Slides for ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 0): Scope of Electronic Instrumentation

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. / Automotive Sensors

Some
S
Som
e Appl
Application
ppllica
i tion o
off IInstrumentation
nstrum
ment
en
n ati
a on E
Eng
Engg.
ngg.
g /
A ati
Avi
a on
Aviation

Some Application of IInstrumentation

n rument
ns
nst
entation
nt
E
Eng
Engg.
g. /
Imag
maging
mag
i
Medical Imaging

Page 1 of

Some
Som
eA
Application
ppllica
icatio
ca
ation
ttio
on o
off IInstrumentation
nstrumentati
ati
ation
tiion
o Eng
E
Engg.
g. /
Atomic Energy

 
 





Some
Som
S
ome Appl
A
Application
pp ica
pp
ic tio
t n off Inst
ti
IInstrumentation
ns rumentation
o Engg.
g /
g.
Furnace

Gathered





Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 0): Scope of Electronic Instrumentation

Slides for ECE 2014 

Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. /

Chemical Plant

EC 0
E
010
10 704

Some Application of Instrumentation Engg. /

Robotics






 

ELECTRONIC
ELE
ECTR
C ONIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
NST
TR
RU
RUM
U ENTATION
((Syl
(S
(Sy
(Syllabus)
y labu
abu
bu
us)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutoriall per

e week
er
ek

EC
C 0010
10
0 704
704
0

ELECTRONIC INST
INSTRUMENTATION
NSTRUM
NST
MENT
EN
NTA
N
ATIION
(Syllabus)

3 hours
hour
urrs lecture
lect
llec
ec ure
ree and
a 1 hour tutorial per week

References
nces
nc

References
1
1.

of Mahatma Gandhi 

6.

Me
asurement Systems:
Syyystems::
Measurement

Electr
Electronic
ec ronic Instrumentation and Measurements
ectr
Measurements
men
en
nt
Davi
v d A Bell
B  

DavidABell

Er st Doeblin &
Ern
Erne
Dhanesh
esh
e
sh
hN
Manik  

ErnestDoeblin
&Dhanesh
NManik









2.

7.
7

El
ectronic
ctr
Instrumentat
ntati
tation:
io
Electronic
Instrumentation:
HSKalsi
H
S Kals
lsii


3.

In
strrrumen
ment
n ationDevices and System
tem
ems:
s
InstrumentationDevices
Systems:
CSRangan,GRSarma
C
S Rang
R
an, G R Sarma &VSVMani,
&V S V Mani
Ma ,  









 


 



Modern Electronic
Elecctron
t ic Instrumentation
In
I stru
strument
str
m ation and Measurement techniques:
technique
ues:
ues:

8.

Electronic
Electtron
onic Measurements
Measurem
ments
e and
an Instrumentation:
Instrumentation:

9.
9.

Measurements
Me
assurreme
emen
en
nts and Instrumentation:
Instrumentation
tion
ion:
n:

RKRajput,
R K Rajput, 

AlbertDHelfrick
&WilliamDCooper
Albert
D Helfrick &
William
liam
i DCooperr







4.

Measurement
Me
asu
urementt & Instrumentation
Instrumentation Principles:

 
UABakshi,AVBakshi,
U
A Bakshi, A V Bakshi,




AlanSMorris
Alan
A
Al
S Morris
5.

10. A Course in Electrical and Electronic

Ele
lleecctro
ctro
onicc Measurements
Measu
eas
asssu
ure
reme
e nts and Instrumentation:
Inst
sttrument
str
men
entatio
en
a n::
ati

Transducers
Transducers & Instrumentation:
In
Instrument
n
m atio
ment
t n:
tio
ti
D.V.SMurthy
D.V.
S Murt
M hy

EC 010 704

AKSawhney,
A
K Sawh
S
Sa
ney
ne
ney,
ey    




ELECTRONIC
ELE
CTR
TRONI
NIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
NSTRUM
TR
ENTATI
ATION
AT
ATI
O
(Sy
(Syl
(Syllabus)
Sy
y labus)

E 010
EC
010 704
704

3 hours lecture and 1 hour

urr tutorial
u
tu rial per week
tuto

ELECTRONIC
E
ELE
CTR
CTRONIC
TR
R
INST
INSTRUMENTATION
NS RU
UMENTATI
A ON

(Syllabus)
(Syllabus)
3 hours lecture
lectu and 1 hour tutorial per week
Module
Module
e 1(12
1(12 hrs)

References

IntroductiontoElectronicInstrumentation
Introduction
to Ele
E ctr
trroni
o c Instrumentat
t ion
ta

11. A Course in Electrical and Electronic Measurements

Measu
urements and Instrumentation:
Instrument
me ation:
on
JBGupta,
J B Gu
u a,
upt

ObjectivesofEngineeringMeasurement
Objectives off Engineeri
erring Mea
ea
asur
s ement




BasicMeasuringSystem
Basic Measu
uring System
BlockDiagramandDescription
Blo
ckk Dia
Diagram and Description
PerformanceCharacteristicsofInstruments
Per
P formance Characteristics of Instruments
StaticandDynamic.
ErrorsinMeasurement
ErrorAnalysis.
Units
Dimensions
Standards.
InstrumentCalibration

Page 2 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 0): Scope of Electronic Instrumentation

Slides for ECE 2014 

EC 010 704

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

(Syllabus)
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
Module 2 (12 hrs)

EC 010 704

LVDT,

Transducers

of Mahatma Gandhi 

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

(Syllabus)
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week
Module 3(12 hrs)

IntermediateElements

ParametersofElectricalTransducers

HallEffectSensor,

Types

ThinFilmSensor,

InstrumentationAmplifier,

WagnerGroundConnection.

ActiveandPassive

ProximitySensor,

IsolationAmplifier,

DataTransmissionElements

AnalogueandDigital

DisplacementSensor,

Opto Couplers.

BlockDiagramofTelemetrySystem

ElectromechanicalType

LoadCell,

DCandACBridges

ElectricalTelemeteringSystem

Potentiometric,
Potentiometric,

NanoSensorsAnd

Inductive,
Inductive,

Ultrasonic
Transduc
sducers.
sduc
ers
rs
UltrasonicTransducers.

Thermocouple,

Opto ElectricalTypephotoEmissive
Ele
lectrical Typephoto Emiss
E
ivee,,

Capacitive,
Capacitive,

Photo
C
Cond
uctive and
PhotoConductiveand

Resistive,
Resistive,

Photo
V aic Type.
Volt
PhotoVoltaicType.

Piezo
Electric,
PiezoElectric,

Digitall Enco
E ders
DigitalEncoders

Strain
Gauge,
StrainGauge,

Opti
Opti
p ical
pti
cal Encoder
OpticalEncoder

Ionization
Gauge,
ge
IonizationGauge,

EC 010 704

Wheatstone Bridge
WheatstoneBridge
Guar
Guarded
Gua
Gu
d Wheatstone Bridge
GuardedWheatstoneBridge
Owen's Brridge
Owen'sBridge
Bridge
d
Wein Bridge

R ordin
Rec
ng Tec
ecchni
hnique
hn
qu s
RecordingTechniques

Pulse
Telemetry
PulseTelemetry
(Analogue
and Digital).
(AnalogueandDigital).
FDMTDM.
M

Selectio
ion Crit
riteria
ria for Tran
ran
an
a
n
nsduc
sd ers.
sduc
s
SelectionCriteriaforTransducers.

(Syl
(Syllabus)
yllla
yllabu
labus)
labu
s
s)
3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per
peer
er week
week
Modu
le 4(12
4(12
( 2 hrs)
Module

DigitalVoltmeterandAmmeter.

Diiig
Dig
gita
itall Vol
Vo tme
meeter
er and
a Ammeter.

RFTelemetry
RF
Telemetry

Shering Br
Bridge
SheringBridge

ELECTRONIC
ELE
ECTR
C ONI
NIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
N
NST
TRUM
RUMENTATION
RU
N

Enddevices

End devices
e

Voltage,CurrentandPositionType

EC
C 0010
110 704
704

ELECTRONIC
EL
ELE
LECTR
C ONIC
C IINST
INSTRUMENTATION
N RUM
NS
NST
UM
MENT
NTATI
ATION

(Syllabus)
3 hours
hour
our
urrs lecture
u
lect
ec uree and
ec
a 1 hour tutorial per week
Module
e 5(12
5(12
( hrs)
Module

Basicmeasurements
Basic
ic mea
ic
m surements

Spectrum
Analyzer,
SpectrumAnalyzer,
DSO.
DSO.

Co
on
o
ntro
t l System
tr
ControlSystem

Pressure,
Pressure
su
u ,
ure

Resistance,
Resi
Reeess stance,

Flow,
Flow,

Capacitance,

Capa
C
p citance,
pa

Temperature,
Temperat
r ture,
ra
rat

Inductance,
Indu
nd
d ctan
ta
a ce,
an
c
ce

Force,
Force,

StripChartRecorders
Str
ip Chart Record
ip
cor
o ers

Ele
E ctr
Ele
ctroni
ro c Con
on
ntrol
tro
ro
ElectronicControl

Voltage,

Vo
olttage,
ta

Torque,
Torque,

XTandXYRecorders.
XT
a X
and
XY
Y Rec
Record
or ers.

Ana
loguedig
og
g digital
ig
Analoguedigital

Current,
Curr
urrr
r ent,

mass,
mass,

BasicPrinciplesofDigitalRecording.
Basic
c Principles off Digi
D tal Recording.

Bas
asic
ic Pri
P nci
Pr
ciiple
less of
o PLC
C.
BasicPrinciplesofPLC.

Power,
Powe
ow
w r,

conductivity,
conductivity,

Strain,
Stra
tra
ain,
n,,

pH.
H

BasicPrinciplesof

Basic
Bas
ic Pr
Principles of

Signa
na
al Analyzers
SignalAnalyzers

Basic
asiicc Pri
as
P nciples of
BasicPrinciplesof
DataAcquisitionSystem

Data Acq
quissition
t on
ti
n Sys
S tem
e
em

DistortionAnalyzer,
Dis
torrtio
t n Analyzer,
yzer
e
WaveAnalyzer,
Wave
A lyz
Ana
yzer,
yz
er

Page 3 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

of Mahatma Gandhi 

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

EC 010 704

(Syllabus)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

References
1.

Measurement Systems:

2.

Electronic Instrumentation:

ErnestDoeblin &Dhanesh NManik  



HSKalsi  

3.

Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques:

q

4.

Measurement
Instrumentation
M
Measurement & Instru
st mentation Principles:

5.

Transducers & Instrumentation:

Instrrumentatio
tat
a n:

AlbertDHelfrick
&WilliamDCooper
Albert
D Helfrick &
WilliamDCooper

AlanSMorris
Alan S Morris

D.V.SMurthy
D.V.
S Murthy 
1

EC 010 704

ELECTRONIC
ELE
ECTR
C ONIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
NST
TR
RU
RUM
U ENTATION
(Sy
(Syl
(Syllabus)
lab
labu
la
a s)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per

peer
er weekk

References

6.

ELECTRONIC INST
INSTRUMENTATION
NSTRUM
NST
MENT
EN
NTA
N
ATIION

EC
C 0010
10
0 704
704
0

(Syllabus)

Electronic Instrumentation
Instru
u nta
ume
ta ion and
tat
tation
and
d Measurements
M
Measurements

11. A Course
Co se in Electrical and Electronic Measurements
Cou
Cour
Measu
su
ureeem
ments and
and Instrumentation:
Instru
nstr
strumentatio
tr
a n::
David A Bell 







DavidABell

7.

3 hours
hour
urrs lecture
lect
llec
ec ure
ree and
a 1 hour tutorial per week

References
nces
nc



J B Gupt
G
Gu
a 
a,
JBGupta,

Instrument
u
atiiio
onDevicess a
n Sy
nd
stems:
InstrumentationDevices
and
Systems:
CSRangan,SGRarma
C
S Rangan,SG R arma &VSVMani,
&V S V Ma
Mani
a , 




 







8.

Electronic Measurements
Meeasurem
reem
ments
ntts and
d Instrumentation:
Instrumentation:

9.

Measurements
Me
M asur
assu ements
asu
ts and
and Instrumentation:

RKRajput,
R K Rajp
R utt,
t 

UABakshi,AVBakshi,
U
A Ba
Bak
akshi, A V Baks
aks
ksh
hi,
i,
i 
 

10 A Course in Electrical
10.
Elecctric
t all and
and Electronic
E
Electr
El
trro
r nic Measurements
Measureeme
ments and
and Instrumentation:
In
nstr
stttru
r mentation:
AKSawhney,
A
K Sawhney,    

EC 010 704

Introduction
Inttrod
roduct
ro
od
du
uct
ction
i to
t Me
Measurement
asssu
asurement
u
and
d IInstrumentation
nsttrum
rumentation
ru
n

ELECTRONIC
ELE
CT
TRONIC
C IINSTRUMENTATION
NSTRUM
TR
ENT
TATI
AT ON
AT
N

(Syllabu
(Sy
(Syl
(Syllabus)
l
s)
3 hours lecture and 1 hour
hou tutorial per week
Module
Module
e 1(12
1(12 hrs)

oMeasurement
oMeas
urement
men
ent
nt 

o

IntroductiontoElectronicInstrumentation
Introduction
to Electronic Instrumen
m tation
me

oresult
t of
oresultof

ObjectivesofEngineeringMeasurement
Objectives of Engineering Measureme
men
ment

oquantitative
t comparrison betw
bet
betw
oquantitativecomparison

BasicMeasuringSystem
Basic
Measuring System

opredetermined
d
standard 
opredeterminedstandard
ounknown

magnitude
ounknownmagnitude

BlockDiagramandDescription
Block
Diagram and Description

oproc
ocedur
oc
edure
dur apparatus 
oprocedure

PerformanceCharacteristicsofInstruments
Performance
Characteristics of Instruments

ofor comparison

StaticandDynamic.

omustbeprovable

ErrorsinMeasurement

o

ErrorAnalysis.

ocalibration

Units
Dimensions
Standards.
InstrumentCalibration
5

Page 1 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Measurand

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Measurement Process

ophysicalquantity
ocharacteristiccondition
oobjectof
omeasurement instrumentationsystem
o
o"measurand"
omeasurementvariable"
o measurement
t variable 
o"instrumentationvariable"
o"instrumentation
variable" 
o"processvariable"
o"process
variable"

Measurand
M
Me
asur
urran
a d

Basic
Bas
asic
asic
ic Requirements
R uirements
Re
Req
t for
fo
orr Getting
Getting
ing
ng
g
Mea
M
ningful Result of Mea
eaasur
s eme
m ntt
ment
me
Meaningful
Measurement
standard

sta
s ndard for
forcompariso
compa
arriso
a
is 


o mus
m
t be accurately defined and
nd
d
mustbeaccuratelydefinedand
o  common
commonlyacceptable.
ly
y acc
accept
cce able.
standard

sta
sta
t nd
ta
da
d
ard 
samecharacterasthemeasurand
and
o

sam

me cha
ch racter
err as
a the measurand and
usually,butnot
definedby
o us
usu
sually, but no
ot
o


def
ined
n d byy 
ne
recognizedagency
o 



rec
r ogn
gnize
gn
ized agency 
ize
e.g.,BureauofIndianStandards(BIS)or
o e.g.,
Bureau of
of
f Ind
In ian Standards (BIS
( S) or
o the
ttheInternationalOrganisationofStandards(ISO)
he Int
In ernationall Org
O ani
anisation
i
of Standards (ISO
O)
Theapparatus
usedandmethod
adopted
3. The
apparatus used
and
nd
d met
m tho
hod ad
ado
dopted
d
comparison purposes
purpos
urrp es
thecomparison
o for the
mustbeprovable.
o must
be provable..
9

