lGonmilltuunm

Algebra of GomplexNumbers,modulus and argument,triangularinequality,

cube roots of unity.

A numberin theformof a + ib,wherea, b arerealnumbers

andi = J-t is calleda complexnumber.
A complexnumbercan also be definedas an orderedpair of real numbersa and b and may be
writtenas (a, b), wherethe first numberdenotesthe real part and the secondnumberdenotesthe
imaginarypart.lf z = a + ib, then the real partof z is denotedby Re (z) and the imaginarypart by
lm(z).A complexnumberis saidto be purelyrealif lm(z)= 0, and is saidto be purely imaginary
if
Re(z)= 0. Thecomplexnumber0 = 0 + i0 is bothpurelyrealandpurelyimaginary.
Two complexnumbersare said to be equalif and only if their real partsand imaginarypartsare
se p a r a telyequal
i.e.a+ib=c+idimplie s a = c a n d b = d . Ho we v e r, t h e re is n o o t h e rre la t i o n
betweencomplexnumbersthatis of the typea + ib < (or >) c + id.

Remark:
r

Clea rl y i 2 = -1 ,i 3 = i 2 .i = -i ,

i a = 1.In

general ,i 4n= 1, 14n+-i1,i 4n* 2 = -1 , i 4n+ 3--i

foran

integern.

A complexnumberz = x + iy, writtenas an orderedpair (x, y),

can be represented
by a pointP whoseCartesiancoordinates
are (x, y) referredto axes OX and OY, usuallycalledthe real
and the imaginaryaxes.The planeof OX and Oy is calledthe
Arganddiagramor thecomplexplane.SincetheoriginO lieson
both OX and OY, the corresponding
complexnumberz = 0 is
bothpurelyrealandpurelyimaginary.

Modulus and Argument of a Complex Number:

we definemodulusof the complexnumberz = x + iy to be the realnumber
^'*y'
by lzl.lt maybe notedthatlzl > 0 andlzl = 0 wouldimplythatz = 0.

and denote it

lf z = x + iy, thenangle0 givenby tan0 = I is saidto be the argument

or amplitude
of the complex
X

nu m b e r zandisdenotedbyarg(z)ora mpln
(zc).a s e o f x = 0 (wh e re y + o ), a rg (z )= + n l2 o r-n l 2
']llltCc

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RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-ComPlex Number

upony> 0ory< 0 and t h e c o mp le xn u mb e ris c a llepdu re ly ima g in alfryy'= g ( w h e r e

d e p e n ding
upon x > 0 orx < 0 and the complexnumberis calledpurely
x+ 0), thenarg(z)= 0 orn depending
of thecomplexnumber0 is notdefined'
real.Theargument
the
We can definethe argumentof a complexnumberalso as any value of the 0 which satisfies

e=
ofequations
system
"o" l;fr;,

sin0=
ffix2 +Y'

then
The argumentof a complexnumberis not unique.lf 0 is a argumentof a complexnumber,
the
satisfying
of
0
value
The
of
n.
2nn + 0 (n integer)is also argumentof z for variousvalues
inequality
- n < 0 < n is calledtheprincipal vatueof the argument.
=
=
words
Fromfigure1, we canseethatoP = Jx2 + y2 = lzl and lf 0 ZPoM, thentanO y/x' In other
pointzfrom the originand arg(z)is the anglewhichOP
fzl is the lengthof Op i.e.the distanceof
makeswiththe Positivex-axis.

Trigonometric(or Potar)form of a ComplexNumber:

LetOP = r, thenx = r cos0, andY = r sine
+ z=x + iy = r cos0 + ir sine = r ( cos0 + i sin0 ). Thisis knownas Trigonometric
of 0'
(or polar)formof a ComplexNumber.Herewe shouldtakethe principalvalue
Forgeneralvaluesof theargument
(wheren is an integer)
z=rlcos ( 2nn+ 0) + isin ( 2nn+ 0)l
Studentsshouldnotethatsometimescos0 + i sin 0 is, in short,writtenas cis(0)'
e'
Eulerrsformula:cose + isin 0 = ei

Remark:
r

Methodof findingthe principalvalueof the argumentof a complexnumberz

Stepl: Findtan0=

= x + iy

tvl and this givesthe valueof 0 in the first

FI

quadrant.
Step ||: Find the quadrantin which z lies,with the he|pof sign of X
x and y co-ordinates.
Then argument of z wilf be 0, n - e, e - n, and -0
lll:
Step
accordingas z lies in the first second,third or fourth
quadrant

lllustration1.
For z = tb - i, rinatheprincipalvaluearg(z).
Solution:
Herex = {3, y= -1

1l
+ tano= l- -=1 ? 0 = ;
I ./3 |

valueof atgz= -L . (Sincez liesin thefourthquadrant)

+ principal

ffit-+

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RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

Unimodular Complex Nu mher:

A complexnumberz for which lzl =
is'said to be
complexnumber.Sincelzl 1, z lies on a
unimodular
circleof radius1 unitandcentre(0, 0).
lI lzl= 1 + z= cos0 + i sin0,
+ 1lz= (cos0 + i sinefl = cos0 - i sinO.

Algebraic Operations with Complex Numbers:

(a + ib) + (c+id)= (a + c) + i ( b+d)

Addition
(a + ib) - (c+id)= (a - c) + i ( b - d)
Subtraction
Multiplication (a + ib) (c+id;= (ac - bd) + i ( ad + bc)

Division

I
I

a+ib
c. id
_ (ac + bd)

(when at least one of c and d is non-zero)

_ (bc - ad)
c2 +d2
c2 +d2

Geometricalmeaning of Addition and Subtraction:

lel z1 =Xr + iYr and z2 = *, * iy2 be two complex
numbersrepresentedby the points P1(x1,y1)
and
Pz(xz,yz)respectively.
By definition21+22
shouldbe
represented
by the pointP(x1+xr,yt+ yz).Thispoint
P is the vertexwhich completesthe parallelogram
OP1PP2
with the line segmentsjoiningthe origin
withPr and Pzas the adjacentsides
= lz1+zzl=OP.

P(x1+x,.yt+yz)

P'z('xz,-Yz\
Also by definitionz,r- zz shouldbe represented
by the point(xr- xz,yr - yz).Thispointis the vertexQ
whichcompletesthe parallelogram
OPjaPl with the linesegmentsjoiningthe originwith Pr and P'2
(wherethe pointP'2reprsents
-22;the point-22 c?n be obtainedby producingthe directedline PzO
by fengthlz2)as the adjacentsides= lzt - z2l= OQ = PzPr.

Remarks:
r

In any triangle,sum of any two sidesis greaterthanthe thirdsideand differenceof any two
sldesis l'essthanthe thirdside;we have
= 0.
(i)
hereequalityholdswhen arg(4122)
l4l+lz2l>-14+zzl;
(ii)
llzrl)zrll3lzt- z2l;hereequalityholdswhen arg(4lz) = 0.
In the parallelogram
OP1PP2,
the sum of the squaresof its sidesis equalto the sum of the
squaresof itsdiagonals
; i.e. OP2+ P2P?= OPI +P,P2+PPl +P2O2
+l z, + zz 12+ | zt - zz f = 2( z'r12+ | =, lt ).

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GeometricalMeaningof Productand Division:

isin01),z2-- r2(cos0z + isinOz)be complexnumbersrepresentedby Q1and Qz'
Letzr= 11(cos01+

Constructionfor the Point Representingthe Productzlz2:

(i)

unity,so that OL
Let L be the pointon OX whichrepresents
= 1. Drawthe triangleOQzPdirectlysimilarto the triangle
OLQrmakingZLOQr= 7Q2OPand ZOLQr= ZOQzPthe produclz1z2
ThenpointP represents
Explanation:
Dueto similartriangles
oP =t?
oP - oQz
+ op = rrrz
. that is
t,r 1
OQ, OL
Also ZQzOP = /,LOQI = 0r 3 ZLOP = 0t + 0z
Sincezp2 =r1r2{cos(01+ 0z)+ isin (01+ 0z)} , P representsz1z2'

Constructionfor the Point Representingthe Quotient4lz2:

(ai)

Drawthe triangleOQrPdirectlysimilarto the triangle

oQ2L.
the quotientzrlzz.
ThenP represents
Explanation:
rt oP
oQn oP
"
=
=
ctlon'
Fromthe rastconstru
oe2 o L
k= 1
l- l

t-

Op = ]-11= li1-l also IQ,oL = 0r ond IQaOP= 02

lzzl lzzl
:. IPOL = 0r - 0z

- or)\= ?
- o,) * isin(0.,
OP(z)= 1(cos(01
.

22

l2 t

by P =1t .
+ numberrepresented
z2

Remark:
t

Snd
lf z1= 11(Cos0r + isin 01), and Zz=r2(cos02+ isin 0z),thenZjzz= r.,r,ei(e'*e')

l t -tt ."(et-',).
H enc e|l =' .'t= r l= \ r z : lz
llzt r la n dH= ! =f2H, / r l+ 0 .
22

t
I

12

e2l

lzrl

arg(z'12)= 0r + 0z= arg(zi + ary(7,2)

( z,\
argl a | = 0r -02= arg(21)-arg(22)
\zz )

Square Rootof a ComPIexNumber:

Letzl =xr + iyr be the givencomplexnumberand we haveto obtainits squareroot.
Let x + iy = (xr + iyr)%= x' -f + 2ixy= Xr + iYr

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sX1 = x'-y'andy1 =2xy =

ztl+ \.

> x2-l

v = ,1Yl

lf y1>0=x=+

x'- 4=^ ,
4x'

| v rl

F;t;,

\l

2,

Y=+

I zrl-x,
2

(Re(2,)* |., l)

2
lfyl<0=x=+

F;t;; ' Y =T

\2

(ne(2.')* | t, l)
2

trR"GJ]
,)

lllustration 2.
Find the squareroot of I - 1Si.
Solution:
Herey=-15<0
(

_J'1

+ v8_rsi=t
I

=+ _

(5 - 3i).

An Alternate Method to find the squareroot of a complex number is as follows:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

lf the imaginary
partis noteventhenmultiply
anddividethe givencomplexnumberby 2. e.g
z= 8-15i,hereimagin
ary partisnotevenso write.=1ga- 30 i) andleta+ib-16-30i.
z
Nowdividethe numericalvalueof imaginarypartof s + ib by 2 and let quotientbe p and find
all possibletwo factorsof the numberP thusobtainedand takethat pair in whichdifference
of squaresof the numbersis equalto the real partof a + ib. e.g. here numericalvalueof
lm(16- 30 i) is 30 . Now30 = 2 x 15.All possibleway to express15 as a productof two are
1 x15,3x5,etc.
here52- 32= 16 = Re (16- 30i) so we willtake 5, 3.
Takei withthe smalleror the greaterfactoraccordingas the realpartof a + ib is positiveor
negativeand if real partis zerothentake equalfactorsof P and associatei with any one of
them.e.g.Re(16- 30i)> 0, we willtakei with3. Nowcomplete
the squareand writedown
thesquarerootof z.e.g.

=
== l.ya-30i1
=
.(gi)'- 2x5x3i]
+ l; = *S(5-3i).
Ilu,
;ts-3i12
SolvingComplex Equations:
Simpleequations
in z may be solvedby puttingz = a + ib in the equationand equatingthe realpart
on the L'H.Swiththe realparton the R.H.Sandthe imaginary
parton the L.H.Swiththe imaginary
parton the R.H.S.
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RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

Illustration 3.
Solvefor z i.e.,find allcomplexnumbersz which satisfy1zf - Ziz + 2c(1+i) =0 wherec is real.
Solution:
Putz = a + ib thena?+ b2- 2ai+ 26 + 2c + 2ci= 0
= (a2+ b2+ 26+2c)+ (2c -2 a )i= 0
= a' * b2+ 2b + 2C=0 and2c - 2a = 0 + a = c.
Nowb2+2b+(c2+2c)=0 = b = -1 4 1 -2 c -c ' z
S incebisreal, ,1-2c-c2 > 0 + c e I -1 -1 2 , -1 + ' l2 l'
>z=c+i(-1 t'h-zc-c2 1
doesnotexitsfor c e l-1 - \12,-1 +"'121.
solutionof thegivenequation

Conjugateof a ComPIexNumber:
The conjugateof the complexnumberz = a + ib is defined
as a - ib and is denotedbyZ. In otherwords Z is the
mirrorimageof z in the realaxis'
lf z= a + ib,z + 2 = 2 a ( real),
z- 2 = 2 ib ( imaginary
)
=lZl2'
=
andz2 = ( a+ib)(a-ib)a' + b2(real'1=1212

Als R
o e( 4 =

Real axis

=
T,lm(z) T
3+2isinQ.

Find real 0 such that -rs

1 -2 i s in 0
purely imaginary
(b)
real

i)
(a)

* -J-=---- - -J:
sJj -2Ji 2J1-Jj'

ii)

v""P"''
Simptifv
-?9Ja -Ji

ii0

Find the sgure root of

(a)

-8 - 6i

(b)

1(,
-i[
t -,y) I
)-z
7-7
xt.y2

Conjugate:

. c4 :.
t

l zl =l 2 l

t
.
t
t

z+ 2=2Re(z)
z- 2 =2ilm(z)
lf z is purelYrealz= 2
z= -2
ll z is purelyimaginary

zZ :l zl 2 = l zl 2
?|/lt(rc

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RSI|-91 1-P3-MA-ompbx

Z, t * 22=

Zt +

Number

Zz

fn general,4 + zz +.... + zn = 4 + 22 + .-.+ zn

I

zt -zz=4 -zz

2122 = \.22

fn general zlz2z3 ..-..2n:4-zz.zz

zn = (z)"

/ \ /- \
Iztl
141 I
I
t-t

-....1.,

lzz) \zz)
lf cr = f(z),theno =t(r)= f (Z), wherea = f(z) is a functionin complexvariablewith real
In otherwordsif f(x + iy) = a + ib thenf(x- iy) = a - ib.
coefficients.

