Beruflich Dokumente
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Table of Contents
Table of Contents............................................................................................. 2
Figures ............................................................................................................. 3
Document Control ............................................................................................ 4
1.1 Version History .................................................................................. 4
1.2 Review Group .................................................................................... 5
1.3 Intellectual Property Rights and Copyright......................................... 5
1.4 Disclaimer.......................................................................................... 5
2 Executive Summary and Introduction ....................................................... 6
2.1 Executive Summary........................................................................... 6
2.2 Purpose ............................................................................................. 6
2.3 Scope ................................................................................................ 6
2.4 Objective............................................................................................ 6
2.5 Structure of this Document ................................................................ 6
3 Glossary & Conventions ........................................................................... 8
3.1 Document Conventions ..................................................................... 8
3.1.1 Meter Location............................................................................ 8
3.1.2 Meter and Metering System........................................................ 8
3.2 Glossary .......................................................................................... 10
4 Local Communications Context .............................................................. 12
4.1 General Context .............................................................................. 12
4.2 Smart Utility Context for Local Communications.............................. 13
4.3 Smarter Display Options Using Local Communications................... 14
4.4 Smart Home Context ....................................................................... 16
4.5 One Interoperability Size Fits All?.................................................... 17
4.6 A National Standard......................................................................... 19
4.7 Delivering the Last Mile ................................................................... 19
4.8 Local Device Classification .............................................................. 20
4.9 Existing Standards........................................................................... 21
5 Energy Supplier Requirements ............................................................... 22
5.1 Other Factors................................................................................... 24
5.2 Potential Additional Requirements................................................... 27
5.3 Other Requirements ........................................................................ 27
5.4 Processes/Activities Required ......................................................... 27
5.5 Security............................................................................................ 28
5.6 Independent Local Networks ........................................................... 29
5.7 Wireless to Wired............................................................................. 33
5.8 Addressing Protocol......................................................................... 34
5.9 Local Communications Principles.................................................... 34
6 Solution Options ..................................................................................... 36
6.1 Solution Options Descriptions.......................................................... 37
6.2 Other Solution Options .................................................................... 44
7 Network Protocol Options ....................................................................... 49
8 Frequency Considerations ...................................................................... 50
8.1 Frequency Information..................................................................... 50
8.2 Licensed or Unlicensed ................................................................... 52
8.3 Spread Spectrum............................................................................. 52
8.4 Local Communications Group Field Test ......................................... 52
9 Data Exchange Format Options.............................................................. 55
10 Evaluation Options .............................................................................. 57
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Figures
Figure 1: Smart Meter Locations ...................................................................... 8
Figure 2: Smart Metering Systems, Illustration of Flexible Approaches ........... 9
Figure 3: SRSM Operational Framework Scope ............................................ 12
Figure 4: Smart Utility Context ....................................................................... 14
Figure 5: Smart Display Context .................................................................... 15
Figure 6: Smart Home Context ...................................................................... 16
Figure 7: Smart Home Context & Clusters ..................................................... 17
Figure 8: End to End Interoperability.............................................................. 17
Figure 9: Distinct Local and WAN Interoperability.......................................... 18
Figure 10: Making Interoperability Work ........................................................ 18
Figure 11: Interoperability Illustration Using Water ........................................ 19
Figure 12: Local Communications for the Last Mile ....................................... 20
Figure 13: Simple Collection of Smart Meters and Local Devices.................. 29
Figure 14: Independent Networks .................................................................. 30
Figure 15: Local Communication Signal Range ............................................. 30
Figure 16: Overlapping Wireless Ranges....................................................... 31
Figure 17: Required Local Comms Range Example ...................................... 32
Figure 18: Mesh Network to Concentrator ..................................................... 32
Figure 19: Interoperability via Web Services Interfaces ................................. 34
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Document Control
1.1 Version
Version History
Version Date Author Description Online
Version
0_1 7 February Simon Initial draft Download
2008 Harrison
View
Online
0_2 10 March Simon Updated following initial Download
2008 Harrison meeting of development
group: View
- restructuring of Online
content
- format of document to
assist with comment
and development
- corrections and
additions throughout
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1.4 Disclaimer
This document presents proposals and options for the operation of smart
metering in Great Britain. It does not present a complete and final framework
for the operation of smart metering in Great Britain and the proposals or
options presented do not represent all possible solutions. We have used
reasonable endeavours to ensure the accuracy of the contents of the
document but offer no warranties (express or implied) in respect of its
accuracy or that the proposals or options will work. To the extent permitted by
law, the Energy Retail Association and its members do not accept liability for
any loss which may arise from reliance upon information contained in this
document. This document is presented for information purposes only and
none of the information, proposals and options presented herein constitutes
an offer.
