At sign

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"@" and ":@" redirect here. For emoticon, see List of emoticons. For the letter A within a circle, see Enclosed A.
For the album by John Zorn and Thurston Moore, see "@" (album).

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At sign
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The at-sign, @, normally read aloud as "at", also commonly called the at symbol or commercial at, and less
commonly a wide range of other terms (such as the atpersand,[1][2][3] strudel[4]), is originally an accounting and
commercial invoice abbreviation meaning "at the rate of" (e.g. 7 widgets @ 2 = 14). It was not included on the
keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters, but was on at least one 1889 model[5] and the very
successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It is now universally included
oncomputer keyboards. The mark is encoded at U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (HTML @).
The fact that there is no single word in English for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the
French arobase[6] or Spanish and Portuguese arrobaor to coin new words such as asperand,
[3]
ampersat[7] or apetail[citation needed]but none of these has achieved wide usage.
Contents
[hide]

1 History
o

1.1 Origin theories

1.2 Historical use

2 Modern use
o

2.1 Commercial usage

2.2 Contemporary usage

2.3 Computer programming

2.4 Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese

2.5 Other uses and meanings

3 Names in other languages

4 Unicode variants

5 In culture

6 See also

7 References

8 External links

History[edit]
Origin theories[edit]
@ used to signify French "" ("at") from a 1674 protocol from a Swedish court (Arbogardhusrtt och magistrat)

The Aragonese @ symbol used in the 1448 "taula de Ariza" registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to theKingdom of
Aragon.[8]

@ symbol used as the initial "a" for the "amin" (amen) formula in the Bulgarian translation of the Manasses Chronicle (c. 1345).

There are several theories about the origin of the commercial at character.

One theory is that the symbol developed as a mercantile shorthand symbol

of "each at"the symbol resembling a small "a" inside a small "e"to
distinguish it from the different "at" (symbolized by the mere letter "a") or
"per." For example, the cost of "12 apples @ $1" would be $12, whereas
the cost of "12 apples at $1" would be $1a crucial and necessary
distinction.[citation needed]

Another theory is that medieval monks abbreviated the Latin word ad (at,
toward, by, about) next to anumeral. One reason for this abbreviation was

that it saved space and ink. Since thousands of pages of biblical

manuscripts were copied onto expensive papyrus or hides, and the
words at, toward, by and aboutrepeated millions of times throughout the
ages, a considerable amount of resources could be spared this way. A
theory concerning this graphic puts forward the idea that the form derives
from the Latin wordad,[clarification needed], using the older form of lower case d : ,
which persists as the partial dervative symbol.

It has been theorized that it was originally an abbreviation of the Greek

preposition (transliterated ana), meaning at the rate of or per.[citation needed]

Another theory is that it derives from the Norman French "" meaning "at"
in the "each" sense, i.e. "2widgets 5.50 = 11.00", comes
the accountancy shorthand notation
in English commercial vouchers andledgers to the 1990s, when the email
usage superseded the accountancy usage. It is also used like this in
Modern French, Swedish or Czech; in this view, the at-symbol is a stylised
form of that avoids raising the writing hand from the page in drawing the
symbol; this compromise between @ and in French handwriting is found
in street market signs.[citation needed]

Historical use[edit]
Whatever the origin of the @ symbol, the history of its usage is more well-known: it has long been used
inSpanish and Portuguese as an abbreviation of arroba, a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived
from the Arabic expression of "a quarter" ( pronounced ar-rub).[9] An Italian academic claims to have traced
the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent by Francesco Lapi fromSeville to Rome on May
4, 1536.[10] The document is about commerce with Pizarro, in particular the price of an @ of wine in Peru. In
Italian, the symbol was interpreted to mean amphora (anfora). Currently, the wordarroba means both the atsymbol and a unit of weight. In Italian, the symbol represents one amphora, a unit of weight and volume based
upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar, and entered modern meaning and use as "at the rate of" or "at
price of" in northern Europe.
Until now, the first historical document containing the @ symbol as a commercial one is the Spanish "Taula de
Ariza", a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon in the year 1448.