10

Instrumentation
Ins
stru
tr mentat
tation
tat
i

Process
P
Pro
r cesss IInst
Instrumentation
n rumenttati
a on
n

oinstrumentused
oinstru
tru
r me
m ntus
u ed 

otech
o instrument

omeasurement
r
t an
and
d control of
of
omeasurementandcontrol

omeasure control

oindustrialmanufacturing,
oindu
ndu
dust
s rial manufacturing,
g
oconversion ortreatmentprocess,

ophycheprop
omaterials

otheterm

o

o"processinstrumentation

o"instrumentation".

o
11

Page 2 of

12

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Control System

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Modes of Measurement

omeasuring 

oPrimary

ocontrollinginstrument
o 

oSecondary .

omeasurprovide
oimpulses 

oT
Tertiiary .
oTertiary.

oremoteautomation
oremote automa
matiion
ma
o 
o
o



ocontrolsystem
ocontrol
t
system
13

14

Primary
Primar
maa y Meas
m
Measurement
assure
u men
ur
nt

Secondary
S
Se
Sec
econd
ond
dary Measu
Measurement
urem
r ent

o
o








oIndirect
oInd
I ir
ire
reect 

o
comparrin
co
i g directly
di

diire
r ctly with
ocomparing
with

'one translati
ati
to
ti
tion
on
n'
o'onetranslation'

o
reff

st
stan
a dard
orefstandard


 

o

oNo
converrsi
s on me
m asurand
oNoconversionmeasurand

osecond
ondary
ond
n ary
a measurements
ar
osecondarymeasurements

ote
rm
ms off leng
leeng
ngth
otermsoflength

E.g.
E.g
g :
E.g.:

o
E.g.
g:
oE.g.:

o
Pre
reessu
sssure

oPressure

o


 time
ountin
ing
ng
o
timeounting

o 
man
anome
om
meters.
manometers.

o 



strokes of
o 
cl
clock
cl
k
strokesofclock

oTemperature





o




de
d te
termining
e
length
odetermining

omercury

thermo
er metters
ers
er
omercurythermometers

o

wi
w th ruler
wi
r
owith
ruler
15

16

Tertiary
Tertia
ary Measurement
Measur
su
urement
n
oIndirect
oIndirect

 


Generalised
Gen
ne
era
ralis
lised Measurement
li
Me
Mea
e surementt System
ea
te and
tem
ts Fu
F
nctional Ele
ments
me
its
Functional
Elements

o'twoconversions
o'two
conversions

o tertiary
tertiary
o
otemperature 
othermocouple

 h
l

17

Page 3 of

18

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Primary sensing element

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Variable conversion of transducer element

osensitive 
omeasuredvariable
oSense the

o Converts signal from

ocondition,
ostate or
ovalue of the

oone physicalform another

oprocessvariable by
t
a small part of energy
oextracting
asmallpartofenergy

owithoutchanging
o
w thout changing 
wi

o
ofrom
the measurand,
d and
and
ofromthemeasurand,
an output
oproduces anoutput

o
in
nfo
f rmat
ation
t
content signal
oinformationcontent

owhich reflects this

owhichreflectsthis
ocondition
ion, state or valu
ue of the
ocondition,stateorvalueofthe
omeeas
ea urand.
d
omeasurand.

19

20

Manipulation
Man
nipu
i lation
ion
on
n el
eelement
ement
nt
nt

Datatransmissionelement
D
Dat
Da
ata tra
t nsmission
on ele
e men
m t

oOperateon
oOper
e ateeo
on signal
signal

oTransmitsignal
oT
Transmitssignal 

oaccordingtomathrule
oaccord
or in
ing
g to
t math

ru
ru
ule

oonelocationanother
oo
one location anotheer

owithoutchangingphysicalnature
owi
withou
i out
ou
ut ch
c anging phys
yssic
ical
al na
n ture
re 
re

owithoutchanging
owithou
ut changing 

ovariable
ovariable

oinformationcontents
oiinforma
atio
on contentts
21

22

Data presentation
pres
essent
e ation
on element
elemen
m t

Data
D
Da
Dat
ap
presentation
res
essent
e ation el
en
element
lemen
nt

oProvide
oProvide
 indication

i dicati
in
t on

oProvide
o
P ovide
Pr


 indication
indication

ooutput from 
ooutputfrom

o

ou
outp
ou
tput from 
tp
ooutputfrom

omanipulationelements

omanipulationelements

23

Page 4 of

24

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Performance Characteristics

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Static Characteristics

oCharashow 

oAccuracy

operformanceofinstrument

odegreeofexactnessmeasur

oE.g.

ocomparedtoexpected )value

oaccuracy,
oprecision,

oResolution

o resolution,

osmallestchangemeasurvariable

o sensitivity

otowhichinstrument
oto which instrument respond

oAllowuserselect
oAllow userselect 

oPrecis
reecision
ion
oPrecision

omostsuitableinstrument
omost suitable instrument 

omea
m surco
onsistency
ncy 

omeasurconsistency

ospecific job

osuccessiv
s e rea
re ding not
ot differ
osuccessivereadingnotdiffer

obasiccharacteristics
obasic characteristics 
oStatic
oDynamic

Static
Sta
atic Characteristics
Ch
hara
racte
acte
c ris
r tics
ri

Error
Err
E
Er
r or
o in Measurement
Measur
urem
ur
eme
m nt
n

o Mea
M
Me
Measurintroduceerror
surintroducee err
e or

oError
o
Error

o 


expressed



expressed

odeviation
off ttru
ru
ue val
v ue
odeviationoftruevalue

a olperc
abs
 err


e or
o absolpercerror

ofrom
ofr
fro
rom desiredvalue

des

esire
es
i d value
ire

Abssolu
olute
lute
te error
o Absoluteerror

oSen
Sensit
s ivity
si
sit
y
oSensitivity

o 

oratio changein
ch
hange
h
ge in
in output
output 


 



ch
ha
h
ange 
inp
in ut 
in


oto changeinput

Y expectedvalue
exp
xp
pect
e ed value
n expect

ed
d va
val
a ue
measuredvalue
X measured
n

o 
o %
error
%error
8

Errorr in
i Mea
Measurement
sureme
re ntt

oRelativeaccuracy
y A

o%Accuracya
o%
Accuracy
y a



Yn  X n
Yn

oRelaccuracy
o
Rel
Re
eel

accuracy
y A

o%Accuracya
o%
% Accuracy
y a

Xn  Xn
Xn

Xn



Yn  X n
Yn

Xn  Xn
Xn

o
o X n val nth measur
o

average measure
10

Page 5 of


HUURU A u 

oPrecisionP 

o
o X n value nth measur
o

Y X
n n u


Y
n

Error
E
Err
or in
n Measurement
M surement
Mea
e

HUURU A u 

oPrecisionP  

Y X
n
n

Xn

averagesetofmeasur
11

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Solution (Example 1.1)

Example 1.1

Givenexpectedvalue80V

absoluteerror
% error
 relativeaccuracy
relative accuracy
% accuracy

Y X
Yn

n
A  n
Relativeaccuracy,0.9875

Relative accuracy,0.9875

A u
%accuracya0.9875x100%=98.75%
%
% accuracy
y a 
0.9875 x 100%=98.75%

Significant
Signif
fican
iccan
a t Figures
Fiigu
gure
res

Example
Exam
Ex
a plle 1.2
12
1.
o
o





 



thmea
precisionof6
prrreecissio
ion
on
n off 6th
measur
su
ur
u

Solution
S ution
Sol
o
average
measurvalue
averag
rag
age 
a

measurvalue
ue
ue

o
o
o

  

  
  


Xn

6

6thh





Xn  Xn
Xn

readingPrecision
reading
Precision   

No

Xn

9
98

10
101
0

102
10

97

1
101

1
100

1
103

98

1
106

0
10

99

Significantfigure
Significant figure
Sig
actualinformationreg
o
actual
information reg


 
o
magprec
magprec



Mo
Mor
M
Moresignificantfigure
o e significant figure 

 .

 .

X2
Fiin
nd precision

pre

pr cision X
pr

X
 X1 X
Find


 .




X



X

  


X


Precision=

Page 6 of

  




===>>2s.f
===
=>>
> 2 s.ff
 ===
===>>3s.f
>>
>
> 3 s.f

Significant
Si
ign
gnif
i icant Fi
if
F
Figures
gure
res (con
re
(cont)
o t)

===>> 2 s.f
===>>2s.f
===>> 3 s.f
 ===>>3s.f


Precision




X

Rulesforsignificantfigures
Rules
Ru
lee for significant figu
g res

X

Xn
X

Solution
So
olution
ion
o (Example
(Ex
xam
a ple 1.3)
3)
Xn

greaterprecision
grreeate
gre
a r precision
on 



Example1.3
Exxxa
ample
le 1.3






  
 .

 .

80V 79V=1V

Yn  X n
  
u
u
%error1.25%
Yn


measurement79V
Calculate,

9
9
9
9

measurementvalue79V
Absoluteerrore=Yn  X n

expectedvoltage80V

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Allnonzerosig
All non
nzero
o
sig
g

Zeros bet
ettwo non
n zero sig
Zerosbettwononzerosig

Leadingzeros
Leadin
ng zeros notsig
not sig

Trailingzerossig
T ili
i





===>moreprecise

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Significant Figures (cont)

Types of Static Error

Example


1) Gross human
2) Systematic 
3) Random

120 300 1,2,3sig

123.45 5sig

1001 4sig

100.02 5
sig
5sig

5sig
0.00001 5
sig

2sig
1.100 2
sig

3sig
0.00100 3
sig

GrossError
o
humanmistakesreadinginstruments

cannoteliminatecanminimize
ca not eliminate can minimize
can

Types
T
Ty
pes off Static
Sta
S
tati
ta
tati
tic Error
Errro
or (Cont)
(Con
(C
Con
ont)
t

Types
Ty
pes
pe
e of Static
Sta
taati
t c Error
Erro
ror (Cont)
ror
SystematicError
Systematic
Err
E
Er
r orr

 Instrumental
Instrumentalerror
error

sho
s rtc
rtcomi
om
miings
m
n of instrument
insstrrument
shortcomings

o 



defective

deeeffecttiive

ve wornparts
worn parts


of Mahatma Gandhi 

o mechanicalstructure

mechan
ha
anica
niicc l structure

3types
3
types
e 




o bearingfrictionirregularspringtensionstretchingofspring
bea
arin
riing fri
fricti
ricti
c onirregular
ct
ula
lar
ar spring tensionstretc
tchin
tc
hing
hin
g of
o sp
prring
p
r

Instru
nstru
trumen
tr
m tal
me
Instrumental

o 
avoidedby

avoided
d by
by

Environme
n ntal
Environmental

Observational

selectsuitableinstrument

select
ellec
e
ect

sui
suitab
sui
t le instrument 
appli
particular
appli
correctionfactor


cor
cor
orrre
orrec
r tion fac
f tor 






calibrateinstrument


calibrate instru
ns ment
en
nt



Types of Static
Static
ic Er
E
Error
ro
or (Cont)
t))

Types
Typ
Ty
pes off Static
Sta
S
t tic Error
Erro
r r (Cont)
ro
(C
Con
o t)

Environmentalerror
Environmental error




o externalcondition
external condition





Observationalerror
Observat
vat
atio
i nal erro
or
oby

byy 

observer
obyobserver

inclsurroundingareacondition
o inclsurrounding
area condit
d ion
dit
i
suchastemperature,humidity,
o such
as temperature, humidity,
y

ob
barometerpressure

mostcommon
m
mo
ost common
o parallaxerrorestimation error

o to avoiderror
airconditioner

o

sealing componentinstrument
magneticshields

Page 7 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Dynamic Characteristics

Types of Static Error (Cont)

Randomerror

o Instrrarelyrespondinstantaneously 

o unknowncauses

o changes in measuredvariables

o allsystematicerroraccounted

o 

o accumulationofsmalleffect

o mass,

a high degreeof accuracy

o ahighdegreeofaccuracy

thermalcapacitance,
capacitance,
o thermal

avoided by
o avoidedby

fl id
flu
i capacitance 
o fluidcapacitance

increasing number of readin

ding
din
g
o increasingnumberofreading

electricalcapacitance
ec ical cap
capaci
apac
aci
c tance
o electr

statistical means 


o statisticalmeans
best approximationoff true value
o bestapproximationoftruevalue

Dynamic
D
ynamiic Characteristics
Ch
haracteeristiics

Dynamic
D
ynamic Characteristics
Ch
hara
acteriistics

omostcommonvariations
omost com
mmon variation
ns

oS
Step change
oStepchange

o
o



oprimaryelementsubj
opr
prrim
i ary elem
men
e t subjj




oS
Step
p change
oStepchange

oinstfinite
oin
nsstt
fi
fini
fi
n te change
ni
h

oLi
inear change
oLinearchange

omeasuredvariable
omeassur
ured
e variable

oSin
nussoidal ch
hang
ge
oSinusoidalchange

Dynamic Characteristics
Cha
aracteeristicss

Dynamic
D
ynamic Characteristics
Characcterristicss

oLinear
change
oLinearchange

oSinusoidalchange
oSinusoi
idal changee
o primary
primaryelementfollow
y elemen
nt fo
f llow

oprimary element follow

w
oprimaryelementfollow

omeasuredvariable
o
measured variable

omeasuredvariable

omagchange

ochanglinearly time

oaccordancewith
osinusoidalfunction
oconstamplitude

Page 8 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Dynamic Characteristics

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Dynamic Characteristics

o dynamiccharacteristicsofinstrument

o Dynamicerror

o Speedofresponse

odiffbetw

o rapidity 

otrue measuredvalue

oinstrumentrespond

onostaticerror

ochanges
in measured quan
anti
nti
tity
ty
ty
ochangesinmeasuredquantity

Dynamic
D
ynamiic Characteristics
Ch
haracteeristiics

Dynamic
D
ynamic Characteristics
Ch
hara
acteriistics

o Lag

o Fid
F
Fidelity
elity

o delayresponse
delay
y 


re
r sponse


o degree
degreetowhichinstr
to which 
instr




o indicates 
ch
cha
changein
h
changein

o
inst
nstru
stru
rume
m nt to
oinstrumentto

o me
mea
eea
asur
s ed variable
measuredvariable

och
han
ange
g s in measured
ed
d vari
var able
va
e
ochangesinmeasuredvariable

o wit
w
hout dynamic error
withoutdynamicerror
o ((fai
aithf
thful
hffu reproduction).
n
(faithfulreproduction).

