11n
j 3a + 2 6a
k 5d8
m 3g (g)
n 5a (a) 2a
c
f
i
l
o
4x + 7x
6d + d
4n 11n
x (2x)
4ac 5ca

a a + 3 + 2a + 7
b 5 + 2a + 3 + 4a
d 2a + 3b + 3a + b
e 3a2 + a + a2 + 2a
g 3 + 6y + 1 + 2y
h n 2 + n n + n2
j x2 + 2x x2 + 5x
k 3x 5x 3 + 2x
m 7 5x 7x + 3
n 3p + 7p 8 + 4p
p 8 7x 5 + 3
q x 8 7x 5
c
f
i
l
o
r
3a + 2 + a + 4
ab + b2 + 2ab + 2b2
18c + 5 4 11c
7 5p + 3p 12
3x + 7x 2 x
x2 + x + 2 5x

a 8l 4 + 3l 6
b x2 + 2x 5x x2
d ab + b 2ab 3b
e x 5 2x 3
g 3a 2 a + 3 a
h a2b + a2b 3a2b + 7b
j 4p5 + 5p4 p5 6p4
k 8m 2 5n2 + 3n2 4m2
c
f
i
l
3x 2y (x) + y
5t (t) + 6 t
5d c + d 2c + 2
6s2t + 5s2 8s2t 9s2
Example 4
Find an expression for the perimeter of this rectangle.
x+2
x
Perimeter = (x + 2) + x + (x + 2) + x
= 4x + 4
Write a simplified expression for the perimeter of the following shapes.

a
b
c
x
x+5
x3
x
y
y+3
277
278
x+1
x1
x
x+4
Example 5
A rectangular garden has one side 4 metres longer than the other. Write two
different expressions for its perimeter.
Method 1:
Let the shorter side be x metres, then
the longer side is (x + 4) metres.
The perimeter is given by
P = x + (x + 4) + x + (x + 4)
= 4x + 8 metres
Method 2:
Let the longer side be y metres, then the
shorter side is (y 4) metres.
The perimeter is given by
P = y + (y 4) + y + (y 4)
= 4y 8 metres
(y 4) m
xm
ym
(x + 4) m
Write down two expressions for the perimeter of a rectangular garden with one side
a 2 m longer than the other
c 5 m shorter than the other
b 3 m longer than the other
A triangular fence has the longest side 4 metres longer than the second side which is 3 metres
longer than the smallest side. Write three expressions for the perimeter.
10
A rectangular garden has one side 1 metre longer than the other. Write two expressions for
its area.
Example 6
Expand and simplify:
a 2 (3 4x)
b 4 + 3(x 5)
2 (3 4x)
= 2 3 + 4x
= 1 + 4x
= 4x 1
4 + 3(x 5)
= 4 + 3x 15
= 3x 11
11
Expand and simplify.

a 6 (3x + 5)
d 6x (3 4x)
g 3x (2x 1)
j 3(2 x) 11x
b
e
h
k
4 2(1 2x)
5x 3(2x + 1)
5 3(x 2)
2(x 3) + 1
c
f
i
l
19 (5x + 8)
7 5(1 2x)
7 6(3x 2)
3(x 2) 9x
Example 7
12
13

a 4(x + 2) + 3(5 x)
b x(2 x) 3(4 3x)
4(x + 2) + 3(5 x)
= 4x + 8 + 15 3x
= 4x 3x + 8 + 15
= x + 23

a 2(x + 3) + 3(x 1)
d 2(1 x) 3(x 1)
g n(n + 2) + n(2n + 1)
j x(x + 7) 3x(2 x)
m 2x(x + 3) 5(5 + x)
p 2x(1 x) + 3(x 4)
b
e
h
k
n
q
x(2 x) 3(4 3x)

= 2x x 2 12 + 9x
= 11x x 2 12
3(y + 1) + 2(y + 3)
d(d + 1) + d(d 1)
n(n + 2) n(2n + 1)
a(b + c) b(c + a)
(x 3) 2(2 x)
2(x + 3) 5x(x + 1)
c
f
i
l
o
r
Write an expression for the area of the following shapes in:

i factorised form
ii expanded form.
a
b
c
4x
3
x+5
2(p + 1) 3(p 2)
d(d + 3) d(d 4)
4(2 + 3x) + 3(x + 5)
2x(x + 1) + 3(x + 2)
4x(1 x) + 2(x + 6)
x 5 8(x + 1)
3x + 1
2x + 7
x+y
6
2y
B. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS

To add (or subtract) two or more algebraic fractions, we must first form a common denominator
and then add (or subtract) the numerators.
For example, just as
2 3
-- + -3 4
2 4 3 3
= -- -- + -- -3 4 4 3
8+9
= -----------12
17
= ----12
(as LCD is 12)
279
280
x 5x
to find -- + ----- we find the LCD and proceed in the
3
4
same way as for ordinary fractions.
x 5x
So,
-- + ----3 4
x 4 5x 3
= -- -- + ----- -3 4 4 3
LCD means
lowest common
denominator.
4x 15x
= ----- + -------12 12
19x
= -------12
Example 1
Simplify:
x 3x
a --- + -----2 4
a
a 2a
b --- -----3 5
x 3x
--- + -----2 4
x 2 3x
= --- --- + -----2 2 4
a 2a
--- -----3 5
a 5 2a 3
= --- --- ------ --3 5 5 3
5a 6a
= ------------------15
a
= -----15
a
= -----15
2x + 3x
= ------------------4
5x
= -----4
Exercise 10B
1
Simplify by writing as a single fraction.

a --a- + --a2 3
bb --b- ----5 10
e --b- + --b3 4
5t--t- ---3 9
g m
---- + 2m
-------7 21
3r- + --r----7 5
2p p
------ -----5 15
3x- --xm ----8 2
9r- ----3rn ----16 4
--c- + 3c
-----4 2
6x
------ 2x
-----7
3
o 3m
-------- + m
---11 5
d --x- --x7 2
h 5d
------ --d6 3
l
4m
-------- m
---9
3
p 8d
------ 7d
-----5
4
Example 2
Write as a single fraction:
a --b- + 1
3
a
--b- + 1
3
--a- a
4
--= --a- a 4
4
4
a 4a
= --------------4
3a
= ---------4
= --b- + 3
--3 3
+3
= b
-----------3
--a- a
4

