Photosynthesis Outline

Photosynthesis.
I.

II.

III.

The material for photosynthesis is CO2 from the air and water from the soil.
A.

CO2 enters through openings in the leaves called stomata.

B.

Water is taken up by the roots and transported to the leaves through the
xylem

C.

Various parts of the overall equation for photosynthesis happen in

different places and at different times.
1.

The overall reaction is 6 CO2 + 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

2.

Water is split to produce O2.

3.

Evidence.
a.

In sulfur bacteria, CO2 + H2S C(H20) + 2S + H2O.

b.

Use an isotope of oxygen to label the oxygen of H2O. Get

labeled O2 during photosynthesis.

The two parts of photosynthesis.

A.

Gather light energy with pigments and use it to make ATP and NADPH.

B.

Use the NADPH and ATP and the carbon of CO2 to make glucose.

Light is gathered by pigments organized on membranes of the chloroplasts.

A.

The nature of light (an electromagnetic radiation).

1.

Light varies in energy, wavelength and intensity.

2.

We see a small amount of the total range of electromagnetic

radiation. This is the visible spectrum.

3.

Blue most energetic; red the least so.

B.

C.

IV.

The nature of pigments

1.

Pigments absorb light if the energy of the light is the same as the
energy needed to boost an electron to a higher energy level.

2.

An absorption spectrum shows which wavelengths are absorbed

by a pigment.

3.

An action spectrum shows which wavelengths will make a

process happen.

4.

Action and absorption spectra of chlorophyll are similar. This

suggests that chlorophyll is a pigment of photosynthesis.

How pigments are organized in a chloroplast.

1.

An antenna complex has 100's of pigment molecules.

2.

Energy of absorbed light passed from one pigment to another.

3.

Photochemical reaction center. Where a small number of

molecules convert light energy to chemical energy.

4.

Photosystems I and II.

a.

On the thylakoid membranes.

b.

PS I absorbs best at 680 nm; PSII absorbs best at 700 nm

One group of photosynthetic reactions depends on light.

A.

Cyclic photophosphorylation.
1.

Electrons of PSII excited by light.

2.

Passed along an oxidation-reduction pathway which generates

ATP.

3.

ATP generation depends on the formation of a proton gradient

across the thylakoid membrane.

4.

Electron eventually returns to PSII.

B.

V.

Noncyclic photophosphorylation.
1.

Electrons of PSII excited by light.

2.

Energy used to make NADPH.

One group of photosynthetic reactions does not depend on light.

A.

B.

Calvin's experiments.
1.

Added radioactive CO2 to photosynthetic algae.

2.

Identified the compounds that became radioactive as time went

by.

The fate of CO2: The Calvin Cycle.

1.

Fixation of CO2 (1-carbon) by Rubisco.

2.

CO2 and a 5-C molecule 6-Carbon molecule 2 3-carbon

molecules.

3.

Some of the 3-C molecules become 6-C glucose.

4.

The rest of the steps make a cycle by regenerating the 5-C

molecule.

VI. The regulation of photosynthesis.

A. Having enough water.
1. Plants shut stomata when it is hot and dry.
2. If water is not coming up from roots, neither are minerals.
B. Having enough CO2.
1. Low CO2 when stomata closed.
2. Can result in photorespiration.
3. Adaptations for keeping CO2 high.

a. C3 plants.
i.

First step of Calvin cycle makes a 3-Carbon molecule

ii.

Not adapted to low humidity.

b. C4 plants.
i.

First step makes a 4-Carbon compound .

ii.

Converted to another 4-Carbon compound which breaks

down to CO2.

iii.

Adapted to hot, dry conditions.

C. Having enough light.

1. Must be the right wavelength.
2. Of sufficient intensity.
3. Plants compete for good light conditions.

Chemical Bonding
electronegativity
A measure of the ability of an atom in a chemical compound to
attract electrons. How unequally something will share electrons.
More electronegativity means more electrons.
chemical bond
A mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence
electrons of different atoms that bind the atoms together.
Attraction between opposite charges.
ionic bonding
Chemical bonding that results from the electrical attraction
between large numbers of cations and anions. Metal is bonded to
a nonmetal.

covalent bonding
Between 2 nuclei. Results from the sharing of electron pairs
between two atoms. Between 2 non-metals.
nonpolar-covalent
A covalent bond in which the bonding electrons are shared
equally by the bonded atoms, resulting in a balanced distribution
of electrical charge.
polar-covalent
A covalent bond in which the bonded atoms have an unequal
attraction for the shared electrons. Opposite end: one end
becomes positive, the other negative.

ionic compound
Is composed of positive and negative ions that are combined so
that the numbers of positive and negative charges are equal.
Usually fills octet for each ion.
lattice energy
The energy released when one mole of an ionic crystalline
compound is formed from gaseous ions. Negative value because
energy is released.
polyatomic ion
A charged group of covalently bonded atoms.