Explanation:
Let f(z) = oo * d1z + Q2z2+ asz3 +

t dnzn,where Qo, a1,d2,, . ., an are real numbersand z is a

complexnumber.Then
f (z)=ao+a1z+ar(2)2 +ar(z)3 +'..+an(Z)n = ao+a1z+arz2+a3z3+."+anzn

Modulus:
r
)
t
t
.
t
s
t
I

.
r
I
I

z=0+i0
l zl=Q +
lzt - z2| denotesthe distancebetween! and22.
-lzl < Re(z) < lzl ; equalityholdson right or on left side dependingupon z beingpurely
positiverealor negativereal.
uponz beingpurely
-lzl < lmz < lzl; equalityholdson rightsideor on leftsidedepending
or
below
the
real
axes.
the
real
axes
and above
imaginary
or purely
equalityholdson leftsidewhenz is purelyimaginary
<
lzl lRe(z)l+ llm(z)l< .12121;
=
holdson rightsidewhenlRe(z)l llm(z)1.
realandequality
=
72
lzl2
lzp2l= lzillz2l
ln generallz. 22.... z"l = lzi lzrl .... lz^l
lz"l=lzln,nel

l=,1
l=,1
l -l = ri

lzzl l zzl
holds
if or igin,
andthe
equality
...*znl3lzl+ lzr l+ ...+lznl;
l zt+zzl sl zl + l z2 l =l z1 +22*
pointsrepresentedbf 21,22,zs,...,2n ate collinearand are on the same side of the origin.
equalityholdswhen arg(4122)=0 i.e.originandpointsrepresented
lzt-z"l2llzl-lz"ll;
bf 21,z2 are collinearand are on the same side of the origin.
lzr + z2l2= (zr + zz)(2t + 2z)=lzi2 + lzrl'+ ztZz+ zz2t= lzl2 + lzzl2+ 2Re(zt7z)
=
lzt - zzl2= (zt - zr) (2 t - 2z) lzi' + lzrl' - ztZz - zz2 t= lziz + lzzl' - 2Re(a7z)

Argument:
t
r
r

arg(zz)
arg(zp2) = 0r + 02= arg(7,1)'+
arg (z1lz2)= 0r - 0z = arg(z) - arg(22)
arg (zn)= n arg(z), n el
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IVofe.'
the principalvaluesof the argument
r In the aboveresult0r + 0zor 0r - 0zare not necessarily
=
complexnumbers.e.g arg(zn) n arg(z) only shows that one of the
of corresponding
argumentof znis equalto n arg(z)(if we considerarg(z)in the principlerange)!!
>z=2'
(i)
arg(z)= 0, n =z isa purelyrealnumber
=
purely
number= z= -7 '
imaginary
is
a
z
+
(ii)
arg(z) nl2,-nl2
Notethatthe propertyof argumentis the same as the propertyof logarithm

Comptex NumbersRepresentedBy Vectors :

by real numbersof a complexhumberis subjectedto the
It can be easilyseen that multiplication
of two complexnumbersis alsothe sameas
sameruleas the vectors.Theadditionor the subtraction
in theoryand very usefulin
the additionor the subtractionof two vectors.This fact is fundamental
practice.
by pointsP and OP by a vectorOP,then lzl is
It shouldbe noticedthat if a numberz is represented
the lengthOP andarg(z)is the anglewhichthe directedlineOP makeswithdirectedOX.'
existsbetween
correspondence
pfeasenotethat if z = x+ iy and P is the point (x, y), a one-to-one
p;
(iii)
the vector( or
OP;
point
(ii)
displacement
(i)
the
the numberz and any of the following: the
directedlength)OP.
by z.
Any one of thesethreethingsmaythereforebe saidto representz, or to be represented
/
lllustration 4.
prove
that
22
ottd
ft,
For any threecomplexnumbers21,
=
4lm(Z2zs)+ z2lm(Zrz) + 4lm(4 z) 0.
Solution:
As lm(z)=

t
*e-z)

= zlm(zrzs)+ z2lm(4zi + 4lm(Zz2)

= ! @,(zrzs - z,r2r)+ zz (zszr- zs4) + zt (42, - z.a))

"
2i""
1'
=
- zzzs4 + zs4z2- 23212
- z4z4 + z2z3z1
l) = o '
)r(zFzzs
ttlustration5.
Considera quadraticequationa/ +bz +c =Owherea, b, c, are complexnumbers-Find the
conditionthat the equationhas
(it)
one purelyrealroot
one purelyimaginaryroot
0
(iv)
twopurely realroots
(iit)
two purelYimaginaryroots
Solution:
be a root of the given equation> zt = --4
(i) Letz1(purely imaginary)
... (1)
and az'tz+ [71+s = Q
=0=
a6rU"
=azi
^4'*64+c=o
(as 4 = -21)
> 62.2-62, +6 = 0
"'(2)
Now (1)and (2)musthaveone commonroot'
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RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

.,

z,'

21
(o e + c o ) (c a -a c )2
1
_-----=--------=_-----------=---..-2 _
_ (a o + a o )
(bc+cb) (ca-ac) -(a b + e b )
(a 6 + a b )2

+ (oe+ c6)(a6+ eb)+ (ca-ac)2 = o

(ii) Letz1(purely real) be a root of the given equation.
= 4=Z
and az12+ [2.,+g = Q
-----;= azr' + bz,, +c =0 + az,,t+b4 +c =0

...(1)

+a2.,2 +bz1+c=0

(as 4=z.1)
...(2)
Now (1) and (2) must have one common root.
zt2
z1
1

(oe- 5c) -(ac- ac) (a6- ao)

Required
condition
is (nc - c5)(a6- aO)+ (ca- ae)2= O
(iii) Let21 andz2 be two purely imaginaryrootsthen
Zt = -Zt,

ZZ = -ZZ

Now az2+[2+s

=g

... (1)

= az2 +bz+c =0 +fr2 + b Z + c = 0

+ dz2-bz+c=o
. . . (2 )
(1)and (2)mustbe identical
Equation
as theirrootaresame
abc
-= -:==
- abc
(iv) Let 21andz2be two purely real roots then = 2,, zz = zz.
4
ln thiscase az2+bz+c=0
. . . (1 )
= fr2 +62+c = 0
* az2 +bz+c =0
. . . (2 )
Equation(1)and(2) must be identical,
as their rootaresame= 3 = 9 = 9.
abc
lllustration 6.
Let 21,22,Zsb threedistinctcomplexnumberssatisfying
-11. LetA, B,
la - 1l = lz2-11=14
and C be the points representedin the Argand plane correspondingto 21, 22 and zs
respectively.Provethatz;zr+7, = 3 if and onlyif AABCis an equilateraltriangte.
Solution:
Ia -11= lz2-11=lzr-11
= The pointcorresponding
to 1(sayP) is equidistant
fromthe pointsA, B and C.
=+ P is the circumcentre
of the AABC
zt + zz + zs
Nowif z1+22t7,= 3 thenthe pointcorresponding
to centroidof the AABCi"
- 1
3
= circumcentre
andcentroidcoincide= A ABC is equilateral
Conversely
if A ABC is equilateral,
then centroidis the sameas the circumcentre
i.e. p.
z1+22+23
=1= z t + z z * z g = 3 .
H encecentroid
3
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I
RSM-91 1-P3-MA-ComPlex Number

10

number'
showthatlez+ s)(Jt - i)l= J-slzz+ 5l'wherez is a comptex
lf zr and22?rQ two complex numbers such thatlzi
ar!21-2r$Z2=2nn,n

= lz'l + lzt - z2l' show that

el'

l fn isanyinteger,then(cose+ is in 0 )n = c o s n e + is in n 0 ' T h is is k n o wn a s De Mo i v r e ' s T h e o r e m .

Remarks:
+
and equatingthe realpartto cosnoand
Writingthe binomialexpansionof ( cos 0 isin0 )n
the imaginaryPartto sin n 0 , we get
n crcosn-20sin20+ n c* cosn-4
0sin4e+""""'
cosn 0 = cosi 0-

n
esineSinno = Cl COSn-1

n C5CoSn-S0Sin5 0""""
n CaCOSn-3
0Sin3 0+

is cosno+i sinno'
(cos0+isin0)n
lf n is a rationalnumber,thenone of the valuesof
p' q haveno commonfactor'Then(cos0
>
Let n = p/q,wherep and q are integers(q 0) and
+
+ i sin0)nhasq distinctvalues,oneof whichis cosnO i sinn0'
tlfz=r(cos0+isinO),andn is a p o s it iv e in t e g e r' t h e n
r
ekn+0*irin 2 k n * 0
l, k = 0 , 1 , 2 , . . . . . n _ 1 .
zltn=r1lnlcosan
fl l
valuesof k will servethe purpose'
n" notedthatany'n' consecutive
Hereit
""n

Applications of De Moivre's Theorem:

Herewe will discussfew of thesewhich

theoremand hasvariousapplications'
This is a fundamental
pointof view'
are importantfromthe examination

The nh Root of UnitY:

Let x be nth rootof unitY.Then
=
+ 0)+ isin(2kn+ 0)
xn = 1 = 1+ i.0= cosOo+ isin0o cos(2klt

= cos2kn+ isin2kn
2kn
2k*
+ isin
3 x=
nn
"or

(wherek is an integer)
k = 0 t , 1 , 2 , ' . ' . . ' n -1 .

isin?1.tnen the nth rootsof unityare c't

nn
"o"?1+
'
i.e.thenthrootsof unityare1'o'ct2"""ctn-1
(l=0,1,2,....n-1),

Let o =

l
tu-'

RSM-g11-P3-MA

Sum of the Roots:

= 1-on =0 + l" o r ? ! n = 0 a n d| " in ? E = o
1 +a + .- '* ....+on-r
t-u
n
n
a
ffi
Thusthesumof the rootsof unityis zero.

Productof the Roots:

n(n-1)
zn
2r)"[";ll =
. =(
s rn -J
c o s { n (n1_)} +i s in { ru _(n1 )}
[cos-+r
n(n-1 l

= -1

ff n is even, uT
n(n*1)

= 1.

lf n is odd, aT

Remarks:
r

The pointsrepresented
by the 'n' nth rootsof unityare
locatedat the verticesof a regularpolygonof n sides
inscribedin a unit circlehavingcentreat the origin,
one vertex being on the positive real axis
(Geometrically
represented
as shown).

Guberoots of unity :
For n = 3, we get the cuberootsof unityand theyare
21
4n
l, cos2.! + i sir1- and cos4n
T * I, s^,in f :i.-e . 1 ,
3
x'
-1+ iJ3 _ , -1- iJ3
and
. They are generallydenoted
2
2
by 1, ar and ro2and geometrically
represented
by the
verticesof an equilateral
trianglewhosecircumcentre
is theoriginandcircumradius
is unity.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)

o3=1and1+o+r,r2= 0
1+ ( l) n+ ( l) 2n= 3
(n is a multiple
of 3)
1+ c , ln+ c o2n= 0
(n is an integer,nota multiple
of 3)

lllustration 7.
Sotvethe equation z7 + I = 0 and deduce that

(i)
''/

---7

Iilt)

.r3n5n1
s/n-srn-srn14
14

7
"o"!ro"!"or?
7
14

= -!,

= -.
I'

ti)
"

cosLc 3n

14o"*"otu=

5r

J7
a',

(iv) tan'z
= S.
f4+tan2
,Y*r"n'ff

Solution:
z7+1=O
The rootsare-1 , cf,,cf,3,o5, d , a3, crs. Where cr= c o s - + rs t n 77

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c os ?+i s i nf ,cr u =c o s T + is in f
c r3=
Now z7+l = (z+1X z -c r)(z -d Xz -o " ' S 1 z -4 3 )(z -o u ; 1 2 -4 5 ;
=t:!:

{r'

-('+cr)z + a c r}

{ r'

-(o u + 4 5 )+ o u u u }

(= u ' 2 5 + 2 4 -2 3 + 22 -z+ 1)

=(r'-z=

* ,)(* -r= .o'f .t)(='-"

"orf

=2cos],
[sincea+cr
z6 +1

="

z5 +z
--V-*

ad=11

2 4 + 22

-7z3

-zzcos!* 'tl
-zzcosl+t
Ir' -zr"o"]., ll z2
llz'
/

:;

(1)

*'?.,

?n

\/

t,-,t

l'l[

'Jt

/\

\f

=["*+)(o.]).('.:)-'
-'*'?]
={[=.
1)
])-'*"7]('.
])-,*"]]('.

o,,

-'['.
[,.:)'

:)

-[ ' .

. ' . (' . )-'

)'

=[=*)-r*"1)(,.
:-'*'?)
:-'*'+)('.
Letz+ ! =2x
z

weset,8x3
- 6x+* * 2+2x-1='(" - ""t+X- - t"t +)[' ""tT)
or, 8x34x2 4x+ 1

=r(*-"*+)["-*"+)('-*'?)

. . .( 2)

8x3-4x2-4x+ 1 = 0
theequation
.. .or|, eosf anOcosf aretherootsof
ot roots= -*
.'.Product

.'.cosf..o.f ' "o"f =-;

(ii) Puttingx = - 1 in (2),weget.

3n)l
+*'+)[''.*.+](,..".?)
-a-4+4+1=-a
[r
.or'# * to'ff"o'ffto'ff=t{
cos'ff
7=8'cos'
or,
f4

0.#,
stnce

#,

#.;,

-vesisn
werejectthe

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

5n = j7
--- T.cos3n
.'.cos*
g .
U"o"U
(iii)Puttingx = 1 in (2),we get,

8-4-4+1=8 -*";)[,.-*"+)(. -*"+) =o

["
,1
asin2 !1sin2A or. sina s'
or,
^,^
-'-n5r = ta
n3nsr
' 1=82sin2
14
14
14
14 14 14
sinceo < a. 3r . 5n Tc werejecr
me_vestgn
14 14. 14. r,
si n a si n 9 1 si n 5=n 1 .
14 14 14 8
(iv)tan] tan$ t"n$ = 1t8/ r- - = +. we have(1),
1 4 1 4 - 1 4 /,17t8 J7

=(., - zzcosl
.',)(o- zzcos!
. r)(o- zzcosl +t)

Lelz=

...(3)

1+Y
1-y .

#].,
=(!!,)' -r(!+J['-t""
z, -2zcos!*.,
_
t
tr v/[r+ta n 2
#)

\ 1 _ v)

z(t. v')(t.t',
h)- z( - v,)(t- t^,

#)

(t-v)'
(,."",#)

.'.Putting
==
(1+ v)7

ffi.t

in (3),weget

26cos2
+tan2ff
ftcos"ff"o"'
#(r, +tan2
fi
#)(r +tan2*)(n
*)(n *t^n'!)