x
a --- + 1
2
x
e --- 4
2
a
i --- + a
3
x
m --- 3x
3
y
b --- 1
3
x
f 2 --5
a
j --- a
2
m m m
n ---- + ---- + ---2 3 6
a
--- + 2
2
a
g a + --2
x
k x + --7
a a a
o --- --- + --2 3 6
b
d --- 3
4
b
h b + --3
x
2x + --2
x x x
p --- --- + --4 3 5
l
Example 3
Simplify:
2x 9a
2a 5x + ------ -----3
5
2x 9a
2a 5x + ------ -----3
5
15
15 2x 5 9a 3
= 2a ------ 5x ------ + ------ --- ------ --15 3 5 5 3
15
30a 75x 10x 27a
= ---------- --------- + --------- ---------15
15
15
15
3a 65x
= ---------------------15
3
Simplify:
x
a 3x 2a + 3a
------ --4 2
7p 4r
d ------ ------ + 2p r
3
5
3t
5m
g ----- -------- + m
---- 3t
4
3
4
b
e
h
3p
3m
-------- 2p + ------ 4m
2
5
6m
n
-------- --- + 4m 3n
5 2
5r
------ 3m
-------- + 3r
------ 7m
-------7
4
2
2
c
f
i
4a 7b + 3b
------ 4a
-----4
5
7a
3b
4a 5b ------ + -----4
5
7x 2y
------ ------ + 3x y
3
5
281
282
C. QUADRATIC EXPRESSIONS
Quadratic expressions are of the form ax 2 + bx + c where x is a variable, and
a, b and c are constants, with a 0.
Example 1
A rectangle has length 4 cm more than its breadth. Write an expression for
the area.
Let the breadth be x cm.
Then the length is (x + 4) cm.
Area = length breadth
A = (x + 4) x
A = x(x + 4)
A = x 2 + 4x cm2
x+4
x
Exercise 10C
1
A rectangle has length 6 cm more than its breadth. Write an expression for the area.
A rectangle has length 5 cm more than its breadth. Write an expression for the area.
A rectangle has breadth 3 cm less than its length. Write an expression for the area.
A triangle has perpendicular height 3 cm more than its base length. Write an expression for
the area.
What is an expression for the area of the rectangle with sides (x + 3) and (x + 1)?
What is an expression for the area of the triangle with base (x + 7) and altitude (x + 2)?
Example 2
Expand and simplify the expression for the area of a rectangle with sides
(x + 3) and (x + 2).
x
+3
x2
+3x
+2
+2x
+6
Area = (x + 3)(x + 2)
A = x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
= x 2 + 2x + 3x + 6
= x 2 + 5x + 6
Example 3
a (x + 3)(x 5)
b (x 2)(x 1)
c (x 5)(x + 7)
x + 3)(x 5)
= x(x 5) + 3(x 5)
= x 2 5x + 3x 15
= x 2 2x 15
(x 2)(x 1)
= x(x 1) 2(x 1)
= x 2 x 2x + 2
= x 2 3x + 2
(x 5)(x + 7)
= x(x + 7) 5(x + 7)
= x 2 + 7x 5x 35
= x 2 + 2x 35
Expand and simplify the expression for the area of a rectangle with sides:
a (x + 5) and (x + 1)
b (x + 7) and (x + 2)
c (x + 3) and (x + 8)

a (x + 4)(x + 2)
d (x + 4)(x 3)
g (x 10)(x + 3)
j (x 3)(x 2)
b
e
h
k
(x 3)(x + 2)
(x 5)(x + 3)
(x 4)(x 7)
(x 6)(x 9)
c
f
i
l
(x + 6)(x 2)
(x + 9)(x 5)
(x + 7)(x 1)
(x 12)(x 3)
Example 4
If x = 3 and y = 2, find the value of:
a 3x 2 2x + 5
b (x + 2)(y + 3)
a
3x 2x + 5
= 3(3)2 2(3) + 5
= 26
(x + 2)(y + 3)
= (3 + 2)(2 + 3)
= (5)(1)
=5
If x = 4 and y = 3, find the value of:

a 2x 2 3x + 1
b 4x 2 + 2x 1
2
d 4y 7y 2
e 5x 2 7x + 1
g (x 5)(x + 2)
h (y 3)(y + 5)
j (4x + 1)(3y 2)
k (5x 2)(3x + 1)
c (3x 2)(x + 5)
c
(3x 2)(x + 5)
= (3(3) 2)(3 + 5)
= (7)(8)
= 56
c
f
i
l
y 2 3y + 5
(x + 3)(y 2)
(3x 7)(2x + 1)
(8y 2)(y + 1)
Example 5
a (2x 5)(x + 3)
a
b (5x 7)(2x + 5)
c (3x + 2)(2x 1)
(2x 5)(x + 3)
b
(5x 7)(2x + 5)
c
(3x + 2)(2x 1)
= 2x(x + 3) 5(x + 3)
= 5x(2x + 5) 7(2x + 5)
= 3x(2x 1) + 2(2x 1)
= 2x 2 + 6x 5x 15
= 10x 2 + 25x 14x 35
= 6x 2 3x + 4x 2
= 10x 2 + 11x 35
= 6x 2 + x 2
= 2x 2 + x 15
283
284
10
11

a (2x + 3)(x 1)
d (3x + 2)(3x 5)
g (4x + 1)(3x 1)
j (7x 2)(7x + 2)
b
e
h
k
(2x 5)(x 8)
(2x + 9)(3x 2)
(2x 5)(3x 2)
(5x 3)(2x 5)
c
f
i
l
(3x 5)(x 5)
(4x 5)(4x + 5)
(2x + 3)(4x 5)
(4x + 1)(3x 5)

a 3x + (x 5)(x + 2)
d (x + 5)(x + 2) 5x
g 4 (x 3)(x + 2)
b
e
h
6x + (2x 1)(3x + 4)
(3x 7)(x 2) + 5x
7x (2x + 1)(x 5)
c
f
i
(x + 2)(x 7) 2x
(4x 2)(x + 3) 4x 2 + 2
6x (x 2)(2x 3)
12x 2 + 25x 14
Investigation 1
WM: Applying Strategies, Reasoning
Using substitution
Rachel and Diana have different answers to a question.
Rachel has (3x 2)(4x + 7) = 12x 2 + 13x 14 and
Diana has (3x 2)(4x + 7) = 12x 2 + 25x 14.
1
Substitute x = 1 and evaluate the three expressions:

a (3x 2)(4x + 7)
b 12x 2 + 13x 14
Who is correct, Rachel or Diana?
Robert substitutes x = 0 into the three expressions and says that both Rachel and Diana are
correct.
a Evaluate each expression when x = 0.
b Explain the flaw in Roberts reasoning.
How can you ensure your substitution will work?
D. BINOMIAL PRODUCTS
Perfect squares expansion

(a + b)2 = (a + b)(a + b)
a2
ab
ab
b2
= a(a + b) + b(a + b)
= a 2 + ab + ba + b 2
= a 2 + 2ab + b 2
So,
(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2
and similarly
(a b) 2 = a 2 2ab + b 2
Difference of two squares expansion

(a + b)(a b) = a(a b) + b(a b)
= a 2 ab + ba b 2
= a2 b2
(a + b)(a b) = a 2 b 2
So,
Example 1
a (x + 5)2
a
(x + 5)2
= x 2 + 2 x 5 + 52
= x 2 + 10x + 25
b (x 3)2
b
c (4x 5)2
(x 3)2
= x2 2 x 3 + 32
= x 2 6x + 9
(4x 5)2
= (4x)2 2(4x)(5) + (5)2
= 16x 2 40x + 25
Exercise 10D
1
Expand the following perfect squares.

a (x + 2)2
b (x + 6)2
e (2x + 3)2
f (4a + 5)2
2
i (4 + 3x)
j (1 + 2x)2
c (y + 10)2
g (5x + 4)2
k (5 + 2x)2
d (3x + 1)2
h (3y + 2)2
l (4 + 5x)2
Expand the following perfect squares.