Modern use[edit]
Commercial usage[edit]
In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, called at site or at rate meaning at and at the rate of.
It has rarely been used in financial documents[clarification needed] or grocers' price tags, and is not used in
standard typography.[11]
Since 23 October 2012, the At-sign is registered as a trade mark by the German Patent and Trade Mark Office
DPMA (registration number302012038338) for @T.E.L.L. While company promoters have claimed that it may
from now on be illegal for other commercial interests to use the At-sign, this only applies to identical or
confusingly similar goods [12] and no court, German or otherwise, has yet ruled on this purported illegality.

Contemporary usage[edit]
A common contemporary use of @ is in email addresses (transmitted by SMTP), as
in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at site the example.com domain). BBN Technologies' Ray
Tomlinson is credited with introducing this usage in 1971.[13] This idea of the symbol representing located at in the
form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix shell command ssh
jdoe@example.net tries to establish an ssh connection to the computer with
the hostname example.net using the username jdoe.
On web pages, organizations often obscure email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @.
This practice, known as address munging, makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that
scan the internet for them.
Another contemporary use of the @ symbol in American English is adding information about a sporting event.
Opposing sports teams sometimes have their names separated by a v. (for versus). However, the "v." may be
replaced with "@" when also conveying at which team's home field the game will be played. In this case, the
away team is written first.[14]

On some online forums without threaded discussions, @ is used to denote a reply; for instance: "@Jane" to
respond to a comment Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email messages
originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, but in the body of the
email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line "@Keirsten" to indicate
to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her. This also helps with mobile email users who cannot see
bold or color in email.
In microblogging (such as Twitter and StatusNet-based microblogs), @ before the user name is used to send
publicly readable replies (e.g. "@otheruser: Message text here"). The blog and client software can automatically
interpret these as links to the user in question. This use of the @ symbol was also made available to Facebook
users on September 15, 2009.[15] In Internet Relay Chat (IRC), it is shown before users' nicks to denote they have
operator status on a channel. A person giving a talk with a slide deckmay indicate how to make contact using
their Twitter ID. The slide shows their name, possibly an email address and their ID with the @ prefixed, Twitter
assumed.
@ is also used on some wireless routers/modems, where a solid green @ symbol indicates the router is
connected and a solid amber @ indicates there is a problem[citation needed].

Computer programming[edit]
@ is used in various programming languages although there is not a consistent theme to its usage. For example:

In ALGOL 68, the @ symbol is brief form of the at keyword; it is used to

change the lower bound of an array. For example: arrayx[@88] now refers
to an array starting at index 88.

In ActionScript, @ is used in XML parsing and traversal as a string prefix to

identify attributes in contrast to child elements.

In C#, it denotes "verbatim strings", where no characters are escaped and

two double-quote characters represent a single double-quote.[16] As a prefix
it also allows keywords to be used as identifiers,[17] a form of stropping.

In the ASP.NET MVC Razor template markup syntax, the @ character

denotes the start of code statement blocks or the start of text content.[18][19]

In Forth, it is used to fetch values from the address on the top of the stack.
The operator is pronounced as "fetch".

In Haskell, it is used in so-called as-patterns. This notation can be used to

give aliases to patterns, making them more readable.

In Java, it has been used to denote annotations, a kind of metadata, since

version 5.0.

In ML, it denotes list concatenation.

In modal logic, specifically when representing possible worlds, @ is

sometimes used as a logical symbol to denote the actual world (the world
we are 'at').

In Objective-C, @ is prefixed to language-specific keywords such as

@implementation and to form string literals.

In Pascal, @ is the "address of" operator (it tells the location at which a
variable is found).

In Perl, @ prefixes variables which contain arrays @array, including

array slices @array[2..5,7,9] and hash slices @hash{'foo', 'bar',
'baz'} or @hash{qw(foo bar baz)}. This use is known as a sigil.