metallic bonding
The chemical bonding that results from the attraction between
metal atoms and the surrounding sea of electrons. Metals share
valence electrons with neighbors.
molecule
A neutral group of atoms that are held together by covalent
bonds. Sharing of electrons.
molecular compound
A chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules.
chemical formula

Indicates the relative numbers of atoms of each kind in a

chemical compound by using atomic symbols and numerical
subscripts.
molecular formula
Shows the types and numbers of atoms combined in a single
molecule of a molecular compound.
diatomic molecule
A molecule containing only 2 atoms.
bond length
the distance between two bonded atoms at their minimum
potential energy, that is, the average distance between two
bonded atoms.
bond energy
The energy required to break a chemical bond and form neutral
isolated atoms. Positive because you must put energy in.
octet rule
Chemical compounds tend to form so that each atom, by gaining,
losing, or sharing electrons, has an octet of electrons in its
highest occupied level.
resonance
Refers to bonding in molecules or ions that cannot be correctly
represented by a single Lewis structure.
molecular polarity
the uneven distribution of molecular charge.
VSEPR theory
states that repulsion between the sets of valence-level electrons
surrounding an atom causes these sets to be oriented as far apart
as possible.
intermolecular forces
the forces of attraction between molecules.
dipole-dipole forces
the forces of attraction between polar molecules.
hydrogen bonding
the intermolecular force in which a hydrogen atom that is
bonded to a highly electronegative atom is attracted to an
unshared pair of electrons of an electronegative atom in a nearby
molecule.

london dispersion forces

the intermolecular attractions resulting from the constant
motion of electrons and the creation of instantaneous dipoles.

"I'm Not The Only One"

You and me, we made a vow
For better or for worse
I can't believe you let me down
But the proof's in the way it hurts
For months on end I've had my doubts
Denying every tear
I wish this would be over now
But I know that I still need you here
[Chorus:]
You say I'm crazy
'Cause you don't think I know what you've done
But when you call me baby
I know I'm not the only one
You've been so unavailable
Now sadly I know why
Your heart is unobtainable
Even though Lord knows you kept mine
[Chorus:]
You say I'm crazy
'Cause you don't think I know what you've done
But when you call me baby
I know I'm not the only one
I have loved you for many years
Maybe I am just not enough
You've made me realize my deepest fear
By lying and tearing us up
[Chorus 2x:]
You say I'm crazy
'Cause you don't think I know what you've done
But when you call me baby

I know I'm not the only one

I know I'm not the only one
I know I'm not the only one
And I know...
I know I'm not the only one

"Ehu Girl"
[Verse 1]
Said it happened last night about ten to eleven when I first layed eyes on you,
Standing in line, into Club Triple 7, it was just like heaven and a dream come true,
Were standing at the right place at the right time,
When you, this ehu girl, caused the crime.
[Chorus]
Youre my pretty little ehu girl who made me a fool in love,
You got my heart all in a whirl and now it needs cooling off,
You set my heart on fire and now I dont know what to do,
You set my heart on fire and now Im so in love with you my ehu girl.
[Verse 2]
Said Im feeling it now, something Ive never felt,
My hearts so hot I think Im gonna melt,
Somehow, I want to see you again
My love, sent from above.
And beautiful girls yes Ive seen a few,
but out of all the beauty in the world theres no one quite like you.
[Chorus]
My ehu girl.
[Bridge]
The way your ehu hair flows in the air,
The way your shining eyes reflect the sky,
The way your smile burns up my flame,
But I dont know your name and I guess Ill call you my...
[Chorus]

"First True Love"

I got it I got it the note you gave me when you left

Still got it still got it lying exactly where you left it
My heart broke in two,
There was no super glue to mend it
Yeah, I was stuck on you
Didn't know how to end it
Yeah yeah yeah
You are my fifth, fourth or third seconds not the word
You are my first my first true love
Sad to say to this very day
Your still the one I'm thinking of
'Cause your my first true love
It's over it's over
I still don't even know I'm worked over
And lately oh lately
I've had those questions on my mind
There was no such cure I endure you letter
The only thing that helps
Is my friends saying I can do better
Yeah yeah yeah
You are my fifth, fourth or third seconds not the word
You are my first my first true love
Sad to say to this very day
Your still the one I'm thinking of
'Cause your my first true love
Fifth fourth or third seconds not the word
You are my first my first true love
Sad to say from this very day
Your still the one I'm thinking of
'Cause your my first true love
I need to surf
'Cause it's killing me
No one to hurt
Love is leavin' me
I'd rather sing than be cryin'
Over you

I need to surf
'Cause it's killing me
No one to hurt
Love is leavin' me
I'd rather sing than be cryin'
Over you
I never felt this blue
You are my fifth, fourth or third seconds not the word
You are my first my first true love
Sad to say to this very day
Your still the one I'm thinking of
'Cause your my first true love