a (x 2)2
b (x 6)2
2
e (2x 3)
f (5a 4)2
i (5 2x)2
j (1 3x)2
c (y 9)2
g (3x 4)2
k (5 3x)2
d (3x 1)2
h (4y 1)2
l (4 2x)2
Expand these perfect squares.

a (x + 5)2
b (x 5)2
2
e (3x 5)
f (4x + 3)2
c (2x 7)2
g (5 + 2x)2
d (2x + 7)2
h (3 7x)2
Example 2
Expand the following using the difference of two squares.
a (x + 5)(x 5)
b (2x 3)(2x + 3)
a
(x + 5)(x 5)
= x 2 52
= x 2 25
(2x 3)(2x + 3)
= (2x)2 (3)2
= 4x2 9
Expand and simplify using the difference of two squares.

a (x + 3)(x 3)
b (x + 4)(x 4)
c (x + 6)(x 6)
d (x 10)(x + 10)
e (x + 1)(x 1)
f (2x 5)(2x + 5)
g (3x 2)(3x + 2)
h (5x + 1)(5x 1)
i (7x + 8)(7x 8)
285
286
Expand and simplify using one of the rules.

a (x 10)2
b (x + 7)2
d (x + 11)(x 11)
e (x + 4)(x + 4)
g (x 7)2
h (x 12)(x + 12)
c (x + 8)(x 8)
f (x 7)(x 7)
i (x + 12)(x + 12)
Example 3
Complete the following expressions.
a (x + 5)2 = x 2 + __ x + __ b (x __)2 = x 2 8x + __
c (y + __)2 = y 2 + 5y + __
These expressions are based on the perfect square expansions

(x + y)2 = x 2 + 2xy + y 2 and (x y)2 = x 2 2xy + y 2.
a (x + 5)2 = x 2 + __ x + __
The coefficient of x is the twice the product term, i.e. 2 1 5 = 10.
The constant term is the second term squared, i.e. 52 = 25.
(x + 5)2 = x 2 + 10x + 25
b
(x __)2 = x 2 8x + __
The coefficient of x must be halved, i.e. 8 2 = 4.
The constant term is then (4)2 = 16
(x 4)2 = x 2 8x + 16
c (y + __)2 = y 2 + 5y + __
5
The coefficient of y must be halved, i.e. 5 2 = --- .
2
5 2 25
The constant term is then --- = ----- 2
4
25
2
5 2
(y + --2- ) = y + 5y + -----4
Copy and complete the following expressions.

a (x + 3)2 = x 2 + __x + __
b (x 7)2 = x 2 6x + __
2
2
e (x __)2 = x 2 10x + __
d (x __) = x 6x + __
g (x + __)2 = x 2 __ __ + 49
h (x + __)2 = x 2 + 18x + __
c (x 2)2 = x 2 __ __ + __
f (x + __)2 = x2 + 12x + __
Example 4
What number needs to be added to complete the square?
a x2 + 4x
b x2 7x
a x 2 + 4x
x2 + 4x + __ = (x + __)2
constant = ( 4--2- )2 = 4
add 4
b x2 7x
x2 7x + __ = (x __)2
constant = ( 7--- )2 =
2
49
add -----4
49
-----4
What number needs to be added to complete the square in the following expressions?
a x 2 + 6x
b x 2 + 10x
c x 2 8x
d x 2 4x
e x 2 + 12x
f x 2 18x
g x 2 + 7x
h x 2 + 15x
2
2
2
i x 3x
j x 9x
k x x
l x2 + x
E. COMMON FACTORS (REVIEW)

Factorisation is the reverse process of expansion.
As 3(x + 2) = 3x + 6, the factorisation of 3x + 6 = 3(x + 2).
Remove the
highest common
factor.
Example 1
Factorise fully by removing the HCF.
a 10x + 5
b 4x 2 2x
a
10x + 5
= 5(2x + 1)
4x 2 2x
= 2x(2x 1)
c p 2q q 2p
c
p 2q q 2p
= pq(p q)
Exercise 10E
1
Factorise fully:
a 3a 3b
c pq qr
e 4x 2 + x
g pq 3q 2
i 6x2y 18xy 2
k 9x 2y + 27xy
b
d
f
h
j
l
5m + 10n
x 2 5x
15x + 3x2
2R 2r
28p 2a 21pa
3pqr 15p 2q
Factorise fully, removing the negative factor.

a 3a 3b
b 4x 2 2x
c 8a + 4b
d 4 8b
e 3 x
f 18x 2 + 9x
Check factorising
by expanding
your answer.
287
288
Example 2
Factorise fully:
a 6R + xR + yR
c 4(x 1) + y(x 1)
b 9x + 18xy + 12x 2
d x(y + 3) (y + 3)
6R + xR + yR
= R(6 + x + y)
c
4(x 1) + y(x 1)
= (x 1)(4 + y)
Take care when

removing a
negative sign.
9x + 18xy + 12x 2
= 3x(3 + 6y + 4x)
d
x(y + 3) (y + 3)
= (y + 3)(x 1)
Factorise fully:
a 6B + aB + cB
b 4R xR + yR
2
d 8x 24xy + 16xyz
e 4(x 2) + y(x 2)
g a(x + 1) + 3(x + 1)
h x(x 4) (x 4)
j x(a + 1) (a + 1) y(a + 1)
c 6x + 14xy 3xz
f 3(x 1) + y(x 1)
i 3(p 3) + x(p 3) + y(p 3)
Example 3
Factorise fully:
a 3x + 6 + xy + 2y
b 4x 4 + xz z
3x + 6 + xy + 2y
= 3(x + 2) + y(x + 2)
= (x + 2)(3 + y)
Factorise fully:
a 4x + 2 + 2x 2 + x
d xy 2y + 4x 8
g xy + 3x 2y 6
j 3x + 3t x 2 xt
m 4 + 4y 3x 3xy
b
e
h
k
n
4x 4 + xz z
= 4(x 1) + z(x 1)
= (x 1)(4 + z)
3x 3 + xz z
x 2 7x + xy 7y
2xy 8x + 5y 20
3a + ac 3b bc
6a 5ay + 6b 5by
c
f
i
l
o
xy + 5y + 3x + 15
4x x 2 + 4y xy
3xy 7y + 12x 28
3x 2 + 3xy 2x 2y
4p 3p 2 4q + 3pq
F. DIFFERENCE OF TWO SQUARES FACTORISATION

Since (x + y)(x y) = x 2 y 2, the factorisation of x 2 y 2 is (x + y)(x y).
This is the difference of two squares factorisation, and can be shown in a diagram.
x
(x y)
(x y)
x
x
(x y)
Area = x 2 y 2
So, x 2 y 2 = (x + y)(x y)
Area = (x + y)(x y)
Example 1
Factorise:
a x2 9
a
b 4y 2 9
x2 9
= (x + 3)(x 3)
c 4x 2 25
4y 2 9
= (2y + 3)(2y 3)
4x 2 25
= (2x + 5)(2x 5)
Exercise 10F
1
Factorise fully:
a x2 4
e c 2 25
i 4x 2 1
m 25y 2 16x 2
b
f
j
n
y2 9
x2 y2
9x 2 4
100x 2 81y 2
c
g
k
o
z 2 16
a2 c 2
9x 2 1
64a2 25b 2
Example 2
Evaluate using the difference of two squares factorisation.
b (4.8)2 (2.8)2
a 1012 992
a
1012 992
= (101 + 99)(101 99)
= (200)(2)
= 400
(4.8)2 (2.8)2
= (4.8 + 2.8)(4.8 2.8)
= (7.6)(2)
= 15.2
Evaluate using the difference of two squares factorisation.