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2.2 Purpose
This document presents the context, requirements, issues and solutions
options for two-way Local Communication for smart Metering Systems.
2.3 Scope
The scope of this document is limited to the requirement for two way
communications between smart gas and electricity meters and local devices.
This document references, but does not define, the opportunity to use the
Local Communications capability of a smart meter to provide a ‘Last Mile’
option to deliver WAN Communications.
This document does not address the commercial issues arising from
communications requirements.
2.4 Objective
The objective of the Local Communications Development exercise is to fully
document and evaluate the options relating to Local Communications for
smart metering, and if possible to produce a solution recommendation (or
recommendations) and draft schedule to the ERA SRSM Steering Group.
- Section 2 – Introduction
- Section 3 – Glossary and Document Conventions
- Section 4 – Local Communications Context – a plain English explanation of
the context for smart metering and local communications
- Section 5 – Requirements & Considerations – details of energy Supplier
requirements, and other relevant requirements affecting Local
Communications
- Section 6 – Solution Options – presentation of options using a standard pro
forma
- Section 7 – Network Protocol Options – information relating to specific
addressing requirements
- Section 8 – Frequency Options – presentation of information relating to
wireless frequencies
- Section 9 – Data Exchange Format Options – information relating to data
formatting options
- Section 10 – Evaluation Options – including a scoring matrix comparing
solution options against set criteria. Also includes usage profiles to assist
with evaluation.
- Section 11 – Issues – as identified during the development of this report
- Section 12 – References – to relevant materials and resources
- Appendix – Draft specification
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It is also the case that the placement and location of meters as shown in
diagrams is illustrative.
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+ + +
Software
+ +
Smart Metering Metering System Illustration of how fuels could share
Metering System
Systems, with all using a separate (with suitable commercial
using a separate
the functionality, ‘black box’ and arrangements) a single set of black
‘black box’ (or
including external antenna box(es) to deliver functionality
boxes) to deliver
communications to deliver
functionality
“under the glass” functionality
In all cases, the metrology functions must be delivered by a regulated measuring instrument.
Generally, no component of the smart Metering System will be reliant upon equipment
owned by the customer (e.g. broadband router), or services under the control of the
customer (e.g. telephony provider). There may be individual circumstances where use of the
customers equipment is unavoidable (customer chooses to own the meter, or particularly
within a non-domestic context where additional energy supply contractual terms can be
applied).
Figure 2: Smart Metering Systems, Illustration of Flexible Approaches
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3.2 Glossary
A number of these definitions are necessarily drawn directly from the Smart
Metering Operational Framework, as they apply across the scope of that
document and not just to Local Communications.
Term Meaning
Access Control The method by which the Operational Framework controls
access to smart Metering Systems, smart metering data and
associated devices.
Authorised Party Means the Supplier or another person authorised by
configuration of the Access Control security policies in the
Metering System to interrogate or configure the Metering
System.
Authorised Parties could include a communications service
provider, a meter operator, a network operator etc.
BoM Bill of Materials – term used by manufacturers to cover a list
of materials and components used to make an assembled
item.
CECED European Committee of Domestic Equipment Manufacturers
– representing white goods and appliance manufacturers.
Have developed AIS (Application Interface Standard),
currently in the process of obtaining CENELEC standards
approval.
Data Exchange Electronic interactions including the transmission of data
between Metering Systems and Authorised Parties or
Metering Systems and Local Devices
ERA Energy Retail Association
Hand Held Unit A mobile device, usually used by a Meter Worker, capable
of interaction with a Metering System using Local (or WAN)
Communications.