1+Y , t
I

(r- v)u

-T

1-y
.'. Equatingcoefficient
of yafrombothsides,we get

)('"^*'co)=z[t"n'
fr+tan2#."u
#)
=s.
.'.tan2
fr+tan2ft+tan2ff
J,lltCC

LH.' ErrrJEE House)9=t+ t61!a:?n|!r

?rvarylya

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Logarithmof ComPlexNumber:
+ = + ib
ln orderto findlog(x+ iy),we writelog(x iy) a
...x+iy=ga+ib=e"lcosb+is in b ] = e " (c o s (2 k n + b )+ is in (2 k n + b ))
=y
= x ande" sin(2kn+b)
.'.e"cos(2kn+b)
Sofvefor a andb, ;. eu^= f * f
1^4
(y/x)'
+ y21,tan(21n+51=
ol' r=
)tntx'
valuesof a and b are referedto as principlevalues
when k = 0, corresponding

*ib
Methodto Find (x + iY)" :
*'o
Forevaluating(x + iy)" we write,
c+id=(x+iy)"*ib
.'. log(c+ id)= (a + ib).log(x+ iY)
+iv)'
+
+ = e(a ib)ros(x
Nowevaluatelog (x + iy) andthensolvec id
Illustration8.
117 = (1+itan a)1*i,thenfind the magnitudeof z'
Solution:
('t +i tanct)1*i =

"(1+i)'ln(1+itano)
cosc)+i(ct-lncosct)
coscr) =
c) 'cos
"-(o+ln
"t,*,).'nt"cosct)'"(1+iXio-ln
=
lzl
"'
"-(cr+ln

Find the integral solution of the equations:

(1 -i1 n = 2 '
(b )
(t*['=(-i)n ,
@

Ifx,=

"osfr*isinfr,

provethatxizxg
"' o=-7'

lf a, B are the rootsor rn" equation*'

X + 1= 0' prove that

on +Fn=zn*l.cosT.
If a andB are the
"o^pt",

cube rootsof unity,show thatoo*/*o'f'=o',

of
ll z andz' aretwo complexnumbersthen argument
which Oz' must be turnedin
! it tn" angle through
z
orderthatit maYlie alongOz'

z - lzleis- ltl
='E1,
z' lr'|"'t' l='l"'tr-r') lz'l",o
ttttl"

't5

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

In general,let 21,22,zs, be the three verticesof a

triangle ABC describedin the counter-clockwise
sense. Draw OP and OQ paralleland equal to AB
and AC respectively.
Then the point P is z2- 21 and
Qisz3-z1and
zz-zt
OQ.
= -(cos0.+ isin cr)
zz -zt
OP'
=

CA' o'o,-

lz^-z,
lI
-l
o
|

alo

BA

:
lzz-zt |
Notethat arg.(zs- zt) - arg(22-zi = ct is the anglethroughwhichOP mustbe rotatedin the anticlockwise
direction
paralleltoOe.
so thatit becomes
z::+
=3:?!"-i(2n-a)
Herewe can write
also.In this casewe are rotatingop in ctockwise
zz -zt
lzz - zt I
direction
by an angle(2n- a). Sincethe rotationis in clockwise
direction,
we aretakingnegative
sign
withangle(2n- a)
lllustration 9.
Consideran 'n' sided regularpolygon with the origin as it's centre. tf zr be the complex
numberrepresentinga vertex41, of the polygon,find the complexnumber associatedwith
the vertexthatis adjacentto 41.
Solution:
Vertexadjacentto 41 is either42 or An.Let z2 andzn representthe vertices &
respectively.
Considering
the rotationaboutthe origin,we get
2-:

z t -0

=A.''n'n

l =rl

and An

2nln

"i2ntn

+ zz= 21 gi2"ln
Similarfy, \ =
+ zn = z,e-i2ntn
z1 "-i'ntn

lllustration 10.
Complex numbers 21,22,23 are the veftices A, B, C respectively of an isoscetesright angled
triangle with right angle at C. Show that (21- z)' = 2(zr - zs)(zs- z).

Solution:
In the isoscelestriangleABC, AC = BC and BCJ-AC.lt meansthat AC is rotatedthrough
anglenl2 to occupythe positionBC.
Hence we have.

Z, - =t
zl-zz

= e*inr2= +i

) zz -zs = +i(zt - zz)

> zZ+zl -zzrz, = -G?+ zA-2z,zr)

+ zl + z| - 22,2, = 22,23+ 2zrz, - 22,2, - 2z!

= 2(4 - zr)(2, - zr)

= (21- zr)' = 2(zt - zr)(2, - zr)

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EI
RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-ComPlex Number

16

lllustration11.
Letzr and zz be the rootsof the equationz' * pz + q = 0, wherethe coefficientsp and q may
=
be complexnumber.LetA and B represent21and z2in the complexplane.lf ZAOB a * 0
and OA = OB, whereO is the origin,provethat
.
",9).
p-' = 4q 6os_
[ Z,r
Solution:
Z t + Z z - -P
artdzlz2= q .
Also zz = zla'o

...( 1)
. . .( 2)
. . .( 3)

A(zr)

Now p2 = (zt + z2)2= (21 + z1et")2

= 212(1* 2ei" + e''")
= qejo 1'l + 2d" * e''") = q(2 + e-'" * e'")

= +qcos't.
= q(2+ 2coso)
lllustration12.
lf 21,22,zs ond21,,z2',4' representthe vefticesof two similartrianglesABC and PQR'

prove
n"tl--L
;z'l >r'
then
respectivety
I
l':=l.l=+llz'
"v" 'J'
zb
rtl
-ztl
zi
I
I
lz,
I
I lr,
Solution:

Q(zz')

SinceAABCandAPQRaresimilar,ffi =;*

=0
andIBAC=zQPR

23-zt = 49
In A ABC,
'zz-zt
A B "'t

. . . (1 )

lnAPQR,
4-4= T"''
'zz-zi
PQ

. . . (2 )

zs - zt ==? -'i.
zz-z r z z -2 1
zl(22- zs)+ zz'(zs-zt) = zs'(zz-zt)
-+ lz'1(22-zs)+ zz'(zs-zll = lzs'(22-z1)l
- z1)l
> lz'{zz- ze)l+ lz/(zs- z)l2 lzs'(22
and(2),
From(1)
'/-"-\'"

I| z- 1 :, z- Z "-z- Jlrl .l z |
lzr-zt

zi

lz z -z t

z s - 4 1, . 1

-,

zi

', ..l
'l
| l " - " 1 >t
'i 1|l=,-,=
-l l zz-4
| zL I lzz- ztl I ze I
-.rl | =LI lr'-.1.,
lz
l=,
l2z-2, | . t I - lr r - = ,1| zL I
= l-

ffig-+

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RSM-91 !-P3-MA-Complex Number

17

tf zl +z2rxzrzrcos?=0, prove that the points represented

by 4, zz and the
origin form an isosceles triangle.
lf A,B,C represent the complex numbers 21,22,zs respectivelyon the complex

t)
ii)

planeand the anglesat B andC are each equal

to !1o -a), thenprove that
'
2\
(22- 4)2 = 4(zs- z)(a - z) sinzal2-

Secfion Formula:
Let z1 and z2 be any two complexnumbersrepresenting
the
pointsA and B respectively
in the argandplane.Let C be the
pointdividingthe linesegmentAB internally
in the ratiom : n i.e.
t
19 = , and let the complexnumberassociatedwith pointC
BCn
be z.
Let us rotatethe line BC aboutthe pointC so that it becomesparallelto CA. The corresponding
z'r z
=E1-4"'n= !1-t1
equationof rotationwill be,
zz -z lzz-z l
n'
) t17 :1- n z=-mz2+ mz +z-

nz1+mz 2
m+ n

-rrrzz
Similarfyif C(z)dividesthe segmentAB extemallyin the ratioof m:n,then==AZt
ln the specificcase,if C(z)is the mid pointof AB then z =tt

*=='
2

lllustration 13.
lf 21,z2and zs (in anticlochuisesense)represenfsthe vefticesof a triangle,find the centroid,
incentre,circumcentreand the ofthocentreof the triangle.
Solution:
Let G be the centriodand let the linejoiningA
and G meet the line BC at the point D. We
have,BD=DC
D=Zzlzg

2
divides
AD internallyin ratio2 : 1
G
2(zz+ zs)
_.
=G=

' -1

B(zr)

-2 1 + 2 2 + 23

D
(2, + zr\

lz

2+1
3
Let I be the incentreand let the line connectingA and I meetthe line BC at Dr. We have
B Dr A B _12,,-zrl
=
DrC A C lzt -zs I

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I
RSM-91 1-P3*MA-ComPlex Number

18

A l _ A B +A C - lz , -z rl+ lz r-z t l
BC
tDr
lz z -z s I
ztlzt-zrl+zrlz t -z z l
+Drlz.,-zzl+lz, -z t I
o1(l zr - zs | + | zr - zz l) + z, I z, -z s I
ano l=
I z, - zz | + | zt - zs | + | zz - zs
C(2.)
Dr
B(zz)
z, I z, - z, | +zz I zt - zs | +zs I zt -.zz I
_
I zt-zzl+lzt-zsl+ lz z -z t l
A and O meetthe lineBC at Dz'
andlet the lineconnecting
Let 'O' be the circum-centre
A(zr)
BD" sin2C
we have
or"= *r28
sin28+ sin2C
. AO = -B(zz
c(2.)
ano
s''n2A
oD2
+
,.^ = zzsin2B+zssin2C
< vz
^ ^
sin 28 + sin 2C

and

D^ (sin 28 + sin 2C) + z', sin2A

u-

2.,sin 2A + z, sin 29 + zt sin 2C

sin2A+ sin2B+ sin2c

m2 C

Let 'P' be the orthocentreand let the line connectingthe

pointsA and P meet the line BC and

Dg.

BD. = tanC
tanB
Dp
, AP tanC+ tanB
ano
tanA
PDe
zrlanB + zrtanC
+De
tanB+ tanC
D. (tanB+ tanC)+z,'tanA

we have'

'. ; .
tanA+tanB+tanC
zntan A + z, tanB + z. tan C
tanA+tanB+tanC

anoP=

Condition for Collineariry:

n such that tz'r + rfizz + fizt = 0 and
ff there are three real numbers (other than 0) /, m and
z3will representcollinearpoints'
I + m + n = 0 then complexnumbersz1,7:2eltld

Equation of a straight line:

rE quationofstraight|in e -wit h t h e h e |p o f c o o rd in a t e g e o me t ry :
Y -Y r = * -* '
re -a rra n g in g t e rm s , w e f i n d t h a t
in
Writing*=t12, ' y' =+ e t c .
2i
Y z -Y t x z -x t " n d
2
the equationof the line throughzl and z2 is given by

z-zt = t-=,
zz-zt 2, -4

lzz
o , l= n
lq*,

z
zj.,

1
1 =0.
1
*w

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Equationof a straight line with the help of rotation formula:

LetA(zr)and B(22)be any two pointslyingon any
line and we have to obtain the equationof this
line. For this purposelet us take any point C(z)
lyingon this line.
/- \
S incearq
|'-"
|=oorn,
lzz-zr)
z-z't
z-z,t
=. . . . (1
. )
zz-zt 2z-4
This is the equationof the line that passesthroughA(zr)and B(22).After rearrangingthe
1
lzz
-0 .
terms,it canalsobe put in the followingform,lz, 4
lzz 22
Generalequationof the line:
(1)we get, z(2, -4) - =r2"+ z,t4 =2t=, - zr) - 42, + zr4
Fromequation
+ z(2, - A\ *2(zr - zr) + 42, - 2,,2,= Q
numberas 42" -ztzz =2ilm(4=r).
Here42, -ztZz is a purelyimaginary
Let 4zr-ztZz= ib, b e R
= z(2, - A) * Z(zt - zr) + ib = 0 =+= i (4 - z2)+ A (2, - z1) + b = 0
Let a = i(22-z)= a :i(a -zr)
* za+za+b:0
Thisis the generalequationof a linein the complexplane.
Slopeof a given line :
z by x + iy,we get
Letthe givenlinebez6+-za+b = 0 . Replacing
(x+ iy)a + (x-iy)a + b =0+ (a + a )x + iy (e -a )+ 6 = g .
2R e (a ) _ Re (a )
a+a
= -ItS SiOpe iS =:;------=i
'
lm(a)
r(a- a) 2i2h(a)
-za
to theline za +-za+b = 0 is za + +)" = 0
of a lineparallel
Equation
(wherel, is a realnumber).
lineza +-za+b=0isza --za+i l, =0
of a lineperpendiculartothe
Equation
(where2vis a realnumber).

Equation of PerpendicularBisector:
Considera line segmentjoiningA(21)and B(zz).Let
bisector.
the line'L' be it's perpendicular
'L',
point
have
we
on the
lf P(z)be any
pA = pB tlz-zl
=lz-z2l
=
*lz-zi2
lz-zrl'
+ (z-.r) (Z-.'t)= (z-22)(Z -z r)
= ZZ.- ZZ1- 2,,2+ 2,2, = ZZ- ZZ, - Zr2 + Zr2,
= z(2, -4)*2(=, -2,)+z ' t 4 -z z z z = 0

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RSM-"911"-P3-MA-ComPlexNumber

20

Distance of a given point from a given line:

Let the given line be {a +2a + b : 0 , and the given pointbe z"'
SaYz" = Xc+ iYc'
Replacingz by x+iy, in the givenequation,
we get,x(a +a) + iy(a-a) + 6 = I
Distance of (x",y") from this line is,

l x.(a+ a )+i y"(a- a )+ol

za + Z a +b = 0

,l

lzca+zca+ol

+ a(im(a))'z
+(ne(a;)'z

(a+5)2-("-a)'

_ lz.a+2".a+bl .
2lal
a linepassingthroughzowith slopetanO'(makingangle0 with the
arg (z-zd = 0 rePresents
positivedirectionof x-axis)

lllustration14.
1+z
lie on one or other of two fixed
1-z

tf lzl = 1, then prove that the pointsrepresentedby

perPendicular straight Iines.
Solution:
Sincelzl = 1. z lies on a unit circlehaving
centreat theorigin'
(l+z\
n
.3 n
='r'o'*Z

tu

"tsIr_ rJ

1+ z =
keiil. or kei3dz

A(-I

I,

r.\

1-z
wherek is a realparameterand its value
of z'
uponthe Position
dePends

=
Letcr

lE+,,

\1+z'.
\
5T/ Z

1-z
B(1,0)
1-z.r"/
1/

--/ .P'(z)

= fi einr+or.
fi
"'too

lines'
= a lieson oneor otherof thetwo perpendicular
Illustration
of
where6 istne complexconiugate
ir*oz =c, b *0 be a tine inthecomprexprane,
of a pointzzthroughthe tine,then showthatc = Zrb+ zz| '
b. lf zt is the reflection
Solution:
" " ' (1 )
Thegivenline bz+bZ = c ,
bisectorof the line
b + 0 is the perpendicular
joiningthe Points21?trd22.
Thenlz - ziz = lz - zrlt
(z-z) (2 - 2,) =(z-zr)(Z - Zz)

= c, b+0

Q(zr)

z(22 -Z)* 2(22- z',1+

l.,l' - l=rl'=0'..(2)
(1)and(2) arethesame.Therefore
b

2, -2,
ffit-+

=-- : -= k (s a y )

zz- zt l.rl' -l=,1"

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oto Ph 26515949, 26569493, Fax 26573942

RSM-91 1*P3-MA*Complex Number

21

z , ) -k (lz rl' -lz l' )

Nowb4 + 6zz- c=k(zz-ziZ t + lc z z (Z-2

= nl=yo-lr,l' *lrrl' - zz4-lrrl' *l=,1'l=0= b4+62,= c,.

i)

lf lzl = 2, then show that the porlfs representing the complex numbers -1 + 5z
lie on a circle.

ii)

lf z= 2 * 1* it[g-12 , where t is reatand( < s, show thatthe modulusof '*7.

z-1
is independent of t. Also show that the locus of the points z for different values
of t is a circle and finds its centre and radius.

Equation of a Circle:
Considera fixedcomplexnumberzs and let z be any complexnumberwhichmovesin sucha way
thatit'sdistancefromzsis alwaysequalsto'r'. Thisimpliesz wouldlieon a circlewhosecentreis zs
and radiusr. And it's equationwouldbe lz -zol= 7.
= lz -zsl2= f + e - zs)(2 - zo)= 12 = z2 - zzo - zzl + zozo- 12= 0 .
L e t- a = Zooltdzozo-r2 = b = zz+ a Z+ a z + b : 0 .
It represents
the generalequationof a circlein the complexplane.

