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Development of Physical-Based Demand

Response-Enabled Residential Load Models
Shengnan Shao, Student Member, IEEE, Manisa Pipattanasomporn, Member, IEEE, and
Saifur Rahman, Fellow, IEEE

AbstractIn order to support the growing interest in demand

response (DR) modeling and analysis, there is a need for physical-based residential load models. The objective of this paper is to
present the development of such load models at the appliance level.
These include conventional controllable loads, i.e., space cooling/
space heating, water heater, clothes dryer and electric vehicle. Validation of the appliance-level load models is carried out by comparing the models output with the real electricity consumption
data for the associated appliances. The appliance-level load models
are aggregated to generate load profiles for a distribution circuit,
which are validated against the load profiles of an actual distribution circuit. The DR-sensitive load models can be used to study
changes in electricity consumption both at the household and the
distribution circuit levels, given a set of customer behaviors and/or
signals from a utility.
Index TermsAppliance-level load model, demand response
(DR) and distribution circuit, electric vehicle, physical-based.

I. INTRODUCTION

HERE has been a lot of interest in load modeling in

the past several decades. Scale of load models can vary,
ranging from the appliance level to the power grid level. In
1995, IEEE provided a load model bibliography for power
flow and dynamic performance simulation. This bibliography
covered almost all relevant load modeling work in late 20th
century [1]. The classic load models defined load as a function
of voltage and frequency, which are referred to as static load
models. The dynamic load models were developed for transient studies. To better guide the load modeling work, authors
in [2] provides the basic definitions and concepts. Obviously,
different simulations need different load model representations.
In order to study demand management, published work
has focused on physical-based load models, especially on
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) loads and
water heating loads [3][7]. Physical-based load models for
residential HVAC were developed in [8], [9] and tested against
utility data. The models captured thermodynamic principles
of building structures and the diversification was created by
random distribution functions when building the distribution
circuit load profile. These load models have been mostly used
for direct load control (DLC) studies [10][12]. Other than
Manuscript received June 06, 2011; revised November 21, 2011 and
February 15, 2012; accepted March 29, 2012. This work was supported in
part by the United States Army Corps of Engineers Humphreys under grant
W912HQ-09-C-0058. Paper no. TPWRS-00536-2011.
The authors are with the Advanced Research Institute, Virginia Tech,
Arlington, VA 22203 USA (e-mail: sshao@vt.edu; mpipatta@vt.edu;
srahman@vt.edu).
Color versions of one or more of the figures in this paper are available online
at http://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRS.2012.2208232

a physical-based methodology, load models were developed

based on consumers behavior [13]. Load models built from
statistical survey data and historical measurements were presented in [14][16] with proper random functions designed for
aggregation diversity.
With the development of the smart grid, there is a need for
load models that can facilitate the study of changes in electricity
consumption in response to customer behavior and/or signals
from a utility. Such load models are useful to evaluate the impact of demand response (DR) at a distribution circuit level. For
the load models to represent DR activities, the following characteristics are required, which have not all been all addressed in
the published literature:
Comprehensivethe models should cover all major types
of controllable loads so that DR can be simulated considering consumer choices instead of simple load curtailment.
Physically basedthe models should be built according to
the physical and operational characteristics of the appliances to reflect the real-world situation.
Interactivethe models should allow interfaces for external signals to simulate the DR control actions.
Reasonably aggregatedthe algorithm should provide
reasonable load diversification and aggregation to represent the distribution circuit load profile.
This paper proposes a set of DR-enabled load models at the
appliance level, including space cooling/heating, water heating,
clothes drying and electric vehicle loads, for a residential distribution circuit (Comprehensive). The models are designed
based on their physical characteristics (physical-based) and
can be controlled externally (interactive) to reflect any desired
DR strategies. At the same time, these models are aggregated
using a stochastic method to create load profiles of a distribution circuit (reasonably aggregated). The resulting load profiles are validated against the utility measurement data in both
summer and winter to show representativeness of the proposed
load model. In addition, the developed load models are easy to
use as the models parameters are easily adjustable to fit different network sizes present in different locations.
II. LOAD CATEGORIZATION
Hourly load curves of an average household by load type
are available from the RELOAD database [17], which is used
by the Electricity Module of the National Energy Modeling
System (NEMS) [18]. The load data are available for twelve
months (January to December), and three day types (typical
weekday, typical weekend and typical peak day). Based on the
RELOAD database, residential loads are classified by the following load types: space cooling/heating, water heating, cloth
drying, cooking, refrigeration, freezer, lighting and others.
For the purpose of this study, these load types are classified
into two categories: controllable and critical. Controllable loads