a 3012 2992
b 2012 1992
c 1052 952
2
2
2
2
d (3.5) (2.5)
e (9.4) (9.3)
f 8562 8552
Factorise:
a x4 y4
b 16a 4 81b 4
c (p q)2 (p + q)2
d
h
l
p
a2 9
m 2 n2
16y 2 9
121r 2 9t 2
289
290
G. PERFECT SQUARES FACTORISATION

Since (x + y)2 = (x + y)(x + y) = x 2 + 2xy + y 2, the factorisation of x 2 + 2xy + y 2 is (x + y)2.
(x y)2
Similarly
= (x y)(x y)
= x 2 2xy + y 2
So the factorisation of x 2 2xy + y 2 is (x y)2.
The sign of the coefficient of x is the sign inside the bracket.
The coefficient of
x must be double
this number.
Example 1
Factorise:
a x 2 + 4x + 4
a
x 2 + 4x + 4
= (x + 2)2
b x 2 6x + 9
b
x 2 6x + 9
= (x 3)2
Exercise 10G
1
Factorise:
a x 2 + 10x + 25
d x 2 16x + 64
g y 2 6y + 9
j p 2 8p + 16
b
e
h
k
x 2 20x + 100
x 2 14x + 49
y 2 + 2y + 1
m2 + 6m + 9
c
f
i
l
x 2 + 18x + 81
x 2 + 22x + 121
x 2 24x + 144
a2 10a + 25
Example 2
Factorise:
a 4x 2 + 12x + 9
9x 2 30x + 25
1 Square root the coefficient of x 2.

2 Square root the constant term. (Note it must be positive.)
3 Check that the product of these multiplied by 2 is the coefficient of x.
a 4x 2 + 12x + 9
4 = 2, 9 = 3
2 3 2 = 12
then 4x 2 + 12x + 9 = (2x + 3)2
9x 2 30x + 25
9 = 3, 25 = 5
2 3 5 = 30
then 9x 2 30x + 25 = (3x 5)2
Square root the

constant term
first.
Factorise:
a 4x 2 + 20x + 25
d 9x 2 48x + 64
g 49x 2 + 140x + 100
j 49x 2 42x + 9
b
e
h
k
25x 2 + 60x + 36
121x 2 132x + 36
25x 2 20x + 4
9x2 30x + 25
16x 2 72x + 81
81x 2 + 90x + 25
4x 2 + 44x + 121
100x2 180x + 81
c
f
i
l
Example 3
Factorise:
a x 2 + 2xy + y 2
These are both perfect squares.
a
x 2 + 2xy + y 2
= (x + y)2
Factorise:
a p 2 + 2pq + q 2
d d 2 2dp + p 2
a 2 2ab + b 2
a 2 2ab + b 2
= (a b)2
b m 2 2mn + n 2
e n 2 2nt + t 2
c r 2 + 2rt + t 2
f r 2 + 2ry + y 2
H. QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS
Expand
(x + a)(x + b)
= x(x + b) + a(x + b)
= x 2 + bx + ax + ab
= x 2 + (a + b)x + ab
the sum of the numbers
The sum of the

numbers is the
coefficient of x and the
product of the numbers
is the constant term.
the product of the numbers
So, the factorisation of

x 2 + (a + b)x + ab
= (x + a)(x + b).
291
292
Example 1
Factorise:
a x 2 + 5x + 6
b x 2 + 7x + 10
c x 2 + 7x + 12
a x 2 + 5x + 6 Two numbers that add to give 5 and whose product is 6 are 3 and 2.
x 2 + 5x + 6 = (x + 3)(x + 2)
b x 2 + 7x + 10 Two numbers that add to give 7 and whose product is 10 are 5 and 2.
x 2 + 7x + 10 = (x + 5)(x + 2)
c x 2 + 7x + 12 Two numbers that add to give 7 and whose product is 12 are 4 and 3.
x 2 + 7x + 12 = (x + 4)(x + 3)
Exercise 10H
1
Factorise:
a x 2 + 8x + 7
e x 2 + 10x + 24
i x 2 + 9x + 20
b x 2 + 8x + 12
f x 2 + 13x + 30
j x 2 + 9x + 18
c x 2 + 13x + 12
g x 2 + 11x + 30
k x 2 + 19x + 18
d x 2 + 10x + 9
h x 2 + 12x + 20
l x 2 + 13x + 42
Example 2
Factorise:
a x 2 4x + 3
x 2 8x + 12
a x 2 4x + 3 Two numbers whose sum is 4 and product is 3 are 3 and 1.

x 2 4x + 3 = (x 3)(x 1)
b x 2 8x + 12 Two numbers whose sum is 8 and product is 12 are 6 and 2.
x 2 8x + 12 = (x 6)(x 2)
2
Factorise:
a x 2 6x + 5
e x 2 9x + 8
i x 2 16x + 15
b x 2 8x + 7
f x 2 7x + 10
j x 2 9x + 14
c x 2 12x + 11
g x 2 11x + 10
k x 2 15x + 14
d x 2 6x + 8
h x 2 8x + 15
l x 2 11x + 24
Example 3
Factorise:
a x 2 3x 10
x2 + x 6
a x 2 3x 10 Two numbers whose sum is 3 and product is 10 are 5 and 2.

x 2 3x 10 = (x 5)(x + 2).
b x2 + x 6
Two numbers whose sum is 1 and product is 6 are 3 and 2.
2
x + x 6 = (x + 3)(x 2).
Factorise:
a x 2 + 7x 8
e x 2 + 4x 12
i x 2 + 4x 21
b x 2 + 3x 10
f x 2 11x 12
j x 2 20x 21
c x2 + x 2
g x 2 5x 24
k x 2 + 17x 60
d x 2 + x 42
h x 2 + 5x 24
l x 2 + 3x 54
Factorise:
a x 2 + 19x + 18
e x 2 + 53x 54
i x 2 30x 64
b x 2 7x 18
f x 2 25x 54
j x 2 + 2x 35
c x 2 + 17x 18
g x 2 16x + 64
k x 2 + 7x 30
d x 2 + 15x + 54
h x 2 + 12x 64
l x 2 15x + 50
I. FURTHER QUADRATIC TRINOMIALS

