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ThingsYouMustKnowWhenyoudoPipingDesign|PIPINGGUIDE

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ThingsYouMustKnowWhenyoudoPipingDesign
PostedbyAnkitChughon12:21PM

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Tubular products are termed tube or pipe. Tube is customarily specified by its outside diameter and
wall thickness, expressed either BWG (Birmingham wire guage) or in inches or in thousands. Pipe is
customarilyidentifiedbynominalpipesizewithwallthicknessdefinedbyschedulenumber.

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Carbonsteelpipeisstrong,ductile,weldable,machineable,reasonablydurableandisnearlyalways
cheaperthanpipemadefromothermaterials.Ifcarbonsteelpipecanmeettherequirementsofpressure,

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temperature,corrosionresistanceandhygiene,itisthenaturalchoice.

Other metals & alloys : pipe or tube made from copper, lead, nickel, brass, aluminium and various
stainlesssteelscanbereadilyobtained.Thesematerialsarerelativelyexpensiveandareselectedusually
eitherbecauseoftheirparticularcorrosionresistancetotheprocesschemicals,theirgoodheattransfer
or for their tensile strength at high temperatures. Copper and copper alloys are traditional for
instrumentlines,foodprocessingandheattransferequipment,butstainlesssteelsareincreasinglybeing
usedforthesepurposes.
Methodsforjoiningpipe
Buttwelded
Socketwelded
Screwed
Boltedflange
Boltedquickcoupling

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Steel Pipe Fittings
Ball valves
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ball valve

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Elbows,Tees,Flanges,Gaskets,Nipples,Unions,Valves,Reducers,Steamtraps,Bellows

Elbowsorells:

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Typesofelbows
Longradiuselbows:normallyusedelbowsarelongradiuswithcenterlineradiusofcurvatureequal
to1timesthenominalpipesizeforinchandlargesizes.
Short radius elbows: SR elbows with centerline radius of curvature equal to the nominal pipe size
Reducing
Elbows : this elbows have centerline radius of curvature 1 times the nominal size of the pipe to be
attachedtothelargerend.
Bends:Aremadefromstraightpipe.Commonbendingradiiare3and5timesthepipesize.3Rbends
areavailablefromstock.Largerradiuscanbecustommade.

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Returns:Itchangesdirectionofflowthrough180degrees,andisusedtoconstructheatingcoils,vents
andtanksetc.

PipingDesign
Ankit Chugh

Pipingarrangements:
Usestandardavailableitemswhereverpossible.
Donotusemitersunlessdirectedtodoso.

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Donotrunpipingunderfoundation.

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Donotrunsteamlinesunderoillines,firehazardsmayoccur.
Pipingmayhavetogothroughconcretefloorsorwalls.Establishthesepointsofpenetrationasearly
aspossibleandinformthegroupconnected(civil)toavoidcuttingexistingreinforcingbars.

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Includeremovableflangedspoolstoaidmaintenance,especiallyatpumps,turbines,andother
equipmentthatwillhavetoberemovedforoverhaul.

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Steamlines,whicharebelowgradeintrenchesprovidedwithcoversor(forshortruns)sleeves.
Takegasandvaporbranchlinesfromtopsofheaderswhenitisnecessarytoreducethechanceof
drawingoffcondensateorsediment,whichmaydamagerotatingequipment.
Maintainventlinesathigheranddrainlinesatlowerelevations.

ClearingandAccess:
183haveusincircles

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Routepipingtoobtainadequateclearnessformaintainingandremovingequipment.
Locatewithinreachormakeaccessible,allequipmentsubjectedtoperiodicoperationorinspection,with

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specialreferencetocheckvalves,pressurereliefvalves,traps,strainersandinstruments.
Like 500peoplelikethis.

Takecaretonotobstructaccesswaysi.e.doorways,truckways,walkways,liftingwellsetc.
Elevations of lines are usually changed when changing horizontal directions where lines are grouped
togetherorareinacongestedarea,soasnotblockspaceswherefuturelinesmayhavetoberouted.
Keep field welds and other joints at least 3 inches from supporting steel, building siding or other

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Allowroomforloopsandotherpipearrangementstocopewithexpansionbyearlyconsultationwithstaff

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concernedwithpipestressing.Notifythestructuralgroupofanyadditionalsteelrequiredtosupportsuch
loops.