Could also include devices that interact with a Metering
System using a dedicated optical port.
IP Internet Protocol
Interoperability To allow a smart Metering System to be used within market
rules by the registered Supplier, its nominated agents and
parties selected by the customer without necessitating a
change of Metering System.
Security of the smart Metering System infrastructure, with
structured Access Control, is a key interoperability
requirement.
ISM Industrial, Scientific, Medical – term describing unlicensed
international radio frequency bands
Local Communications between a Metering System and Local
Communications Devices within the premises in which the Metering System is
installed.
Local Device A Local Device can be any piece of equipment within
premises that communicates directly with the Metering
System using Local Communications.
Metering System A single device or meter, or a combination of devices used
to deliver the Lowest Common Denominator as defined in
the Operational Framework Schedule L ‘Smart Meter
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Term Meaning
Functional Specification’.
Meter Variant Classification of meter type under the Operational
Framework. A ‘Standard’ variant is suitable for installation at
the majority of meter points in Great Britain. Other variants
exist to cover specific supply, circuit or customer issues at a
site.
Examples include Polyphase, Semi-Concealed or 5
Terminal variants.
The full table of Meter Variants can be found in Schedule L
‘Smart Meter Functional Specification’.
Meter Worker A generic Operational Framework term referring to any
person attending a metering point for the purposes of
installation, maintenance, investigation, replacement or
removal of the Metering System.
Includes existing energy industry defined roles of Meter
Operator, Meter Asset Maintainer, Meter Reader, Data
Retriever etc.
Open Standard The European Union definition of an open standard (taken
from “European Interoperability Framework for pan-
European eGovernment Services”) is:
• The standard is adopted and will be maintained by a
not-for-profit organisation, and its ongoing development
occurs on the basis of an open decision-making
procedure available to all interested parties (consensus
or majority decision etc.).
• The standard has been published and the standard
specification document is available either freely or at a
nominal charge. It must be permissible to all to copy,
distribute and use it for no fee or at a nominal fee.
• The intellectual property - i.e. patents possibly present -
of (parts of) the standard is made irrevocably available
on a royalty-free basis.
There are no constraints on the re-use of the standard.
Operational Smart Metering Operational Framework Proposals and
Framework Options
SRSM Project Supplier Requirements of Smart Metering project.
Exercise in 2006-08 undertaken by ERA to develop the
Operational Framework.
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The diagram below shows the SRSM project representation of the operational
architecture for smart metering and therefore the scope of the Operational
Framework – this document specifically relates to the ‘Local Comms’ section
on the left hand side of the diagram. Industry Interfaces
Data Transport
(internet)
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Please note that ‘clip on’ or similar devices where information is captured via a
pulse counter, optical port, or by use of a sensor around an electricity cable
are not considered smart under the definitions of the Operational Framework
and are not included in this context. However, through the development of a
standard for smart metering local communications, any future ‘standalone’
devices could utilize the frequencies and protocols defined by the Operational
Framework.
This has been the typical approach in other smart metering initiatives, usually
on a proprietary basis, where the meter manufacturer provides the display
device alongside the meter for electricity only. The manufacturer decides upon
the communications medium, the protocols and data formats used.
This ‘one size fits all’ solution means that all customers get the same solution
that works straight out of the box, usually an LCD device that is portable or
fixed in a more accessible location than the meter itself.
However, having such a ‘closed loop’ offering for the display of consumption
information raises a number of issues:
• Restricting the opportunities for Suppliers to differentiate display
products in a competitive retail market.
• Variances in the quality and functionality of offerings from meter
manufacturers.
• Customers cannot choose how energy consumption information is
displayed to them.
• Innovation in display device technology would be controlled by meter
manufacturers or Meter Asset Providers.
• There could be limited support for future demand management and
demand response requirements. Access to the information from the
smart meter is under the control of the proprietary solution from the
meter manufacturer.
• In order to provide a ‘total utility’ solution, the display device must
communicate successfully with the gas and water meters – further
compounding the potential single source/proprietary solution issue.