There are several methods for factorising trinomials of the form ax2 + bx + c where a 1.
One of these methods is given in the following example.
Example 1
Factorise:
a 2x 2 + x 3
a 2x 2 + x 3
( 2x + 3 ) ( 2x 2 )
= -----------------------------------------2
3x 2 + 16x + 5
c 5x 2 + 13x 6
2 3 = 6
need two numbers with a product of 6 and a sum of
+1. These are 3 and 2.
= (2x + 3)(x 1)
b 3x 2 + 16x + 5
( 3x + 15 ) ( 3x + 1 )
= --------------------------------------------3
3 5 = 15
need two numbers with a product of 15
and a sum of 16. These are 15 and 1.
= (x + 5)(3x + 1)
c 5x 2 + 13x 6
( 5x + 15 ) ( 5x 2 )
= --------------------------------------------5
5 6 = 30
need two numbers with a product of 30
and a sum of +13. These are 15 and 2.
= (x + 3)(5x 2)
Place the coefficient of
x2 together with x at the
beginning of each bracket and
divide the whole expression by
this coefficient to maintain
equality.
293
294
Exercise 10I
1
Fully factorise:
a 2x 2 + 5x + 3
e 2x 2 + 7x + 5
i 5x 2 14x 3
b 2x 2 9x 5
f 2x 2 + 3x 2
j 5x 2 + 2x 3
c 3x 2 + 5x 2
g 7x 2 + 9x + 2
k 5x 2 8x + 3
Fully factorise:
a 2x 2 + 5x 12
e 3x 2 + 13x + 4
i 3x 2 + 10x 8
b 3x 2 7x 6
f 3x 2 17x + 10
j 2x 2 + 17x 9
c
g
k
Fully factorise:
a 2x 2 + 9x 35
d 3x 2 x 2
g 11x 2 52x 15
3x 2 + 7x + 4
3x 2 + 8x + 4
2x 2 + 9x 18
b 3x 2 + 5x 12
e 5x 2 29x + 20
h 7x 2 61x + 40
d 3x 2 5x 2
h 2x 2 + 3x 5
l 11x 2 9x 2
d 2x 2 3x 9
h 5x 2 13x 6
l 2x 2 + 11x 21
c 5x 2 8x + 3
f 7x 2 + 15x + 2
i 5x 2 52x + 63
Example 2
Factorise:
a 6x 2 13x 5
b 12x 2 5x 2
a 6x 2 13x 5
( 6x 15 ) ( 6x + 2 )
= --------------------------------------------6
3 ( 2x 5 )2 ( 3x + 1 )
= ------------------------------------------------6
= (2x 5)(3x + 1)
b 12x 2 5x 2
( 12x 8 ) ( 12x + 3 )
= -----------------------------------------------12
4 ( 3x 2 )3 ( 4x + 1 )
= ------------------------------------------------12
= (3x 2)(4x + 1)
Fully factorise:
a 8x 2 + 14x + 3
e 6x 2 + 19x + 3
i 4x 2 + 4x + 1
Fully factorise:
a 6x 2 7x 3
d 12x 2 23x + 5
g 10x2 + 19x 15
6 5 = 30
need two numbers with a product of 30 and a
sum of 13. These are 15 and 2.
(factorise each bracket)
(cancel)
12 2 = 24
need two numbers with a product of 24 and a
sum of 5. These are 8 and 3.
(factorise each bracket)
(cancel)
b 15x 2 + x 2
f 10x 2 + 17x + 3
j 10x 2 + x 2
b 4x 2 23x + 15
e 12x 2 7x 10
h 20x 2 31x 7
c 21x 2 + 17x + 2
g 14x 2 + 37x + 5
k 9x 2 12x + 4
d
h
l
6x 2 + 5x + 1
21x 2 62x 3
3x 2 + 14x + 8
c 9x 2 6x 8
f 12x 2 79x 35
i 18x 2 + 19x 12
J. MISCELLANEOUS FACTORISATION
Always look for

common factor first.
We suggest you use the following order of factorising. Follow these steps:
1 common factor
2 difference of two squares
3 quadratic trinomial
4 grouping in pairs
Example 1
Factorise fully:
a 3x 2 12
a
b 2x 2 10x + 12
3x 2 12
= 3(x 2 4)
= 3(x + 2)(x 2)
c x 4 9x 2
2x 2 10x + 12
= 2(x 2 5x + 6)
= 2(x 3)(x 2)
x 4 9x 2
= x 2(x 2 9)
= x 2(x + 3)(x 3)
Exercise 10J
1
Fully factorise:
a 3x 2 + 2x
d 3b 2 75
g x 2 8x 9
j 2g 2 12g 110
m 12 11x x 2
p x4 x2
s a 3b 2 ab 2
v 9x 4 4x 2
b
e
h
k
n
q
t
w
x 2 81
2x 2 32
d 2 + 6d 7
4a 2 9d 2
5a 2 5a 10
d 4 + 2d 3 3d 2
x2 x 6
x 2 + 8x 9
c
f
i
l
o
r
u
x
2p 2 + 8
n 4 4n 2
3x2 108
4t + 8t 2
2c 2 8c + 6
b 2+ 3b 28
x 3 + 4x 2 + 4x
2a 2 12a 18
Fully factorise:
a 14 x 2 5x
d 18x 2x 3
g 4x 2 2x 3 2x
j (x + 2)2 4
m (x + 1)a + (x + 1)b
p x(x + 2) + 3(x + 2)
b
e
h
k
n
q
x 2 + 14x + 49
ab + ac 2a
x 3y 4xy
4x 4 64
x4 a4
x 3 + x2 + x + 1
c
f
i
l
o
r
4a3 4ab 2
a 2b 2 2ab
(a + b)2 9
(x 2)y (x 2)z
(x y)a + (x y)
x 3 + 2x 2 + x + 2
Where possible, fully factorise the following miscellaneous expressions.

b 4x 2 1
c 5x 2 15x
a 3x 2 + 9x
295
296
d
g
j
m
p
s
v
4
3x 5x 2
x 3 + 2x 2
3x 2 12
x2 x 6
x 2 16x + 39
9x 18x 2
13x 2 52x
e
h
k
n
q
t
w
x 2 + 3x 40
x2 9
3x 3 + 6x 2
4x 2 + 8x
7x 2 21x
8x 2 12x
x 2 + 2x 3
f
i
l
o
r
u
x
x 2 16
3x 3 + 6x
x 2 + 10x + 25
9x 2 25
2x 2 50
4x 2 + 4x 3
x 3 9x
Where possible, fully factorise the following miscellaneous expressions.

a x3 + x2 + x
b x 2 17x 60
c 3x 2 27
d x 2 2x 8
e x 2 + 4x + 4
f 6x 2 + 5x 6
2
2
g x 5x + 6
h 36x + 25
i 4x 2 8x 60
j 3x 2 42x + 99
k x 2 + 11x + 30
l 49x 2 1
2
2
m x 7x + 12
n x + 6x 16
o x 2 5x 24
p x 2 8x + 16
q x 2 9x + 14
r x 2 + 13x + 36
2
2
s x 9x 36
t x + 7x 18
u x 2 10x + 25
v 3x 2 + 6x 72
w 4x 2 4x 48
x (2x + 1)2 9
K. FACTORISING MORE COMPLEX EXPRESSIONS