Remarks:
t

zz.+aZ+az+b=0representsa circlewhose centre is -a and radiusis Jaa-b.

ThuszZ+a2+az+b = 0, (b e R)re p re s e nat sre a lc irc le
if a n do n ly if a a -b > 0 .

Now let us considera circledescribedon a line.segment

AB, (A(21),B(22))as its diameter.
Let P(z) be any point on the circle.As the angle in the
semicircleis nl2. IAPB = nl2
( =n- z)
.^
:+ afg
-z)
\zz

A(zr)

B(zz)

t-"
t-=t
* :=L =o
is purelyimaginary
=
z-zz
z -z z
Z- Zz

+ (z - .r)(Z -2r) + (z - zr) (2 -21) = 0

r

Let z1 and z2 be two given complex numbers and z be any

, ,:jLl=
complexnumbersuch that,arg | o , *her" ae(0, ru).
\z-zz)
Then 'z' would lie on an arc of segmentof a circle oo 2122,
containingangle cr.Clearlyif cr,e (0, nl2),2 would lie on the
major arc (excluding the points 21 and z) and if
a e (n12,7t).'z' would lie on the minor arc(excludingthe
pointsz1 and z2).

Note:
The sign of o determinesthe side of zl 22otl which the segmentlies.
Thus a is positivein fig. (1) and negativein fig. (2)

GllltCC Ltd., FrruEE uouse,2g-A, Kalu sarai, sarvapriya Vihar, New Dethl -tto

fis.( 1)
A(zz)
A(zz)

B(zr)

B(zr)

ris.(2)

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Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateral such that

A(21),B(22),C(23)and D(z+)lie on a circle' Clearly

D(a

lA+lC=n
(zo -2,,\

(=, -."\

*sl#,)+ars\-:---.

)=

n-

-=,\(._z_:z)=*
_ aro
?o
-21)\24 -4
\zz
24 -z't

>

.22

-23

zz-z't z+-zl

A(zt

is purely real.

ThuspointsA (zr),8(2 , ), C(z a )a n d D(z + )(t a k e n in o rd e r)wo u |d b e c o n c y c | i c i f

(=o- =,)(., - zs) ,^
-PurlYral'
(zz-z'r)\z+-zs) 'o
given point:
Equation of tangent to a given circle at a
tangentat A(zr)'Let us takeany
Let lz - zsl=r be the givencircleano we haveto obtainthe
pointP(z)on thetangentlineat A(21)'
Clearly IPAB= nl2

=-=''
ispurelvimasinary.
I=,n,, = iaa
z o-z ' r
-=.

' ng(
''\=o

'-='' * !:-1- =g
zo -z'r zo - 4

(z- zi (4 -A) * G -4)Go - 4) = o

,. B1a)
I
I
l

', az

=0
=(4 -2r)*2(=o -2 . )+ z ' , 4 -z t Z o+ 2 , 2 ,-4 z o
-ztzo -Zzo =0
+ z(4 -Z)*2(.o -zr)+2lz',12
= r, equationof the tangenl al z = Zt would be,
ln particularif given circle is lzl
=2r2 .
A +zt=zlzl2

andz is an
given complexnumbers
ftlz-=.|=^ (^ e R*,r + 1),where21 end22 are
lz-zzl
arbitrarycomplexnumberthenz wouldlie on a circle'

b<planation:
and
Let A(21)and B(22)be two given complex numbers
P&
P(z) be any arbitrarycomplex number' Let PAr and
IAPB
angle
of
be internal and extemal bisectors
=
respectively.Clearly lA2PAl nl)'

Ap l=-=.1lZ_Ztl=
l" (say)

trto wg'p =

Vq=

l .-rrl

of l' : 1 internallyand externallyrespectively'

Thus pointsAr and Az woulddivideAB in the ratio
it's diameter.
HenceP(z) would be lyingon a circlewithAr& being

nt*t
f|lllcc

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

23

Note:
lf we take'C' to be the mid-pointof A2A1,it canbe easilyprovedthatCA.CB= (CAr)2i.e.lz7
zollzz-=ol= f , wherethe pointC is denotedby zs and r is the radiusof the circle.
lf l, =1 > lz - z,tl= lz - zrl henceP(z)wouldlie on the rightbisectorof the line A(21)and
B(22).Notethat in this case21and22e,re,
the mifforimagesof eachotherwith respectto the
rightbisector.

I
r

lllustration16.
z-i
lf q = :---,
z+l

showthat, when z lie.sabove the real axis, a will lie within the unit circle which

hascentreat the origin.Findthe locusof a as z travelson the real axisfrom- mto +o.
Solution:
From figure,it is clear that lz -il < lz +il (as z lies
abovethe realaxis).
lz-il
=lal=H.t
lz+tl
> a lieswithinthe unitcirclewhichhascentreat the
origin.
Nowif z is travellingon the realaxis lm(z)= 0 and Re(z)varies from -ooto +m.
Letz= x + i0
x-i
=

-----

x+l

lx-il

+lal=

lx-il= lx + il V x e R.
lx+tl
-=1(as
= o moves
on the unitcirclewhichhascentreat the origin

lltustration17.
lf 21,22,ft Qracomplex numberssuchthat 2 -- l- * J- , showthat the pointsrepresented
21

22

23

by 21,22,4lie on a circlepassrngthroughthe origin.

Solution:
SinceP(21),Q(zz),R(zs)and S(za)are concyclicpoints,ZpSe = ZpRe
22-24

+arg.

zt-z+
f/

=arg22-zg
z,t-zg
\/

\-l

4-zsll= o
="rsll='-'o
11
- zq
-zs

)\zz
))
L\zr
- =t)
- =o)
= ," ,
= \=,
.(z',
\zt-zc) lzz-ze)
zz.zt-z t
-r"^1
lf 4=g+i0,then
21 zZ-zS
wehave

jlllt3c

2
1*1
z'tzz
=
frorwhichz". z1 z2 23
22, -2,

LH.. FITTJEEHouse,2g-+ Kalu Saral, Sarwapn'ya Whar, New Delhi -tt|

. . . (1 )
. . . (2 )

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From(1)and(2),

,r*
z1

z1 -

z.'

22, - z, =
real

z'rzt
-

2 2 , -2,

Zc- Zt
,
= reat
+ I = real,whichis true.
=
- ---*
2
2(2, -2,)
theoriginareconcyclic'
z1,22,z3and
Therefore
AlternativeSolution:
2=1*1
_1
=1_1=1

z1

z2

Z t -z ' t
-=ztzz
-

23

21

z2

zg

21

z t-z s
ztzz

22
z c -z t
--:------] = -23
z l -z t

(z'\
(-z\=* ."*l.;,,l
=or=n-F>*+p=tr
' ^-^("-1)=",.o
- ( zs)
-^rnlT.,)
= PointsA, B, C, D are concYclic'
Illustration18.
bv
Plottheresionrepresented
:,

"-(#)=?

the Arsandptane'
'n

Solution:
= 2n13,clearly z lies on the
Let us take arg(4)
'\z-1 )
minorarcof thecirclepassingthrough(1,0) andC1'0)'
similarly, f 1+l = n/3 meansthat'z' is lyingon the
"g \z-1)
majorarcof the circlepassingthrough(1,0) and(-1'0)'
Nowif we take any pointin the regionincludedbetween
the two arcs,say P{zr),
(z + 1 \

'2n
w e s.eItt
AsarsIztJ=T

points(1,0) andC1,0)).
Z11l . ] ,"pr".entstheshadedregion(exctuding
Thus
..."- I <
3
3___\z_j)
"rof
Illustration19.
lf zt and 22dre two complexnumbers,thenprovethat
vk e R''
lz,-zrl's(1+k)lzl2+ 1t+K1)lzrl2
Solution:
>0 + (kz1+7r)(k2,+2r)>-0
l(k4+zr)12
0
= ( r,*pl1r,zr +2r),-0 as k > 0 = k l z , l' * |t = r l2 + 2 , 2 r+ 2 , 2 r>
k)
\.'
+ (1+ k)lzt 12+(1+ k-1)lz,l' > lz t 1 2+ lz , 1 2 -2 , 2 , -Z t z z
+ (1+ k) | zt 12+(1+ k-1)l zz 12>l z1- z2 l2'
-tto

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RSM-911-P3-MA-Complex Number

25

i)

Consider a square OABC in the Argand plane, wftere 'O' is origin and
A= A(2il, then show that equation of the circle that can be inscribed in this
| -t",i\ l
squareisZlz-'#i=lzol
Pertices of square are given in anticlackwise)

ii]

= k, then shaw that pointsA(2,), B{22),c(3, 0) and D(2, a}

r( =)(=)
\2-,,)\3-r,)
(taken in clackwisesenseJis lie an a circle for k > A

SomeImportanf Resulfs to Remember:

r

The trianglewhoseverticesare the pointsrepresentedby complexnumbers21,22,z3is

1
1
=6
equilateral
6-_
*
*--1
i.e. itzl+zf+zl=ztzz+2223+:.3:.1.
zz -zs
zl -zt
zt -zz

lz -zl + lz -z2l = 1., representsan ellipseif lz1 -z2l < 1",having the pointsz1 and 22as its
focii.And if lz1-z2l= 1", then z lies on a linesegmentconnecting\ end22.
lz-zl-lz-zr.l=l.,representsa hyperbolaiflzr-zzl>l.,having thepoints zlandz2asits
focii.And it lz1-z2l= 1,,z lies on the line passing through21?nd z2excludingthe points
between21 a,nd22.

Illustration 20.
Let z1 and zz be the complex roots of the equation 3l + 3z+ b = 0. tf the origin, together with
the pointsrepresented by z1 and z2 form an equilateral triangle then find the vatue of b.
Solution:
21,z:2,0 will be the verticesof equilateraltriangleif
z'f +zz2+ 02= ztzz+ Oz2+ Oz1+ 1 -?

i)
ii)

Fllttcc

=!
33

+ n = t.

lf far a carnplexnwmberz, I z * 1l + lz + 1l = 2, thensftour thatz lieson a line

segrnenf.
If z be any complex number such that l3z * 2l + l3z + 2l = 4, then shaw that
loeus af z is a line-segment.

Ltd., FTTTJEE
House,2g-+ Kalu Safai, Saruapriya Vihar, New Dethi -tAo ot,

ph 265t594,

2656949& Fax 26513942

RSM-91'!-P3-MA-ComPlex Number

26

Exercisel.
i).

(a)0=nn

ii)

iii)

(a)t (1- 3i)

(b)

o= nntf,wher enel

(b)

,( x - v, i)
=[t
t- t)

Exercise2.
iii).

-160.

Exercise3.
iXa). n=4k, kel

(b)n=0

Exercise5.
ii)

centreis (2, 0) and radius= J5

ffiu+

Katu sarai, saryaprtya vihar, ilew Dethi -tto

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26573942

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

27

GOTGTPT
TORITUII
[I GIITGT
Properties of Modulus and Argument
c lz1+22+... +znl< lzil + lzrl + ... + lznl
.
lzt - z2l> llal - lz2ll
.
lzt+ z2l?= (zt + zr)(2t + 2z)=lz.,l2+ ltl'*.,72+
c arg(z4z) = arg(4) + ary(22)
. arg (z1lz2)= arg(z) - arg(22)

zzZt

De Moivre's Theorem :lf z= r(cos 0 + isin 0), and n is a positiveinteger,then

2kn+0
2krc+01
1t^ .,^f
" . =0,1,2,.....n_1.
2"" =t"" lcos-+isin-"-l,k
LNNJ
The nth Root of Unity
Let xbe the nth rootof unity.Then xn =1=cos2kn+isin2kn
2kn
2kr
-1.
3 X = cos-"" + isin-'"" k = 0,1,2,....,n
nn

(wherek isan integer)

Let cr= cos2-!+ isin?I.tnen the nth roots of unity are crt
nn
=
- 1),i.e.the nth rootsof unityare 1,a,a2,.....an-1
(t 0,1,2,....,n
.
sum of the Roots
1+a+

n-1
4 n
o'*....+on-1=1--o =0 =)I"or2kn=0

1-aftnft n

n .r
and lrin?E=O

Thusthe sumof the rootsof unityis zero.

Productof the Roots
1,a.a2.....crn-1=(-1)"(-1)= C1)n*,
Concept of Rotation : lf 21,22,zs, erathe threeverticesof a triangleABC describedin the counterclockwise sense.then
z q- z t
O Q,
= _(COSc[
-__:_________.j_

zz-zt

OP'

+ tStnc)

CA

BA

,^ l z,-znl
i^
e'" = :___l____-l-r.
e'u

lzz-ztl
Note that arg (zs- z.) - arg(22- zi = o is the anglethrough
which OP must be rotatedin the anti-clock-wise
directionso
that it becomesparalleltoOQ.

,,.,P*,

GeometricalApplications:
Condition for Collinearity
lf there are three real numbers(otherthan0) l, m and n such that lz1+ fizz* 1123
= Q and l+ m + n =
0 then complexnumberszl,22etldz2willbe collinear.
Equation of a Straight Line
.
Equation of a straight line with the help of rotation formula:
Let A(21) and B(22)be any two points lying on any line and we have to obtainthe
equation of this line.For this purposelet us take any point C(z) on this line
/
.
Z-2"
{z-zt\
^ or r-; z-2, '==---:-.
slnceargl-l=u
zz-zt
Zz-Zt
\zz-zt,)
jrlltcc

Ltd,, FTTTJEE
House,2g-+ Katu sarai, saruapriya vihar, New Delhi -7zo otO ph 26st5g4g, 26s6g4gL Fax 265tgg42

E=

Generalequationof the line:

(1)we get za+-za+b= 0 '
Fromequation
and ib = Z z 2 -2 . 2 r,b e R
wheree=i(4-l)
plane'
Thisis the generalequationof a linein the complex
Slopeof a givenline:
ne(a)
=lI za+-za+a = 0 is thegivenlinethenitsslope t("')
b = 0 is zd +-za+ l' = 0
Equationof a lineparallelto the line za +-za+
(wherel, is a realnumber)'
- _7a+ i1.= 0 .
to the line za +-za+b= 0 is za
Equationof a lineperpendicular
(wherel, is a realnumber)'
Equationof PerpendicularBisector:
bisector'
Letthe line'L',be it's perpendicular
considera linesegmentjoiningA(21)and B(22)'
= PB'
lf P(z)be any pointon the'L',we havePA
=lz-z2l
=lz-zl
=
+ z(2, - a\ +z(2, - zt)+ 2.4 - zr2, o
Distanceof a given point from a given line:
givenpointbe z" thendistanceof z" fromthis
Letthe givenlinebe za+-za+b=0 , andthe
lz^a+z^a+ol
lineis--r:#'
zPl
.l

Equationof a Circle
its centreat zsis lz-zsl= r'
Equationof a circleof radiusr and having
_ 12'
=
_^) = f2> fi. + az +62+b = 0, where_ ? = 7o andb zo4
> |z_zo|,= f * ( z - zi (z
plane'
the generalequationof a circle in the complex
It represents
oE quationofacircledes c rib e d o n a |in e s e g me n t A B , (A (2 1 ), 8 (2 2 ))a s d i a m e t e r i s
(z-z)(2-2r)*(t- zr ) (7 -4 )= o '
oLetzlA fidzzbetwogiv e n c o mp |e x n u mb e rs a n d z b e a a n y c o mp |e x n u m b e r s u c h t h a t ,
(lieon thearcof a circle'
- \
arol'-"
l=a,where a e (0,n).Then'z'will
\z-zz )
Then
o

circle'
that A(21)'B(22)'c(4) and D(a) lie on a
Let ABCD be a cyclic quadrilateralsuch
(zo -2.).(zr-zt)
is purelyreat.
(zr-2.)(zo-2")

Some lmportant Resultto Remember

z. 22'zs ts
-^--,^-. numbersz1'
points representedby complex^..*hara
r The trianglewhose verticesare the

e q u i l a te razz-zg
l i fl ++-zs-zt
.= +=0i'2't-72
' ' itzl+z?' + z!:zlzz+ 2223+zsz1'
C|z-21|+|z_:,12|=l,,representsane||ipseif|21_22|<x,havingthepoints4andzzasits
line segmentconnectinQ 21 and z2'
foci. And iI lz1-z2l= 1" then z lies on a
.|z_2.|-|z_zz|=^,,representsahyperbo|aif|2.,_2,|>},,havingthepointsz,tAndz2aSits
the points
in" tin" passing through zt and z2 excluding
foci. And if lz1-z2l= 1.,the z lies on
between 21 artd 72'

ttt"ot

f||?lcc

29

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

Pn0Bfirs
s01$D
Subjective:
Problem 1.
lf iz3+ / - z + i = 0, then showthatlzl=1.