0885-8950/$31.00 2012 IEEE

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room temperature
will fluctuate around the thermostat set
point
within the dead band of
. For each time step ,
the demand for electricity of the space cooling/space heating
unit
is calculated as
(1)

Fig. 1. Block diagram of the space cooling/space heating load model.

are defined as the loads that can be controlled without noticeable

impacts on consumers life styles. The critical load category
contains loads that are either very important or noticeable when
being controlled.
For the residential load, space cooling/heating, water heating
and clothes drying loads are controllable; and all other loads
are considered critical and cannot be controlled. As a new type
of residential load, EV is not mentioned in RELOAD database.
Considering that the electric vehicle (EV) can usually be controlled without noticeable effect on consumers, this paper puts
it into the Controllable category.
Sections III and IV below present the detailed load models
for each controllable load type (space cooling/heating, water
heating, clothes drying and EV), their validation against the
measurement data from a real house, and the methodology to
perform load aggregation by appliance type. The bottom-up aggregation approach for each load type enables demand response
studies in a large-scale distribution circuit. All load models are
simulated in 1-min intervals. Data from the RELOAD database
are used to construct the critical load profile, which is presented
in Section VII.
III. DR-ENABLED SPACE COOLING/HEATING LOAD MODEL
This section presents the development of a DR-enabled space
cooling/heating load model, together with its validation and aggregation to create the load profile at a distribution circuit level.
A. Model Development for the Space Cooling/Heating Load
Fig. 1 illustrates the block diagram of the DR-enabled space
cooling/space heating load model.
Inputs to the model are the DR control signal
, time
series outdoor temperature data
, thermostat set point
, allowable temperature deviation or dead band
and
. The model outputs
time series room temperature data
are the time series electric power consumption
in
kilowatts of the space cooling/space heating unit, and the room
temperature
at the next time step. The room temperature
output is used as an input to the load model at the next time
step. The model needs additional house parameters, including
house structures, number of people dwelling and the electrical
characteristics of the space cooling/space heating unit.
1) Calculation of the Electric Power Demand
: A
central space cooling/space heating unit with a thermostat works
in an on-off mode and will simply run at its rated power when
turned on. In general, the thermostat control is set such that the

where
is the rated power of the space cooling/space heating
is the status of the space cooling/space
system (kW), and
heating unit in time slot ,
,
.
For space cooling, the unit is ON when the room temperature
increases above the set point, plus the threshold. The unit is OFF
when the room temperature decreases below a certain value. The
status of the unit remains the same if the room temperature is
within the acceptable band. This relationship is presented in (2):

(2)
For space heating, the operation is similar to above:

(3)
where
is the DR control signal for the space cooling/space
.
heating unit in time slot ,
The electric power demand also depends on the DR control
signal
. This
signal is implicitly derived from the
revised thermostat set point preset by a homeowner during a DR
event. This scenario is possible with the use of a home energy
management (HEM) controller. For example, if during a normal
operating condition the homeowner sets the thermostat set point
at
, but pre-determine that during a DR event his/her new
set point should be set at
, this implies the
signal of
.
is positive for space cooling and negative for space
heating. Note that with a HEM controller, the
value can
be configured to allow demand response implementation that
takes into account the priority of all end-use loads in a house,
and customer comfort levels. This topic is not in the scope of
this paper. More information about a possible DR strategy is
reported in [19].
2) Determination of Room Temperature
: For each time
step , the room temperature is calculated as
(4)
where
room temperature in time slot
length of time slot (hour);

heat gain rate of the house during time slot ,

positive value results in an increase in room
temperature; and negative value results in a
decrease in room temperature (Btu/h);
cooling/heating capacity, positive for heating and
negative for cooling (Btu/h);
energy needed to change the temperature of the
.
air in the room by
): For each
3) Calculation of Other Parameters ( and
time slot , the heat gain rate of the house
is calculated as