To simplify algebraic expressions with numerators and denominators, first factorise all expressions fully. Then
simplify the expression by cancelling as appropriate.
Example 1
Factorise and simplify:
x2 x 6
a ----------------------x3
a
x2 x 6
----------------------x3
(x 3)(x + 2)
= ---------------------------------x3
=x+2
x 2 16
------------------8x 32
x 2 16
------------------8x 32
(x + 4)(x 4)
= ---------------------------------8(x 4)
x+4
= -----------8
Exercise 10K
1

x 2 + 2x
a ----------------2
x 4
2x 2 + 6x 8
e -----------------------------2
x x 20
3x + x 2
b ----------------9 x2
f
x 2 + 6x + 9
----------------------------x 2 5x 24
3x 2 9x
c -------------------------x 2 2x 3
x 2 + 2x + 1
d --------------------------x2 1
3x 2 12
g -----------------------------214 5x x
2x 2 + 6x 36
h ---------------------------------212 + 8x 4x
Example 2
2y 4
10y
a --------------- ---------------5
y 2 2y
a
2y 4
10y
--------------- ---------------5
y 2 2y
2
2(y 2)
10y
= -------------------- ------------------y
2)
5
y
(
1
x 2 9 x 2 + 4x + 3
-------------- --------------------------x + 5 x 2 + 6x + 5
x 2 9 x 2 + 4x + 3
-------------- --------------------------x + 5 x 2 + 6x + 5
(x + 3)(x 3) (x + 3)(x + 1)
= ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------(x + 5)
(x + 5)(x + 1)
(x + 3)(x 3) (x + 5)(x + 1)
= ---------------------------------- ----------------------------------(x + 5)
(x + 3)(x + 1)
=4
=x3

3x 6
14x
a --------------- ----------------2
7
x 2x
2
2
x 16 x + 5x + 4
c ------------------- --------------------------4x 16
2x + 2
7x + 7
x +x6
- ----------------------e ---------------------2
x x 2 5x + 15
2
x 4
x+2
- -------------------------g -------------------------2
2
x + 2x 8 x + 3x 4
2x + 10x
6
------------------------- ------------------4x
3x + 15
f
h
x + 8x + 15 4x + 12
------------------------------ -----------------2
2
x 25
x 5x
2
2
2x 10x x 2x 15
----------------------- ----------------------------2
2
3x 9x
x 9
2
x + 2x
3x 15
------------------ ----------------------------2
x+4
x 3x 10
Only cancel terms

in brackets or in
front of brackets
Example 3
3
2
- ------------a ----------------2
2
x + 2x x 4
3
4
----------------------------- + ------------------2
2x
10
x 3x 10
297
298
2
3
----------------- ------------2
2
x + 2x x 4
2
3
= -------------------- ---------------------------------x(x + 2) (x 2)(x + 2)
4
3
----------------------------- + ------------------2
2x
10
x 3x 10
4
3
= ---------------------------------- + -------------------(x 5)(x + 2) 2(x 5)
2
x2
3
x
= -------------------- ------------ ---------------------------------- --
x ( x + 2 ) x 2 ( x 2 ) ( x + 2 ) x
4
2
3
x+2
= ---------------------------------- --- + -------------------- ------------
( x 5 ) ( x + 2 ) 2 2 ( x 5 ) x + 2
2 ( x 2 ) 3x
= ------------------------------------x(x + 2)(x 2)
8 + 3(x + 2)
= -------------------------------------2(x 5)(x + 2)
2x 4 3x
= ------------------------------------x(x + 2)(x 2)
3x + 14
= ------------------------------------x(x 5)(x + 2)
x4
= ------------------------------------x(x + 2)(x 2)
3

3
4
a ----------------- ------------2
2
x + 3x x 9
2
3
c ----------------------------- + ----------------2
2
x 4x 12 x 6x
2
1
e ---------------- -----------------------------2
2
x 2x x + 5x 14
1
3
g ----------------- + -------------------------2
2
x 25 x 6x + 5
2
5
b ----------------- + ------------------2
x 16 4x 16
4
2
d ------------------- -------------------------3x 12 x 2 3x 4
7
3
-----------------------------+ ----------------2
2
x 7x + 10 x 2x
4
2
h ---------------- ------------2
2
x 3x x 9
f
L. QUADRATIC RELATIONSHIPS
Many graphs are not straight lines. We see curved graphs in many real-life situations.
One of these graphs, a parabolic graph, occurs when we have a quadratic relationship.
The parabola is the basic shape used in headlight and torch reflectors, solar furnaces and satellite dishes. We
observe quadratic relationships in geometric patterns.
Example 1
Examine this pattern of squares and determine the relationship between the
width of each figure (W) and the total number of squares (S).
W
a Complete the table, drawing extra

diagrams if necessary.
b Graph S versus W on a number plane.
c State the relationship between S and W as an algebraic formula.

a
W
10
17
26
Graph S vs W means
W on the horizontal
axis and S on the
vertical axis.
b
25
20
15
10
5
W
1 2
4 5 6
7 8
c S = W2 + 1
The class could discuss the following questions.

1
What happens for values of W that are not integers, e.g. W = 1.5? What is the value of S?
Can W have values less than 1, e.g. W = 0.5?
Can W have value zero?
What happens as W gets larger?
Exercise 10L
1
Examine this pattern of squares and

determine the relationship between
the width of each diagram (W) and
the total number of squares (S).
a Copy and complete the given table, drawing
extra diagrams if necessary.
b Graph S vs W on a number plane.
c State the relationship between S and W
as an algebraic formula.
Repeat question 1 for each of these patterns.

a
W
W
299
300
Example 2
A rectangle has perimeter 24 cm.
a Complete this table comparing length (l), breadth (b) and area (A).
l
10
11
b
A
b
c
d
e
Graph l vs A for this rectangle.

What is the maximum area? When does it occur?
Can l be 13 or 0?
Find the value of A when l = 3.5.
p = 2l + 2b
i.e. 2l + 2b = 24
2(l + b) = 24
l + b = 12
b = 12 l
If l = 1
b = 12 1
b = 11
10
11
11
10
11
20
27
32
35
36
35
32
27
20
11
b
c Maximum area = 36 cm2 when
l = 6 and b = 6, i.e. a square.
d If l = 13 then b = 1, and it is not
possible to have a side length
of 1. l 13.
If l = 0 then the side would be
zero, i.e. no rectangle at all.
e If l = 3.5, b = 12 3.5 = 8.5,
A = 3.5 8.5 = 29.75 cm2.
A
40
36
30
20
10
l
2
10
301
A rectangle has perimeter 20 cm.

a Complete this table comparing length,
breadth and area.
b Graph l vs A for this rectangle.
c Find the value of A when l = 3.5.
b
A
Repeat question 3 using rectangles with the following perimeters.

i 18 cm
ii 28 cm
iii 22 cm
iv 26 cm
v 30 cm
Example 3
a Find an equation that describes y in terms of x for these tables of values.
b Draw a graph of y vs x for each table of values.
i
x
5
4
3
2
1
0
1
2
3
4
27
18
11
11
18
27
29
20
13
13
20
29
ii
The values are not increasing by a

constant value but starting from
x = 0 they increase by 1 then 3
then 5 then 7 and so on.
look for a squaring pattern:
If x = 1 then y = 3, y = (1)2 + 2
If x = 2 then y = 6, y = (2)2 + 2
If x = 3 then y = 11, y = (3)2 + 2
y = x2 + 2
y
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
6
ii a
Look for a squaring pattern:

If x = 1 then y = 5, y = (1)2 + 4
If x = 2 then y = 8, y = (2)2 + 4
If x = 3 then y = 13, y = (3)2 + 4
y = x2 + 4
y
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
x
6
Find an equation which describes y in terms of x for these tables of values.

a
x
26
17
10
10
17
26
302
b
x
30
21
14
14
21
30
24
15
15
24
23
14
14
23
28
19
12
12
19
28
Draw a graph of y versus x for each of the tables in question 5.
The perimeter of a rectangle is 50 cm.