Limiting
Limi
miti
mi
t ng
ti
g Error

Limiting
L
Li
imi
m ting Error
E orr (Cont)
((Co
C nt
nt))
Example1.6
Exampl
mplee 1
mpl
mp
1.6
6

o accuracy
accuracyofinstr
of
instr

o
600Vvoltmeteraccuracy

600 V voltme
tm ter accura
u cy r2
2%fullscale
2%
full scale

o guaranteed within certai

certainpercentageof
tain percentag
tai
ta e
of

o Calclimitingerrorwheninstru
Calclim
l iting
g err
error
rro when instru

o full
fullscalereading
scale reading

o usedtomeasur250V
used to
o measur250V
V

o manuf
manufspecify
f
specify instr
instr
r

o accurateatr2%

o magoflimitingerror

o withfullscaledeflection

o 0.02x600=12V

o readinglessthanfullscale

o limitingerrorfor250V

o limitingerrorincreases

Page 9 of

o (12/250)x100=4.8%

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Standard

Limiting Error (Cont)



o standard 

o


o knownaccuratemeasure

o limitingerrorvoltmeterat70V2.143%
o limitingerrorammeter80mA 2.813%.

o

o Determine limitingerrorofthepower

used to determine
o usedtodetermine

o limitingerrorforthepower
limiting error for the power 

o va
lues
u other
physical quantities
values
otherphysicalquantities

o 2.143%
2.143%+2.813%
+ 2.813%
o=
4.956%
=4.956%

o
comp
om arisson method
ocomparisonmethod

Standard
S
tand
da rd

Standard
S
tandarrd

o All
Allstandards
standa
ards

preserved
pr

p eserved
veed 

o Fo
Fourcategoriesofstandard
our
u categories of standa
da
ard

o Bureau
a Inte
tern
te
ern
rnational de
es Po
P ids et Mesures
BureauInternationaldesPoidsetMesures

IInternationalStandard
ternational Standa
d rd
da
r
o In

o(
(BIIPM
M)
o(BIPM)

Prim
imary Standa
im
ard
rd
o Pr
PrimaryStandard

o Intern
r at
atio
tiona
nal
al Bureau of Weightt an
and Me
and
M asurres
es
InternationalBureauofWeightandMeasures

o Se
Second
e
dar
ary
y St
S
andard
an
Secondary
Standard

o


o

o Wo
W
rk
kin
ing Stan
anda
an
dard
da
Working
Standard

International
Internat
tio n a l S
Standard
tandard
d

Primary
P
rimary Stan
Standard
n dard
o PrimaryStd
Primary
Pr
Prim
im
Std

o International
InternationalStd
Std

Maintained
n NationalStdLab


Nation
nal
a Std Lab
o Maintained

Definternation
nal
a Agreem
ementt
em
o DefinternationalAgreement

o 

o Rep

o Fu
Func
uncti
nccti
tion
Function

oclosest
possible accuracy attainable 

oclosestpossibleaccuracyattainable


ocalibrationandverification

ocurrentscience technology.

osecondarystd
o Eachlab ownsecondarystd
operiodicallychecked certified
oNationalStdLab

Page 10 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Secondary Standard

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Working Standard

o SecondaryStd

o WorkingStd

o basicrefstdusedby

o

o measurement calibrationlab
o inindustries

ocheckcalibratelabinstrument

o maintainedby

y

o
o accuracyperformance.
accuracy performance.

o particular
particularindustry
industry
o .
Eachindustry
o Each
industry 
ownsecondarystandard
o own
secondary standa
ard
r

Calibration
C
allibration
n

Calibration
C
allibrattion
o stddevice


stddevi
vice
vi





oproc
oproc

ocomparison
made

o
c mparison ma
co
m de 



odetcorrectvalues
o
dettccorrect va
alues

ostandard
instrument
o
st

stan
st
a da
ard
rd instrume
nt
t

o
m
measurand
omeasurand

oinstrument
isunknown
o
 in
nstru
stru
st
rume
m nt is
unkn
un
k ow
o n


o
compariso
on 
ocomparison

otobecalibrated

oto
be cali
ca
a ibr
bra
atted 






o
standa
ard o
ones
nes
ostandard

otestinstrument
otest
inst
stru
tr ment
mee

Calibration
C
alib
bration
n

Direct
D
ire
ect Comparison
Comp
pariison
o 

generatorapplies


generator appl
pllie
i s

o two
methodologies
methodologies

o knowninputthemeter
known in
i putt
the mete
ete
terr under
test
undertest

o obtaining comp
mparison
mp
n be
tw
tw
comparison
betw

o 
ratio of




otest
t standard
d
otest instrument
instrumentstandard

o me
mete
terr
te
indicat
indicat
meter

instrument

oknown generatorvalues

oDirect comparisons

ogives meter'serror

oIndirect comparisons

o meter testinstrument
o
ogenerator  standardinstrument

Page 11 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Direct Comparison

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Direct Comparison
oWith ofdirectcomparison
ogenerator also can becalibrated
o
othemeter standard instrument
othegenerator
otest instrument
otestinstrument

Direct
D
ire
ect C
Comparison
omparrison

IIndirect
ndirect Comparison
Com
mpariison
ocomparedwith
o
compar

arred
e with
th

oresponse
standardinstrument
o
rreesponse stand
ard
rd in
i strumen
en t
en
o
same type

osametype
o

o
o
iff te
t st in
nst
st
t

meter
r
oiftestinstmeter
o
sttan
a dard

is also meter

r
ostandard
isalsometer
oif
testt in
inst
stt
gene
n rator
r
oiftestinstgenerator
ostandard

also ge
gene
ene
nera
ato
t r
alsogenerator

Indirect
Indirec
ct Comparison
Compaarison

Units
Uniits (Fundamental
(Fundamentaal & S
Supplementary)
upplementary)
ounits
ounits

oindependently
y chosen
n 

oindependentlychosen
onot dependen
n
t 
otherunits
other
the
he units
onotdependent

Page 12 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Units
(Derived)

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Units (Derived)

oderivedfrom
ofundamentalsupplementaryunits.

Units
U
nits (D
(Derived)
Derived)

SII Prefixes
S
Prefiixes
opowersoften
o
powers
r of ten
osimplifies
specification
o
siimp
m lifies spec
iffic
i at
a ion
o
any quantity

ity
y
oanyquantity
o
 



o
o
furt
fu
r herr si
s mp
mpli
l fi
li
fied 
ofurthersimplified
o
use

of pref
effix
ixes
x
o
useofprefixes

SII Prefixes
S
Preefixes

Page 13 of

SI Prefixes
Preffixes

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

(Module 1): Introduction to Electronic 

Instrument Application Guide

Instrument Application Guide

o Selection,careuse instrument

o Selection,careuse instrument
o

o Beforeusing

Beforeusing

o do inspectionfor

othoroughlyfamiliarize

o physicalproblem
o Beforeconnecting 

oitsoperation

o to circuit
t

o** read the manual carefully

o**readthemanualcarefully

o makesurefunctionswitch
makesur
s e function switch 

Select instrument provide

o Selectinstrument

o rangeselectorswitch
range sel
se ecttor
or swi
s tch

odegree of accuracy
y re
r quired
d
odegreeofaccuracyrequired

setup
o 
 setup 

o(accuracy + resolutiion
o + cost)
o(accuracy+resolution+cost)

Page 14 of

of Mahatma Gandhi 

o properfunctionrange
proper function
io range
ge

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

EC 010 704

(Syllabus)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

References
1.

Measurement Systems:

2.

Electronic Instrumentation:

ErnestDoeblin &Dhanesh NManik 



HSKalsi  

3.

Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques:

4.

M
Measurement & In
stttrumentation Principles:
ri
Measurement
Instrumentation

5.

Transducers & Instrumentation:

Instru
ru
ument
mentatio
a n:

AlbertDHelfrick
&WilliamDCooper
Albert
D Helfrick &
WilliamDCooper

AlanSMorris
Alan S Morris

D.V.SMurthy
D.V.
S Murthy 

EC 010 704

ELECTRONIC
ELE
LECTRONIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
LE
NST
TRUM
R
ENTATION
(Syllabus)
(Syl
ylllabu
l
s)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per

peeer week
w

EC 0010
100 7704
0
04

(Syllabus)

3 hours lecture
lecc uree and
lect
an
n 1 hour
hooour tutorial per week

References
Refer
ence
es
e

References

6.

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION
INST
ST
TRUM
MEN
ENT
NTATI
A ON
O

11. A Course
Cour
o se in Electrical and Electronic Measurements
our
Measureme
rem nts and Instrumentation:
rem
Instru
rument
ru
m atio
io
on:

Electronic Instrumentation
Insttrumentat
ntation
ntat
iion
o and
an
nd Measurements
Measurements
David A Bell
DavidABell

7.

InstrumentationDevices
and
Instru
st mentatio
a nDevices
ices
e a
nd Systems:

8.

Electronic Measurements
M urem
Meas
rements
men
n and Instrumentation:

9.

Me
Measur
a emen
nts and Instrumentation:
Measurements

J B Gup
Gupt
p a,





JBGupta,





CSRangan,SGSharma&VSVMani,
C
S Rangan,SG Sharma&V S V Mani
M , 
Ma



 








R
K Rajputtt, 


RKRajput,

U A Ba
Baks
B
a hi, A V Baks
ak
aks
kshi,
hi 



UABakshi,AVBakshi,
10. A Course in Electrical
Ele
leeectriccal and
a
and Electronic
Ele
Electro
lec nic Measurements
Measureme
r
nts and
an
nd Instrumentation:
In
nstru
str mentation:
A
K Sawhney,   
AKSawhney,

EC 010 704

(Syllabus)
(Syl
ylllabu
y
lab
b s)
3 hours lecture and
a 1 hour tutorial
an
tuto
torial
to
rial
ria
a per
pe week
Module
e 2 (12 hrs)
Module

Transducers

HallEffectSensor,

Hall Eff
ffect Sensor,
ff

Types

ThinFilmSensor,
Thin
Fiiilm Sensor,

ActiveandPassive
Active
and Passive

ProximitySensor,
Prox
im
mity Sensor,
m

AnalogueandDigital
Analogue
and Digital

DisplacementSensor,
Disp
la
acement Sensor,
a

ElectromechanicalType
Electromechanical
Type

LoadCell,
Load
Cell
l,
ll

Potentiometric,
Potentiometric,

transformsenergy
o 

tran

nsf
sforms energy
ofromoneformanother
ofrom
o
one form another

NanoSensorsAnd
Nano
Sensors
s And

Inductive,

UltrasonicTransducers.

Thermocouple,

Opto ElectricalTypephotoEmissive,

Capacitive,

PhotoConductiveand

Resistive,

PhotoVoltaicType.

PiezoElectric,

DigitalEncoders

StrainGauge,

OpticalEncoder

IonizationGauge,

o Tr
Tran
Transducer
an
nsd
sducer 




LVDT,

ParametersofElectricalTransducers
Parameters
of Electrical Transducerrrs

Page 1 of

Transducers
T
Tr
ran
nsd
sducerrs

ELECTRONIC
ELE
ECTR
C ONIC
C IINST
INSTRUMENTATION
NSTRUMENT
NST
EN ATI
ENT
TIION
O

o 
o 
omechanicalforceinto

SelectionCriteriaforTransducers.

oelectricalsignal

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electrical Transducers

Advantages of Electrical Transducers

o Electrical amplificationattenuation

o tomeasurenonelectricalquantities

o 

o detector used 

o massinertiaeffectsminimised

oconverts 

o effectsoffrictionminimised

ophysical to displacement

Controlledwith
smallpowerlevel
o Controlled
with small
power level

o displacement
actuates
displacementactuates

output
o 
output




transducer
r
o electric
electrictransducer

usedtransmitted
processed
o used
d transm
n itted
d
pro
p cessed
pr

o acting
as seco
eco
condary transducer
transduc
tr
u er
r
actingassecondary

Miniaturizationeasily.
o Miniaturi
zattion eassily
i .


ooutput 
o ellec
e trical
al innature
al
in na
atu
t re
oelectrical

Transducer
Transduc
uc (General
ucer
uc
(Gene
era
r l St
Structure)
tru
ucture)

Transducer
Tran
Tr
a sducer (Classifi
(Classification)
ffiica
ation
n)

o transducer
transduce
u r
twoparts:

two


parrtss:

o 





Sensiiing orDetectorElement
orr Det
Detect
De
e or Elemen
nt
o Sensing

basisoftransductionformused
basis
of trran
a sduction
on fo
form
rm used
d

reeespon
onds
on
ds to 



o respondsto

asprimaryandsecondarytransducers,
ii. a
s pr
prim
i aryy a
an
n
nd
d secondary ttrran
ran
ansd
s uc
u ers,
s

cha
change
cha
nge in physical phenom
meeno
en
n n&
o changeinphysicalphenomenon&

iii. aspassive
a pass
as
sssiv
ive
ve andactivetransducers,
and active transd
duc
ucer
e s,
er
s

o Tra
nsduction
d ion
on Ele
El ment
TransductionElement
o transf
n orms
output of sensing
eleemen
mee t
t
transformsoutput
sensingelement
to
o electrical output
t
o toelectricaloutput

iv.. a
asanalogue
anddigital
transducers,and
iv
s an
a alogue an
a
d digital transducer
e s,
s an
and
d

acts ass a secondary

a transduce
ucer
uc
o actsasasecondarytransducer

andinverse
transducers
v. astransducers
as transd
sd
duc
ucer
ce s and
d inversee tr
tran
ansd
ducers

Classification
Cla
lassi
la
s fication based
basedd upon
upon
Princi
iple
pl of Tr
rans
an ductio
io
on
Principle
Transduction

Classification
C
Cla
ssific
ficati
fic
at on as
P
Pri
m y aand
mar
nd
d Sec
S
Se
ondary Trans
a ducers
rss
Primary
Secondary
Transducers

o transducers 
classified
clas
cl sified 
cla
basisof
basis

of
o principleoftransduction
principle of transduction 
o resistive,
resistive,
e
o inductive,
inductive,
e
o capacitive 
o how convert input quantity
o intoresistance,inductance
into resistance inductance capacitancerespectively
capacitance respectively
o also classifiedas
o piezoelectric,
o Thermoelectric,
o magnetorestrictive,
o electrokinetic and
o optical.

Page 2 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Classification as
Primary and Secondary Transducers

Classification as
Passive and Active Transducers

o PassiveTransducers

o Bourdontube
o senses pressure converts

o derive power fortransductionfrom

o auxiliarypowersource

o pressure into displacement

o "externallypoweredtransducers".

o displacementmovescore ofL.V.D.T

o Active
Activetransducers
transducers
s

o converts displacement intovoltage

into voltage

o donotrequireauxiliarypowersourceproduce
do not req
do
eq
quir
u e auxiliary power source produce output

Bourdontube
o Bourdon
tube 

o 

self gen
enerating type
en
selfgeneratingtype

PrimaryTransducer
o Primary
Transducer
o L.V.D.T
T
SecondaryTransducer
o Secondary
Transd
n ucer

Classification
Classific
ficati
fic
atiion as
ation
Analog
gue and Di
D
gital
git
a Transd
nsd
ns
sducers
d
Analogue
Digital
Transducers

Classification ass
T nsducers and Inverse Transducers
Tra
Traans
nsd
s ucerss
Transducers

o Analog
AnalogueTransducers.
uee Tran
nsd
sduc
u ers.

o Tran
Transducer.
an
nsducer.

o convert
converrt input
in
inpu
in
p t into

in
i to

converts
nonelectrical
quantity
o 

converrts
t nonelec
ectr
ec
tric
tr
ical
ic
a qu
q
antity
ty
y

oanalogue
oanal
alog
al
ogue
og
u output
output

ointo
electricalquantity
o
into
in
t electr
to
iccal
a qu
q antity
o In
IInverseTransducer.
vers
rse
rs
s Tran
an
a
nsd
s uc
ucer
e r.

ocontinuousfunctionoftime
o




continuous functi

tiion
tion
n off ttiime
o Digital
DigitalTransducers.
Transducers.

converts
electricalquantity
o 



co
converts electrical
co
quan
ntity

into
o co
cconvert
nver
e t input in
into
in
to

ononelectricalquantity
o



nonelectrriccal qu
q antity
E.g.;Piezobuzzer
o E.g.;
Piezobuzzerr

oelectricaloutput
oel
e ecctrric
ical
al outputt
oformofpulses
o








form
m of pu
p lses

Page 3 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Basic
B
Ba
sic
si
ic Requirements
Requirements of a Transducer
Re
T ansd
Tr
duc
ucer
e
er
Ruggedness
Rugged
ged
e ness
oAbility
o
A llit
Abi
ity withstandoverloads
withstand overloads
ads
ds
ds
osafetystopsoverloadprotection
o

safety stops ove
ove
verlo
er ad protectio
ion
io
n
Linearity
Li
Lin
L
i earrity
tty
y
oAbility
o
A litty reproduce
Abi
reprod
rod
od
du
ucee inputoutputchara
i utoutput chara
inp

osymmetrically
osym
y mettric
ym
ri all
a y
al
linearly
9 Overalllinearityisthemainfactorconsidered.
Overal
ral
ra
a l lin
linearity is the
hee mai
h
m n factor considered.