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(5)
,
, and
represent the area of the
where
wall, ceiling, and window of the house, in .
,
,
and
represent the heat resistance of the wall, ceiling,
[20].
and window, in
number of air changes in each time slot (1/h);
house volume, in ;
outdoor temperature in time slot
;
solar heat gain coefficient of windows [21];
solar radiation heat power
heat gain from people (Btu/h).
To change the house temperature by
is calculated as

);

, the energy required

(6)

is the specific heat capacity of air for a typical room

where
condition (
or
), and
is
.
the volume of the house
B. Model Validation for the Space Cooling/Heating Load
To validate this model, the space cooling/space heating model
is run with inputs (outdoor temperature, thermostat set point,
dead band, house structure parameters, and HVAC unit size)
from a real house in Virginia. Using the same inputs, the model
outputs (power consumption and indoor temperature) are compared with the actual measurements. The comparisons in 1-min
intervals are illustrated in Fig. 2 for two 24-h periods: (a) one
in August for cooling demand; and (b) the other in January for
heating demand (kW).
Fig. 2 indicates similarities between the actual power consumption and the model output. The energy difference is 1.4%
for summer and 1.2% for winter. Any discrepancies may result
from the assumptions associated with the house structure parameters.
C. Aggregation of Space Cooling/Heating Loads
The input parameters for space cooling/space heating model
are divided into three categories: temperatures, building structures and the space cooling/space heating unit characteristics.
These are parameters needed to be randomized for different
homes in the same distribution circuit.
The temperature category includes outdoor temperatures and
indoor temperature set points. The outdoor temperatures are acquired from the National Climatic Data Center (NCDC) [22],
which should be the same for all houses in the same neighborhood. For the indoor temperature set points, a uniform random
function is used to determine the variation in temperature set
points among different houses in the same distribution circuit.

Fig. 2. Space cooling/space heating model validationComparison of load

profile (kW). (a) Space cooling comparison: The total energy difference = 1.4%,
the total daily energy = 14.5 kWh (model); 14.3 kWh (measurement). (b) Space
heating comparison: The total energy difference = 1.2%, the total daily energy
= 17.2 kWh (model); 17.4 kWh (measurement).

The lower and upper limits for the temperature set points are
determined based on data from ASHRAE [23].
The building structure category includes the floor plan of the
buildings, areas of walls, ceilings and windows as well as the
R-values for each of them. Similar to the indoor temperature, a
uniform random function is used to determine the variation in
R-values and areas of wall, window, ceiling and floor among
different houses in the same distribution circuit. The lower and
upper limits for these values are acquired from a survey of the
service area. Such data for residential houses are obtained from
the American Housing Survey [24].
The space cooling/heating characteristic category includes
the cooling/heating capacities and power consumptions, which
is usually known as the unit sizing. Usually, the sizing is based
on the building floor plans, activities, occupants and environment. The unit sizing is calculated according to ASHRAE [25].
After getting all three sets of random functions for these input
parameters, the demand aggregation for space cooling/heating is
quantified by running the space cooling/heating model times
with different parameters. is the number of residential houses
in the distribution circuit.
IV. MODELING, VALIDATION, AND AGGREGATION
OF WATER HEATING LOAD
This section presents the development of a DR-enabled water
heating load model, together with its validation and aggregation
to obtain load profiles of the water heating load at the distribution level.
A. Model Development for the Water Heating Load
Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of the developed water heater
model.
For each time step i, the demand for electricity of the water
heating unit
is calculated as

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Fig. 4. Water heater model validationload profile comparison. (a) Water

heater power consumption data from TED [26]. (b) Modeled water heater load
profile.

Fig. 3. Block diagram of the water heater load model.

hot water flow rate in time slot (gpm);

(7)
where

heat resistance of the tank

duration of each time slot (minutes).

rated power of the water heater (kW);

efficiency factor;
status of the water heater in time slot ,
,
;
DR control signal for water heater,
,
.
The water heater status
is determined according to
the following rules: when the water temperature in the hot water
tank goes above the set point, it does not operate. When the
water temperature drops below a lower bound, the heating coils
start working again at its rated power until the outlet hot water
temperature reaches the upper bound:
(8)
where
hot water temperature set point
lower tolerance

mixed water temperature in the tank

surface area of the tank

;
volume of the tank (gallons);