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As shown, the gas, electricity and water meters can communicate with a
display device. Further, the gas and water meters may use the same
communications medium to interact with the electricity meter, which could act
as a ‘hub’ for WAN communications for all utilities.
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The step from the illustration of a smart utility context to a smarter display
context is one of interoperability. As long as the energy smart meters all
communicate using the same technology, protocols and a standard data
format, it will be possible for display functionality to be added to a number of
differing delivery devices.
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The final context illustration below presents the smart home context for the
smart metering local communications solution(s).
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The opportunity to offer services that utilise the WAN communications link
within a smart meter is a product of establishing an interoperable platform for
Local Communications for smart metering.
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The diagram below illustrates distinct solutions for Local Communications and
WAN Communications in an example where:
- an energy supplier (or other party) can receive diagnostic information
from heating devices within a property via the electricity meter
- an energy supplier could use the smart metering link to send pricing
signals or demand management information to heating devices
However, where the approach is not common from one end of the
infrastructure to the other, there may be additional requirements for the smart
meter, or the Local Communications hardware, to support the following types
of transactions.
???
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This would mean that all smart meters would include hardware capable of
meeting the local communications standard. This does not necessarily mean
the same chip/hardware in every meter, but would mean conformity in their
capability.
This would typically be for high density and metropolitan areas where the
signal propagation and power consumption restrictions of low power radio
solutions are less of an issue.
The SRSM project has considered the potential to use low power radio to
deliver the last mile, as shown in the diagram below. This also demonstrates a
number of options for backhaul for WAN Communications, which is out of
scope for the Local Communications Development work.
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Data Transport
(internet)
Figure 12: Local Communications for the Last Mile
There will be, however, local devices that will only send or receive data.
Examples could include:
- a fridge magnet to display consumption cost information would only
receive data
- an IR motion sensor would only send data
These types of devices could be classified, for the purposes of smart metering
Local Communications, as distinct groups. The Local Communications
solution could recognise the classification of local devices in order to
determine the data exchange types, access control details and network
addressing/protocols.
Finally, there may be devices capable of sending and receiving data, but that
would not act as network repeaters in a number of topologies.
- Data Device: a device which requires access to smart meter data only
- Communicating Device: a device which requires access to remote party
only
- Fully Functional Device: a device requiring access to the smart meter
data, and remote parties, and that could also operate smart meter
functionality – an example of this could be a diagnostic or
commissioning device to be used by a meter worker
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The Local
Communications link will
also be available as an
option to deliver WAN
communication
information during a site
visit from a Meter Worker
with a suitably secure
device.
In this instance, if the
WAN communications is
not available, it will be
possible to exchange
information (meter
readings, tariff settings
etc.) through the use of a
Meter Worker device.
This failsafe/fallback
facility could include the
exchange of information
with Metering Systems
using local
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Specific requirements for the smart metering system may also arise from the
Local Communications solution where a meter may be required to store data
for onward periodic transmission. Examples could include services configured
to transmit gas meter data on a daily basis via the electricity meter, or an
annual boiler diagnostic report.
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5.5 Security
Requirements R.4 and R.5 above relate to the security capabilities of Local
Communications solutions. This section of the document illustrates and
expands on the requirements for secure Local Communications.
Due to the nature of data and functionality that will be accessible via Local
Communications, security is a paramount concern.
Consumption and other data from a smart meter may not initially be
considered as confidential – energy tariffs are publicly available, meter
readings on their own are not personal data or at risk of increasing identity
theft. 1
It is accepted that no solution can be completely secure and resist all attempts
to intercept or interfere.
1
The SRSM project is considering the issues surrounding ownership of smart metering data
within a separate workstream, therefore they will not be covered within this document.
2
Access Control is part of the overall smart metering architecture. It covers how access to the
meter functionality and data is controlled, and is defined in more detail in the main Operational
Framework document. Requirements (and potentially constraints) arising from the selection of
a Local Communications solution will be considered as part of the development of proposals
for Access Control by the SRSM project.
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Not all of the solution options for Local Communications will support all of
these measures. However, they will be evaluated against each other on the
basis of these measures.