Basic Requirements
Requir
irrem
e ents of
of a Transducer
T ansduc
Tr
uccer
ucer
e

Basic
Ba
asi
s c Requirements
Requ
Re
quir
qu
i em
men
en of a Transducer
ents
T ansd
Tr
an
ns ucer

Repeatability:
Repeatability:

Highstabilityandreliability:
Hig
gh sta
stta
abi
bi ity and reliability:
bil

output
signal
oAbility reproduce 
outtput
p signal

measurement
oMinerror
o mea
m surementt

samemeasurandapplied
owhen same
measur
u and
ur
d applieed

temperature,vibration
ounaffected
d temper
p atu
per
ature, vibration

orepeatedly sameenvironmentalconditions
same environmental conditions

oenvironmentalvariations
o
en
nvironmental variations
n

Convenientinstrumentation:
Convenient
instrumentation:

GoodDynamicresponse:
Good
Dynamic response:
Dyn

ohigh analogueoutput signal

oOutput faithful input

ohigh signaltonoiseratio

otakenas functionoftime

9Digitaloutputpreferredinmanycases.

Page 4 of

9Theeffectisanalysedasthefrequencyresponse.

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Basic Requirements of a Transducer

Basic Requirements of a Transducer

ExcellentMechanicalCharacteristics:

Viscousfloworcreep

oaffect performance

oduetoviscousflow material
oof sensingelement

ostaticquasistaticdynamicstates

oMagnitude increases 

majoreffects

oincreasingload
oincreasing
load temperature

Mechanicalhysteresis
Mechanical
hysteresis

Materials
lowmeltingpointlargercreepvalues
9 Mat
ateriials
at
ls

low melting point larger creep values

oimperfectresponse
oimperfect
response 
osensingelements
osensing
elements
oIntegratedoverdimensions
oIntegrated
over dimens
nsion
ns
i s 
io
ostrainedtransducer
ostrained
transducer
sd
9Effectdependsontherawmaterialused,ageing,etc.
9Effect
depends on th
the
h raw ma
aterial used, ageing
a
ing
ng, etc
e .

Basic Requirements
R qu
Re
uir
i ements
tss of
o a Transducer
Trran
T
a sducer

Basic
B
Ba
sic
si
ic Requirements
Requirements of a Transducer
Re
T ansd
Tr
duc
ucer
e
er

Elasticaftereffect
Elastic
after
e effectt

Builtinintegrateddevice
Built
tin
in integrated device

ocontinueddeformation
ocontinueeed defform
ormation 

onoise,
o
noise,

o
load
loa
ad appliedkeptconstant

app

ap lie
app
li d kept con
nsta
stant
st
a

oasymmetry
o
a mmetry
asy
y

9decreaseswithtime
9

dec
decrea
dec
reases
rea
s with time

ootherdefectsminimized
ooth
otther defect
ctss min
ct
m imized

oLikecreepsimilarrelaxationtowards
oLike
creep
e 




 
 similar relaxation tow
ward
ardss
ooriginal
o
orrriginal position
posi
o tion
owhen
removed.
o
wh
hen load removed.
h
d
9Virtuallynoresidualdeformationisobserved.
9Vir
Virrtua
t lly no residual deformati
tio
tion
on
n is
i observ
rved.
rv
ved.
ed

Resistive
Resist
sttiv
i e Tr
Transducers
an
nsd
sduc
duc
ucers
c

Resistive
Resi
Re
siistiv
ve Transducers
T ansduc
Tr
u erss
o Resistance
Res
esisttanc
esist
a e metal
metalconductor
conducto
or 
o

o 
omeasurement
omea
asur
s ement 
ochange resistance preferred




prefeeerred
oAC DC voltages
vo
oltages 
o
osuitable resistancemeasurements
resistance measurements

Page 5 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Potentiometric Transducers

Linear POT

o POT
o
oresistive elementwith
osliding contact (wiper)
ofslidingcontact
omotion of
sliding contact 
otranslatory rotational

Rotational
R
Ro
tational
al P
POT
OT
T

Helipots
ocombination
o

combination


of



 


oi.e.,, translational aswellasrotational.
as well as rotati
tati
a ona
o l.
oi.e.,translational
oTheir
oThe
Their
The
irr resistiveelement
reeesistive element formof
for
for
orm
m of
ohelix
oheeelix 


ohelipots.
o





 hel
elipo
el
p ts.
ohelicalelements
o
 heeelica
i l

ele
ele
l men
m ts 
omultiturn
omul
u titurn 
ul




ocanbeusedfor
o



can

be used
d forr 
otranslational
o

translationa
na
al orrotary
or rot
ro ary motion

Helical
H
He
lical PO
POT
OT

Page 6 of

Diagrammatic
D
Di
ag
gramm
raamm
mmat
attic
i Representations
Rep
epre
ep
r sentattio
i nss of
o POTs
Ts

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Construction of POTs

Electrical Analysis of a POT

oresistivebody
owirewound
othin
oplatinum nickelalloy 
owound insulated former
oresistance elements
also made 
elementsalsomade
ocermet
t
o(precious
metal particles fused into ceramicc bas
b e)
e
o(preciousmetalparticlesfusedintoceramicbase)
omoulded
carbon
omouldedcarbon
o(mixture
of carbon andathermosettingplasticbinder)
and a thermo
moset
mo
s ting pla
astic binder)
r
o(mixtureofcarbon
ocarbon film,
ocarbonfilm,
o(thin
film of carbon dep
posited on a
non
nconduc
nd tive base)
e 
o(thinfilmofcarbon
depositedon
anonconductivebase)
othin metal
t
othinmetal
o(thin,vapourdepositedlayerofmetalonglassorceramicbase)
o(thin,
vapour dep
deposi
o ted layer
e of metal on glass or ce
er
ce amic bas
cer
a e))

Electrical
El
lectriccal Analy
Analysis
lly
ysi
s s of a P
POT

Electrical
E
Elec
El
lec
e tr
t ical Analysis of a POT
OT
T

o
o







ooutputvoltage
oout
outtput
p voltage
pu
ounderidealconditions
ound
nder ideal
nd
ide
dea condit
diition
dit
io
o s 

oIf dist
distribof
trib
of resistance
resistance
owrttranslationalmovement
linear
o
w r t tran
nslational movement l
inea
ar
o
reeesista
ance
ce perr unit length
h
oresistanceperunitlength

R p  xt

Electrical
al Ana
Analysis
ly
ysi
siss off a POT

Electrical
Elec
El
ectr
ec
ttrric
ical A
Ana
Analysis
na y of a P
nalysis
na
POT
O

ounderidealcircumstances
ounder
ideal circumstances
voltagevaries
o output voltage
varies
es
withdisplacement
olinearly with
displacemen
ent
en
nt

Page 7 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electrical Analysis of a POT

Electrical Analysis of a POT

ounderidealconditions
oun
un
u
nder ideal conditio
ons
n
sensit
i ivitty constant
consta
ant
n 
o sensitivity
o

output faithfullyreproduced

faithfully re
r produced
ooutput
neear
a relatio
ons
n hip
p wi
w th in
inpu
p t
oh
ha
as linearrelationshipwithinput
liin
ohas

Electrical
El
lectriccal Analy
Analysis
lly
ysi
s s of a P
POT

Potential Divide
Divider
d r
de

oFor rotatio
i nall mo
moti
t on;
oForrotationalmotion;

oTrue forSingleTurnPOTsonly;
fo
or Single Turn POTs only;

opotentialdivider
opotential
divider 




odividing
potential
all rattio
o
odividingpotentialratio
o
d ermined po
det
osition off sliding con
o
on
ntac
t t.
t.
odeterminedpositionofsliding
contact.

Potential
Pote
tential Divider
te
Divi
Di
v de
er

Loading
L
Lo
ad
din
in Effect
ing
ct

oIfresistance
oIf
resistance across
across
ss

oresistanceof
o


res
res
esist
iist
stance off

ooutput terminals infinite

ooutputterminalsinfinite

o
par

p allel combination 
oparallelcombination

relationship

olinear relationship

oload
resisttanc
a e

oloadresistance
o
portion
r
of
resisttanc
a e of
oportionofresistanceof

(eo)

voltage
ooutput voltage

oinput voltage
oinputvoltage

o
potentiometer 
opotentiometer

(ei)

oactualconditions m isnotinfinite,
ocausesanonlinearrelationshipbetween
ooutput inputvoltages

Page 8 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Loading Effect

Loading Effect

oTotalresistance

oTherefore,

oseenbyy source

oCurrent,
oCurrent,
t

Loading
L
Lo
ading Ef
E
Effect
fectt

Loading Effect
cctt
oRatioof
oRatio
o
of
oOutput
voltageto
o
Ou
utput
u
p voltage
to

oOutputvoltageunder
oOu
Ou
O
utput
tp
p vo
oltag
agee un
ag
u der

oinput
voltage,
o
in ut voltage,
inp

LoadCondition,
Co
ond
nd
ndition,
n
ounder
o
un er Load
und

oLoadCondition,
oLo
L ad
d Co
Cond
ndition,
nd
n

Loading
Load
Lo
a ing Ef
Effe
Effect
ffeectt

Error
Er
rror

oAs ratio
ratio Rm/R
Rp decreases,
s
othe nonlinearity goesonincreasing.
goes on increa
asing.
othenonlinearity
keep linearity
y
oto keeplinearity

Rp should
shouldbe
be
ovalue Rm/R
oaslarge
aspossible
oas
large as
s possible
o
omeasureoutputvoltage
owith meter,
oRp
oshouldbeassmallaspossible

Page 9 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Percentage Error

Error Analysis

Maximum % Error
Ma
Erro
or

Advantages
A
Ad
vaant
nt
ntages
of using Resi
Resistive
sist
si
s ive PO
st
P
POTs
T
Ts
oInexpensive
oInex
exxpensive
o
Simp
m le tooperate
mp
to operate .
oSimple
oUs
Ussef
U
eu
ull fo
f r measuremen
nt off
oUsefulformeasurementof
ola
largee am
la
amplitud
m
ud
des
es displacement
nt
nt
olargeamplitudesdisplacement
o
efffiiciien
e cy very
high
oefficiency
veryhigh
o(N
(N
No fu
furt
r he
rt
h r ampl
pliffication needed)
pl
o(Nofurtheramplificationneeded)
oEx
E ce
cell
lllen
nt Fr
Freq
Freq
equency
q
Reesp
R
pon
o se
oExcellentFrequencyResponse
o(Except
Wirewo
wo
oun
u d tyype
p )
o(ExceptWirewoundtype)
o
Excellent
t Resolution
on (Exccep
pt Wire
rewo
re
woun
wo
u d type)
oExcellentResolution(ExceptWirewoundtype)

Disadvantagess of using
ng Resistive
Ressistive POTs
POT
P
OT
O
Ts

Strain
S
St
raain Gaugee

oLinearpotentiometer
oLinear
potentiometerr


oIfmetalconductorstretched
oIf
metal
al ccon
al
co
o ductor stretched
h ompressed
he
omp
mpressed
mp
d

olarge force move wiper

er
er
olargeforcemovewiper

o resistanc
resistancechanges
anc
ncee cha
c nges

oSliding
contacts 
oSlidingcontacts

o(bothlengthanddiameterofconductorchange)
o(both
leeength and
an diamet
eter
et
e of conductor change)

ocontaminated
d

ochangeinvalueof
o
 

 change in value of

owear
out
t
owearout

oresistivity
o
r ist
res
stivi
stivi
ivity
iv
t 
ty

omisaligned
ogenerate
noise
ogeneratenoise

strained
owhen strained

o(thelifeofthetransducerislimited).

o(piezoresistiveeffect)
oresistancestraingaugesalsoknown
oPiezoresistivegauges

Page 10 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Strain Gauge

Principle of Strain Gauge

oStraingaugesmeasur
ostrain associatedstress
oin stressanalysis
ootherdetectorstransducers
oloadcells,
otorque meters,
otorquemeters,
odiaphragm type pressure gauges,
odiaphragmtypepressuregauges,
otemperature sensors,
otemperaturesensors,
oaccelerometers 
oaccelerometers
o
oflow
meters
oflowmeters
oemploy strain
ng
ga
gau
a ges sec
ecc
econdary
transducerss
oemploystraingaugessecondarytransducers

Principle
P
Pr
inciipl
p e of Strain
Str
S
trra n Gauge
trai
Ga
G
aug
u e

Principle
P
Pr
Prin
ri ciple of Strain Gauge
Ga e
Ga
ogauge
o


gauge
o
su
ubjto positive
u
strain
osubjto
positivestrain
o
length incr
olengthincr
o


o
o
area
a 
cro
c ss
ssec
se tio
t n decreases
oarea
crosssection

o
 

resist

sist
isstan
istanc
n e 

oresistance

o
pro

prro
p
pro
ropto length
th


opropto
length
oinvpro
op
to
t 
arre
r a crosssection,
n,,
oinvpropto
areacrosssection,
oresistance gauge
oincreases positive
sttr
train
positivestrain

Peizo-resistive
Peizoo-resistiv
ove Ef
Effect
ffe
fe
fect

Strain
S
St
raain Gaugee

ochange 
re
r sistance
resistance

o Resistance
Res
esisttanc
esist
a e UnStrained (Strain)Gauge
(S rain)Gauge 
(St

ostrained conducto
or 
ostrainedconductor
than 




omore than
oincrease
r
in resistance
oincreaseinresistance
odue todimensionalchanges.
oextrachangevalueofresistance
oattribto change value
oresistivityof conductor strained

Page 11 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Working of Strain Gauge

Working of Strain Gauge

otensilestresss beapplied tothewire.

oWeknowforaCylinder,

o
o L =changeinlength,
oA =changeinarea
o D=
change in diameter and
D=changeindiameter
and
oR=changeinresistance
oR=
change in resistance
oDifferentiate

stress s,,weget:
we get:

OnSubstitution
On
n Substitution
i

Working
W
Wo
rk
kin
i g of Strain
Str
S
trrai
a n Gauge
G ug
Ga
u e

Working
W
Wo
rking of Strain Gauge
Ga
augee

o:.Equation25.60
o:.
Equation
n 25
5.6
60 ca
ccanbewrittenas:
n be wrrittten as :

o:.
o:.

o 
o

 





o






o

oNow,PoissonsRatio():
oNow,
Poissonss Ra
R tio (
():

oOr,
oOr,

Working
Workin
ng of Strain
Strrai
a n Gauge
G uge
Ga

Working
W
Wo
ork
rk
kin
i g of
of Strain
S
Gauge
G ug
Ga
ugee

o:.
o:.




o:.
o:.







o
o


o

oor

owhere

Page 12 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Working of Strain Gauge

Working of Strain Gauge

ostrain expressed
omicrostrain.
o1microstrain1m/m.
ochangeinvalueresistivity material
owhenstrainedisneglected,
gauge factor
othe gaugefactor

Types
Type
pes of Strain
pe
Strai
ain Gauge
ai
Ga
au
ug
ge

Major
M
Ma
ajo
ajo
jorr Applications
A plications of S
Ap
St
Strain
traain G
Gau
Gauge
a ge
au
oStraingaugesused
for
o
St ain
St
Str
in
n gauges used ffor
r