Solution:
iz3+ 22-z+ i= 0
By substitutingz = i in the equation,we get 0 = 0
Hence z-i is a factorof iz 3+ 2 2 -z + i
+ iz21z-i) - 1(z-i) = 0 = (t - 1) (z-i1 = g
Eitherizz-1 = 0 or z- i= 0
1 J O ' * 1 2= 1 .
W henz-i= 0,2=i ;.lzl = | 0 + i. 1 =
W heniz2-1=0,22=1=-i

= 1 + l= ' l= 1 o r lz l= 1

.'l tl =l o-1.i 1= !6'* (l F

.'. In anYcasewe have lzl = 1.

Problem 2.
<Ml-lwl)t + ( argz-argw)2.
tf lzl<1,lwl <1, showthatlz-vn1'
,

I
{

Solution:
Let us considera unitcirclewithits centreas the
originLet ZAOX=0rdnd IBOX= 0z
.'. arg(z)= 0r ?ndarg(w)= 02
z =OA , w=OB

on
NowinA oAB;coso = t f t]_oet1: tBAl'z
2 t o nt t o e l'
t_t2

t_t2

t_t2

= lenl=loAl+loal-2loAlloBlcoso
+lz-w

=(lzl- lwl)' * qEl lwl sin2(e/2)

l2=lzl2* lwl'- 2 lzl lwlcosO

we knowtnat sing = 9 =[9)' > sin29

2
22
\2)
= (:i

>lzl lwl

sin29 [ s in c e lz ,l lwl< l, it is a u n it c irc le ]

Hencelz-wl' < (lzl- lwl)'* (a rg z -a rgw)2

Problem3.
(i) Prove thatthe polynomial x3n+ i:m+1+ v3k+2
is exactlydivisibteby f + x+ 1 if m, n, k are
non negativeintegers.
(ii) Showthatthepolynomialf sin0- p''1x sinne+pnsin(n-l)0 is divisibteby f-2px cosl+ p2.

Ltd., EIITJEE House,2g-+ Kala hnl,

'l']ntcc

sarraprita

whaq ilew Delhl -tto

olo Ph 26515949, 26569493, Fax 26513942

RSM-9 1 1 -P3-S[A-omPlex Number

30

Solutian:
(i) x2 + x + 1 = (x- rrr)(*-t'), where w is a cube root of unity'
+ We have to prove that x - roand x -co' are factorsof the polynomial'
Put x = rrt
+r3k+2=1+ro+(D2=0=(x-rrt) iSa faCtorof the polynomial
0)3n+o)3m+1
Put x = ro2
(Don+oom+2+rok+4 = 1+cD2+(D=0=x -ro2 is also afactor of the polynomial.
+ x3k+2is exactlydivisibleby x2 + x + 1'
Hence the polynomialx3n+ x3m+1
(ii)We can write, x'-2pxcosg + p'= (x- p(cosg+ ising))(x- p(cosg- ising))
given expression=
Gase-l x - p(coso + i sin0) is substitutedin the given expressionthe
isinO)sinn0+ pn(sinn-1 e )'
pn(cos0+
+ isinn0)sinOpn(cosnO
- cosn0sin0)]=g
sin0sinne)+(sinn0cos0
=pn[(cosnosin0+isinnesin0t(cososinn0+i
to show it equalto
expression
the
in
Gase- ll Likewise1= p(cosg- i sino)can be substituted
zero. Hence the result.
Problem4.
Find the complex numbersz which simultaneoustysatisfythe equations

l z - 1 z l - s l r - a l- '
|* Bil-s' lr - 81-''
Solufion:

* t' =x=6
f =(x-8)'
t"* l=l =,'= l=#l =' = (x-4)'+

Withx = 6,
5 | - 6+ iy I s
l z-1 2 1=_:
l z-a i l 3 1 6+ i( y- 8) l 3
=9 (3 6*f)=2 5 [36 + ( y- 8) ' ]=f - 25y+ 136= 0+ y=17,8'
arez = 6 + 17i,6+ Bi'
numbers
therequired
Hence
Problem5.

| .tl
z.
tf lzl > 3, thendeterminethe leastvalueof l,tzl* -l and the corresponding

Solufion;

rzr>3
vt-ttas
l'.:l-l'',-*l=
I'o-#l=

Let f(x) = 1-

L forx > 3
X

f'(x)=1*Iro
I

II
I

xfunction+ f(x).1nat x =3
increasing
is
+ f(x)

l -* 1 l -=l ' - -, 1l =
- 1 -= 8 .
- "3-5

l' 21,''llzllal,o*

3'

I
ffi"

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31

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

To find z: Let z = r eio,where r = 3.

=lr"''* 1"-''l=l9.o.e* 9,r,nrl

=I
rnen
lz* 1l
r
3
zl
t
I

13

/ro\2
,^ /g)2 .,^
/ a )2
/ t o )2
l -l
c o s -U + l -l
s l n -0 = l -l
= l -l
cos'e =l,9)'
cos2o+ cos' e= o
\.3/
\.3i
\31
\3/
\3/

+ 0=

= - 3i.

2'2

Problem 6.
ABCD is a rhombus.lts diagonalsAC and BD intersectat the point M and satisfyBD=2AC.
ItspointsDandMrepres e n t t h e c o mp le x n u mb e rs l+ ia n d 2 -ire s p e c t iv e l y . F i n d t h e
by A.
complexnumberrepresented
Solution:
LetA be (x,y)
lt is giventhatBD = 2AC+ MD = 2AM
to AM
AlsoDM is perpendicular
> (1-2)'+ (1+1)2= 4 l$-2)2+ (y+1)21...(1)

Y * 1 . 1 * l= - 1 + 2 (y+ 1 ) = x- 2
" n ox-2 1-2
s + 1 )2 =ll4
W ithx -2=2(y + 1),(1)giv e (y
=y= -112,-312= x=3, 1
+ A representsz = 3 - i12,or 1-3i12
Alternative Sol.
MD = 2AMandAM IDM i.e. ZAMD= nl2

= J:-(2:)-=

(1+i)-(2-i)

3Y
MD

"tT

= +it2> z-(2- i1= 1

iu'+ 2i\ > z= 3-il2or 1-3i12.

Problem 7.
Provethe followinginequalitiesgeometricallyand analytically:
tl

zl
@ l_Z_4<1arg
llzl I

(b)lz - 1l<llzl- 1l+ lzllarszl.

Solution:
(a) Thequantityzllzllieson a unitcirclecentredat the
ll

thatl= - I
lt isclear
origin.
izl I
= a= argz.
= AP < arc(AP)
thisgives
lf o is negative,
tl

put
13- rl< largzl.Toshowthisanalytically,
l l zl I
z = r(cosa+ isina),where
tl

r = lzl.rnenlS- tl = llcoscr
- 1)+ i sincrl
l l zl I
Jlfirce

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RSM-91 1-P3-MA-ComPlex Number

= l2(1 ' cosu)11/2

= [(coso - 1l' * sin2cr]1/2

= (o"rn'9)t"=
zl.ingl
2)

l '-

2l

tl

< e if e >0]
< 2lil = lcrl= largzl.[sin0
t2l

(b) Referringto the shown figure and using the result

of Part(a),

wehavelz- t1=AP< AQ* nf llzl- 1l+ lz-lzll

=l z -11<l l z l -1 l+lz lli- t l < llz l-1 l+lz lla r s z l.
IIZI I
resultas follows:
get
this
we
can
Analytically,
+
lz-11=lG-lzl)+ f lz l-, 1 )l< lz , -lz ll llz l- 1 l

-lz-

1 l+ lzlla r zl'
s
1 l <l l z l 1
- l+lzlft r l < ttzt-

Problem8.
Findz suchthatlz - 2 + 2il < 1 and z has
(ii) numericallyleast amplitude(i) least absolute value
Solution:
a circlewithcentre(2, (i) Givenequationrepresents
2) andradius1.
fromorigin
of lz - 2 + 2il= lwill be minimum
Distance
alongthe line which is normalto the circlepassing
throughthe origin,so it will passthroughthe centre
of thecirclealso.Op = 1Z,lZ_ 1)
OA = OP cos45'
andOB = OP sin45' so that
/-\

-1) .(zJ| -t\

12"t2

,lz

'l - l

Ivz

(ii) we haveto find the complexnumberz representby Q whereoQ is a tangentto the

; 1'-t
Nowsq= .6Eccf =Ei
circle.
= 1E *(2)\ =J7 .. lzl=trt.
zQox=-ltcox -t coQ'= - |]-rit-1;!-cl

''
,
- " -,"^,-'
a m p z=
- -1,,
=
l-l
l a -^:--1
s i n - ' p :2i .l=-(l- -rin-L)
2
1
2
)
>
[a - t' t' 2 Jz)
ll to
lzl {cos(amP z )+is in (a mP z )}

=z=

t( * - sin-'
n1)] isinl-[z
l("_. , . -, +lf l
= Jt- [*,1_[;
2J2
)))
dl+
l
f

/-

1
= vzl*'[i - sin-1
-

. . (n
-l 1 )'l
l- lslnl - - Sln ----= I | .

2J2)

ffit-+

\4

2.t2))

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oto Ph 265t594,

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--j

f,

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Com$ex

3!l

ilumber

Problem9.
Findthe commontangentsof the curuesR,(z)=lz - 2aJand jz - 4aj=9".
Solution:
Putz = x + iy in R" (z) = lz- 2aland lz - 4a[ = 3"
>\f =4a(x-a)and (x-4a )2+ f = (3 a )2
Tangentto f = 4a (x - a)
a
y=m(x-a)*
m
Forthis to be a tangentto (x - 4a)2+ f = P42
t^ l

el
lm(3a1+
ml =ga+a=3= , m = t *
l'
-J 3
'
m2

Also,the linex = a is a commontangentto boththe curves

Hencethe commontangentsare
12a-x2a
andt =
1=?'Y =
J a -J a
Jd*+ JT
t*'
2a
z
-Z
or,R" (z)= t,

2 J i- . f = z
z + z +4^= P-Z\Ji = 1z- lJdt
I
(1*..6 i)z + (1-J5 i)z + 4a=0.
(1-.F )z+ (1 +J5i )z + 4a= o.

PrablemlA,
suchthat
numbers
andp, q, r arerealnumbers
21,Zs Zsarecomplex
j

P2

Qt

,=T-L
,.Provethat
zz- Zs zs - 4
lzs- zrl lzr- zzl

E;1=

zr"- zz

=0.

Sotutton:
1rys6"u"--4-

l=,- =rl'

- (=, - zr)(a -zr)

g'
^
l=,-.,1'

,t
,,
l=,- =rl

= Q ' - f '=,

(., -.,)(2" -2,)

--r (say)

(r,,- =r)(q -zr)

) n 2 .2

P - =k(r" -Z .),:L=k( Zs

zz -zg

zs -zl

- q)'' ,_' _ = k( 4- =r )
zt -zz

= --p '--* -9 '= * -" - = k( zr - zs+zs- 4+ 4- + ) =0.

z g -z t
7 t-2 2
z z -z s

I
i

)
I
I

?lltt3g

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RSM-911-P3-MA-Complex Number

34

Objective :
Problem 1.
It arg (4) = arg(z), then
(B) zz= kz1 (k > 0)
(D) Noneof these

(A )z'=kz;1 (k > 0 )
(C) lztl = lZ t
Solution:

ztzt
=12.,l'2.,-1= arg(zi|)= ary(4) = arg(22)
= zz= kz',-11k> 01
7 ' 2.=
Hence(A)is the correctanswer.
Problem 2.
ff a > 0, a e R, z= a + 2i andzlzl - az + 1 = 0 then
(B) z is always a negativereal number
(A) z is always a positiverealnumber
(D) sucha complexz doesnot exist.
(C) z is purely imaginary number

Solution:
parts,we get
imaginary
andcomparing
Puttingz = a+ 2i in thegivenequation
.
a2+ 4 = a2,whichis notpossible
Hence(D) is the correctanswer.
Problem 3.
tf a is the angtewhicheach sideof a regularpolygonof n srdessubfendsat its centre,then
1 + cosa+ cos2a+ cos3a... + cos(n-l)ais equalto
(B) 0
(A) n
(D) noneof these
(c) 1
Solution:
n-1

n-l

r=0

r=0

irl

=0
=
=
f cosro nef e; sumofthen rootsof unity
Hence(B) is the correctanswer.
Problem4.
lf the imaginary paft of the expression ' -,1* "t' o" zero, then locusof z is
eo' z -1
(B) a parabola
(A) a straight line parallelto x-axis
(D) none of these
(C) a circle of radius 1

Solution:
Let U=

z-1
eoi

et'
z -1

+_ - =- .

1
u

Giventhat imaginaryPartof u +

FTlltCC

Ltd,, FIITJEE Hoase,2g-A,

rszero.

Kala Sarai, garuapriya

Uihar, New Delhi -tt0

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26569493'

Fax 26573942

35

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

f"
*1)-(o *1)=o
( u /\.
u/
(u-u).H: o + t,-ol(''-*) =t
t

,t-#=o =lul2=1

.t2

= 1 = lz-11= 1,whichisacircle.
= l=l
le''l
Hence(C) is the correctanswer.
Problem 5.
lf 4 , 22, 23 are the vertices of an equilateraltriangleinscribedin the circlelz | = t then the
area of the triangle having zt, - 22, 23, as ifs yerticesis
lo

1411'
,2

@9
4

,'.r3J3

(D) noneof these

l"/

B (zz)

Solution:
DE= BD- BE = 2*312=112
1
Areaof AACD= DE T AC
2

= 1,1 Ja = .