The house on the left has a gas meter in an external meter cupboard, a water
meter fitted at the boundary point, and has a TV capable of displaying smart
metering information.
The house on the right differs in that there is no water meter, the gas meter is
located at the rear of the house and the preferred display solution is a portable
LCD display, usually kept in the kitchen.
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The topology of the network within premises does not need to be specified, as
these could vary significantly by property type.
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This simple illustration, without allowing for signal drop off as it passes through
walls, shows how all of the devices in the left hand house are within reach of
the electricity meter in the right hand house. It is a requirement for the
information from one customers’ metering not to be visible on their
neighbours’ display.
The illustration below shows how much overlap there will be between signals
for this simple configuration of smart meters and devices. The TV display in
the left hand house is in range of all four energy smart meters.
In reality, the range of the wireless signals is likely to be much greater than
shown.
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Finally, there are circumstances where the wireless signal could be required to
transfer data between properties.
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5.7 Wireless
Wireless to Wired
Wired
[Placeholder to consider opportunity to define a standard covering wired and
wireless local communications and any issues that could arise from such a
determination:
- cost added to metering system
- relevance for gas meters
- interference from other utilisation of wires]
It is not an ambition for smart meters to directly interact with all of these
systems, as this would introduce complexity and cost into the meters
themselves.
Some customers may already own and use equipment theoretically capable of
providing a bridge between wireless and wired communications media, and
which could include the necessary software to make data and services
interoperable between distinct networks and systems. The obvious example is
a home PC, but broadband routers, set top boxes and games consoles
already include most of the technology to provide a link between smart meters
and existing wired and wireless networks.
• Energy efficient
• Secure
• Future Proof/Future Flexible – supporting innovation at the same time
as supporting legacy systems
• etc
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6 Solution Options
This section of the document presents a number of solution options for the
hardware to be included as part of a smart metering system.
Sections 7, 8 and 9 cover aspects of the overall solution that are relevant to
Local Communications, and which are not necessarily, in and of themselves,
options or solutions.
A number of solution options support more than one network protocol, or are
offered by vendors at different frequencies. Therefore there is not always a
one to one relationship between the silicon, the frequency, the protocol and
the data set supported.
Solution Name
Description: A description of the solution
Hardware: A description of the physical hardware used by the solution –
microcontroller, antenna etc.
Cost: Where available, a general view of the cost of the solution on a per
meter basis
Data: Speed of data transfer, any limits on packet sizes
Power: Points relevant to the power usage of the solution when it is
operating or dormant, and how this may effect the power
consumption of the meter or local devices.
Frequencies: Which of the frequencies (if applicable) does the solution support
Protocols: Does the solution support a variety of protocols? Does it use a
proprietary protocol, or place requirements/restrictions on the
protocol?
Data Does the solution support a variety of data formats? Does it use a
Exchange proprietary format, or place requirements/restrictions on the data
Format: format?
Use in other Is the solution used for other purposes, i.e. not for smart metering,
applications: but for building controls, telecare, entertainment etc.
Use in other Has the solution been used in a smart metering context in other
markets: markets? Can include where the solution is being considered by
other smart metering initiatives.
Maturity: Is the solution available today? If not, when will it be available?
Support for Capability of the solution to provide ‘last mile’ coverage for WAN
‘Last Mile’: Communications
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3
Dutch Smart Meter Requirements v2.1 Final – February 2008 – page 6 of the P2 Companion
Standard describes the use of Wired and Wireless M-Bus communications.
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Use in other Total ZigBee node and chipset units – 5 million in 2006, 120 million
applications: in 20114
Home automation, telecoms (local)
Use in other
markets:
Maturity: Smart Energy Profile due for release March 2008, ZigBee Pro
Stack available January 2008
Support for
‘Last Mile’:
For:
Against:
Notes:
consumption in RX/TX.
- e.g. in TX mode, EM250 operates at 35.5mA at +3dBm, 41mA at
+5dBm
- Typical SoC devices when in deep sleep, operate at <1uA.