Unbo
nd
ded
e meta
tall 
ta



Unbondedmetal

otwomajorapplications
otwo
wo
w
o major applicati
t ons
ti
o 






Bonded
d meta
al wi
w re 



Bondedmetalwire

(i) Expstressanalysis
(i)
Exp
p
stress analys
ysis
ys
i 
is

Bo
ond
n ed
d meta
tall fo
ta
foil 
Bondedmetalfoil

machines
mac
m
achin
ach es 

Vacu
um
m de
d po
p si
sited thin metal film
m




Vacuumdepositedthinmetalfilm

structures
st
ttructtures
ure
res

Sputterr depo
osi
sited thin metal 




Sputterdepositedthinmetal

Construction


Constr
st uct
st
ction
ct
ion
o 
on

Bo
B nded
d semiconductor 




Bondedsemiconductor

o for
fforce
orce
c 

Di
Diff
Di
ffused
ff
d metal 

Diffusedmetal

o torque
o pressureflow 


o accelerationtransducers
a eleration transduce
acc
du rs

Unbounded
Unboun
nde
d d Stra
Strain
rain
ra
i G
in
Gauge

Page 13 of

Unbounded
U
Un
boun
bo
u de
ed Strain G
Gau
Gauge
ug
gee

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Unbounded Strain Gauge

Bounded Strain Gauge

ounbounded straingauge
owirestretchedbetweentwopoints
oinsulatingmedium 
o wires madeof
ocoppernickel
ochromenickel
ochrome nickel 
onickeliron
onickel iron alloys
connectedviarodtoadiaphragm
oelement connected
via rod to a diaphragm
oused sensing
sensing pressure
pre
ressu
re
ss re
owires tensioned avoidbuckling
avoid
d buckling
o
o


Bounded
Bo
un
nded Stra
Strain
ain
i Gau
Gauge
aau
uge
g

Bounded
B
Bo
unded Strain G
Gau
Gauge
au
uge
g

Bounded
Bounde
ded St
de
Strain
raain G
Gau
Gauge
a ge

Bounded
Bo
ou
un
nded
d St
S
Strain
train G
Gau
Gauge
a gee
obonded
o


bonded
d

straingaugesused
strain gau
uges
g use
seed
sed
ostressanalysis
ostress ana
nalys
ly is 
oconstructionoftransducers
ocon
stttruction
on
n of transduce
uc rs
uce
oconsistsofgridof
ocon
c sists of g
grrrid of
ofineresistancewire
ofin
o
f e resistan
fi
nce wire
ogrid
ogriid cemented carrier
carrier 
othinsheet
opaperBakelite Teflon
owire coveredtop 
othinsheetmaterial prevent from mechanicaldamage
ospreading wirepermits
ouniformdistributionstress 

Page 14 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Bounded Strain Gauge

Bounded Strain Gauge

oForexcellentreproducibleresults
straingauge
o high gaugefactor

Gf

resistance 
oashigh
oas high aspossible
as possible

Bounded
Bounde
d d Me
M
Metal
tal (Foi
(Foil)
oiil)
l S
Strain
trraaiin Gauge

Metal
Me
Meta
eta
tall (F
(Foil)
Foil) Strain Gaug
Gauge
ug
ge (Spi
(Spiral)
pira
pi
ira
r l)
l

Hookes
Ho
oo
ok
k La
kes
Law
aw

Metall (Foil)
(F
(F
Str
S
Strain
tr
train
tr
Gauge
Ele
l me
m nts of an
a Acceleromete
terr
te
(X, Y & Z Axes Elements
Accelerometer

Page 15 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Semiconductor Strain Gauge

Advantages of Semiconductor Strain Gauge

oHigh gaugefactor 130
o(Measureeven0.01microstrain).
oExcellent hysteresischaracteristics.
o(<0.05%).
oExcellentfatiguelifeandfrequencyresponse
oExcellent
fatigue life and frequency response
o(>10x10
o(>
(>
> 10 x 106 operations
operations)and
)and
o(frequencyresponseupto
o(frequenc
e y responseupto 1012 Hz);
oVerysmallinlength
oVer
Ve y small in len
Ve
l gth
o(0.7to7mm).
o(0.7
to 7 mm)
m .
o(Veryusefulformeasurementoflocal
o
( ry useful for measureme
(Ve
e nt off local strains).

Rosette
R
Ro
sette
se
(Application
((Appliccatioon Specific
Sppec
e ific
iff Strain
Strrai
a n Gauge)

Rosette
Rosett
tte
tt
(Application
(Application Specific Strain
Strrai
a n Gauge)
Gaauge)
ugge))

Rosette
Rose
ttte
(Application
((Applicatioon Specific
Sppecif
ecif
ec
ific Strain
Strrain Gauge))

Rosette
Ro
(Application
(Ap
A plicattio
ion
n Specific Strain
Str
t ain Gauge)
Gaug
Ga
u e))
ug

Page 16 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Capacitive Transducers

Capacitive Transducers
o 

oProximity Transducers.

oparallelplatecapacitor

oDisplacement Transducer.

H H r A
d

owhere,

o0 ==absolutepermittivityoffreespace
absolu
abs
o te permittivity off free space

oNonloading,
oNonloading,
g

or ==dielectricconstantofthemedium
o
dielectricc constant off the medium between
betweentheplates
the plates

oNoncontact,and
oNoncontact,
t, and

((relati
vee permittiv
tiv
i ity)
y
(relativepermittivity)

oA==area
oA
area of
oftheplates
the
hee pla
pl tes
t

oNoninvasive
oNoninvvasive

od==distance
distance
ce ofseparationbetweentheplates
of separation betweeen
of
e the plates
es

Properties
Properti
ies off Some Dielectric
Die
D
ielectri
ie
ricc Materials
ri

Capacitive
C
Ca
paci
pa
citi
ci
tive Thickness T
ti
Transducer
raansdu
uce
cerr
oplates
o
pla
p tes arranged
arranged
d 

sheet
o

sheet
t

 





between
opassed bet
bet
e wee
et
w n plates
tes
owithouttouchingthem
o
w hout tou
wit
uchi
h ng them
hi

Capacitive T
Thick
Thickness
ne
ess
ss T
Tra
Transducer
r nsduce
ra
er

Capacitive
C
Ca
paci
pa
c ttiive
ci
v Thi
Thickness
hiick
ckness T
Tra
Transducer
r ns
nsdu
sd cer

oincrease
o
 inc

increase in
inc
in

oCapacitanceoftheSystem:
oCapacitance
of the Sys
Sy tem:

othickness sheet


sheet 

ocauses an
n increa
increase
ase
s of
of
othecapacitance
by
othe
capacccitance by

C,,and
andhence
hence

owhere:

oa totalseparationbetween plates

oSolving forC/C0

otthickness of the sheet

owhere:
oN=SensitivityFactor

Page 17 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Capacitive Displacement Transducer

Capacitive Displacement Transducer

oIf airgapdecreased x,

othe
capacitance increases
by C
othecapacitance
increasesby

owhere,

Capacitive
C
Ca
pacitivee Displacem
Displacement
em
ment Tr
T
Transducer
ran
ansducer
an
(Using
Movable
Dielectric
(Usingg M
o ab
ov
a lee D
ielectriic Core)

Capacitive
Capa
Ca
ap citive Proximity T
Tra
Transducer
r ns
ra
n du
uce
c r

Capacitive P
Pro
Proximity
r ximi
mity
mi
t Tra
ty
Transducer
ra
ransducer
ra

Capacitive
Capa
Ca
paci
pa
ciitive
vee S
Str
Strain
t ain Tran
Transducer
a sduc
an
ucer
uc
e

oTheOutputSignal,
oThe
Output Signal,
l

where:

Page 18 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Capacitive Strain Transducer

Variable Area Capacitive Transducer

where:

Variable Area
Are
A
r a Capacitive
Capa
p ciitive T
pa
Tra
Transducer
r nsducer

Variable
V
Va
riab
ri
iab
able Area Capacitive T
Transducer
ransdu
d ce
du
cerr

Whenall
When
all th
theteeth
he te
t eth are
areinalignment
in alignmeentt

Whentheteeth

Wh
hen
e the teeet
e ha
alignmentchanges&
l gnment changess &
li
oef
effe
ef
f ctive co
cont
ont
ntac
a t length
becomess l
oeffectivecontact
lengthbecomesl

where:

where:
w
wh
whe
h re::

Variable Area
a Capacitive
C pa
Ca
aci
citi
t ve T
Transduce
Transducer
er

Capacitive
Ca
Capa
apa
paci
citi
ci
t ve Pressure
ti
Pre
P
r ssure Tr
Transducer
ransd
duc
ucer

oFractional Change inCapacitance,C

oFractionalChange
in Cap
pac
a itance, C
in length l
oto Change
Changeinlengthl

where:

Page 19 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Capacitive Pressure Transducer

Capacitive Microphone

Capacitive
Capa
ciiti
t vee Lev
Level
evell Transducer
ev
Trans
nssd cer
n
nsdu

Capacitive
C
Ca
apacitive Level Trans
Transducer
n duce
ns
er
oCapacitance
oCapa
pacitance 
pa
odu
du to twocolumns
due
du
two column
mn
ns 
odueto
olliiqu
q id and vapour
vapo
va
p ur
oliquid

Capacitive M
Moi
Moisture
sttur
ure Tran
Transducer
a sducer

Page 20 of

Capacitive
C
Ca
paciiti
tive
v Hygrome
Hygrometer
m terr

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Peizo-Electric Transducers

Peizo-Electric Transducers
osymmetricalcrystallinematerials
oQuartzRochellesaltBariumtitanate
oproduce emf
owhen placed understress
opeizo electrictransducers
oacrystalplacedbetweensolidbase
oa crystal placed between solid base
oforcesummingmember
o
for

forcesumming member
for

oconversely
o
con
on
o
nversely
y
varyingpotential

 varying potential 
oproperaxisofcrystal
opropeeer axis off cryysta
st l
l
ocha
hange
gee dimens
ion
ns
ochange
dimensions
oof
o
of crystal 
odeformingit
odef
def
effo
orr ing it
orm

Desirable
De
esi
sirable Properties
Prop
per
erti
t es
of Piezoelectric Mate
Materials
teri
te
r als

Peizo-Electric
P
Pe
izo--El
E ectric Transducers
Tra
T
r nsdu
du
ucers
otwo
tw
w maingroups
main
mai
aingro
g ups piezoelectriccrystals


pie
p zoelectric
c crystals
oNaturalcrystals
oNatura
ra
al cryysta
stals
lss

9Stability.
9
S ab
St
bility.

o (quartzandtourmaline).
(q
quart
q
rtzz and tourmaline).
rt

9High
g ou
gh
output.
9Highoutput.

oSyntheticcrystals
oSynth
hetic
h
ic cry
crysta
st ls
st

9
Inseens
n itivvitty to te
t mp
m erature and hu
umi
midi
dity.
di
9Insensitivitytotemperatureandhumidity.

o(Rochellesalt,lithiumsulphate,
o(R
Roche
R
heellee sal
s t, lithium sulphate,
sa

9
Thee ab
a ilityy to
o bee fo
f rmed into most desirablee shape
9Theabilitytobeformedintomostdesirableshape

odipotassium
odipotassi
ss um tartrate etc).

Natu
Natural
ura
ral vs. Synthetic
Synt
Sy
ntthe
h tic
Piezoelectric
Piezoelect
ctri
ct
ricc Materials
ri
Mateeri
r als

Working
Work
Wo
rkin
rk
ng Principle
P inciipl
Pr
plee
iezo
ie
zoelectric M
atterials
off Pie
Piezoelectric
Materials

Advantages

oThemagnitude
oThe
magnittu
ude andpolarity
a d polarityy of
an
of

Natural
crystals :
Naturalcrystals:

othe induce
c d charrge
g on
o the
crystal surface is
otheinducedchargeon
thecrystalsurface

(i) Higher mechanical and th

ther
eerrmal stab
a ility.
y
(i)Highermechanicalandthermalstability.

opr
op
por
ortional to
oproportionalto

(ii) Ability to withstand higher stresses

ess.
(ii)Abilitytowithstandhigherstresses.

othe
magnitude and
direction
r
of
othemagnitude
anddirectionof

(iii) Low leakage

(iii)Lowleakage.

otheappliedforce.

(iv)Goodfrequencyresponse.
Syntheticmaterials
ohaveahighervoltagesensitivity.

Page 21 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Advantages & Disadvantages

of Piezoelectric Transducers

Working Principle
of Piezoelectric Materials

oThecharge at theelectrode

ogivesrisetovoltage(E),givenby,

oWhere;

Proximity
Pr
rox
o imity Se
S
Sensors
nsor
orrs

Proximity
P
Pr
oximity Sensor
Sensors
orrs

oproximitysensorconsistsof
oproxim
ity
y sensorr con
co sists of

ophotoemitterdetectorpairrepresentsanotherapproach,
opho
h to emitterdetector pair rep
ho
representts an
a the
ano
th r app
a roach,

oanelementthatchanges
oan elemen
m t th
tha
at ch
ch nges eitheritsstate
cha
either
er its
er
i state

owhereinterruptionorreflectionofabeamoflight
owhe
wh
h re interruption or reflecctio
iion of a bea
am of
o lig
l htt

oorananaloguesignal
oor
a ana
an
an log
logue signal

oisusedtodetectanobjectinanoncontactmanner.
o
is used to detect an obj
bject
e in a noncon
ntac
actt m
ac
man
n
nner.

owhen
owhe
hen
he
n itisclose
it is
is close toanobject.
to an object.
t
o(oftennotactuallytouching)
o(often
ften not
no
o actually touching)

oE.g.,(LED&phototransistor/photodiodecombination
oE.g
E ., ((LED
LE
E & pho
ho
otot
t ran
ra
ansistor / photodiode com
co bin
inatiion

oMagnetic,
oMagnetic,
oCommonapplicationsforproximity:
o
C mon
Com
on app
a lications ffor
ap
fo
o pro
p ximity :

ocapacitance
o

capacitance
oinductance
oind
in ucttanc
a e

oCountingmovingobjects
oCounti
nti
ting
ng mov
moving
in object
ec s

oeddycurrent
oeddy cu
urren
u
nt


oLimitingttraverseofmechanism
oLimiting
ttraver
errse
s of 
mec
m hanism

o
o


 


 


Eddy Cur
Current
rre
r nt Prox
Proximity
oxim
ox
i itty Sensor
im

Eddy
Ed
ddy C
Cur
Current
u rent
nt Pr
nt
P
Proximity
oximit
ity Sensor
it
Sens
Se
n or
ocoil
o
 coil suppliedwithac


su
sup
su plied with a
c
oalternating
magnetic field pro
mag
oduc
d ed
oalternatingmagneticfieldproduced
oIf
metal
in
n closeproximity
close proxim
mity
oIfmetalin
o
to 
magnetic

ic fie
field
ld
ld
d
oto
magneticfield
oeddy
curreeents induced in it
oeddycurrentsinducedinit
oedd
ddyy cur
dd
urren
re ts produce amagneticfield
a magnetic field
oeddycurrentsproduce
odistortsthemagneticresponsiblefortheirproduction
odistorts the magnetic responsible for their production
oimpedanceofthecoilchangesandso
otheamplitudeofthealternatingcurrent.

Page 22 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Advantages of
Eddy Current Proximity Sensor

Capacitance Proximity Sensor

9Smallinsize.
9Relativelyinexpensive.
g
y
9Highflexibility.
9High
sensitivity to small displace
ceeme
m nt
n s.
9Highsensitivitytosmalldisplacements.