224
Hence(B) is the correctanswer.

D(-zz)

Problem 6.

fieon
Thecomplexnumbersz = x + iy which satisfythe eouationlzriLl=1
'
lz+ 1il

(A) the x-axis

(C) a circlepassingthroughthe origin

(B) the straightliney - 5

(D) Noneof these

Solutlon:
lz - 5il=1
=lz-sil =lz + 5 il
l-l
lz + 5il
+ z wouldlie on the rightbisectorof the line segmentconnectingthe points5i and - 5i
Thusz wouldlie on thex-axis.
Hence(A) is the correctanswer.
Problem 7.
the regiongivenby
Theinequalitylz-l l< f z-2f represents
(B) Re (z) . O
(A) Re (z) > 0
>
(D) Noneof these
(C) Re (z) 2
Solution:
lz - 4l < | z-21+ | z- 4l' < | z - 2l' + ( z-Q Q -\ < ( z-2)(z -2)
+ z2 - 4(z+2) +16< z2 - 2 (z + 2 ) + 4
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RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-ComPlex Number

36
(z) > 3
+ 2(z +2) > 12 = 4Re(z) > 12+ Re

Hence(D) is the correctanswer'

Problem 8.
=ft'
the equationof a circle,wherezF 2+3i' z2=4+3i
lf the equation
lz-zl2 +lz-2212 represents
of k is
are the extremitiesof a diameter'thenthe value
(B) 4
(A) 1/ 4
(D) Noneof these
(c)

Sofufion;
As zr and 22 ate the extremitiesof the diameter'

lz- =rt'*V'lr)ii-=V',- it'*

k = lz,- zrl'= | 2 +3i- 4 - 3if = l2l2= 4

-Hence(B) is the correctanswer'

Problem9.
tf lzl = min {lz - llt,lz + 1V'then
(A )lz+zl=1
2
(C)lz * zl-- 1

(B )z + 2 = 1
(D) noneof these

Solufion;
+ - - 1l for R. (z)> 0
lzl = min{lz - 11,lz 1l]r lz
B utlzl= lz -1 1=+R" (4 = ; '
= + 1l' for R" (z)<0
+
Similarly,
lzl = min{lz-11,lz 1l} lz

=l zl =l z+ 1 l = ne ( z)= l
lz+ Zl = I
' *2=1'
+z+ Z =0andlz+21=0
w h e n R " (z)=0
is I z +21 = 1'
theargument
Hence
answer'
Hence(C)is thecorrect

= l,
R " (z)
w h e re
2

I
I

Problem14.
=tr/4 and AB/BC
triangle ABC in which ZABC
If A(z), B(z) and C(23)be the veriicesof a
=J/ , thenthe valueof z2is equalto
(B) zs-i(z;zs)
(A) zs+i(4+zt)
(D) Noneof these
(C) 4+i(4-zs)
Solufon:
A B -^
- = lz
BC
the rotationabout 'B' ,weget'
Considering

z t-Zz -l t,-rr l" ir l+ - 4 9 " in , ^= J 2 ( + * { , 1 = r * i

Bc
\ J z ' 1 2)
z " -4- l + -r r l-

= zz(1 -1 -i1= -itt

) zt -22= (1+i) (zs-zz) ) zt - (1+i)z3
zz = iz1- i( 1+i)zz = 4 + i(21- 4)
-

6513942

RSM-911-P3-MA-Complex Number

37

Hence (C) is the correctanswer.

Problem 11.
lf 21,22,2s...,zn-laretherootsoftheequation/'1 +/-2 +/-s + ....+z+ 1-0,where n eN,
n > 2 and a is the cube root of unity, then
(A) ot, t'n are alsa the roots of the given equatian
(B) r"', ran are also the roots of the given equation
(C) 4, zz, ...., zn_1form a geometric progression
z, ..

(D) a',

isconstant
for a> 0 a n dr= 7 , 2 , 3 , . . . , n -2 .

Solution:
Gi v e n z n -' +
t z n -z+ z n -3+ .....+ z+ 1 = 0 = (z-1)(= n-,
4 2 n = 1 = e i 2 n ' (re N )

* zn-2 + ....+ z+ 1) (z* 1)

i2nn

=z=

g n
i2x

=+Therootsareen,
Zt

i4n

i6r

i(2n-2)n

n, n,.....,g

i2nn

whichisaG.p.withcommonratioeT.

i2n

-1
n
Also a t' = d" , whichis a constant.
Hence(C) and (D)are the correctanswers.

Problem 12.
lf f(x) and g(x) are two polynomialssuch that the potynomial h (x )= x f f )+ f

divisibleby t' +x +1, then

(A) f(1) =s(1)

g ( x 6 )i s

(B) f(1) = - s( 1)

(C) f(1) = g(1) *0

(D) f(l) = -g(1) *0

tolutian:
Rootsof x2+x +1 = 0 are complexcuberootsof unity,
so h(w)= h(w2)=0
=wf(1) + # g(1) = 0 and # (l) + wg (1 )= 0
= (1) = g(J)= 0.
Hence(A) and (B)arethe correctanswers.
Prablem 13.
One vertex of the triangleof maximum area that can be inscribed in the curue
lz - 2 il =2,is 2 +2i, remainingveriices is / are
(A) -1+i( 2 +Ji 1
(B)-1- i( 2 +Ji 1
_1+
(c)
i( 2_ $ )
( D) - 1- i( 2- Ji)
Solutlon:
Clearlythe inscriedtriangleis equilateral.

z z -z o=
zt-zo

z z -z o=

"'?, zt -zo

"-'?

+ zz= -1 +i(2* Jd ) andz3= -1 + i(2- Jg I

Hence(A)and (C) arethe correctanswers.
Prablem 14.

jllltcc

Zz

Ltd., FrrlJEE Hoase,2g-A, Kalu Safai, Sauapfiya vihar, New Dethi -tto

z1(2+2i)

076, ph 26575949, 26569492 Fax 265tgg42

suchthatz2* az* a' = 0, then

numberand'a'be a realparameter
Let,z,be a comptex
(B) Iocus of z is a circle
(A) tocusof z is a pairof straightlines

=t+
(c)arg(z)

(D)lzl=lal .

Solution:
'"-'r,r'is nonreal root of cube unity)
) + az+ a2= 0 = z= ar, ar" ( where
or arg(a)+ arg(o2)
arg(a)+ arg(CI)
= locusof z is a pairof straightlinesand arg(z)=
+ arg(z)= tT

+ lzl = lal'
also,lzl= lallrrrlor lal lr''r2l
Hence(A),(C) and (D) arethe correctanswers'
Problem15.
Roofsof the equationf -1 = 0' n el,
(B) Iie on a circle'
(A) are collinear
non-collinear'
(D)
(C) form a regularPolYgonof unit circumradius. are
Solution:

complex
where* = cos?+isin?I. The distanceof the
clearly,rootsare 1, a", ..2,...on-1,
pointslie on a circle'
by theserootsfromoriginis 1 i'e' all these
numbersrepresented
=Theyarenon-co|linear+Theyformaregularpo|ygonofunitcircum.radius.
Hence(B),(C) and (D) arethe correctanswers'

ReadthefollowingcomprehensioncarefullyandanswerthefollowingProblems(1t[-16
definedbelow
LetA, B, C be threesetsof complexnumbersas
A = {z: lmz> 1}

B = l r:l z -2- il= 3 )

- i) z ) = J 2'\
c ={=:R e((1

Problem16.
Thenumberof elementsin the setA n B n C is
@)1
(A )o
@)*
(C)2
Solution:
Y = 1-intheArgandplane'
i = Setof pointson and abovethe^line
+
(y - 1)2= !2'
(x
2)'
g = S"t of pointson tne circte
=
C = Re(1-i)z=Re ((1- i) (x + iy ) + x + y J '
Hencein.l'e n C) = hasonlyone pointof intersection'
Hence(B) is the correctanswer'
Problem17.
+lz - s - il2 tiesbetween
Letz be anYPointin A n B n C' Then' lz + 1- il2
(B)30and34
(A) 25 and 29
(D)40and44
(C) 35 and 39
Solution:
ttttot

RSM-911-P3-MA-Complex Number

39

ThepointsC 1,1) and(5, 1)aretheextremities

of a diameter
of thegivencircle.
Hencelz + 1 -il2 + lz- 5 - i; 2= 3 6 .
Hence(C) is the correctanswer.
Problem18.
Let z be any point in A n B n C and let w be any point satisfyinglw-2-ll<3 . Then,
lrl-l*l+ 3 /iesbetween
(A) 4 and 3
(B) -3 and 6
(C) 4 and 6
(D) -3 and 9

Solution:
between
z andw
lltl- l*ll . lt - *l andlz- wl= Distance
z is fixed.Hencedistancebetweenz andw wouldbe maximumfor diametrically
opposite
points.
=lz-wl <6+-6<lzl*lwl < 6 + -3 < lz l-lwl + 3 < 9 .
Hence(D) is the correctanswer.
Problem19.
ttlz-zl2+lz-rrl'=lz,_
z rl' re p re s e n t s a c o n ic C, t h e n f o ra n y p o in t P h av i n g a f f i x z o n
the conicC
STATEMENT1: The distancebetweenthe ofthocentreof APAB and the centreof conic is
1,
-zzl'
214
because
(',*1],"
|TATEMENTz'
is puretyimaginary
x+a
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2is a correctexplanationfor
Statement-1
(B) Statement-1 is True,Statement-2 is True;Statement-2is NOTa correctexplanationfor
Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True,Statement-2 is False
(D) Statement-1 is False,Statement-2 is True
Solution:
B

A (2,

The conic representsthe circle withzt a1d zz are the

diametricends havingcentreC lzt lzz I and the distance
[2
)
1
,
is the radiusof conic i .e- ' - zzl
,Ft

B (zz)

Problem 20.
Let 21, 22, 23, 24,25, 26 be the vertices of regular hexagon. lf the tength of each side is 2
unitsthen

Column -l

rhevatue(i(
", [;\z i

(A)

j,lltcc

LU.a FnrJE

Hoy".,29-+

Column -lI

I'1.I

-z i q ))

hfu

\za-4

]
)

(p)

G.M. of lz,-zs !za1

2 |
l'
fori = 1,2, 3, ...,6

Stgs42

l
fr
E zi - zi*t

(B)

rhevatue
" i(0,-zal+

(C)

Ratioof area of triangleformedby ioining

,J'"the

(q)

(r)

(s)

vertex21,23,24 andz+,,,

l?+),t
I
+ zs
fori = 1,2, 3, ..., 6
A.M.of lz,-zz
t2

(D)
Solufion.'

(A) -+ (r)

;afit$e

(B) -+ (s)

(G)-+ (p)' (q)

(D) -+ (p), (q)

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lssrGilff]tl
PnoBlrrtts
Subjective :
Level-|
1

1(i).

=-

n l--1!2zt-zz

is a unimodularcomplex number, prove that at least one of the two complex

numbers21,22 ffttJSlbe unimodular.

(ii).

Showthatforanycomplex
numbers
z1and.r,11-.,=rl'-l=,,-.rl' = (, - l=rl,)(l-ldr) .
11

-=
(iii). Letz1andz2be twocomplexnumbers
suchthatlzi < 1< lz2l.show thatl'- 't'z
<1.
-z
14 z

Provethat (a12+ b12)(a22+ b22)....(an2+ bn2)can be written as the sum of two squares.

2(i).

( i i ) . l tl zl l =l zzl =.....=l zn=l 1 ,pr ovethat

znl=11* !*!*....*11.
lz1+ zz+zs,*....+
lzt

3(i).

22 z3

znl

Letz be a non-realcomplexnumberlyingon the circlelzl = 't. Thenprovethat

1+ i tan [eq)
\2)
z=

,'-,
""[ry)

(ii).

Find the modulusand the argumentof the comprexnumber21, where z,r= 22 - z and
z=cos0+isino.

(iii). It zl and 22?ta complexnumbers,prove that

it anoonlyif 2,,22
1.,*.rl'=l=,,1'*l=rl2
is purely
imaginary.
4(i).
(ii).
5(i).

Findtheequations
of allthecircleswhichareorthogonal
lzl = 1 andlz - ,t1=4.

ttA=2* s * .,[-y i,b<\6, then

show"",
isindependent
ofb.
lfr+l
Showthat
{(cosO+ sin$)+ i(sinO- cosg)}"+ {(cosO+ sin$)- i(sin0- cosg)}n

=)n+..o,"
[i.?)*,
(ii).

[,(;

Provethat

")]

(a)

e e Nb u t n o t a m u t t ip3t.e o f
[-rri
J dl ".[-r - iJ s l = - 1 , wh e r n
(21[2)

(b)

.'o *

*zz

= -1,wherez is a rootof the equatisn7+! = 1.

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RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-Comolex Number

42

6(i).

(ii).

|f|z-3il<J5the n p ro v e t h a t t h e c o mp |e x n u mb e rz a |s o s a t is f ie s t h e i n e q u a | i t y
I i(z+1)+t l<2J 5 .
greatest
conditionlz-a" ail = 1 andhasthe
satisfiesthe
numberzwhich
Findthecomplex
(a + 0)'
value,wherea is a realconstant
absolute

7.

pr o vteh alz
t ll+ lz z l= \ u ? * "
6 y = "{7122,

B.

+ for which
Locatethe complexnumberz= x iy

9.

(ii)

l* \ " ? '

lz l2-z + 1
logr"6DZW'-2

(i)

logrzI z-21> logl2lzl

(iii)

=o
tos,.(to *lr' -+il)+los1r.
;:( 1z + 1 2+2a il) 2
lz _ 1 1 +4

(iv)

tosltzT.+_2.> 1

(vi)

log

(v)

lz- 21+5 ^
los"o.;
t/--zv<'

a
+lzl+
lzl2
,,
2lzl-t
"""1

+
x + 1= 0. Computethe
+
be the roots of the equationxn xn-t "'+
Let xr, xz, X3,...,Xn
1
provethat
Henceor othenruise
+.....+ -:-..
* -1
expression
Xn-1
xn-1'xr-1

i* t{ = o

t
1 0 . p r o v e t nl car.r
6 tr r l.l"- ff

recompl exnum
- p tl= 1 " .0 1 + lcr - F l,whBa
e rea'

Fillinthe blanks(11- 1 5 ):
11'||zl,Z2aretwoc o mp |e x n u mb e rs re p re s e n t in g c o n s e c u t iv e v e r t i c e s o f a r e g u l a r h
thenthecomp|exnumberz3repreSentingthevertexadjacenttozz,is
12.

distance
planeare 3 + 4i,4 + 3i and 2J6 +i' then the
The verticesof a trianglein the argand

13

lf z -- cosh*isinffi,

of the triangleis
andcircumcentre
betweenorthocentre

thenthe equationwhose roots

integer'
n is a positive

are

+ .."' + z'n,is
= *
a = z + zu* .....* z'n-tand B z' zo

14.

ThethreepointsZl,22,Z3connectedbythere|ationlZl+|7,+cz3--0,wherea,b,carere

15.

lf the equationax' + bx + c
>1and

& c is
are collinearthenthe relationbetweena' b

then lzll
= 0, (0 < a < b < c) has non-realcomplexroots z1 and zz'

65t3942

43

RSM-9 1'l -P3-MA-Complex Number

Level- ll

1.