Frequencies: 2400MHz – 2483.5MHz (2.4GHz)
Protocols: The ZigBee standard describes in detail the over the air protocol
used, however there are a number of layers to consider when
looking at ZigBee protocols;
1. MAC layer – uses standard IEEE 802.15.4 messaging for point
to point communications in the mesh network
2. Network Layer (NWK) – ZigBee adds headers for networking in a
multi-hop network (end to end device addressing etc.) and security
3. Application Support Sublayer (APS) – Provides mechanisms for
managing end to end messaging across multiple hops in a mesh
network e.g. addressing endpoints in a device, triggering route
discovery, managing end to end retries
4. ZigBee Cluster Library (ZCL) - ZigBee defines a library of
interoperable message types called ‘clusters’ that cover a variety
of device types. This library can be added to when creating support
for new applications.
5. Application Profile – As ZigBee is targeted at a number of
different markets and application types, it is appropriate to have an
application profile definition which defines how each device and
application will behave, which clusters (messages) are in use and
how. Any given device may have multiple endpoints defined, each
of which can support a different application profile, defined device
and set of clusters. At present there are 4 Application Profiles
completed in the standard; Home Automation, Commercial
Building Automation, Smart Energy and Telecommunications
Applications. Products may be certified to an application profile
through independent test houses NTS and TUV. Non-interoperable
products may also be certified as “Manufacturer Specific”, which
means that they coexist with other ZigBee networks but do not
interoperate.
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Solution options may move from 6.2 to 6.1 and vice versa as discussions
within the development group (and iterations of this document) progress.
Solution ANT
Description Very low power – 10 year operation on a watch battery. Operates at
2.4GHz. Has 1 million nodes in operation. 43 member alliance.
Website www.thisisant.com
Reason for not Is a proprietary solution, also quite new.
including in
evaluation
Solution BACnet
Description American developed protocol used mainly for HVAC applications in
building automation.
Website www.bacnet.org
Reason for not
including in
evaluation
Solution Bluetooth
Description Low power radio for personal area networks with up to seven
nodes.
Single chip radios are available from a wide variety of suppliers, at
approx $5 per end, with hundreds of millions of units sold per
annum. Very well established standard, particularly in the mobile
telephony and PC markets.
Operates at 2.4GHz, with average power consumption of 5000µA
Website www.bluetooth.com
Reason for not Although there are a number of standards for Bluetooth, some of
including in which may include greater signal propagation and more efficient
evaluation power management, Bluetooth is viewed as too power-hungry and
not capable of sufficient range to meet the SRSM requiements.
Solution EkaNET
Description
Website www.ekasystems.com
Reason for not
including in
evaluation
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Solution Insteon
Description Established North American home control protocol. Typically used
over wire, but also supports RF.
Website
Reason for not Emphasis on wired solutions does not match gas requirements,
including in also does not currently support secure communications
evaluation
Solution KNX
Description Originally developed by Siemens and Merten, primarily aimed at
home and building automation. Well established and promoted
standard based out of Brussels.
Documented by world and European standards – ISO/IEC 14543,
EN50090, EN13321-1
Uses the same upper-layer protocol for different physical layers –
twisted pair, power line, Ethernet and RF at 868MHz.
Communicates data at 16384 bits/sec.
Used the same modulation scheme as Wireless M-Bus in S2 mode.
Website www.knx.org
Reason for not Has not been proposed for use in energy metering.
including in Attempts to contact KNX alliance have not resulted in any interest
evaluation in participating.
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Solution OneNet
Description Open Source low power wireless standard - partners include
Renesas, Freescale and Texas Instruments.
Features include:
• Low power wireless with 1000 foot range and 25 channels
• Claims to be very low cost - $2 in high volume
• Targetted at battery powered devices
• Supports secure encrypted comms
• Star and peer to peer topology
• 38 to 230 kbs
• 868 MHz
• Supports 2000 devices in a network
• 3 to 5 year battery life with AAA cell
Website www.one-net.info
Reason for not New standard, main focus appears to be battery operated devices.
including in
evaluation
Solution OpenTherm
Description Communications protocol used to control heating applications.
Appears to be wired and has been developed in Holland.