In PHP, it is used just before an expression to make

the interpreter suppress errors that would be generated from that
expression.[20]

In Python 2.4 and up, it is used to decorate a function (wrap the function in
another one at creation time).

In Ruby, it functions as a sigil: @ prefixes instance variables, and @@

prefixes class variables.

In Scala, it is used to denote annotations (as in Java), and also to bind

names to subpatterns in pattern-matching expressions.

In Swift, @ prefixes "annotations" that can be applied to classes or

members. Annotations tell the compiler to apply special semantics to the
declaration like keywords, without adding keywords to the language.

In T-SQL, @ prefixes variables.

In several xBase-type programming languages, like DBASE, FoxPro/Visual

FoxPro and Clipper, it is used to denote position on the screen. For
example: @1,1 SAY "HELLO" to show the word "HELLO" in line 1, column
1.

In FoxPro/Visual FoxPro, it is also used to indicate explicit pass by

reference of variables when calling procedures or functions (but it is not
an address operator).[21]

In Windows PowerShell, @ is used as array operator for array and hash

table literals and for enclosing here-string literals.[22]

In the Domain Name System, @ is used to represent the $ORIGIN,

typically the "root" of the domain without a prefixed sub-domain. (Ex:
wikipedia.org vs. www.wikipedia.org)

Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese[edit]

Main article: Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese
In Portuguese and Spanish, as well in other West Iberian languages where many words end in '-o' when in the
masculine gender and end '-a' in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a gender-neutral substitute for the
default 'o' ending,[23] which some advocates of gender-neutral language-modification feel indicates implicit
linguistic disregard for women. These languages do not possess a neutral gender and the masculine forms are
also used traditionally when referring to groups of mixed or unknown sex. The at-sign is intended to replace
the desinence '-o', including its plural form '-os', due to the resemblance to a digraph of an inner letter 'a' and an
outer letter 'o'.
As an example of the @ being used for gender-inclusive purposes, we can consider the Spanish and Portuguese
word amigos. When the word represents not only male friends, but also female ones, the proponents of a
gender-inclusive language replace it with amig@s. In this sense, amigos would be used only when the writer is
sure the group referred to is all-male. Usage of amigas is the same in traditional and such new forms of
communication. Alternative forms for a gender-inclusive at-sign would be the slash sign(amigos/as) and
the circle-A, (amigs).[citation needed] However, it is more common to use the masculine ending first and include the
feminine in parentheses, as in amigos(as). For more about this, see Satiric misspelling.
The Real Academia Espaola disapproves of the use of the at-sign as a letter.[24]

Other uses and meanings[edit]

In (especially English) scientific and technical literature, @ is used to

describe the conditions under which data are valid or a measurement has
been made. E.g. the density of saltwater may read d = 1.050 g/cm @

15 C (read "at" for @), density of a gas d = 0,150 g/L @ 20 C, 1 bar, or

noise of a car 81 dB @ 80 km/h (speed).

As an abbreviation for alias in articles about missing persons, obituaries,

brief reports - for instance: "John Smith @ Jean Smyth" (a possible
abbreviation of aka).[citation needed]For example, a Chinese Singaporean may use
two transliterations of his or her Chinese name (e.g., Mao Tse-Tung @ Mao
Zedong).

In chemical formulae, @ is used to denote trapped atoms or molecules.

For instance, La@C60 means lanthanum inside a fullerene cage. See
article Endohedral fullerene for details.

In Malagasy, @ is an informal abbreviation for the prepositional

form amin'ny.

In genetics, @ is the abbreviation for locus, as in IGL@ for immunoglobulin

lambda locus.

In the Koalib language of Sudan, @ is used as a letter in Arabic loanwords.

The Unicode Consortium rejected a proposal to encode it separately as a
letter in Unicode, but SIL International uses Private Use Area code points
U+F247 and U+F248 for lowercase and capital versions.[25]

A schwa, as the actual schwa character "" may be difficult to produce on

many computers. It is used in this capacity in the
ASCII IPA schemes SAMPA, X-SAMPA andKirshenbaum.