For complexnumbersz1 and22,proyethat lz1l2zz - lzzl2z1 = 21-22 it and only if z1 = z2or

z,Zz =1.

2.

lf x.1,
x2,&,.....,xnarethen rootsof theequation
+ Fn= 0, (pr,pr,......,pnreal),provethat
p2xn-2+.......+
pn-rX
xn+ p.,xn-1+
= 11- pz+pc-po+....)2+
(1+xr2)....11+xn2;
(p,- ps+ps- pz+...)2.
(1+x.,2)
11+xr2)

3.

For every real numberc > 1, find all the complexnumbersz that satis$ the equation
z+clz+11+i=0.

4.

in a circleof
AssumethatAr(i = 1, 2,.....n) are the verticesof a regularpolygoninscribed
radiusunity.Find

t
I

I
I

(i)
(ii)
5.

|'*........*
lR.',\|',
In,n,|'* lA.,A,
lA'n.| .
In'n,I In'n.| .........

andminimumpossible
valuesof lzl satisfying
Findthecomplexnumberz withmaximum

(b)1..11=
3

r
t"l lr*11=
lzl
6.

7.

+ ... + cosgn= 2 where00,0r,

+ zn- 1cosQr
Showthat all the rootsof the equationzncos0e
e R lieoutsidethe drclelzl = 112.
02...0n
21,zz, zs era three non-zerocomplexnumberssuch that 22* 21,and a = lzil, b = lzrl,
labcl
r. , 2

6 = ;2.;.ffilb
I
lc

8.

arg
al=0,thenshowthatary.z:=
- I
-

Ul

22

z::+l

\ z z -z t )

Prove
linescut the circlelzl = r in pointsa, b, c and d respectively.
Two differentnon-parallel
thattheselinesmeetin the pointz givenoy. ={l!}{}f

lfnisanoddintegergre a t e rt h a n 3 , b u t n o t a mu lt ip le o f 3 . P ro v e t h a t x 3 + f + x i s a f a c t o r o f
(x+1)n
- xn-1.

10.

= X*1" whereA, B, c, ...,d, b, c,... andl.

.*
Showthat the equatio"
*.*.
are realnumbers,cannot havecomplexroots.

11 .

lf lz + -l = a, wherez is a complexnumber,find the leastand the greatestvaluesof lzl and

lzl
complexnumbers.Alsofind a for whichthe greatestand the leastvalues
the corresponding
complexnumbers.
of lzl are equalandthe corresponding

JllltCC

1l

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RSM-91 1-P3-MA-ComPlex Number

12.

Provethat,for integralvaluesof n > 1, all the rootsof the equation

n,.
nzn= 1 + z* z' + ...+znliewithinthe circlelrl' =
n-1

13.

the complexnumberszt, zz, ..., 26 respectivelyare the

lf pointsAr, Az,...,A'6representing
if
ze be the complexnumberrepresentingthe centroid
and
hexagon
verticesof a regular
thenprovethatzl+z|+....+zl =67f,.
thehexagon

at points
havingvertices
trianste
an equitaterat
14. consider
^(ft"'J
cl1.i

tJ
\/ g

thenfindthevalueol AP2+ BP2+ CP2.

l. rt e1r1is anypointon itsincircle,

15(i). Findthevalueof fq4l'

lP i-1 , /
(ii).

t[#"*J

"zmicotl(o).

Findthe rootscommonto the equationsxu- xt + x' - 1 = 0, xa= 1'

talllcc

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"ro

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

45

Objective :
Level-|
1.

n,theargument
Foranyinteger
ofz =

,.
ffi

2.

(A);

F);

Q);

D\

2:T
3

lf cr,F,y arethecuberootsof p, (p<0),thenfor anyx, y, z,

(A)cro+Bor2+y
(c).t

clx+ Fy+ yz
is equalto
Fx+yy+az

(B) crpy
(D) Noneof these

3.

For any two complexnumbers 4, 22 and real numbersa and b, lazl - 6zz12+ lbz. -az2l2is
equalto
qz.f +121121
(A)(a2+
(e) 1a2-n21
n2; (zl2 +lzrl2)
(C) (a2+02;1
(D) None of these
;zl+lzrl)2

4.

ff a and b are realnumbersbetween0 and 1 suchthatthe points21= a+i,zz= 1+bi,zs-}

forman equilateral
triangle, thena andb areequalto
(A)a= b= 2+Ji
(B)s= b= 2-J3
(C)a= b= -2+Jd
(D)a= b= -2-J3

5.

lf z = reis,
then I e'' I is equalto
(A) e""o"t
(c )e " ' n t

6.

lfx= 1 + i,thenthevalueoftheexpressionxa-4x3+7x2-Ox+3is

(A)-1

(c )2
7.

(B) e'"o"'
(D )s" " i no

(B)1
(D)Noneof these

+3i).........('t
+ni)=x+iy,
lf (1+i)(1+2i)(1
then2.5.10........(1+n')
is equalto
(B)x'?-l
(D)Noneof these

(A) 1+n'
(C) x2+Y2
8.

lf z1 and 22 ara two complex numbers,thenthe equation

of the perpendicular
bisectorof the
joining
21 and z2is
segment

(A)(Zz
-2.,)z+ (2,-2,)Z=l.rl' -lr,l'

(B ) (Z z -2 , )z = (z r-2 , )2

(c)(zz-V)z=l=rl'-lr,l'

(D) Noneof these

i',ltgg

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-RSM-91 1-P3-MA-ComPlex Number

lf z lieson thecirclelz | =1,then ? ti"' on

z
(A)circle
(C) parabola
10.

11.

(B)straightline
(D)Noneof these

cuberootof unityand
lf p, q, r are positiveintegersand rrrbe an imaginary
*
t
+
x3'*', thenf(ro)is equalto
f(x) x3p* x3q
(B)0
(A) 1
(D) Noneof these
(c)-1

,/

are
The commonrootsof the equationsz3+ 2* + 2z + 1= 0 and 21s85+2100+1=0
(B)0
(A) ro

(D) Noneof these

(c) 1
12.

to eachotherfor
Thecomplexnumberssinx+i cos2xand cosx-i sin2xare conjugate
(B)x= 0
(A )x= nn
(D)Novalueof x
(C)x = (n+112)n

13.

valueof lzl- lz - 1| is
Foranycomplexnumberz, maximum

14.

(A) 0

F))

(c) 1

(D);

t|,]'l is equalto
lf (a1+ ibr)(az+ ibz)....(an+ ibn)= A + iB, tnenitan
[ a i, /
I
(B)tan(B/A)
(A)B/A

(o)tan-1f;

(c)tan-1|

15

.
.o(..
..(r.
2
ortheexpression
rhevarue
*)(t. #)
*)(r. #)
[,r.*)[t. #)
(n+r)(n .

16.

*)["

#)

cube root of unitv,is

wherec,ris an imasinary

n(n2+z\
(A )_l.--r

, ^ .) n (n ' z -z )
(B
3

n2(n+1)2+4 n
(C)f-#-

(D)noneof these

= -ib
lf z= x+ iy,z1t3 a
(A) 1
(c) 3

;lllfce

" . 0 ; -*

= )" (a 2 -b 2 ;t,h e n I ' is e q u atlo

(B)2
(D)4

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RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

47

17.

= =1,lzzl=2,thenthevalue of l4+2r12
+14-2212
is equalto
lf lz.1l
(B) 3
(A)2
(D)None of these
(C) 4

1g.

+ ,l*
tt x * 1 = 1,thenx2000
x

(A)1
(C) 0
19.

xzuuu '.

equalto
(B)-1
(D) Noneof these

lf rrris the imaginarycuberootof unity,thenthevalueof tan{(r'oo*r'ot )n + I 1 is

4'
(B) t
(A)-1
1

(C)-E
' ''12

(D) None of these

20.

lf lz - il < 1, thenthevalueof lz + 12- 6tlis lessthan

(B )2
(A )14
(D)Noneof these
(C)28

21.

lf a, b, c are integersnot all equaland w is a cuberootof unity(w + 1),thenthe minimum

valueof la + bw * c#l is
(B)1
(A) 0
t;

(c);

p);

22.

sin05=2, thenz
ff 0i e [0, n/6],i = 1,2,3, 4, 5 and sin \Ea + sin02z3 + sinOsz2+ sinla,z+
satisfies.
(A) lzl > 3/a
@) pl < 1t2
(D) noneof these
(C) 112< lzl < 314

23.

then
z-31},
wherez is a complexnumber,
lf lz-21=min{lz-11,1
=
(B)
(A) Re(z) 172
Re(z)= 572
(c) Re (') . {:, :}
t2' 2l

24.

( lzl2 +2lzl ^ \
lf a comprex
numberx satisfiesl,cetrl-z

lfrF;fiJ.

pointrepresented
by z is
(A)lzl = 5
(C)lzl>1
25.

(D)noneor these

o,tnen
locus/
region
ofthe

(B) lzl < 5

(D)2 < lz<l 3

The pointsrepresenting
complexnumberz for whichlz - 3; = lz - 5l lie on the locusgivenby
(B)ellipse
(A)circle
(D) noneof these
(C) straightline

jll'irgg

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RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-ComPlex

/-

27.

28.

(" B)
\ z z| a
) l= -z"z

(C)z'tZr-zz4=0

(D)noneof these

=0, be R represents
a circle,if
Theequationzz+a2+Az+b
(B)lal'?>b
(A)lal2=lbl2
(D) noneof these
(C) lal2<b
planeis
Theareaof the triangleformedby the complexnumbersz, iz,z + iz in theArgand

(B)lzl'
(D)noneofthese

(NVTz
(C)2lzl2
29.

be twocomplexnumberssuchthatl4+z2l= lz,l+lz2l.Then
Lelz.r,z2

(B) arg(zr) + arg(22)= 0

(A) arg(zr) + arg(22)

/\
Itt

(c)arsl
J l=0
\L2

30.

(A )ztq +zr4 =1

(D) none of these

It z = ilog(2- .,6 i), tnencoszis equalto

(A) i

(c)Jdrz

(B)2V7
(D)2t7

31.

ff z is a complexnumber,lhenz2+ 22 = 2 represents
(B)a straightline
(A)a circle
(D)an elliPse
(C)a hyperbola

32.'

117= (1,+3)* irE - lj , thenlocusof z is

(A)circle
(C)line

33.

(B) parabola
(D) none of these

is equalto
. . . (2n-1)crn-1
lf 'a' be the non-realnth rootof unity,then 1+ 3or+5012+
(B) n
(A) 2n
'

1 -a

(c) -=j

.
' ' 2(1-ct)

' '1-cr

(D) none of these

z1+ l z2

lf zr and 22 a,ta two comPlex numbers satisfyingthe equation

I z, -iz,
I
isa
(A) purely real
(C) purely imaginary

ffig-+

= 1, then il
z2

(B)of unitmodulus
(D) noneof these

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otq Ph 25515949, 26569493, Fax 26513942

lf ( 1+ x + x2)n=ao+etx+ azx2+. . . . a2nx2n,then

a6 +?s+?oa as+...is equalto

(A) 3"
(c) 3n*'

(B) 3n-t

(D) noneof these

lf zB=(z- 1)8,then the rootsof this equationare

(A) collinear
(B) concyclic
(C) the verticesof irregularpolygon
(D) noneof these

36.

37 .,,

tan -i(sinal2+coscrl2 l.
is p u re lyima g in a ry
t h,e na is g iv e nb y
1*2ffi
(A) nn+nl4
(B) nn + nl2
(C) nn - nl2
(D) none of these
The curverepresentedby lm (22)= l" (1.+ 1) is
(A) Rectangular
Hyperbola
(B)circle
(C) Parabola
(D) Noneof these
/r :- r 5 /r .1 5

r z =l J 3+i I +[ {3-i ] ., n " n

[ 2 ] {. 2 )',- -

il
ll

(A)Re(z)= O
(C) Re (z),l'" (z) > 0
40.

41.

(B) l' (z) = g

(D) Re (z) > 0, l'' (z) < 0

The locus of Z which lies in shaded

regionis best representedby
(A)z lz + 1l > 2, larg(z+ 1)l < nA
(B)z lz - 1l > 2, larg(z- 1)l< nl4
(c) z lz + 1l <2,liarg(z+ 1\l < rEl2
(D)z lz - 1l < 2, larg(z- 1)l < nl2

42.

(D)noneof these

lf z.1,22,23 are-complex number such that lzll

l zr-zz1 2+l zz-zsf +l zs-zr 12is

(A)58
(c) 87

= 2, lz2l= 3, lzsl= 4 thenmaximum

valueof
(B)2e
(D)noneof these

The complexnumberz and rosatisfying23 + d>7=0andz5.to1l=1are

( A)o=f:i,z=i
(B)c6=*1,2=i
=
(C) ro *i,z= +i
(D) none ofthese

n''itee

LH,, FTfitEE Uou*,29-+

Katu gnl,

&napriya

til
tl

Thenumberof complexnumberssatisfying
lz+ 2l + lz-21= 8 and lz- l1+ lz+ 1l= 2is
(A) 4
(B)2

(c)0

il

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il

RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA'GornPlex

44.

45.

Thegreatestpositiveargumentofcomplexnumbersatisfying|241=Re(z)is

(A);

@)
+

p);

(D);

B, C of the tr4BC are e'0' tD'

The complex number associated with the vertices A,
of unity and cosO > Re(rrr))'tn:l
respectively ( where rrr, rrr are the complex cube roots

of the
the circumcircle
complexnumberof the pointwhereanglebisectorof A meets
is
(B) -e"
(A) - e't
(D) rrr+ ro
(C) roro

46.

lf k + lk + 221=1212(k e R-) then argumentof z is

(A) 0
(C) nt2

47.

'2nr
withthe pointA, on Argandplane,
(t < r < n) be the complexno associated
Let.,, =
",?
pointB is (2,0) thenthevalueof BA1'B& ' B& """ BA"is equalto

(A)
n

(C) 2n
48.

49.

50.

(B)
"
(D) noneof these

[3]i,_i

(1 + i)x + (1 - i)y =
lf x and y are complexnumbers,then the systemof equations
2ix+2y=1+ih a s
(B)no solution
(A)uniquesolution
(D)noneof these
(C) infinitenumberof solutions
tzt = (1 - t)22,where21,z2
Statement1:Locusof p(z) is a straightlinein the equationz in an argandplane'
the pointsA and B respectively
because
m : n is collinearwith the
Statement2: A pointdividingthe two fixed pointin the ratio
throughthe givenPoints.
correctexplanation
(A) Statement-1 is iiue, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2is a
Statement-1
is NoT a correctexplanation
is True;Statement-2
iril Et"i"*"nt -1 is True,Statement-2
Statement-1
-2 is False
(C) Statement-1 is True,Statement
-2 is True
(OiStat"tent -1 is False,Statement
valueof lz1-z2lis22'
1: lf lzrl= 12andlzz-F + ZJ6 i)l= 3; thenmaximum
statement
because
joiningcentreof two.circles'
statement2: Maximumvalueof lzt - zzloccursalongthe line
is a correctexplanation
(A) Statement-1 is irue, Statementl2 is True; Slatement-2
Statement-1
a correctexplanation
(B) Statement-1 is True,statement-2 is True;statement-2is NoT
Statement-1
(C) Statement-1 is True,Statement-2 is False
-2 is True
iOiSt"t"t"nt -1 is False,Statement

ffi*"ro""o+o*"pnr"ro",n"*

tttttot

51

RSM-91 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

Level- ll
1.