Hall Eff
Effect
fect
ecct

Capacitance
Capa
ciita
t nce Prox
Proximity
ox
oximity
x
y Se
S
Sensor
ensor

oconsistsofsimpleplate
oconsis
tss of siim
mp
ple platee
o




o
owith
t
ob
obje
j ct (earthed)
owithobject
oas
a otherplate
other plate
oas
ob
bject ap
appr
p oaches sensorr
oAs objectapproachessensor
ose
s para
r tion betwplatee 

oseparationbetwplate
o
and object ch
chan
anges
an
oandobjectchanges
o



siign
g iffic
ican
a t
an
osignificant
bject cl
c osee to
sensor.
sensor.
oass objectcloseto
ob

oas

Hall
H
Ha
lll V
Volta
Voltage
gee

Hall Effect Tr
Tran
Transducers
a sd
duc
u erss

o"Whenanyspecimen
o"When
any specim
men
e

oCurrent
oCurren
en
nt in
inNtype
Ntype spec
specimen
im
men

a current II
ocarrying acurrent

ocarried

by ellectrons
byelectrons

oisplacedinthe
ois
placed in the

o

electron
o s, as re
resu
re
s lt Hall effect,
oelectrons,asresultHalleffect,
oac
a cumula
ac
la
ate
t side
1
oaccumulate
side1

otransverse
magnetic field
otransversemagnetic
fieldB,,

ogets
negatively charged
ogetsnegativelycharged

othenanelectricfieldE isinduced inthespecimen

orelativeto side2

ointhedirectionperpendicularto bothI andB.

oConsequentlypotentialdifferencedevelops
obetween 1 2 

ThephenomenonisknownasHalleffect".

o called 'Hallvoltage'(VH).

Page 23 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Hall Voltage

Hall Voltage
omagnitudeHallvoltage(VH)

oHallvoltageinanNtype semiconductor
o ispositivesurface2
oOntheotherhand,,
oPtype 

oWhere;
oWh
W ere;
Wh

o
o


opositivve surf
fac
acee 1
opositive
surface1

Uses
e of Hall
ll E
Effect
fffec
ec t

Uses of Hall Eff

Effect
fffec
e t

Halleffectmaybeusedfor:
Hall
effectt may
ay be
b us
use
u
s d for:
r

1. Determining
Determ
minin
m
ng 



Halleffectmultiplier.

Hal
Ha l effect multiplier.
r

o Ntyp
NtypeorPtype
t e or
o Ptyp
t e

oTheinstrumentgivesanoutput
o
The instrument givves
es an
a output proportionalto
proport
rtion
rt
ion
onal
a to
o

2. Determining
D r nin
Determi
in
ng carrierconcentration
carrier concentra

tratio
tra
rat n

otheproductoftwosignals
othe
he pr
h
pr duct
pro
ctt of two signals

3. Calculating
Calcula
u ting mobility

mobility

oif
o
 iff cur
ccurrent
cu
re t I is
ren
ismade
made proportionaltooneinputand
proportional to
t one inp
i ut and

o (h
(havingmeasuredtheconductivity).
having
h
g me
mea
e sured the conductivity).
4. Magneticfieldmeter.
Magn
netic field meter.
r

o
iiff B is
isproportionalto
proporttion
nal to secondinput
second input
t
oif

oTheHallvoltageV
oThe
e Hall voltage V H for a
agivencurrent
given
en cur
c rent

oHallvoltage
oHall
voltag
ag
ge V
VH isisproportionalto
s pro
p portion
nal to
o

oisproportionaltoB.
o
iss proportion
ti al to B
B..
oV
o



V
VH

otheproductofthetwoinputs
othe
prod
duct off th
he two inputs
h
tss

omeasures
o
mea
asurress themagneticfieldB.
the
hee magnet
etiicc field
et
ld B.
B

Hall
H
Ha
ll Eff
Effect
ffec
ff
ectt
ec
Displacement
Transducer
Displaceme
ment
me
ent Trans
nssducer
n

Hall
H
Ha
lll E
Eff
Effect
ffect
ff
Displacement
Transducer
Di
sp
pla
ace
eme
m nt Tra
nssducer
omeasure
o



 measure 
lin
lineardisplor
l ear displor
structuralelement
olocate str
s uctura
urr l elemen
nt
oincaseswhereitispossibleto
oin
cases whe
w re it is possible to
ochangethemagneticfieldstrength
o
change
ha
ang the magnetic field strength
byvariationin
thegeometryof
o by
variation in the
geometry of
oamagneticstructure.

Page 24 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Hall Effect
Displacement Transducer

Hall Effect Fluid Level Transducer

oTheHalleffectelementlocatedingap
oadj topermanentmagnet
ofieldstrength ingap
oduetopermanentmember
odue to permanent member
ochanged bychanging
by changing
oposition offerromagneticplate
of ferromagnetic plate
oThe voltage output Hall effect element
nt 
oThevoltageoutputHalleffectelement
to field strength
h
oprop tofieldstrength
gap function
n of the position

dis

diisplacement
dis
t
oin gapfunctionofthepositiondisplacement
ferrromagnetic plate
ooff ferromagneticplate
owithrespecttostructure.
owith res
r pectt to
re
t strruct
u ure.

Halll E
Eff
Effect
ffect Fl
ff
F
Fluid
uid Leve
Le
Level
ev l Tr
Tran
Transducer
ra sducer

Variable
Vari
Va
ari
riab
riab
able
l Inductance Transducers
Trran
T
nsduc
uccer
erss

omagnet
omagn
ett attachedtofloat
at
attta
tach
ched to flloa
ch
oat 

o
o


leveel
change
gees 
g
oas levelchanges

change
h
magn
gn
gnetic
n
charact
cter
ct
eris
er
isticc
is
o ch
magneticcharacteristic

o
fl
floa
fl
oat distance
oa
ofloatdistance

o
off electricalcircuit

electric
ical
ic
al circuit
al
oof

ofrrom Hallsensorchanges
o
Hall sensor chan

an
a
nges
ge
ge
ofrom

reesp
pon
o se to measure
oin responsetomeasure

result
s lt 



Hall
Hallvoltage
voltage output
output
ut
oresu

o





o

oameasureof
oa measure of

odi
disp
di
spla
sp
l ce
la
ceme
m nt,
me
odisplacement,

o
distance of fl

floa
at fr
f om
odistanceoffloatfrom
o
se
sens
n or
ns
o he
h ncee level


level
osensorhence

ovelocity,
ovelocity,
oac
a celeration

oacceleration

oof
off th
he fu
f el in
tank
ta
ank
n
oofthefuelin

Types of Variable
Variab
able Inductance
ab
Inducttaanc
an
n eT
Transducers
ransdu
ucer
c s
ce

Types
Typ
ypess of
o Var
Variab
Variable
ia le Ind
Ind
Inductance
eT
Transducers
ran
an
ansducers
Pa
Passivetype
ssiv
siv
ive ttyype
ive

1. Self
Selfgeneratingtype.
fgenerating type.

o ofanobjectresults
of an object reesults in
in
omotion

t
is
generat
a ed becaus
use of
us
o voltage
isgenerated
becauseof

ochange
g s in th
he in
ndu
d ctance ofthecoils
of the coils
ochangesintheinductance

o the
relative motion between
b tween
be
therelativemotion

oof
of th
the transducer.
oofthetransducer.

o a
conductor and
a magnettic fi
fiel
e d.
d
aconductor
andamagneticfield.

classified 
classified

o classified as follows:

oclassifiedasfollows:
Electromagnetic

Variablereluctance.

Electrodynamic type.

Mutualinductance.

Eddycurrent

Differentialtransfer

Page 25 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electro-Magnetic Type (Active)

Electro-Magnetic Type (Active)

Electro-Dynamic
Electro-Dy
D namiic Ty
T
Type
pe
e (Active)
(A
A

Electro-Dynamic
El
lec
ectr
t o-Dynamic Type
tr
pe
e (A
((Active)
ctiv
ve))

Eddy C
Current
urrent T
ur
Type
ype (Active)
yp
(A

Eddy
Ed
E
ddy C
Current
urre
ur
r ntt T
Tac
Tachometer
a homeete
t r (A
(Active)

Page 26 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Variable Reluctance Type (Passive)

Variable Reluctance Type (Passive)

oUsedtoMeasure:
oUsed
to Measure:

Variable
Variab
ble Permeance
P
ce Type
pe
e (Passive)
(P
(P

Variable
V
Va
ariab
riab
ri
able
l Permeance Type
pe
e (Pas
(Passive)
ssi
s ve
ve))

Mutual Ind
Inductance
duc
u tancee Ty
T
Type
ype
e (Passive)
(Passive
vee)
ve)

LV
LVDT
VD Type
Typ
T
y e (Passi
(Passive)
sive))
si

Page 27 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

LVDT Type (Passive)

LVDT Type (Passive)

Pressure M
Measureme
Measurement
ment usi
me
using
sing
si
n LVDT

Advantages
Ad
A
d
dvantages
of LVDT
LVDT
LV
D

Disadvantages
Disadv
dv
van
a tagess of
of LVDT
LVD
L
V T

Ultrasonic
U
Ul
tras
tr
a onic
nic
ic Transducers
Transdu
T
ducers
du
r
rs

oultrasonicdetectors
o
ultrasonic

nic detectors
r

opiezoelec
e tric cr
ccrystals
ysta
als
ls
opiezoelectric
o
Qu
uartz
commonly
y used
oQuartz
commonlyused
o(fr
(fr
freqrange 200
kHz 300 kHz)
z
o(freqrange
200kHz300kHz)

Page 28 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Applications of Ultrasonic Transducers

Ultrasonic Flow Meter

oTypicalapplication
o Flowmeasurement
oLevel measurement
oThickness measurement
testing material
alls.
oNondestructive testingmaterials.

Ultrasonic
Ul
trras
a onic Flow
Flo
F
lo
ow Meter
Meete
ter

Ultrasonic Flow Meter

Ul
M ter
Me

oLetfluidvelocitybe
m/s.
o
Let
Let

flu
f id velocity be v m/
s.

oWhenultrasonicpulses
oWhen
ultras
a on
nic pu
pulses transmitted
t ansmitted
tr

o(assumethatthefluidisflowinginthepipefrom
o
(assssume
u that the fluid is flowing in the pipe
i from
ipe

oacrosss thefluid
the fl
flui
uiid
u
id
oacross

oleft
l hand side to right hand side)
le
olefthandsidetorighthandside)

oVelocityofultrasonic
oVel
Vel
elocit
elo
i y of
o ultrasonic signal
signalfrom
fro
ro
om transmitterAto
transmitter A to

othee velo
loci
lo
city
ci
ty
y of ultrason
o ic
on
i wavess
othevelocityofultrasonicwaves

oreceiverA
increasedto
avalue(c+vcos),
orec
eceiv
ec
ceeiv
i er A increas
iv
r
ed
d tto
oa
value (c
( + v cos
),,

o
is in
incr
crea
cr
rea
eased or
oisincreasedor

owhere
o
wheere
eerre :

oc
o
c is
isthevelocityofsoundthroughthefluidinthepipe,
the velocity
ci of soun
city
so d through the fluid in the pipe
pipe,, and
and
d

ode
decr
de
crea
cr
re sed by
odecreasedby

o
o
is
istheanglebetweenthepathofsoundandwallofthepipe.
the angl
ngle betw
ngle
b ween
en
n the path of sound and wall of the pipe.

othe
fluid velocity
othefluidvelocity

oLet
o
L l be
Le
Let
bethedistance(oblique),between
the
h dis
he
disttance (oblique)
e)) , bet
b ween transmitter
transmitterandreceiver
and recceiver

odepending
upon
n

odependingupon

otimetakenbypulse
o
tim
tim
timee tak
taken
ta
en by pulsee signaltogo
signal
al to go
o
ofrom
transmitter A to
toreceiver
o re
re eiv
rec
ver
e A wil
willbe
w
l be
ofromtransmitter

o
d rection
di
n of
th
he fl
fluid flow
odirection
ofthefluidflow

oThen,repetitionfrequencyofthereceivedpulse
atA,
oThen,
n repetition frequency off th
th
he receiv
i ed
iv
e pulse at
a

Ultrasonic
Ultras
son
o ic Flow
Flo
ow Meter
M ter
Me

Ultrasonic
Ultr
Ul
t as
tr
a on
onic
i Level
Lev
evel Measurement
ev
Measu
s reeme
su
m nt

o
ovelocity of ultrasonic sign
all transmitted by
signal
otransmitter
andreceived
receiveeed bythereceiver
by the receiverr B
otransmitterB and
o reduced by
by
fluidvelocity
fluid velocity
velo
o

oits
pulse repetition frequency, fB :
oitspulserepetitionfrequency,

oThedifferencein
oThe
difference
f
in frequency
frequencyisgivenby:
is given by:

Page 29 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Ultrasonic Non Destructive Testing

Advantages & Disadvantages of Ultrasonic

oAdvantages:

oUltrasound propagated

oInsensitive to

ointo pieceunderinspection

oviscositypressure temperaturevariations

o absenceof flaw 

oBidirectional measuringcapacity

otransduceroutput constant

oGoodaccuracy
oFast response

oanyirregularity
oany
irregularity 

oNondestructive
oNon
on des
ondes
de tructive measurement

suchasexistenceofacrackor
foreignobject
o such
as existence of a crack or fore
reig
re
ign object
ig
c

oWidefrequencyrange.
oWid
W e frequency
n range.

osomereflection
osome
reflectiion
n of
of 

oSystemisversatile
oSystem is verrsatile

otransmittedultrasonicwave
otransmitted ultrras
a onic wavee

ocanbeusedforanypipesize
ocan be used for
fo any pipe siz
iizze

oDisadvantage:
o
Disa
Dis
ad
adv
d antage:
oCost is
ishigh.
high
h.

Photo-Electric
Ph
hoto--El
E ectric T
Tra
Transducers
r nsdu
du
d
ucers

Photo
Ph
hoto Multiplier T
Tub
Tube
u e

oPhotoelectricdevicescategorisedas
oPhoto
electricc dev
vice
icess
catego
gorised as
go
ophoto em
missi
m
siive,
ve, pho
ve
photoconductiv
tiv
tive
ive photovoltaic.
c
ophotoemissive,photoconductive
 photoemissive
ph
pho
p
h to em
missiive 
m


o
orad
ra iation
i fal
allin
al
ling
lin
g on cathode causeselectrons
causeees ele
e ctrons tobeemitted
to be emi
miittteed
oradiationfallingoncathode
ofro
om thecathodesurface.
the
he cat
cathod
h e surface.
ofrom
ophoto co
onductiv
o
duc
uctiv
tivee devices
ophotoconductive
oressistance of material changed whenitisilluminated
whe
heen itt is
i ill
il uminat
ated
a
e
oresistanceofmaterial
oPhoto voltai
ta c cells generate
ta
t output volltag
t e
oPhotovoltaiccellsgenerateoutputvoltage
n ty
nsi
t 
opro
p porrrtional to the
theradiationintensity
radiation intensi
oproportionalto
o
Th incident
The
n radiation
n may be
oTheincidentradiationmaybe
oinfrared
d, ulttrav
raviol
iolet
io
iol
et, gamma
a ray
s,, Xray
r s, or
ra
visible light.
t
oinfrared,ultraviolet,gamma
rays,Xrays,
orvisiblelight.

Photo
o Mu
M
Multiplier
ltip
pli
lier
e T
Tub
Tube
u e

Photo
Ph
hot
o o Co
C
Conductive
nd
duc
ucti
t ve Cel
Cell
elll (L
el
(LDR)
LDR
D )

oConsistsofevacuatedglassenvelope
oConsists
of evacuated glass envelope
ocontaining a photo cathode,
e an anode and
ocontainingaphotocathode,ananode
and
oseveral additional electrodes, termed Dynodes
oseveraladditionalelectrodes,termedDynodes
oWhenelectrons movingatahighvelocitystrikeanappropriatematerial
omaterialemitsagreaternumberofelectrons
othan itwasstruckwith

Page 30 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 2: Transducers
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Photo Conductive Cell (LDR)

Photo Diode

oElectricalresistance ofthematerialvaries
owith theamountofincidentlight,
ophotoconductivematerial
oCadmiumsulphideCadmiumselenide
o Cadmium
sulphoselenide
Cadmiumsulphoselenide
odeposited
d in zig zag pattern
odepositedin
pattern
o(to
obtain a desired resistance value and power rating)
o(toobtainadesiredresistancevalueandpowerrating)
oseparating
two metal coated areas acting as electrodes
oseparatingtwometalcoatedareasactingaselectrodes

oA reversebiasedsemiconductordiodepasses
reeeverse biased sem
miconductor diode passes
m

oon
an insulating basee such
su as cera
oonaninsulatingbasesuchasceramic
c
mic

oonly
a very sma
all leakagee current
a
nt if the junction is exposed to light.
oonlyaverysmallleakagecurrentifthejunctionisexposedtolight.

oThe assembly
l is
enclosed in a
metal cassse
oTheassembly
isenclosedin
ametalcase

oUnder
illumination the cur
urr
rrrent rises
oUnderilluminationthecurrentrises

owith
a glass window
owithaglasswindow

o
i direct proportion to the
in
light intensi
ssity.
si
y
oindirectproportion
thelightintensity.

oover the
photo cond
nd
ducti
u ve mat
teri
rial.
ri
thephotoconductive
material.