In leet it may substitute for the letter "A".

It is frequently used in typing and text messaging as an abbreviation for

"at".

In Portugal it may be used in typing and text messaging with the meaning
"french kiss" (linguado).

In online discourse, @ is used by some anarchists as a substitute for the

traditional circle-A.

Names in other languages[edit]

In many languages other than English, although most typewriters included the symbol, the use of @ was less
common before email became widespread in the mid-1990s. Consequently, it is often perceived in those
languages as denoting "the Internet", computerization, or modernization in general.

In Afrikaans, it is called aapstert, meaning "monkey tail", similarly to

the Dutch use of the word.

In Arabic, it is
( at).

In Armenian, it is (shnik), which means "puppy".

In Azeri, it is t (at).

In Basque, it is a bildua ("wrapped A").

In Belarusian, it is called (limak, meaning "helix" or "snail").

In Bosnian, it is ludo a ("crazy A").

In Bulgarian, it is called (klyomba "a badly written letter"),

(maymunsko a "monkey A"), (maimunka "little
monkey"), or ("banitsa" - a pastry roll often made in a shape similar
to the character)

In Catalan, it is called arrova ("a unit of measure") or ensamada (because

of the similar shape of this food).

In Chinese:

In mainland China, it is quan A ( A), meaning "circled A / enclosed A"

or hua A ( A), meaning "lacy A". Sometimes as xiao laoshu (),
meaning "little mouse".[26]Nowadays, for most of China's youth, it is at.

In Taiwan, it is xiao laoshu (), meaning "little mouse".

In Hong Kong and Macau, it is at.

In Croatian, it is most often referred to by the English word "at". Informally,

it is called a manki, coming from the local pronunciation of the English word
"monkey". Note that the Croatian word for monkey, majmun, is not used to
denote the symbol.

In Czech and Slovak, it is called zavin, which means "rollmops".

In Danish, it is snabel-a ("elephant's trunk A").

In Dutch, it is called apenstaartje ("[little] monkey tail"). However, the use of

the English at has been coming increasingly popular in Dutch.

In Esperanto, it is called e-signo ("at" for the email use, with an address
like "zamenhof@esperanto.org" pronounced zamenhof e esperanto
punkto org), po-signo ("each" refers only to the mathematical use),
or heliko (meaning "snail").

in Estonian, it is called at, from the English word.

In Faroese, it is kurla, hj ("at"), tranta, or snpil-a ("[elephant's] trunk A").

In Finnish, it was originally called taksamerkki ("fee sign") or yksikkhinnan

merkki ("unit price sign"), but these names are long obsolete and now
rarely understood. Nowadays, it is officially t-merkki, according to the
national standardization institute SFS; frequently also spelled "at-merkki".
Other names include kissanhnt ("cat's tail") and miukumauku ("miaowmeow").

In French, it is now officially the arobase[27][28] (also

spelled arrobase or arrobe), or a commercial (though this is most
commonly used in French-speaking Canada, and should normally only be
used when quoting prices; it should always be called arobase or, better
yet, arobas when in an email address). Its origin is the same as that of
the Spanishword, which could be derived from the Arabic ar-roub. In
France, it is also common (especially for younger generations) to say the
English word "at" when spelling out an email address.[citation needed] In slang

Qubec French, one often hears "at-commercial" when sounding out an email address.

In Georgian, it is at, spelled ( ).

In German, it has sometimes been referred to as Klammeraffe (meaning

"spider monkey"). Klammeraffe refers to the similarity of @ to the tail of a
monkey grabbing a branch. Lately, it has mostly been called at, just like in
English.

In Greek, it is most often referred to as (papaki), meaning

"duckling", due to the similarity it bears with comic character designs for
ducks.

In Greenlandic, and Inuit language, it is called aajusaq meaning "A-like" or

"something that looks like A".