The water temperature in the tank is calculated as

Note that the unit of the third term in (9) is Btu/lb, which is
as 1 Btu is the amount of energy required to
equivalent to
heat 1 lb of water by
, i.e.,
.
The electric power demand also depends on the DR control
signal
received from an external source, such as an
in-home controller, or a utility. The DR control signal of 0 will
shut off the unit, and the DR control signal of 1 will turn the unit
on.
B. Model Validation for the Water Heating Load
To validate the developed water heater model, the following
data from a real house were used as inputs to the water heater
model: inlet water temperature, ambient temperature, water
heater temperature set point, tank sizes and rated power of the
water heating unit. The water heater load profile was measured
in 1-min intervals for a 24-h period using the Energy Detective
Device (TED), and compared with the model output. Fig. 4
illustrates this comparison.
The comparison is to show the power consumption characteristics of a water heater, which are similar to the model output.
This implies that the developed model can be reasonably used
for simulations and analysis.
C. Aggregation of Water Heating Loads

(9)
where
temperature of inlet water
room temperature

The input parameters for water heater model are divided into
three categories: temperature profile, water heater characteristics and hot water usage.
The temperature profile includes tank ambient temperatures,
inlet water temperatures and hot water temperature set points.
Tank ambient temperature is assumed to be the same as the room
temperature, which can be acquired from the space cooling/
space heating model. Inlet water temperature is assumed to be
the same as the ground temperature, which can be acquired from
Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) [27]. For the hot water

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status of the clothes-dryers heating coils in time

,
;
slot ,
DR control signal for clothes dryer in time slot
,
,
.
The electric power demand also depends on the DR control
signal
received from an external source, such as an
in-home controller, or a utility. For the clothes dryer load, when
a DR control signal is received, only the heating coil will be controlled (ON/OFF) but the motor part will not be controlled. This
implies that the clothes dryer will be spinning during the control period, thus consuming only a fraction of the overall load
(several kW).

Fig. 5. Clothes dryer model validationload profile comparison.

temperature set points, a uniform random function is used to determine the variation in temperature set points among different
houses in the same distribution circuit.
The lower and upper limits for the hot water temperature set
points are determined based on data from [28], which specifies typical residential hot water temperature set points between
and
.
The water heater characteristics include the R-values, tank
sizes and rated power. Similar to the hot water temperature, a
uniform random function is used to determine the variation in
R-values, water heater tank sizes and rated power among different houses in the same distribution circuit. The typical ranges
for these values are acquired from [28] and [29].
For hot water usage, the hourly fraction data from Californias
Hourly Water Heating Calculations [30] are taken as a reference.
At the same time, hot water usage is categorized into different
types in percentage of the daily household hot water usage [31].
Therefore for each type of hot water usage, the water consumption duration in a minute is the hot water demand in gallon divided by the flow rate in gallon per minute (gp). Monte Carlo
method is used to decide when the hot water is consumed based
on the hot water hourly usage fraction shown in Fig. 5 for different residential houses.

B. Model Validation for the Clothes Drying Loads

For validation, the rated power of a real clothes dryer and its
usage profile were used as inputs to the clothes dryer model.
The clothes dryer load profile was measured in 1-min intervals
during its operation using TED, and compared with the model
output. Fig. 5 illustrates this comparison.
The close match between the actual and modeled power consumption characteristics of a clothes dryer implies the usefulness of the clothes dryer model for simulation and analysis.
C. Aggregation of Clothes Drying Loads
The clothes dryer load profile is developed based on a probability distribution function that is similar to the dryer power
consumption profile obtained from the measurement of a home
in Florida [32]. The dryer running time generally starts from
late morning to midnight, with the mean in the evening. After
finding out the dryers running time, the demand aggregation of
clothes dryers is acquired by running the developed model to
obtain power consumption of all dryers in the distribution circuit.
VI. MODELING AND AGGREGATION OF EV LOAD
This section presents the development of a DR-enabled EV
charging load model, together with its aggregation.