a Find an expression for the area, A cm2, of the rectangle.
b Sketch the graph of A against l, the length of the rectangle.
The perimeter of a rectangle is 38 cm.

a Find an expression for the area, A cm2, of the rectangle.
b Sketch the graph of A against l, the length of the rectangle.
non-calculator activities
Evaluate 8 2.73.
Meat pies are $2.80. On Sundays they cost 10% more. How much is a pie on Sunday?
Convert 4.2 m to cm.
1
Evaluate 1 --- .
4
Insert grouping symbols to make this statement true: 10 3 + 4 3 = 33
The temperature at dusk was 3C. The temperature dropped 0.5C per hour. What was the
temperature after 9 hours?
If 512 6284 = 3 217 408, what is 5.12 62.84?
Solve 5 3p = 7.
A bag contains 6 white, 5 green and 2 blue disks. What is the probability of not selecting a
green disk?
10
Sarah drives 350 km and uses 28 L of petrol. Express this rate in L per 100 km.
11
The mode of the data shown in this stem-and-leaf plot is 43. What is the value of ?
Stem
Leaf
7, 8, 9
0, 2, 3, , 5, 6, 9
0, 2
12
The 3-digit number 4 1 is divisible by 9. What is the missing digit?
13
Between which consecutive whole numbers is the square root of 53?
14
1 3--Find -----------4- .
1 + 3--4
15
Andreas collects 15 cans of food from each of 8 friends. He then gives six cans to each home
room class. How many home room classes are there?
Language in Mathematics
Read the following biography and answer the questions below.
Sir William Rowan Hamilton (18051865)

William Rowan Hamilton was born in Dublin in 1805, the son of a
solicitor. His ability was evident at an early age, as by the age of 13
he had managed to learn thirteen different languages. This mastery of
languages helped him to become one of the few great mathematicians
with the facility for involved mental calculations.
In 1823 Hamilton entered Trinity College in Dublin and was appointed
to the post of Andrews Professor of Astronomy and Royal Astronomer
to Ireland while still an undergraduate. In 1827 he moved to Dunsink
Observatory just outside Dublin. Hamilton continued his work in
physics, astronomy and algebra and in 1835 was knighted for his
303
304
contribution to science. In the same year he discovered quaternionsa very important step in the
development of modern algebra. He continued to work on quaternion theory and spent the last
20 years of his life as a recluse.
The results of his research The Elements of Quaternions were published after his death in 1866. He
was honoured by many foreign academics for his contributions in each of his fields of interest.
1
a
b
c
d
e
How old would Hamilton be in 2007?

For what was he knighted? When?
How old was Hamilton when he moved to Dublin?
What were Hamiltons main interests?
What is a recluse?
Rearrange these words to form sentences.

a opposite Expanding is factorising of the
b highest Always factor factorise common possible the
c bracket bracket the the by in outside Multiply to term all terms the the
Use every third letter to find a sentence.

HKTQTOFGCYUHFDESACEEKRRATLFACABTCIETQWOOPRDFI
ZTSNHAZYSKNOJTLPBUACTBEIRSOAANIOYPRODTUGTCHYAE
RNAXEVTINHTMOHQQEAERFEEGEXTTPHJAAANCVDBGYEDOY
HUKHRARATINOISBKWCDEXSRWEORGRHJSKMUNBBGFSDQTE
HIOLTFXUFGTUUEEUANJNADUTHMUJBWQEASRCTIBUNNITOP
OFDTGHHTEEAEQSHUNYE FGSJKTERITHOASNFGAYUNIODLL
TASHCFEVYANUNMISOLWWCEEVRTNTYJOIESASEDFEGHIJKF
LOTTRHQAEZXYCVABNRMKEHJEGFQSAUQWAERL
Give an algebraic example of five glossary terms.
Glossary
algebra
expand
perfect square
trinomial
binomial products
expression
quadratic expressions
common factor
grouping in pairs
solve
difference of two squares

factorise
substitution
305
CHECK YOUR SKILLS

1
10
11
12
13
8z z =
A 8
B 7
C 7z
4x 3y + 5x 2y =
A 9x 5y
B x 5y
C x y
D 9x + 5y
2x (4 3x) =
A x 4
B 4 + x
C 5x + 4
D 5x 4
C 5m 2 + 25m
D 3m 2 + 25m
m(m + 3) 4m(7 m) =
A 3m 2 25m
B 5m 2 25m
p 3p
--- ------ =
4 7
2p
A ---------3
t
t + --- =
4
5t
A ----4
3x 3p
4p ------ + ------ 2x =
4
5
7p 5x
A ------ -----5
4
5p
B ---------28
2t
B ----4
C 5t
7p 5x
B ------------------20
(x + 7)(x 5) =
A x 2 35
B x 2 + 2x 35
C x 2 + 2x + 2
D 2x + 2
(4x 3)(2x + 5) =
A 8x 2 + 14x 15
B 8x 2 + 6x 15
C 6x + 2
D 8x 2 + 26x 15
4x (2x + 1)(x 3) =
A 2x 2 x 3
B 2x 2 x + 3
C 2x 2 + 9x + 3
D 2x 2 + 9x 3
(y 5)2 =
A y 2 25
B y 2 + 25
C y 2 5x + 25
D y 2 10x + 25
(5x 3)2 =
A 25x 2 9
B 5x 2 9
C 25x 2 30x + 9
D 25x 2 30x 9
(3x 2)(3x + 2) =
A 3x 2
9x2 4
2p
---------28
D 8z
92p + 55x
-------------------------20
9x 2 12x 4
4p
D -----28
3t
D ----4
92p 55x
D -------------------------20
D 9x 2 12x + 4
306
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
If (x )2 = x 2 x + 16 then:
A = 4, = 8
B = 16, = 8
C = 256, = 128 D = 16, = 4
When factorised, 3x 2 6x =
A 3x
B 3x 3
3x(x 2)
D 3(x 2 2x)
When factorised, px + 3q 3p qx =
A (p q)(x 3)
B pq(3 x)
(p 3)(x q)
D cannot be
factorised
When factorised, x 2 y 2 =
A (x y)(x + y)
B (x y)2
(x + y)2
When factorised, 4p 2 25q 2 =

A (2p 5q)2
B (2p 5q)(2p + 5q)
(4p 25q)(4p + 25q) D (4p 25q)2
When factorised, x2 10x + 25 =

A (x + 5)(x 5)
B (x + 5)2
(x 10)2
When factorised, 81x2 198x + 121 =

A (9x + 11)(9x 11) B (9x 11)2
(81x + 11)2
When factorised, x 2 + 4x 21 =
A (x + 7)(x 3)
B (x 7)(x + 4)
(x + 21)(x 1)
D (x 21)(x + 1)
When factorised, 5x 2 7x 6 =
A (5x 3)(x + 2)
B (5x + 1)(x 6)
(5x + 3)(x 2)
D (5x 1)(x + 6)
When factorised, 8x 2 + 5x 3 =
A (4x 1)(2x + 3)
B (8x + 3)(x 1)
(4x + 1)(2x 3)
D (8x 3)(x + 1)
When factorised, 16x 2 4 =