In Hebrew, it is colloquially known as ( shtrudel), due to the visual

resemblance to a cross-section cut of a strudel cake. The normative term,
invented by The Academy of the Hebrew Language, is ( krukhit),
which is another Hebrew word for "strudel", but is rarely used.

In Hindi, it is at, from the English word.

In Hungarian, it is called kukac ("worm", "maggot").

In Icelandic, it is referred to as atmerki ("the at sign") or hj, which is a

direct translation of the English word "at".

In Indian English, speakers often say at the rate of (with e-mail addresses
quoted as "example at the rate of example.com").

In Indonesian, it is usually et. Variations exist especially if verbal

communication is very noisy such as a bundar and a bulat (both meaning
"circled A"), a keong ("snail A"), and (most rarely) a monyet ("monkey A").

In Irish, it is ag (meaning "at") or comhartha @/ag (meaning "at sign").

In Italian, it is chiocciola ("snail") or a commerciale,

sometimes at (pronounced more often [t] and rarely [at]) or ad.

In Japanese, it is called attomku (, from the English words

"at mark"). The word is wasei-eigo, a loan word from the English language.
It is sometimes called Naruto, because of Naruto whirlpools or food
(Narutomaki).

In Kazakh, it is officially called ("moon's ear"), sometimes

unofficial as ("dog's head").

In Korean, it is called golbaeng-i (, meaning "bai top shells"), a

dialectal form of whelk.

In Kurdish, it is at, from the English word.

In Kyrgyz, it is officially called ("monkey"), sometimes

unofficially as ("doggy"), and et.

In Latvian, it is pronounced the same as in English, but, since in

Latvian [] is written as "e" (not "a" as in English), it is sometimes written
as et.

In Lithuanian, it is et (equivalent to the English "at").

In Luxembourgish it used to be called Afeschwanz ("monkey tail"), but due

to widespread use, it is now called at, as in English.

In Macedonian, it is called (my-moon-cheh "little monkey").

In Malay, it is called alias when it is used in names and di when it is used in

email addresses. It is also commonly used to abbreviate atau which means
"or" or "either".

In Morse code (not a language), it is known as a "commat", consisting of

the Morse code for the "A" and "C" which run together as one character: --. The symbol was added in 2004 for use with email addresses,[29] the only
official change to Morse code since World War I.

In Norwegian, it is officially called krllalfa ("curly alpha" or "alpha twirl").

(The alternate alfakrll is also common, but is not its official name.)
Sometimes snabel-a, the Swedish/Danish name (which means "trunk A",
as in "elephant's trunk"), is used. Commonly, people will call the
symbol [t] (as in English), particularly when giving their email addresses.

In Persian, it is at, from the English word.

In The Philippines, at means "and" in Tagalog, which could be used

interchangeably in colloquial abbreviations. Ex: magluto @ kumain ("cook
and eat").

In Polish, it is called, both officially and commonly, mapa ("monkey"), and

sometimes mapka ("little monkey").

In Portuguese, it is called arroba (from the Arabic arrub). The word "arroba"
is also used for a weight measure in Portuguese. One arroba is equivalent
to 32 old Portuguese pounds, approximately 14.7 kg, and both the weight
and the symbol are called arroba. In Brazil, cattle are still priced by the
arroba now rounded to 15 kg. (This occurs because the same sign was
used to represent the same measure.)

In Romanian, it is most commonly called at, but also colloquially

called Coad de maimu ("monkey tail") or a-rond. The latter is commonly
used, and it comes from the word "round" (from its shape), but that is
nothing like the mathematical symbol A-rond (rounded A). Others call
it aron, or la (Romanian word for at).

@ on a DVK Soviet computer (c. 1984)

In Russian, it is most commonly (sobaka, meaning "dog"). The

name "dog" has come from Soviet computers DVK where the symbol had a
short tail and similarity to a dog.

In Serbian, it is called (ludo A "crazy A"), (majmune

"little monkey"), or (majmun "monkey").