Photo
P
Ph
hoto Tran
Transistor
an
nsistor
orr

Solar Cell

Digital
Di
ig
gital Enco
gi
Encoders
code
co
d rs
r

Digital
D
Di
gita
ta
al En
E
Encoders
code
ers
r
oemploysgratingprinciple
oemploys
grat
grat
rat
a ing
i principle 
glass disks onefixed,theotherrotating
one
on fixed, the other ro
otating
o
otwo glassdisks
owith identica
t l opaq
a
aque/clear
aq
pattern
rns
rn
owithidenticalopaque/clearpatterns
ophotog
graphically
g
ly
y depo
osite
sited
sit
d
ophotographicallydeposited
oarrre mounted side by side with about
oaremountedsidebysidewithabout
o250mclearancebetweenthem
o250m clearance between them
oParallell light is projected through
the two disks
oParallellightisprojected
throughthetwodisks
d h
h f
id
otowardphotosensorsonthefarside.
oWhenopaquesegmentsarealigned,
oaminimum(logical0)signalisproduced,
owhile alignmentofclearsegments
ogivesamaximum(logical1)signal.

Page 31 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

EC 010 704

(Syllabus)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

References
1.

Measurement Systems:

2.

Electronic Instrumentation:

ErnestDoeblin &Dhanesh NManik 



HSKalsi  

3.

Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques:

4.

M
Measurement & In
stttrumentation Principles:
ri
Measurement
Instrumentation

5.

Transducers & Instrumentation:

Instru
ru
ument
mentatio
a n:

AlbertDHelfrick
&WilliamDCooper
Albert
D Helfrick &
WilliamDCooper

AlanSMorris
Alan S Morris

D.V.SMurthy
D.V.
S Murthy 

EC 010 704

ELECTRONIC
ELE
LECTRONIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
LE
NST
TRUM
R
ENTATION
(Syllabus)
(Syl
ylllabu
l
s)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per

peeer week
w

EC 0010
100 7704
0
04

(Syllabus)

3 hours lecture
lecc uree and
lect
an
n 1 hour
hooour tutorial per week

References
Refer
ence
es
e

References

6.

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION
INST
ST
TRUM
MEN
ENT
NTATI
A ON
O

11. A Course
Cour
o se in Electrical and Electronic Measurements
our
Measureme
rem nts and Instrumentation:
rem
Instru
rument
ru
m atio
io
on:

Electronic Instrumentation
Insttrumentat
ntation
ntat
iion
o and
an
nd Measurements
Measurements
David A Bell
DavidABell

7.

InstrumentationDevices
and
Instru
st mentatio
a nDevices
ices
e a
nd Systems:

8.

Electronic Measurements
M urem
Meas
rements
men
n and Instrumentation:

9.

Me
Measur
a emen
nts and Instrumentation:
Measurements

J B Gup
Gupt
p a,





JBGupta,





CSRangan,SGSharma&VSVMani,
C
S Rangan,SG Sharma&V S V Mani
M , 
Ma



 








R
K Rajputtt, 


RKRajput,

U A Ba
Baks
B
a hi, A V Baks
ak
aks
kshi,
hi 



UABakshi,AVBakshi,
10. A Course in Electrical
Ele
leeectriccal and
a
and Electronic
Ele
Electro
lec nic Measurements
Measureme
r
nts and
an
nd Instrumentation:
In
nstru
str mentation:
A
K Sawhney,   
AKSawhney,

IInstrumentation
In
s ru
st
ume
me
mentatio
io
on Amplifiers
Ampl
plif
pl
ifie
if
i rs
ie
(Significance)
(Sig
(S
iggnificance)
ig
f
oInmostInstrumentationcases:
o
In most Ins
nsstru
trumentation casesss:

ELECTRONIC
ELECTR
CT ONI
NIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
NST
TRUMENT
TATI
A ON
AT
N
EC 010 704

(Syllabus)
(S labus)
(Syl
(S

3 hours lecture and 1 hour

ur tuto
tu
tut
tutorial
rial per week

oTransduceroutputsare;
oTransducer
er out
o puts are;
ou
e

Module
Mod
ulle
le 3(12 hrs)
IntermediateElements
Intermediate
Elements
InstrumentationAmplifier,
Instrumentation
Amplifier,



 



Couplers.
Opto Couplers.

 





 

9Not
signiiificant to
9Notsignificantto

DataTransmissionElements
Data Transmissio
ion Elements
io

IsolationAmplifier,
Isolation
Amplifier,

DCandACBridges:

9Verylowlevelsignal
9Very
low
w level signal
sig
ig l

WagnerGroundConnection.
Wagn
gn
ner
e Ground Conn
C
ection.

drivee the next stage of the system.

drivethenextstageofthesystem.

oTransducersare
oTra
Transducers are mountedremotefrom
Tra
mounted remote from control
controllocations
locations


 

9Longcablingneeded,
9L
bli
d d

 

9Signal issusceptible to;

 (AnalogAndDigital).

Noise &AtmosphericInterference,

FDMTDM:

oBeforenextstageits necessaryto

 

9Amplifysignallevel,

 

Page 1 of

9Reject noise &interference.

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Instrumentation Amplifiers

Instrumentation Amplifiers (Features)

oThemajorrequirementsof instrumentationamplifier
oHigh CMRR
oHigh InputImpedance
oLowDrift&Noise
oModerate Bandwidth
oLimited
Gain(11,000)(Programmableby
o
Lim
im
mite
i d Gain
it
(11,000) (Programmable
(
by R1)
oHighCMRRrealizedby
connecting
oHigh
CM
MRR realized by connecting
M
otwononinvertingconfigurations
otwo
noninvert
ver ing
ng configurations
owithopamps,
owit
w h op
o amps,
s 1 and
and2
d 2
ohaving common
m feedback resistorR
resistor R1

Instrumentation
Instrume
m ntation
n Ampl
Amplifiers
p if
pl
ifiers

Limitation
Limi
Li
mita
mi
mita
tati
tion
o of Instrumentation
Instrumentatio
i n Ampl
io
Amplifiers
plif
pl
ifie
if
iers
ie
rss
oRequires
iree areturnpathforbiascurrents.
a return path for bias currents.
s

oSince the
theopampinputscarrynocurrent
opamp inp
puts carr
p
ca y no
o curr
cu
u ent
t

oIff no
ot provided, they will charge stra
o
ay capa
c
citances
ces;
ces
s
oIfnotprovided,theywillchargestraycapacitances;

oa
single current
en i flow
flows
lowss
oasinglecurrent

o
causing output to
drift excessiv
siv
i ely
iv
ely/saturate.
ocausingoutput
todriftexcessively/saturate.

ofrom e01
o
toe02 thro
through
hrough
hro
ug
0 to

o when
whenfloatingsourceslikethermocoupleareamplified,
n fllloating sources like thermoco
ocouple
oco
u
are amplified
d,

oR
R2,,R1,,and
an R2,,giving:
and
giving:

oa
co
con
conn
onnecti
ec on to
amplifier grou
ro nd
rou
n mustbeprovided,
must be provided,
d
oaconnection
toamplifierground
o
which lead
whic
ea
a s to
excessiv
ssivve noise.
owhichleads
toexcessivenoise.
oIsolationamplifierdoesntrequiresuchagroundconnection
o
Iso
so
so
olation
n am
mplifier does
m
oe nt requ
oes
reequire
i such a ground connection
o(SignalisIsolatedfromGround)&
o
(Sig
gna
a is Isolated
al
d ffrom
rom
m Grou
Gr nd) &
Gro
oRejectionofInterferenceNoiseisImproved.
oReje
R cttion
on off Inte
on
I rference
ence Noise is Improved.
ence
d

oGainofanInstrumentationAmplifier:
oGain
G
of an Inst
nstrume
trum ntation Amplifier:
r

e
e  e

Isolation
Isolat
atio
at
i n Am
Amplifiers
mpl
pliffie
iers

Coupling
Cou
oupli
ou
upli
pling
ng
n
g Tec
Techniques
e hni
hn quess u
hn
used in Is
Isolation
ola
laatio
t n Ampl
A
Amplifiers
m ifiers

oSpecial subclassofInstrumentationAmplifier:
subclass off Ins
In
n trumentat
t ion Amplifier:
r
oIntendedforusewhere:
oIntended
for use where:
9Low
level signal ride on
top
op
p of
9Lowlevelsignalride
ontopof

Transformer
Transformer
T
Tr
Coupling
C
Coup
ling

ohighcommonmodevoltage.
ohigh common mode voltage.
t
9Possibilities exists of
9Possibilitiesexistsof
otroublesome ground disturbances & ground loops.
s
otroublesomegrounddisturbances&groundloops.
circuitry must be protected from
9Processing circuitrymustbeprotectedfrom
ofaults &powertransients.
9Interference from

Optical
Coupling

omotor,powerline...etc.isheavy.
9Patientprotectionin
oBiomedicalapplications.

Page 2 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Telemetry

Instrumentation Vs. Isolation Amplifiers

Measuringata Distance

oTelemetry technology
oallows collect information
o from inaccessible inconvenientlocations
otransmit to accessibleplaces
accessible places
oprocessrecord
o
processrecord display 

opresentableform
opresseen
nt ble form
nta

Block
B
Bl
ock
k Diagram
m of T
Tel
Telemetry
ellemetry

Types
T
Ty
pes of Telemet
Telemetry
try
y Systems
Syste
tems
te
ms
I.

Acco
Accordingtolink
co
ording to link betw
betw


telemetertransmitter

telemeter transmitter

er and telemeterreceiver:
er
tel
eleme
el
emeter
eme
em
te rec
r eiver:
r
I.

Landline(D.C.)telemetrysystem
L
a line (D.C.) teleme
an
and
metry
me
t system
9Voltage
9
V tag
Vol
ge te
tel
telemeteringsystem.
elemeterring
ng system.
9
C rent teleme
Cur
leme
em ter
t ing system.
te
9Current
telemeteringsystem.
9
P iti
Pos
tion
n (or
( ratio)
o tel
teleme
e tering system.
9Position(orratio)telemeteringsystem.

II. Radiofrequency(RF)telemetrysystem
Radio
Rad
io fre
freque
quency
que
ue
(RF)) telem
metry system
m
9Frequency telemeter
telemeteringsystem
terring
in system
sys
yste
te
tem
9Pulse telemetering
sys
yst .
ystem
telemeteringsystem.

Typess of
o Tel
Telemetry
em
met
e ry
y Systems
ms

Voltage
Vo
olt
ltage Te
T
Telemetry
ele
l metry
y Sy
Systems
yst
s ems

II. Accordingtoform
According to form inwhich
in whiich
c
information
is transm
sm
smitted

informationistransmitted
I.

Analoguetelemetrysystem.
Analogue
telemetry system
m.
9 Information is
istransmitted
transmitted in
intheformof
the form of
Current,
t voltageposition frequency

II. Digitaltelemetrysystem.
9 Information istransmitted intheformpulses

oWith changeofpressure
obourdontubeactuates
oslider ofpotentiometer.
oConsequentlyvoltagechangesattransmittingend.

Page 3 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Motion Balance
Current Telemetry Systems

Current Telemetry Systems

oWhen pressure systemchanges

system ch
hanges
h
obourdontubemovessliding
obourdon tube moves slidin
d g contact
contact
ochangi
ging
ging
g currentattransmittingterminal.
currentt at transmitting

ng
g ter
tee minal.
ochanging

Motion
Moti
tion
ti
on B
Balance
ce
ce
Current
C
Cu
rrren
e t Telemetry
Teleme
Te
m try Systems
Syystems

Force
F
Fo
rce Balance
B lla
Ba
ancce
Current Telemetry Systems
System
Sy
ms

opressure
on
on
o
on
bourdon
b
bour
o don tub
tube
be causes
causes
odisplacemen
m t 




corre of
o
the LVDT
T
odisplacementcore
oftheLVDT
o

pro
r duci
cing
ci
ng
n
g voltage
t
output
put
ut
oproducingvoltageoutput
o




amp

amplified by an 
amp
oamplifiedbyan
o




rectified.

orectified.
ovoltage
t
produc
duc
du
duces
uces
es D.C
D . current
ovoltageproducesD.C.current
oin
the tellemetering
ing
ng channel and
is measured byy
ointhetelemeteringchannel
andismeasuredby
o
D.C
C. milliammeter calibrated
d
oD.C.milliammetercalibrated
oin
in terms of pressure being measur
sur
ured
e
ointermsofpressurebeingmeasured

Force Balance
Bala
la
anc
n e
Current
Curr
en
nt Telemetry
Tele
eme
m try Systems
S stems
Sy

Position
Posi
Po
s ttiion
si
o ((Ratio)
Raati
tio)
o Tel
Telemetry
em
metry
yS
Sys
Systems
y tems
o(PointerShowingRatio/Position)
o(Pointer
Sh
Showi
ng Ratio / Posit
Posi
o ion)

obourdon tube
tube
 
orotates
feedback force coil
orotatesfeedbackforcecoil
oAs coil
rotatesflux linkages
bet
etw
et
w
coilrotatesflux
linkagesbetw
oprimary
and secondary windingscha
ha
h
ange
n 
oprimaryandsecondarywindingschange
ochange varies
oamplitude
of amplifier.
oamplitudeofamplifier.
 outputconnectedfeedbackforcecoil

d  f db k f
il
o
oproduces forceopposing
obourdontubeinput

oWheatstones BridgePrinciple

Page 4 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Radio Frequency (RF) Telemetry Systems

Radio Frequency (RF) Telemetry Systems

oLinkbetweenthe transmittingendandthereceivingendisestablished

Types of Signals :

othroughthe"radiolinks"(therebeingnophysicallink).

I. Analoguesignals:

oE.g.:Thecontrolling of aircraftontestflights,rockets andspacecrafts.

oRepresentedbyvoltage waveformsthathave
odifferentamplitudesatdifferentinstantsoftime.
odifferent
f
amplitudes at different
f
instants of time.

oMoresuitable
oMore
suitable for
fortransmission
transmissionof
ofdata
data over distances
distancesmorethan
more than 1
1km.
oPreferable RFspectrum
RF spectrumabove
above4 MHz

oE.g.:Atelephone,radiobroadcast,TerrestrialTVsignaletc.
o
E.g
g.:. A telephon
ne, radio broadcast, Terrestrial TV signal etc.
n

oTravel
Travelinstraightlineswithsome
in straight lines with some rep
repeaters
peat
ea
a ers
er 
olocated every 30 km
kmto
to 60 km
k 
oonhighbuildingsortowers.
oon
high buildings or towerrrs.