StressesOnPiping
Thermal Stresses: change in temperature of piping due either to changes in temperature of the
environment or of the conveyed fluid, cause changes in temperature in length of the piping. This
expansionorcontractioninturncausesstraininpiping,supportsandattachedequipment.
SettlementStrains: foundation of large tanks and heavy equipment may settle or tilt slightly in the
course of time. Connected piping and equipment not on a common foundation will be stressed by the
displacement.

Flexibilityinpiping
Toreducestrainsinpipingcausedbysubstantialthermalmovement,flexibleandexpansionjointsmaybe
used. However, the use of these joints may be minimised by arranging piping in a flexible manner. Pipe
canflexinadirectionperpendiculartoitslength:thus,thelongeranoffset,orthedeeperaloop,themore
flexibilityisgained.

PipeRacks

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Apipewayisthespaceallocatedforroutingseveralparalleladjacentlines.Apiperackisastructureinthe
pipeway for carrying pipes and is usually fabricated from steel, or concrete and steel. Piperacks for only

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twoorthreepipesaremadefromTshapedmember,termedTeeheadsupports.

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Piperacks are expensive, but are necessary for arranging the main process and service lines around the
plantsite.Theyaremadeuseofinsecondaryways,principallytoprovidelocationforancillaryequipment.

Labels

Pumps, utility stations, manifolds, firefighting and firstaid stations can be located under the piperack.

PipingDesign(132)

Lightingandotherfixturescanbefittedtostanchions.Aircooledheatexchangercanbesupportedabove

Piping(104)

thepiperack.

Pipelines(66)

The smallest size of pipe run on a piperack without additional support is usually 2inch. It may be more
economic to change proposed small lines to 2inch pipe, or to suspend them from 4inch or larger lines,
insteadofprovidingadditionalsupport.

Valvesinpipingdesign

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Valvesareusedforthesepurposes:

1. Processcontrolduringoperation.
2. Controllingservicesandutilitiessteam,water,air,gasandoil.
3. Isolatingequipmentorinstruments,formaintenance.
4. Discharginggas,vapororliquid.
5. Drainingpipingandequipmentonshutdown.
6. Emergencyshutdownintheeventofplantmishaporfire.
Whichsizevalvetouse:

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PDMSArticles
PDMSREPRESENTATION

Nearlyallvalveswillbelinesizeoneexceptioniscontrolvalves,whichareusuallyoneortwosizessmaller

TheDatabaseListingForm

thanlinesize,neverlarger.

PositioningRadialNozzles
PDMSSYNTAX'S

At control stations and pumps it has been almost traditional to use linesize isolating valves. However,

PDMSPSEUDOATTRIBUTES

somecompaniesarenowusingisolatingvalvesatcontrolstationsthesamesizeasthecontrolvalve,andat

PDMSCreating&DeletingElements

pumps are using pumpsize isolating valves at suction and discharge. The choice is usually an economic

PDMSOrientationCommands

onemadebyaprojectengineer.

PDMSPositioningCommands(Piping)
PDMSPositioningCommands(General)

Wheretoplacevalves

PDMSQUERYCOMMANDS
SETTINGPDMSATTRIBUTES
PDMSSYNTAXEXAMPLES

1. Preferably,placevalvesinlinesfromheaders(onpiperacks)inhorizontalratherthanverticalruns,
so that lines can drain when the valves are closed.(in cold climates, water held in lines freeze and
rupturethepipingsuchlinesshouldbetraced.
2. Toavoidspoolingunnecessarylengthsofpipe,mountvalvesdirectlyontoflangedequipment,ifthe
flangeiscorrectlypressured.
3. Areliefvalvethatdischargesintoaheadershouldbeplacedhigherthantheheaderinordertodrain

STRUCTURE,EQUIPMENT&OTHERS
RemainingCommandsofPDMS
PDMSCOMMANDS:PIPINGCOMMANDS

intoit.
4. Locateheavyvalvesnearsuitablesupportpoints.Flangesshouldbenotcloserthan12inchestothe
nearestsupport,sothatinstallationisnothampered.
5. Forappearance,ifpracticable,keepcenterlinesofvalvesatthesameheightabovefloor,andinline
onplanview.