Website www.opentherm.eu
Reason for not
including in
evaluation
Solution PhyNet
Description 802.15.4 solution that uses IP. Looks to be a competitor to ZigBee,
although it also looks more expensive and more suited to industrial
application for sensor management, rather than in a metering/home
context.
Website
Reason for not Very New
including in
evaluation
Solution Sensinode
Description The IEEE 802.15.4 compliant radio modules from Radiocrafts
combined with the 6LoWPAN compliant NanoStack from
Sensinode offers integrators super compressed IPv6 over low
power radios in a compact module solution. The use of end-to-end
open source IP technology over a proven radio platform provides
an excellent and scalable solution for IP-based monitoring and
control systems like AMI (advanced metering infrastructure) and
WSN (wireless sensor networks). The Sensinode NanoStack meets
the 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power WPAN) specifications
released in 2007 and offers a scalable and robust architecture for a
wireless mesh network where all nodes cooperate to transport
information almost like the Internet. By using many small radio
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Solution SimpliciTI
Description
Website TI Website
Reason for not
including in
evaluation
Solution WiFi
Description Established high power standard, prevalent in many homes.
Typically used for broadband internet connections and multimedia
delivery.
Works at 2.4GHz.
Website www.wi-fi.org
Reason for not Power consumption is very high, with propagation issues for a
including in significant proportion of GB home types. Also concerns over
evaluation conflicts and interference with customers’ existing wireless
networks.
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- EkaNet - www.ekasystems.com
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Protocol IPv6
Description:
Used by/for:
For: IPv6 is likely to be the preferred protocol for WAN
Communications.
Protocol IPv4
Description:
Used by/for:
For:
Against:
Notes:
Protocol 6lopan
Description:
Used by/for:
For:
Against:
Notes:
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8 Frequency Considerations
Placeholder to capture and discuss the available licensed and unlicensed
wireless frequency options for local communications.
Frequency 184MHz
Description: Licensed band
Used by/for:
Signal [need to add range claims and real world results]
Propagation:
Power Efficient power per distance
requirements:
Longevity of
frequency
allocation:
Notes: Can purchase bandwidth from Ofcom.
Currently only using this band for 1-way push communications
(e.g. water AMR), therefore would not meet 2-way communications
requirements with existing products (new chip sets would need to
be developed)
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Frequency 433-
433-434MHz
434MHz
Description: Unlicensed ISM band
Used by/for: Well used frequency, typically used for car key fobs.
Has been used for heat metering in Europe
Signal Good
Propagation: [need to add range claims and real world results]
Power More battery efficient than higher frequency options
requirements:
Longevity of
frequency
allocation:
Notes: Support (by existing chips) for open standards is not evident
Security may be an issue (e.g. for financial transactions)
Frequency 868-
868-870MHz
870MHz
Description: Unlicensed European ISM band (915MHz in North America)
Used by/for: Z-Wave, Wireless M Bus, ZigBee, Wavenis.
Minimal usage in other applications.
Signal Good
Propagation: [need to add range claims and real world results]
Power Has well defined maximum duty cycles and transmission powers
requirements: (5mW to 25mW).
Longevity of
frequency
allocation:
Notes: Supports 3 channels.
Current GB regulations prevent use of frequency for
communications outside of a property – i.e. could not form a mesh
of smart meters in a street to connect to a data concentrator.
Transmit duty cycle limited to 1%, or works on ‘listen before
transmit’ basis.
Less attractive to higher bandwidth applications.
Frequency 2.45
2.45GHz
Description: Unlicensed worldwide ISM band
Used by/for: ZigBee, WiFi, Bluetooth, Microwave Ovens, Home Video repeaters
Signal Compromised by building construction
Propagation: [need to add range claims and real world results]
Power
Requirements:
Longevity of
frequency
allocation:
Notes: Use of spread spectrum and other techniques to manage 16
available channels
No limits on transmit duty cycle
[please add any additional tables or information as required]
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However, the current licensed band for metering in the UK, 184MHz, only
supports one-way communications, operates at a frequency unique to this
country, and has therefore not attracted solution providers in any significant
numbers.
Use of a licensed band for local communications could also restrict the
number of devices within a home that would be capable of communicating
with a meter.
