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define
1. Nullity of T = dim N(T ).
2. Rank of T = dim R(T ).
Definition: A f : X Y is called one-one if
f (x1 ) = f (x2 ) x1 = x2 . f is called onto if for every y Y ,
there exists x X such that f (x) = y . If f is one-one and onto,
then it is called bijective.
Theorem: A linear transformation T : V W is one-one if and
only if N(T ) = {0}.
Proof: Assume that T is one-one. Let T (x) = 0. Then
T (x) = T (0) x = 0 N(T ) = {0}.
RANK-NULLITY THEOREM
Theorem: Let V be an n-dimensional vector space and
T : V W be a linear transformation. Then
Rank(T ) + Nullity(T ) = n.
Proof: We need to show that dim R(T ) + dim N(T ) = dim V . For
this, we will produce a basis of V consisting of a basis of N(T )
and inverse images of a basis of R(T ).
Let {v1 , . . . , vk } be a basis of N(T ), for some k 0. Note that if
T is one-one, then k = 0 which means the set is empty.
Also, if T is the zero map, then N(T ) = V and R(T ) = {0}. This
implies that k = n and hence the theorem is true.
Assume that T is not the zero map. Extend the basis of N(T ) to
a basis of V , say {v1 , . . . , vk , vk+1 , . . . , vn }.
RANK-NULLITY THEOREM
If we prove that {T (vk+1 ), . . . , T (vn )} is a basis of R(T ), then the
theorem is proved.
Let w R(T ). Then there exists a v V such that T (v ) = w .
Let v = 1 v1 + + n vn . Then
T (v ) = 1 T (v1 ) + + k T (vk ) + k+1 T (vk+1 ) + + n T (vn )
= k+1 T (vk+1 ) + + n T (vn )
Span({T (vk+1 ), . . . , T (vn )}).
Therefore R(T ) = Span({T (vk+1 ), . . . , T (vn )}).
Suppose k+1 T (vk+1 ) + + n T (vn ) = 0.
T (k+1 vk+1 + + n vn ) = 0.
k+1 vk+1 + + n vn N(T ).
RANK-NULLITY THEOREM
1 v1 + + k vk k+1 vk+1 n vn = 0.
i = 0 for all i = 1, . . . , n
{T (vk+1 ), . . . , T (vn )} is linearly independent.
dim R(T ) = n k = dim V dim N(T ).