Operatingaccesstovalves
1. Considerfrequencyofoperationwhenlocatingmanuallyoperatedvalves.
2. Locatefrequencyoperatedvalvessotheyareaccessibletoanoperatorfromgradeorplatform.
Abovethisheightandupto20feet,usechainoperationorextensionstem.Over20feet,considera
platformorremoteoperation.
ValvesOperatingHeights
1. Infrequentlyusedvalvescanbereachedbyaladderbutconsideralternatives.
2. Donotlocatevalvesonpiperacks,unlessunavoidable.
3. Group valves which would be out of reach so that all can be operated by providing a plotform, if
automaticoperatorsareused.
4. If a chain is used on a horizontally mounted valve, take the bottom of the loop to within 3feet of
floorlevelforsafety,andprovideahooknearbytoholdthechainoutoftheway.
5. Donotusechainoperatorsonscrewedvalves,oronanyvalve1inchesandsmaller
6. Withlineshandlingdangerousmaterialsitisbettertoplacevalvesatasuitablylowlevelabovegrade,
floor,platform,etc.,sothattheoperatordoesnothavetoreachaboveheadheight.
Accesstovalveinhazardousvalves
1. Locatemainisolatingvalveswheretheycanbereachedinanemergencysuchasananoutbreakof
fire or a plant mishap. Make sure that personnel will be able to reach valves easily by walkway or
automobile.

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2. Locatemanuallyoperatedvalvesattheplantperimeter,oroutsidehazardousarea.
3. Ensurethatautomaticoperatorsandtheircontrollineswillbeprotectedfromtheeffectoffire.
4. Makeuseofbrickorconcretewallsaspossiblefireshieldsforvalvestations.
5. Inside a plant, place isolating valves in accessible positions to shut feed lines for equipment and
processeshavingafirerisk.
6. Consider the use of automaticvalves in fire systems to release water, foam and other firefighting
agents, responding to heatfusible links, smoke detectors, etc., triggered by fire or undue rise in
temperatureadvicemaybeobtainedfromtheinsurerandthelocalfiredepartment.

IfthereisnoP&ID
1. Providevalvesatheaders,pumps,equipment,etc.,toensurethatthesystemwillbepressuretight
for hydrostatic testing, and to allow equipment to be removed for maintenance without shutting
downthesystem.
2. Provideisolatingvalvesatallsmalllinesbranchingfromheader.
3. Provide isolating valves at all instrument pressure points for removal of instruments under
operatingconditions.
4. Providevalveddrainsonalltanks,vessels,etc.,andotherequipmentwhichmaycontainorcollect
liquids.
5. Protect sensitive equipment by using a fastclosing check valve to stop back flow before it can
gathermomentum.
6. Consider buttwelding or ringjoint flanged valves for lines containing hazardous or searching
fluids.Hydrogenisespeciallyliabletoleak.
7. Providesufficientvalvestocontrolflows.
8. Considerprovidingaconcretepit(usuallyabout4ftx4ft)foravalvewhichistobelocatedbelow
grade.
9. Consideruseoftemporaryclosuresforpositiveshutoff.
10. Provideabypassifnecessaryforequipmentwhichmaybetakenoutofservice.
11. Provide a bypass around control stations if continuous flow is require. The bypass should be at
leastaslargeasthecontrolvalve,andisusuallyglobetype,unless6inchorlarger,whenagate
valveisnormallyused.
12. Provide an upstream isolating valve with a smallvalved bypass to equipment, which may be
subject to fracture if heat is too rapidly applied on opening the isolating valve. Typical use is in
steamsystemtolessentheriskoffractureofsuchthingsascastings,vitreousvessels,etc.
13. Considerprovidinglargegatevalveswithavalvedbypasstoequalizepressureoneithersideofthe
disctoreduceeffortneededtoopenthevalve.
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TypesofExpansionJointswithExamples

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NasserZoghaibThesearticlesare

importantforanypipingengineer...

Sagarwhatisthedifferencebetween

ASMESecIIIDiv.1andASMESecIIIDiv.3??

FunctionalPurposesofPipeandHanger
Supports

DesignDetailConsiderationsforPiping
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srinivasanveryusefulandveryinformative

ePaxisautomationwowverynice

information,it'smorehelptome.pleasekeep
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