In Slovak, it is called zavin ("pickled fish roll", as in Czech).

In Slovenian, it is called afna ("little monkey").

In Spanish-speaking countries, it denotes a pre-metric unit of weight. While

there are regional variations in Spain and Mexico, it is typically considered
to represent approximately 25 pounds (11.5 kg), and both the weight and
the symbol are called arroba. It has also been used as a unit of volume for
wine and oil and recently to denote masculine and feminine gender in the
same word (masculineamigos; feminine amigas; neuter amig@s).

In Swedish, it is called snabel-a ("elephant's trunk A") or simply at, as in the

English language. Less formally it is also known askanelbulle ("cinnamon
roll") or alfakrull ("alpha curl").

In Swiss German, it is commonly called Affenschwanz ("monkey-tail").

However, the use of the English at has been coming increasingly popular
in German.

In Thai, it is commonly called at, as in English.

In Turkish, it is commonly called et, like in English but written in Turkish

letters.

In Ukrainian, it is commonly called (et "at"), other names being

(ravlyk "snail"), (slymachok "little slug"), (vukho "ear"),
and (pesyk "little dog").

In Urdu, it is ( at).

In Uzbek, it is called kuchukcha, which loosely means "doggy"a direct

translation of this term from Russian.

In Vietnamese, it is called a cng ("bent A") in the north and a

mc ("hooked A") in the south.

In Welsh, it is sometimes known as a malwen or malwoden (both meaning

"snail").

U+0040 @ REGULAR COMMERCIAL AT (HTML @)

U+FF20 FULL-WIDTH COMMERCIAL AT (HTML ＠)

U+FE6B SMALL COMMERCIAL AT (HTML ﹫)

Unicode variants[edit]

In culture[edit]

The Museum of Modern Art admitted the at sign to its architecture and
design collection.[26]

Author Philip Pullman added the category of "things that were invented for
one purpose, but are used for another" to his "Museum of
Curiosity" collection with the @ as an example.[30]

John Lloyd, pledged on QI series A DVD to support widespread use of the

term "Astatine" to refer to the symbol. This name was chosen as the
chemical element astatine has the chemical symbol "At".[31]

American R&B singer Usher used a version of the at sign in his career,
where the "a" was replaced with the vowel "u" from his name. Puerto Rican
artist Miguelito also uses his version of the at sign where the "a" is
replaced by the letter "m" from his name in his own line of merchandise
that includes clothes, school supplies, his studio albums, etc.

A Chinese couple tried to name their son @pronouncing it "ai ta" or "love
him"according to the Chinese State Language Commission.[32][33]

In the 1980 Video Game Rogue, presented in ASCII graphics, the player
character is represented by the @. Many similar games, called Roguelikes,
use the same presentation, and traditionally use the @ to represent the
player character as well.

Circle-A

Enclosed A (, )

ASCII

Unicode

See also[edit]

References[edit]
1.

Jump up^ "ASCII", The Jargon File (version 4.4.7)

2.

Jump up^ "@: 'Commercial at' doesn't sound sexy", Tom Angleberger,
The Roanake Times"

3.

^ Jump up to:a b "New York's Moma claims @ as a design classic", Jemima

Kiss, 28 March 2010, The Observer

4.

Jump up^ "strudel". FOLDOC. Retrieved 2014-11-21.

5.

Jump up^ "The @-symbol, part 2 of 2", Shady Characters The secret
life of punctuation

6.

Jump up^ "Short Cuts", Daniel Soar, Vol. 31 No. 10 28 May 2009 page
18, London Review of Books

7.

Jump up^ " Tim Gowens offered the highly logical "ampersat" ",
05 February 1996, The Independent

8.

Jump up^ "La arroba no es de Sevilla (ni de Italia)". purnas.com. Jorge

Romance. Retrieved2009-06-30.

9.

Jump up^ "arroba". Diccionario de la Real Academia Espaola.

Retrieved 3 August 2012.