V. MODELING, VALIDATION, AND AGGREGATION

OF CLOTHES DRYER LOAD
This section presents the development of a DR-enabled
clothes dryer load model, together with its validation and
aggregation at the distribution level.
A. Model Development for the Clothes Drying Loads
The power consumption of a typical clothes dryer is from the
motor and the heating coils. The power demand of the motor
part is usually in the range of several hundred watts, but that of
the heating coils can be several kilowatts.
For each time slot , the demand for electricity of the clothes
drying unit
is calculated as
(10)
where
rated power of clothes-dryer heating coil (kW);
drying level
total number of drying levels;

power consumption of the dryers motor (kW);

A. Model Development For the Electric Vehicles (EV)

To model EV charging profiles, three parameters are essential: the rated charging power, the plug-in time and the battery
state-of-charge (SOC). Equation(11) shows the calculation of
the EV charging profile:
(11)
where
EV charge power in time slot (kW);
EV rated power (kW);
EV connectivity status in time slot , 0 if EV is
not physically connected to the outlet and 1 if EV
is connected;
uncontrolled EV charging status in time slot ,
which depends on the battery SOC as shown in
(12): 0 if EV is not being charged and 1 if EV
is being charged;
DR control signal for EV in time slot ,
,
.

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TABLE I
EVS IN THE U.S. MARKET [33][37]

Fig. 6. EV fleet charging profile.

(12)
The battery SOC at time slot is a function of the SOC at the
previous time slot, the energy used for driving and the battery
rated capacity, which is determined by
(13)
(14)
where
battery SOC when EV is plugged in;
length of time slot (minute);
energy used for driving (kWh);
battery rated capacity (kWh).
The EV power demand also depends on the DR control signal
received from an external source, such as an in-home
controller, or a utility. The DR control signal of 0 will stop the
charging of EV while the DR control signal of 1 will allow the
EV to start charging. The developed EV model will extend the
EV charging complete time if the EV charging is interrupted by
the DR signal. That is, the EV will continue to be charged until
it is fully charged.
B. Aggregation of EV Load
To determine the EV fleet charge profile in a distribution circuit, three parameters (vehicle rated charging power, plug-in
time and the battery SOC) have to be reasonably diversified.
For EV rated charging power, Table I shows the basic battery
charge data of three popular EVs in the US market. The charge
power presented in Table I is used to determine the charge power
of EV fleet with a reasonable mix of different EV makes and
models.
The EV plug-in time is derived from the National Household Travel Survey [38]. The EV plug-in time is modeled using
a normal distribution with a mean and a variance derived according to the data presented in [39].
EV driving patterns are used to determine the EV energy
storage status, i.e., the battery SOC. The daily driving distance
for each EV in a distribution circuit is determined based on the
data presented in [38] using Monte Carlo simulation. The battery SOC of each EV when plugged in is determined by (13).

To illustrate the aggregation of EV load at a distribution circuit level, Fig. 6 shows an example charging profile of a 100-EV
fleet with the mix of 70% Chevy Volt, 20% Nissan LEAF and
10% Tesla Roadster. The EV fleet mix (70/20/10) is chosen
as a representative mix to show a sample aggregation of different EV types. As EV market share changes over time and new
EV models enter the market, EV fleet mix can change, but the
methodology will stay the same. The recommended charging
power rates in Table I are chosen for the simulation. The EVs
are assumed to come back home and plugged in at different time
according to a normal distribution with mean at 18:00 and 1-h
variance.
Note that since the daily driving distance of each EV is determined by Monte Carlo simulation, it is unlikely that all EVs
will come home with empty battery. This is the reason for the
narrow EV loading time shown in Fig. 6.
VII. EXAMPLE LOAD PROFILES FOR A RESIDENTIAL
DISTRIBUTION CIRCUIT AND VALIDATION
To demonstrate the aggregation of the developed load model
at the distribution circuit level, a distribution circuit in the Virginia Tech Electric Service (VTES) service area is taken as a
case study. This circuit has 34 laterals with 117 transformers
serving 780 residential/small commercial customers.
A. Controllable Loads
The aggregated load profile of controllable loads in a distribution circuit is created using the load models presented in
Sections III and V. The parameters in Table II are used for load
diversification. The percentage of the households owning each
electric appliance, known as ownership rate, is taken into account according to the method presented in [40]. The ownership rates can be found from the survey data in [24]. EV is not
included in the analysis due to the lack of EV penetration and
measurement data.
B. Critical Loads
The aggregated load profile of critical loads is created based
on the historical data of the industry-accepted database, i.e.,
RELOAD database. According to the categories in Section II,
five load types
cooking, lighting, refrigerator, freezer, and othersare considered critical loads.
Assuming in the distribution circuit, there are
residential
houses. The critical load profile in a house in each time slot
(in 1-min interval) is derived based on (15). Note that the ownership rate has already been taken into account in the RELOAD
database:

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TABLE II
PARAMETERS AND FUNCTIONS FOR LOAD MODEL DIVERSIFICATION

Fig. 7. Validation of the distribution circuit load profiles. (a) Summer load profile comparison. (b) Winter load profile comparison.