2.

lf lzl = lz2l andarg(21)+arce2)= nl2 , lhen

(A)zp2is purelyreal
(c) (4+7"'12is PurelYimaginary

by the complexnumber2 - i is rotatedaboutthe originthroughan

The pointrepresented
of thepointis
anglel . Thenewposition
z
(A )1+2i
(c)1-2i

3.

(B)zp2 is purelyimaginary
= -nl2
+ ary(7,2'1)
(D) arg(21-1)

(B )-1 -2 i
(D)2 + i

It z = -2 +2Jdt, then z2n+ 22nzn + 24"may be equal to

(B) 0
(D) noneof these

(A) 2"
(c) 3.24"
'.
., 5 \
.l
- |
ll n+sln -n12
-+cos

4.

5.

Thevalueof 169e\
(A ) 119-120i
(c) 119+ 120i

13

tsi is
(B ) -i(1 2 0+ 1 1 e i)
(D) noneof these

o) then
n l1f:=21= k, (,.1,22+
'

lz,,z+zrl
(A) for k = 1 locusof z is a straightline
(B) for k e {1,0} z lieson a circle
(C) for k = 0 z represents
a point
joining2 ana
-2
bisector
of thelinesegment
(D) for k = 1, z lieson the perpendicular

zj

21

6.

lf z1 = ar + ibr and z2 = a, * ib2are complexnumberssuch that lzi = 1, lzzl = 2 and

t3Z
lnd lr,2=2b1+ibzsatisfy
0, thenthe pairof complexnumbers(Dr= ?r +
Re(2.122)=
(A) lroll= 1
=0
(C) Re(rrr1rrr2)

7.

=2
(B)lcozl
=2
(D) lm(c,r1ro2)

the complexnumber21on the curvelzl = 2, pairof tangentsare

lf froma pointP representing
=
drawnto the curvelzl 1, meetingat pointQ(zz)and R(4), then
21+22+23
willlieon thecurvelzl = '1
(A)compfex
number
3

n
B\(!*l.1lf1*a*-1_l=
' '
22 zs )
[zr z2 zs )\zt

*(7)=+

(c)

of APQRwill coincide
(D)orthocentre
andcircumcentre
8.

Zc

of thecomplexnumber -l s
lf lz1+ zzl= l4l + lzrl,thenoneof thevalueof arguments
z1
(A) 0
(C)2n

fl,ltcc

(B)n
(D)3n

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-:RSM-91 1-P3-MA

the verticesof a

za,laken in that order, represent

21,22,23,
numbers
lf thecomPlex
then
(B) lz1- z2l= lzz- zsl
(A ) z 1 + 2 3 = z 2 t 74

3=9-is
G)
'
zz-z+

10.

11.

12.

(D) noneof these

puretyimaginary

, , , -z r1 and-2.,canbe markedon
, 1 1iz
n =',= !(Ji+ i) , t h e n2 1 i2
2'
(B)semicircle
(A) circle
(D) 3/4of a circle
(C)quartercircle
(whereall are centredat origin)
Complexnumberscan be consideredas vectors in case of
(B) sum
(A)modulus
(D) argument
(C) difference
=
by pointson the circlelzl = 1 and lzl
let 2.1,z2 be two comPlexnumbersrepresented
then
respectivelY
(B) min lzl -z2l = 1
(A)maxl2z1+7r1=4
I
rl
(D) noneof these

(c)lzz*-l< 3
|
I
'1

13.

14.

rrD

-rh
Forn as a Positiveinteger'(t + J s ) + (1 -r/ 3 ) is
(B) alwaYsirrational
(A) alwaysrational
(D) noneof these
(C) alwaysinteger

lf z= x+ iythentheequation
l?il=

a circlewhen
m represents

(A) m = 1/2
(C)m=2
15.

Fourpointsinthecomp|exp|anearerepresentedbythecomp|exnumbersZ1,22,23,2
the verticesof a
order such thatz1 | 23= zz + z; ' Then these points are

(A)parallelogram
(C)square
16.

(c) - Jj

(B) rectangle
(D) quadrilateral

equation
lf iz3+ 22-z + i = 0 then complexnumberz satisfyingthe
(A )z = i

17.

(B )m= t
(D)m= 3

lf (1 + i)z= (1 - i)Z, then

(B )z =

t:
a/l

(D)z = J_,

(A)z lieson a straightline

3n
(B)for allsuchz+ 0, arg(z)= 4

(C)all suchz aregivenby z= t(1- i),t e R

(D)z mustbe PurelYreal

n -t^O OtO Ph 2651594'

26569494 Fax 26513942

RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-Complex Number

18.

53

Let two distinctcomplexnumbersz1 and z2 both satisfythe equationz+z=2lz_11

and

arg(zr-zr)=1, th"n

4
(A) z1 and z2lie on a parabola
(c) lm(21 + zz) = 2

19.

(B) Re(21 + z2) = 2

1D)no such zl andz2 exist

lf z1 + 7, 123= A,z1 + Z2rD* Zylz = B,zt * Zz1p2

* Zg1a=C, whefe 1, a, a2 afe the cube fOots

of unity,then
(A )A + B +C=3zr

(B )A B C= z 1 z 2 z 3

(Q z?+z1r+z1r=Jz,,zrz,
20.

(D)lAl,+lel,+lcl2=s(l=rl,
*l=rl,*lrrlr)

lf z.randz2?raanytwocomplexnumbers
satisfuing
lzt + zzl,

lz, _z2lthen

(A)Re[1) > o

re) Re[:l) < o

(c)
,m
(+),,

@-;.*n(+).;

Numerical
Based:
1.

lf,f(x)and g(x)are two polynomials

suchthat polynomial
h(x)= xf(x3)* xrg(xu)is divisibleby
x'+ x + 1, thenthevalueof g(1)is _

2.

lf thereflectionof
thelineaz + a 2 = 0 in t h e re a la x is is 6 z + b Z = 0 , t h e n t h e v a lu e o tf h e
part
imaginary of thecomplexnumberw = 6-a is

Comprehension:
Gomprehension
- l
Readthe followingwriteup carefully:
In argandplanelzl representthe
distanceof a pointzfrom the origin.In generallzt-zzlrepresent
the distancebetweentwo points\ and22.Alsofor a generalmovingpointz in argandplane,
if arg(z)
= 0, then7 = 1zlei9,
whereeio= cosO+ i sinO
Now answerthe following questions(1 - 3):
1.

Theequationlz-zl+lz-z2l= 1 0if 2 1 = J + 4 ia n dz z = -3 -4 ire p re s e n t s

(A) pointcircle
(B)orderedpair(0, 0)
(C)ellipse
(D)noneof these

2.

llz - zrl - lz - zrll = t, wheret is a realparameter

alwaysrepresents
(A) ellipse
(B) hyperbola
(C) circle
(D)noneof these

jllltgg

Ltd,, FIIDEE House.2g-A, KaIu garar)

Uihar, New Dellri -170 OtO ph 265t994,

2656949Z Fax 268t3942

RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-ComPlex

(-

|
\l
orzis
thenlocus
tflz- (3+ 2i)l=lzcoslt-"*'.,}1,

3.

(B) parabola
(D) hyperbola

(A) circle
(C) elliPse
Comprehension- ll

Readthe following writeup carefully:

(k = 0, 1,2, ...,n - 1),so thatforn odd
Then nthrootsof unityarecosZlt*1rin?!n,
n-1

2kn
Zr
xn- 1 = (x- 1 )I I[ " - cos- - r sr n
k=1 \
n-1
Zr

T)(--"o'?!"*'''n4)
1

-*-n r2=(*,,r - - 1,r ) l][**i- "".+ .)

o r xn r2

x = co s 20+ i s i n20'w e
wr itins
andhence

n-1

n-1

r
2kn)
=zz sineflicos2e-cos:-J,(nodd)'
sinno

k=1'

n-2
i,
2kn\
z sin20[[cosZe - cos-.1 '
=
Z
sinnO
n
even
for
Similarly

Nowanswerthefollowingquestions(4- 6):
Thevalueot sinfsinf sinf isequalto
4.

(A)
I

(c)+
t

5.

(D)

efsin' z0- sin2;Xt' ^' 0- sin2?) ' """kisequalto

l fsi n 5 0 =ksin
(B )1 6
(D)- 32

(A)- 16
(c) 32
6.

@+

I"or4.orf
lf cos-cosTcos-

=r"o,*"o'{"o'f
-uurTws

(A )-1

(c)2

g ''

thenk isequalto
(B) 1
(D)-2

- lll
Comprehension
Readthe following writeup carefully:

(suchthat nonumbersi:1,22 ?lfid23respectively

A, B, C are the pointsrepresenting
11":9Tpl.*
=
=
on the complexplaceand lztl lz2l lzsl'
"i#quarl
utt"to'

RSM-911-P3-MA-Complex Number

55

Now answer the following questions (7 - 9):

7.

lf the altitudeat the vertexA of MBC meetsthe circumcircle

againat P, then complex
pointP is
numberrepresenting
(A1-zzzs
z^

@) -z lL
z3

p) -3zz

1o1-Q'

z2

* =t)
z1

8.

Thelocusof a pointQ (z)whichtouches

thecircumcircle
of AABCandthe line z+Z-2=0
(giventhatlz.rl= lzzl= lz3l= 1) is
(A ) (z -2)=a(z+2)2
( e) ( z - 2) ' * a( z+2)=0
(C)A rg(z)=2nn,nel
(D)A rg(z -1 ) = 2 n n ,n e I

9.

) ! 1 a n dlz . , l= lz z l= l4 l=
(2.,)=t,A rg(2 2 -) ;=, A r g ( 2 3 =
LetA rg
rt

r P (z) b e a n y

pointon incircle
of triangle
ABC,thenAP2+ BP2+ CP2is equalto
(A) 1
(B)3
(c) 5
(D)7

NlatchtheColumn
Match the

(A)

List I
lf 21,22,zs a,rathe verticesof an equilateraltrianglewith (i)
+21+zZ)
centroid
zs,thevatueof (z?
"
['6)

List * tl
0

lf the complexnumberz satisfythe equation(i - z) (1 + 2i) + (ii)

( -iz\(3 -4i) = 1 + Ti.the nz + 2 + z z is e o u atlo

lf lz - il <2 and26= $ + 3i, the maximumvalueof liz + zolis

(iii)

(D)

lf a complexnumberz lieson a circleof radius], thenthe

2'
(-1
+
complexnumber
4z) lieson a circleof radius

(iv)

3
2

Match the fol

(B)

(c)

List * tl

List t
2

(A)

lfz=

(B)

Theprincipal
amplitude
or (t + iJS)' is

thenthe valueof arg(z)is

1 +J5 i '

*/-\

s i n u + iIt- co siJ
is

(C)

The amplitudeof

(D)

Letz, rrrbe complexnumbers

suchthat Z+irur=0 and
=
arg(zrrr)n, thenarg(z)is equalto

(i) -t
(ii)

(iii) +

(iv) +

J,altCC Ltd., FIITJEE House,29-4 Kalu Sani, Saryapriya UihaD New Oelhi -77O 076, Ph 26515949, 26569493, Fax 26573942

RSM-9 1 1-P3-MA-ComPIex

Subjective:
Level-|
3(ii).

=
=
| ,.1 2l sin %1,^rg1zi #

4(i).

lz-7-ai1=tf a g + a 2 , a e R

or lz,l= 0' arg(21)is notdefined'

6(ii).

a 1o' z = lt z ^-[t-I#. #)
{ z a.(,#j , u) ; For
Foras,r=(
>

B(i).
(ii).
(iii).
(iv).
(v).
(vi).

A |Ipointsto wa rd s t h e rig h t o f x = le x c e p t t h e p o in t (2 ' 0 )

=
All pointsinsidethe circlelzl S
Allreal and purelyimaginarynumber
(1' 0)
Exteriorto a circleof radius 10 withcentre
Regionbet we e n t h e t wo c o n c e n t ric c irc |e s o f ra d iu s la n d 4 w i t h c e n t r e ( 2 , 0 ) .
centre(0' 0)
n"iion outsidethe circleof radiusll2wilh
1r

_nt2

$),,
11. _L(rriJd)2,.1(.t

12.

$i.nTa

14.

a+b+c=0

4 y 2 + 4 x + s e c22

13.
15.

=o'

lz2l>1

Level'll
3.

-"'x":12:!-i
r:
lf c = 1,2= -1 - i ; lf 1 < c < ' ! 2 ' r= --G , _ 1 )

5.

2n
,_\_ ttJs
\a)z= ---;)/ \

11.

l zl ^'" =-- - 2

4(i).

; no sotutionforc, J2

(ii)'

(b )

+ -4 i, t i

*-!*^'li ,=r^,=4=,2=
!l!I+=J,,,n
ft * *u' '.=
r(E
--[
z
) - "no

trueforall reala > 0;z= !2i '

5
14.
15(i). 1

Ju'lcc Ltd,, HtrtEe aour.,zffif,En"priv"

(ii).

1 ,-1

vihar, NewDethi-770 oto Ph 2

57

RSM-91 1-P3-MA*Complex Number

Ob"iective:

1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.
22.
25.
28.
31.
34.
37.
40.
43.
46.
49.

A
B

2.
5.
B.
11.
14.
17.
20.
23.
26.
29.
32.
35.
38.
41.
44.
47.
50.

B ,C,D
A ,B
A ,B ,C,D
A ,D
A ,C
A ,C,D
A ,D

2.
5.
8.
11
14
17
20

c
B

c
D
B
A

c
A

c
A
A
A

c
c

3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.
21.
24.
27.
30.
33.
36.
39.
42.
45.
48.

D
A
A

c
D
A

c
B

c
A
B
A

c
D
B
A

A
B
A
D

c
B
B
B
B
D
D
A
B

c
D

Level- ll
1.
4.
7.
10.
13.
16.
19.

A,B
A , B , C, D
A,C
A,B,C
A,B,D
A,B,C
A,D

3.
6.
9.
12.
15.
18.

B,C
A,B,G,D
A,B,C
A,B,C
A,B,C
A,C

Based
Numerical
1.

2.

:
Comprehension
1.
4.C
7.

D
A

2.
5.
8.

D
B
D

(i)
(iv)

(c)
(c)

3.
6.
9.

B
A

(D)
(D)

(iv)
(iii)

['latchttreCalumn
1.
2.

(A)
(A)

(iii)
(i)

(B)
(B)

(ii)
(ii)

Ja,lrCC Ltd., FIfiJEE House,29-A, Kalu Sani, Sarvapilya Vihar, New Delhi -tto

OIO Ph 265t5949, 26569493, Fax 26573942