A (4x 2)(4x + 2)
B 4(2x + 1)(2x 1)
4(4x2 1)
D 4(x + 1)(x 1)
x2 9x + 20
25
26
x 12x + 35
When simplified ---------------------------------- =
3x 15
2
x 4x + 7
x7
A --------------------------B -----------3
3
7
2
When simplified, ----------------------------- ----------------=
2
2
x 7x + 10 x 5x
2
5
A ---------------------------------------------------------2
2
( x 7x + 10 ) ( x 5x )
7x 33x 4
B ------------------------------------x(x 5)(x 2)
D 2(x y)
D (x 5)2
D (81x 121)2
x5
-----------3
5x + 4
C ------------------------------------x(x 5)(x 2)
7x 37x 4
------------------------------------x(x 5)(x 2)
If you have any difficulty with these questions, refer to the examples and questions in the sections
listed in the table.
Question
Section
14
57
810
1114
15, 16
17, 18
19, 20
21
22, 23
24
25, 26
REVIEW SET 10A

1

a 4 (5x + 3)
c n(n + 2) 2n(n 1)
a
b a + --3
2x 2a
c 2a 3x + ------ -----5
3

3p 2p
a ------ -----7
5
b 3(x 5) 2
Expand and simplify if possible.

a (x + 5)(x 3)
b (2x 7)(3x 8)
d (3x 4)2
e (x 2)(x + 2)
c (x 8)2
f (3x 5)(3x + 5)
a If x = 3, evaluate 3x2 5x + 8.
b Which number must be added to complete the square for:
i x 2 6x
ii x 2 + 11x?
Fully factorise:
a 7x + 14
d 4y 2 25
g x 4 16x2
b 8x 2y 20xy
e x 2 + 7x 8
h 2x 2 + 2x + 24
c 3x 9 + xy 3y
f 3x 2 + 11x 4
i 3x + 6y 9z

2
x +x6
a ----------------------x2
x 9
2x + 4
b --------------------- ---------------------4x + 12 x 2 x 6
2
3
----------------+ ----------------2
2
x 4x x 16
307
308
REVIEW SET 10B

1

a 3 2(3x 1)
c p(p + 7) 3p(4 p)
x
b --- + 2x
5
a 2x
c 3x --- + ------ 3a
4 3

4x 2x
a ------ -----3
5
b 4(2x 3) 5x
Expand and simplify if possible.

a (x + 2)(x 11)
b (3x 8)(4x 3)
2
d (8x 5)
e (x 3)(x + 3)
c (x + 4)2
f (5x 3)(5x + 3)
a If x = 2, evaluate 2x 2 9x + 5.
b What number must be added to complete the square for:
i x 2 + 10x
ii x 2 9x?
Factorise fully:
a 3a 9
d 16y 2 25
g 9x 4 16x 2
b 12xy + 18x 2
e x 2 3x + 2
h x 3 + 3x 2 + x + 3

2
x 9
a ------------------6x 18
x 3x 4 x 4x 5
b --------------------------- -------------------------2
8x 32
x 25
c 2xy 6x + 7y 21
f 6x 2 7x 5
i 3x + 2xy 4xz
1
3
------------------------------ ------------2
2
x + 7x + 10 x 4
REVIEW SET 10C

1

a 4 (3x 2)
b 2(x + 3) 4
c y(y + 2) 3y(y + 4)

p
4x 2x
a ------ -----b --- + p
3
3
5
x 3y
c 3x 4y + --- -----3 4
Expand and simplify, if possible.

a (x 3)(x + 4)
b (2x 5)(3x 7)
d (4p 5)2
e (x 3)(x + 3)
c (x 4)2
f (4x 3)(4x + 3)
a Use x = 3 to show that 6x 2 x 2 = (3x 2)(2x + 1).

b Copy and complete: x 2 4x + = (x 2)2
Factorise:
a 5x + 10
d 9x 2 100
g x 3 16x
b 3x 2 6xy
e x 2 x 12
h 3x 2 21x + 24
Simplify:
2
x x 20
a -------------------------x5
x 4
3x 15x
b ---------------------- ----------------------------2
2
x + x 6 x 3x 10
c 2x 4 + 3xy 6y
f 3x 2 + 16x + 5
i 12x 9p + 6z
4
5
------------- ----------------2
2
x 9 x + 3x
309
310
REVIEW SET 10D

1

a 2x 2(4x 7)
b 3(7 4x) 3x

3z 4z
a ------ -----b
7
5
c m(m 4) 3m(6 m)
r
--- + 2r
4
2p 5x
c 2x 4p ------ + -----3
2
Expand and simplify, if possible.

a (x 2)(x + 11)
b (3x 7)(4x + 2)
d (6z 5)2
e (x 9)(x + 9)
c (y + 3)2
f (6x 5)(6x + 5)
a Use x = 1 to show that 10x 2 x 3 = (5x 3)(2x + 1).

b Copy and complete: x 2 + + 9 = (x 3)2
Factorise:
a 3x 15
d 16x 2 25
g 6x 2 11x 10
b 12xy 8yz
e x 2 + 4x 21
h 2x 3 18x
c xp + 2x yp 2y
f 5x 2 + 7x 6
i 15x 20y + 10z
Simplify:
2
x + 5x 14
a -----------------------------2x + 14
x 25
x 4x 5
------------------------ -------------------------2
2
3x + 15x
x +x
2
3
c ---------------- ----------------2
2
x 5x x 25

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LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 273 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 274 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

C 25x 2 10x + 1 D 25x 2 + 10x 1

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 275 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

When factorised, 81x 2 16y 2 =

A (9x 2y)(9x + 2y)

B (9x 4y)(9x + 4y)

C (3x 2y)(3x + 2y)

When factorised, x 2 18x + 81 =

When factorised, x 3 + x 2 + 12x =

When factorised, 16x 2 40x + 25 =

When factorised, 12x 2 + 5x 2 =

C (3x 1)(x + 10)

A. SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS (REVIEW)

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 276 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

Simplify, where possible, by collecting like terms.

Simplify, where possible, by collecting like terms.

Simplify, by collecting like terms.

Simplify, where possible, by collecting like terms.

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 277 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

Simplify, where possible, by collecting like terms.

Simplify, where possible, by collecting like terms.

Simplify, where possible, by collecting like terms.

Write a simplified expression for the perimeter of the following shapes.

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 278 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

b 3 m longer than the other

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 279 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

Expand and simplify.

Expand and simplify.

b x(2 x) 3(4 3x)

Expand and simplify.

x(2 x) 3(4 3x)

Write an expression for the area of the following shapes in:

B. EXPRESSIONS INVOLVING FRACTIONS

(as LCD is 12)

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 280 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

Simplify by writing as a single fraction.

3x- --xm ----8 2

9r- ----3rn ----16 4

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 281 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

Write as a single fraction:

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 282 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 283 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

Expand and simplify:

If x = 4 and y = 3, find the value of:

LEY_bk9_c10_finalpp Page 284 Wednesday, January 12, 2005 11:19 AM

Algebraic Techniques (Chapter 10) Syllabus reference PAS5.3.1

Expand and simplify:

Expand and simplify:

Substitute x = 1 and evaluate the three expressions:

Who is correct, Rachel or Diana?