(15)
where
number of residential houses;
power consumption of critical load in time
;
slot
hourly fraction of annual residential load
for load type in the hour of time slot ;
average annual household electricity
consumption (kWh) for load type [44].
C. Distribution Circuit Load Profiles and Validation
The aggregation of the controllable loads, together with the
critical loads, of a distribution circuit with 780 customers is presented in Fig. 7 as solid bold lines for both (a) summer and (b)
winter seasons. The actual hourly load profiles of the same circuit for several days are also presented for comparison purposes.
As shown in Fig. 7, the aggregation of the proposed load models
reflects the real load profile of a residential distribution circuit
reasonably well.
VIII. CONCLUSIONS
This paper presents a methodology to develop the bottom-up
DR-enabled load models of space cooling/heating, water
heating, clothes drying and electric vehicle loads. The models
are developed at the appliance level taking into account the
physical and operational characteristics of different load types.
A methodology is also discussed showing how to aggregate
each load type to obtain the distribution circuit load profile
using a stochastic method. Each load model is validated against

the real electricity consumption data of the associated load

type. The comparison of the aggregated load profile at the
distribution circuit level also shows similarity with the actual
distribution circuit load profiles. This similarity proves that the
proposed load modeling methodology can be used to create
realistic distribution circuit load profile for DR studies.
With the DR-enabled load models developed and presented
in this paper, researchers in academia and/or electric utilities
can use the developed models to perform detailed DR studies.
For example, studies of the impact of different demand response
strategies and different customer behaviors on distribution circuit load shape changes can be conducted; and observations can
be made at both the appliance level and the distribution circuit
level.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors would like to thank UVA for providing the data
for HVAC model validation.
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Shengnan Shao (S08) received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Tsinghua University (THU), Beijing, China, in 2005 and 2007,
respectively. She is pursuing the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering at Virginia Tech, Arlington.
She is now a research assistant at the Advanced Research Institute of Virginia Tech. She is a member of the team working on Intelligent Distributed
Autonomous Power Systems (IDAPS) project at the Virginia TechAdvanced
Research Institute. Her fields of interest include smart grid, demand response,
electric vehicle, power distribution, and renewable energy systems.

Manisa Pipattanasomporn (S01M06) received the B.S. degree from the

Electrical Engineering Department, Chulalongkorn University, Thailand, in
1999, the M.S. degree in energy economics and planning from the Asian
Institute of Technology (AIT), Thailand, in 2001, and the Ph.D. degree in
electrical engineering from Virginia Tech, Arlington, in 2004.
She joined Virginia Techs Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering as an Assistant Professor in 2006. She is working on multiple research
grants from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. Department of Defense, and the U.S. Department of Energy, on research topics related to smart
grid, microgrid, energy efficiency, load control, renewable energy, and electric
vehicles. Her research interests include renewable energy systems, energy efficiency, distributed energy resources, and the smart grid.

Saifur Rahman (S75M78SM83F98) is the director of the Advanced Research Institute at Virginia Tech, Arlington, where he is the Joseph Loring Professor of electrical and computer engineering. He also directs the Center for
Energy and the Global Environment at the university. He has published over
300 papers on conventional and renewable energy systems, load forecasting,
uncertainty evaluation, and infrastructure planning.
Professor Rahman is currently the chair of the U.S. National Science
Foundation Advisory Committee for International Science and Engineering. In
2011, he is serving as the vice president for New Initiatives and Outreach of
the IEEE Power & Energy Society and a member of its Governing Board. He is
a member-at-large of the IEEE-USA Energy Policy Committee. He served as
a program director in engineering at NSF between 1996 and 1999. In 2006 he
served as the vice president of the IEEE Publications Board, and a member of
the IEEE Board of Governors. He is a distinguished lecturer of the IEEE PES.