The use of unlicensed bands does come with the risk of interference from
other devices as they establish themselves at particular frequencies. The
2.4GHz band already includes microwave ovens, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, TV signal
repeaters and more. However, there are a number of techniques in use to
allow devices to co-exist effectively within frequency bands.
6
Technical Architecture for UK Domestic Smart Meter Systems, Alistair Morfey, Cambridge
Consultants 2007
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The test was carried out at the following locations, representing a cross
section of GB housing stock:
1 Stone cottage built in 1860 which was constructed with stone and had
lathe and plaster walls.
2 Semi-detached 1960’s three bedroom with no modifications.
3 Detached Bungalow circa 1950.
4 Detached modern two story house with no modifications.
5 Detached two story house with two story extension added.
6 First floor flat where the meter was in the flat not the basement.
Within each location the electricity meter was identified and the ZigBee
transmitter was switched on and placed beside the meter. The corresponding
receiver was activated and placed at the following locations within the
dwelling:
1 Kitchen window sill.
2 Lounge occasional table.
3 Lounge fireplace mantelpiece.
4 Hallway table.
5 Master bedroom.
The results of the test are set out in the table below. A figure of 255 denotes
full reception, whilst 0 denotes no reception. There is no reference to the
distances or barriers to hinder the signal, as this test aimed to measure
relative performance for the two frequencies.
The full report, and responses from group members can be viewed online at:
http://srsmlocalcomms.wetpaint.com/page/UK+Field+Test+for+Frequency+Com
parison
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Data ANSI
Exchange
Format
Description: ANSI C12 is the collective prefix for a number of North American
electricity metering standards:
C12.18 – Protocol for 2 way communications using an optical port
C12.19 – Data tables for use with C12.18
C12.21 – Update of C12.18 for use with a modem
C12.22 – Interface to data communication networks
Data Obis/Cosem
Exchange
Format
Description: Definition of standardised metering objects (Electricity, Water,
Heat, and Gas Metering covered)
Used by/for: Commonly used in Electricity metering in Europe, gaining adoption
elsewhere in metering
For: Standardised, EN13757-1 (Communication Systems for meters
and remote reading of meters -Part 1:Data Exchange)
Against:
Notes: Parts of the standard are used in MBUS implementations.
Data STS
Exchange
Format
Description:
Used by/for: Used in South Africa for two way data exchanges with credit and
prepayment smart meters
For:
Against:
Notes: Link - http://www.sts.org.za/resourcestudio/introductiontothests/
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Data XML
Exchange
Format
Description:
Used by/for: Global standard for data exchanges, used in an increasing number
of areas
For:
Against: Use of XML for local communications could place an unacceptably
high overhead on the microcontroller itself. XML support could
easily require more space than is typically available on low power
radio microcontrollers. Implementation is feasible, but at the cost of
adding memory and co-processors and decreasing battery life.
Notes:
[please add any additional tables as required]
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10 Evaluation Options
Placeholder for consideration of solution options – includes proposed method
for a desktop exercise in 10.2.
Could also include real world testing opportunities such as plug fests and
results from field trials.
It is not envisaged that large data files will be transmitted, or streamed, using
the Local Communications solution. However, the solution should not place an
upper limit on the size of data transmissions, other solutions exist for such
applications and should be the obvious choice.
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[Some help to ensure we’re capturing the right information here would be
appreciated – the list of process types in 5.4 could be used as a foundation]
The table below assesses each of the solution options from section 6 against
criteria derived from the other sections of this document.
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Solution
Bluetooth
Z Wave
ZigBee
M Bus
KNX
WiFi
Criteria
C.1 Interoperable
C.2 Security features of solution
(see 5.5 for reference
measures)
C.3 Solution is available today 5
(see factor F.5)
Multiple Source Supply Chain
Cost of solution
Volumes deployed for smart
metering
Total Score 5 0 0 0 0 0
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11 Issues
The table below provides an ongoing record of issues for consideration and
potential actions to resolve.
12 References
Shown below are references to relevant materials and resources.
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Candidate
[please add any additional resources as relevant]
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This could/should just reference the standards for local communications and
potentially the data schema(s).
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