10. Jump up^ Willan, Philip (2000-07-31). "Merchant@Florence Wrote It First

500 Years Ago". The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2010-04-25.
11. Jump up^ Bringhurst, Robert (2002). The Elements of Typographic
Style (version 2.5), p.272. Vancouver: Hartley & Marks. ISBN 0-88179133-4.
12. Jump up^ Article 5 Trade Marks Directive, as interpreted in Case C251/95 Sabel BV v Puma AG [1997] ECR I-6191
13. Jump up^ "The First Email".
14. Jump up^ For an example, see: http://www.nfl.com/schedules
15. Jump up^ "Tag Friends in Your Status and Posts - Facebook Blog".
16. Jump up^ 2.4.4.5 String literals,
17. Jump up^ "2.4.2 Identifiers".
18. Jump up^ Phil Haack. "Razor syntax quick reference".
19. Jump up^ ASP.NET MVC 3: Razors @: and <text> syntax
20. Jump up^ PHP: Error Control Operators Manual
21. Jump up^ "Visual FoxPro Programming Language Online Help: SET
UDFPARMS (Command), or MSDN Library 'How to: Pass Data to
Parameters by Reference'.". Microsoft, Inc. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
22. Jump up^ ""Windows PowerShell Language Specification 3.0 (PDF)"".
23. Jump up^ Martell-Otero, Loida (Fall 2009). "Doctoral Studies as
Llamamiento, or How We All Need to be 'Ugly Betty'". Perspectivas: 84
106.
24. Jump up^ DPD 1 edicin, 2 tirada
25. Jump up^ Constable, Peter, and Lorna A. Priest (October 12, 2009) SIL
Corporate PUA Assignments 5.2a. SIL International. pp. 59-60. Retrieved
on April 12, 2010.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b "Why @ Is Held in Such High Design Esteem". The New
York Times, Alice Rawsthorn, March 21, 2010. 2010-03-22. Archived from
the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
27. Jump up^ "At last, France has a name for the @ sign", December 9,
2002, iol.co.za
28. Jump up^ Orthographe fixe par la Commission gnrale de terminologie
et de nologie (Journal officiel du 8 dcembre 2002)

29. Jump up^ "The ARRL Letter", Vol. 23, No. 18, April 30, 2004
30. Jump up^ "Meeting Twelve P-51 Mustang, Tempting Fate, Inventions
Being Used for Things They Weren't Designed For". The Museum of
Curiosity. Season 2. Episode 6. 8 June 2009.
31. Jump up^ John Lloyd and John Mitchinson (6 November 2006). QI The
Complete First Series: "Factoids" (Audio Commentary) (DVD). BBC and 2
Entertain. OCLC 271537078.UPC 5014503232528.
32. Jump up^ "English invades Chinese language", August 17, 2007",
People's Daily Online
33. Jump up^ "Couple try to name baby @", August 17, 2007, NZ Herald

External links[edit]
Look up commercialat or at sign in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to At sign.

commercial-at at the Free On-line Dictionary of Computing

"The Accidental History of the @ Symbol ", Smithsonian magazine,

September 2012, Retrieved June 2013.

The @-symbol, part 1, intermission, part 2, addenda, Shady Characters

The secret life of punctuation August 2011, Retrieved June 2013.

"Daniel Soar on @", London Review of Books, Vol. 31 No. 10, 28 May
2009, Retrieved June 2013.

ascii64 the @ book free download (creative commons) by patrik

sneyd foreword by luigi colani) November 2006, Retrieved June 2013.

A Natural History of the @ Sign The many names of the at sign in various
languages, 1997, Retrieved June 2013.

Sum: the @ Symbol, LINGUIST List 7.968 July 1996, Retrieved June 2013.

Where it's At: names for a common symbol World Wide Words August
1996, Retrieved June 2013.

UK Telegraph Article: Chinese parents choose to name their baby

"@" August 2007, Retrieved June 2013.

Tom Chatfield tells the story of the @ sign on Medium

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Punctuation

Typographical symbols

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