Radio Frequency
Freque
ency (RF)) Telemetry
Telemet
T
eettry
r Systems

Radio
Ra
adi
dio
o Frequency
Fre uency (RF) Telemetry
Fr
Freq
Telem
met
e ry Systems
Sys
yste
ys
te
emss

Types
T
Typ
es off Sig
S
Si
Signals
nals :

Transmission
i Paths:
io
Paths
hss:
h

Dig
ig
igital
g
sig
iig
gnal
alss :
al
II. Digitalsignals:

I. L
ine
nee Com
C munication:
LineCommunication:

o
pul
pulses
ses occurdiscrete
occurdiscreete
te 
 time

timee
tim
opulses

o
Uses ove
overhe
ov
rhead lines / pol
rhe
po
oles
e /UGCs (in HF ran
a ge)
an
ge)..
oUsesoverheadlines/poles/UGCs(inHFrange).

oOccur definiteperiodcodedgroup


def

definite period 
def
de



cod
od
ded
d group
p

oUseswaveguides(inUHFrange).
oUse
U s wa
wav
a e gui
uides
ui
des
es (in
( n UHF
U range).
o(Opticalwaveguidescancarryover
o
((O
Opticcal
O
a wav
ve gui
gu d
gu
des
e can
c carry over 10THz
z)

oE.g.:Atelegraph,telex,SatelliteTVsignaletc.
oE.g
E .: A telegr
E.
e aph, telex, Satellite TV sig
ig
gnal
na etc.
na
oE.g.:ATelephonenetwork.
oE.g.:
A Teleph
honee net
n work.
ne
k

Major
M
Ma
jo
or RF
R Bands
ds

Radio Frequency
Frequenc
ncy
nc
y (RF) Telemetry
Tel
T
el met
elem
el
e ry Systems
Syste
te
tems
em
Transmission
Transm
iss
s ion Paths:
ss
II. Radio
Communication:
RadioCommunication:
oSignalpropagates
throughatmosphere.
oSignal
propagates through
atmosphere.
directionalantennasusedforbroadcast.
oNon directional
antennas used for broadcast.
t
oDirectionalantennasusedforpointtopointlinks.

Page 5 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Modulation
o

Modulation

Need forModulation:

oPulseModulation
oAnaloguePulseModulation

oTypes ofModulation

oPAM

oAnalogueModulation

oPPM

oAM

oPWM.
oDigitalPulseModulation
oDig
D ital Pul
Pulse
s Modulation

oFM
oPM.

oPCM
oDelta

Modulation
Modula
la
ati
t on

Modem

oDigitalModulation/Keying
oDigital
Mod
dulation / Key
K ing
oConventionalDigitalModulation
oConven
ntio
t nall Dig
Digital Modulatio
tion
ti
tio
n
oASK
oASK
K
oFSK
oFSK
K
oPSK
oPSK
SK
oSpecialDigitalModulation
oSpe
Sp cia
al Digital Modulation
oDPSK
oDPS
SK
oQPSK
K

FM Telemetry
Tel
T
e emetry
el
ry System
Sysste
S
t m

Page 6 of

PCM
P
PC
CM
M Tele
Telemetry
le
eme
m try Sy
System
ystem
em
m

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

PAM Telemetry System / TDM

Tx (MUX)

PAM Pulse Train in TDM

Initialization

Rx(DeMUX)

PAMDataStream

Wheatstone Bridge
Bri
B
riidg
d e

FDM
M
Tx (MUX)
(MU
UX)
U

Rx(DeMUX)
Rx (DeMUX)

o
o
 



 



 Unk

U
UnknownResistor
nown Resistor
o R3 is
iscalledthestandardarm
callled
d the
th stand
dard arrrm ofthebridge,
d
of the bridge,
oresistorsR
oresistors R2 and R
R 1 are
arecalledtheratioarms&
cal
alled
l the
th ra
rat
a io arms &
oR
oR4 is
iscalledtheUnknownarm(R
called the Unk
known arm
arr (R
R x)

Wheatstone
Wheats
Wh
to
one
n Bridge
Bri
B
r dge
ri

Thevenin
T
Th
hev
ev
venin
nE
Equivalen
Equivalent
e t Ci
C
Circuit
rcuit

obridge balanced
balancedwhen
d whe
hen
he

oUsed to determ
r in
ne
oUsedtodetermine

oIf galvanometer
current zerro
galvanometercurrentzero
o

o
whether the
th
h galvan
a om
an
o eter has
owhetherthegalvanometer
has
othe
requ
re
q ired sensitivity
otherequiredsensitivity

&

oto detect an
unbalance condition.
anunbalancecondition.
oForthis,itisnecessarytocalculate

oCombiningEqs.(51),(52),and(53)andsimplifying

othegalvanometercurrent.

I.e.;

Page 7 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

Thevenin Equivalent Circuit

oTheTheveninequivalentcircuitisdeterminedby
olooking intogalvanometerterminals candd.
oFirststep:
ofindingtheequivalentvoltage
9Thevenin
9
The
evenin Equivalent
EquivalentResistance
ResistanceSubstituted
Substituted

oappearingat
terminalsc and d
oappearing
at terminals
d
owhen thegalvanometer
the galvanometer isremoved
is removed fromthecircuit.
from
fro
m the cir
irr
ircuit.
oSecondstep
oSecond
step
ofindingtheequivalentresistance
ofind
o
ing the equivalent resist
sist
istance
olookingintoterminals
olooking
into terminals c and
andd,,

9Galva
9Galvanometer
vanometer is
isremoved
9Battery
9
Battteery internal
internal
l resistance
resistancesubstituted
substituted

owith the
eb
batttter
e y replac
la ed by its int
nter
ntern
e al resist
stta e.
stanc
thebatteryreplacedbyitsinternalresistance.

Thevenin
T
Th
ev
venin Equ
Equivalent
uiv
i alen
nt Circuit

Guarded
G
Gu
arded Wheatstone
Wheatsto
tto
one
n Bridge
Briidg
dgee

Theveninvoltage
Thevenin
voltag
tta
a e
where:
w re:
whe

Theveninresistance(lookingintoterminalscandd)
The
heeven
v in res
r istance (looking into termin
minals c and d)
min

Galvanometercurrent
Galvanometer
te cur
te
cu ren
ree t

oavoidleakagecurrents
oavoidleakag
ag
ge currren
rents
tss

where;
where;
w
Ig ::galvanometercurrent,
galvanometer current,
Rg ::galvanometerresistance
galvanometer res
resist
istanc
ist
an e

omeasuring 



omeasuring

o(Insulationresistance)
o
(Insul
(In
s ation resistanc
nce)
nc

Guarded
Guarde
ded Wheatstone
de
Whea
eaats
ts n Bridge
tstone
Bridg
dg
ge

Guarded
Guar
Gu
a de
ar
d d Wheatstone
Wh
W
heatsto
one Bridge
Bri
B
r dge
g

oWithout guard
oIIL gets
getsadded
added toI
to IX
oCausinganerror
oCausing
an error
oAguardwirecompletelysurrounding
oA
guard wire completely surrounding
o surfaceoftheinsulatedpost&
oobstructleakagecurrent
o&returnsitbacktobattery
oTheguard aroundRxdoesnottouchanypartsofthebridge &
oisdirectly connectedto+ve ofthebattery.

Page 8 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Three Terminal Resistance

Three Terminal Resistance

oToavoid theeffectsofleakagecurrents
o externalto thebridge circuitry,
othejunction ofratioarmsRA andRB is
o usuallybroughtoutasaseparate
oguard
d terminal onthefrontpaneloftheinstrument.
on the front panel of the instrument.
oguardterminal
oThe gua
uard
uard
d terminal can be used to
oTheguardterminalcanbeusedto
ocon
c nect athreeterminalresistance.
a threeterminal
r
resistance.
oconnect

oR
R1 and
andR2,,representtheleakagepathsfromthemainterminals
repres
r ent thee lea
l kag
kage
g paths from the main terminals
oalongthe
oalong the insulatingpoststothemetalplate,orguard.
inssulatin
ing posts to thee metal plate, or guard.
in

Three
Th
reee Terminal
Termin
in
nal Res
Resistance
eessis
i tance

AC Bridges
Bridg
gess

oThisconnectionputs
oThis
connection
n putss R1 |||
||
| RAA(ratio
(ratioarm),
arm
a
m), but
but
osince R1 is
osince
isverymuchlargerthan
v y mu
ve
ver
mu h larger tha
muc
an RA,,
oitsshuntingeffectisnegligible.
o
its
ttss shu
unti
n ng
nt
g eff
e ect is negligiblle.
oSimila
ila
ilarly
lar , lea
akage res
essist
i ance R2 isinparallelwith
is in parallell wit
with
oSimilarly,leakageresistance
othegalvanometer,buttheresistance
ofR2 is
othe galva
anometer,
a
r, but
b the resistance of
is
oso muc
m h hig
higher
he than that of the galvanometer
her
er tha
ha
at the only effectt
osomuchhigherthanthatofthegalvanometerthattheonlyeffect
o is
a slight reduction in galvanometer
er sen
se sitiviitty
se
y.
isaslightreductioningalvanometersensitivity.
oThe
The
he eff
ff
ffects
off external leakage paths are theref
ref
effore
o removed
oTheeffectsofexternalleakagepathsarethereforeremoved
oby
byy using theguardcircuitonthethreeterminalresistance.
t guard circuit on the threeeter
the
te minal res
essist
istanc
sttanc
a e.
obyusing

AC Bri
Bridges
ridg
ri
d es

A Bridges
AC
e

oGeneralBalancingConditionforACBridge:
oGeneral
Balancing Con
Condit
dition
dit
i for AC
C Bridge:
e:

oI.e.,thetwoconditionsare:
oI.e.,
thee two
two
w conditions are:

ZZ 

ZZ

o(intermsofImpedance)
o(in
( terms of Impeda
eed
d nce)
e

ZZ 

or

YY 

Y Y

Z Z

oproductsofthemagnitudesofthe
o
p ducts of the
pro
t magnit
i udes of the
it

o(in
( terms of Admittance)
e
o(intermsofAdmittance)

ooppositearmsmustbeequal
o
opp
pposi
pposi
osite
os
t arms must be equal
oBut for AC,
C we have to consider thePhaseAnglealso:
the Phase Angle also:
oButforAC,wehavetoconsider
oI.e.,

Z  T  Z  T 

oI.e.,

Z Z   T  T  

&

Z  T  Z  T 

T  T 

Z  Z   T   T  

T   T

oSum ofthephaseangles ofthe

inmultiplication ofcomplexnumbers

ooppositearmsmustbeequal

othemagnitudes aremultipliedandthephaseanglesadded

Page 9 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

oUsedfor:

Schering Bridge

oTheSolutionis:

Schering Bridge

oMeasurementof
9UnknownCapacitance
9Insulating Properties

oOnSubstitution;

o&Expansion
o&
Expansion

oEquatingReal
&ImaginaryParts;
oEquating
Real &
Imagina
nary Parts;
na

Weget:
W
e get:

Schering
Scheri
ing Bridg
Bridge
dg
d
ge

oUsedfor:
o
U
Us
Used
for:
o :

oPowerFactor(PF);
oPower
Facttor
o (PF
F) ;

&

Wien Bridge
Bridg
dg
d
ge

oMeasurementof
oMea
ea
easur
as ement of
9unk
u nown Frequency
9unknownFrequency

oDissipationFactor(D);
oDissipatio
i n Fa
Fact
ctor
ct
o (D
(D);

oTheSolutionis:
oThe
Solution is:

Wien Bridge
Bri
B
r dg
ri
ge

oUsedfor:
o
U
Used
for:

Owens
Ow
wen
e s Bridge
Briid
dg
ge

oMeasurementof
oMeasur
eme
ment
ment
me
nt of
9unknown Induct
u ance
9unknownInductance
oOn Expansion;
oOnExpansion;

oEquatingReal
oEquating Real Terms;

o&ImaginaryTerms;

o
oIfR1=R3 &C1=C3;then:

Page 10 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 3: Intermediate Elements
of Mahatma Gandhi 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Owens Bridge

oAtBalance:

Wagner Ground Connection

oEquatingReal &ImaginaryParts;

oWeget:

&

where;

Wagner
W
Wa
gner Groun
gn
Ground
und Co
un
Connection
on
nn
nection
oStraycapacitancesexist
oStray
capacitan
ancess exi
an
exist
st between
b
betweenthe
tthe
hee
ovariousbridgeelementsandground,and
ovarious
brrridge
ge ele
elemen
me ts and gro
me
ro
round
ou d, and
oalsobetweenthebridgearms
themselves.
o
a o betw
als
ween
n the bri
br dge arms the
emse
ms lves.
oThe
see stray
y capaci
aci
ciitan
tances shunt the
bridge
dge
dg
gee arm
g
a s and
oThesestraycapacitancesshunt
thebridgearmsand
measurementerrors,
ocause mea
m
sureme
sur
eme
ment errors,
r
oparticularlyat
thehigherfrequenciesor
opartic
t ularly
ula
larly at
a the
higher frequencies orr
owhensmallcapacitorsorlargeinductorsaremeasured.
owhen
sm
mall capacitors or large inductors
m
rs are
arr mea
ea
asur
ured.
d
oWagnergroundconnectioniswidelyusedfor
oWag
W ner
Wa
Wag
n gro
ound connectionis widely useed fo
fo
for
oeelim
oeliminatingtheeffectsofstraycapacitance
pac
aci
c tance
iimi
m natting the effects of stray
r cap
oin a bri
b dge
br
gee cir
circu t.
circui
oinabridgecircuit.

Page 11 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

of Mahatma Gandhi 

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION

EC 010 704

(Syllabus)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per week

References
1.

Measurement Systems:

2.

Electronic Instrumentation:

ErnestDoeblin &Dhanesh NManik 



HSKalsi  

3.

Modern Electronic Instrumentation and Measurement techniques:

4.

M
Measurement & In
stttrumentation Principles:
ri
Measurement
Instrumentation

5.

Transducers & Instrumentation:

Instru
ru
ument
mentatio
a n:

AlbertDHelfrick
&WilliamDCooper
Albert
D Helfrick &
WilliamDCooper

AlanSMorris
Alan S Morris

D.V.SMurthy
D.V.
S Murthy 

EC 010 704

ELECTRONIC
ELE
LECTRONIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
LE
NST
TRUM
R
ENTATION
(Syllabus)
(Syl
ylllabu
l
s)

3 hours lecture and 1 hour tutorial per

peeer week
w

EC 0010
100 7704
0
04

(Syllabus)

3 hours lecture
lecc uree and
lect
an
n 1 hour
hooour tutorial per week

References
Refer
ence
es
e

References

6.

ELECTRONIC INSTRUMENTATION
INST
ST
TRUM
MEN
ENT
NTATI
A ON
O

11. A Course
Cour
o se in Electrical and Electronic Measurements
our
Measureme
rem nts and Instrumentation:
rem
Instru
rument
ru
m atio
io
on:

Electronic Instrumentation
Insttrumentat
ntation
ntat
iion
o and
an
nd Measurements
Measurements
David A Bell
DavidABell

7.

InstrumentationDevices
and
Instru
st mentatio
a nDevices
ices
e a
nd Systems:

8.

Electronic Measurements
M urem
Meas
rements
men
n and Instrumentation:

9.

Me
Measur
a emen
nts and Instrumentation:
Measurements

J B Gup
Gupt
p a,





JBGupta,





CSRangan,SGSharma&VSVMani,
C
S Rangan,SG Sharma&V S V Mani
M , 
Ma



 








R
K Rajputtt, 


RKRajput,

U A Ba
Baks
B
a hi, A V Baks
ak
aks
kshi,
hi 



UABakshi,AVBakshi,
10. A Course in Electrical
Ele
leeectriccal and
a
and Electronic
Ele
Electro
lec nic Measurements
Measureme
r
nts and
an
nd Instrumentation:
In
nstru
str mentation:
A
K Sawhney,   
AKSawhney,

Recorder
Re
eco
corder Types
Typ
ypess
yp

ELECTRONIC
ELECTR
CT ONI
NIIC IINSTRUMENTATION
NST
TRUMENT
TATI
A ON
AT
N
EC 010 704

(Syllabus)
(S labus)
(Syl
(S

3 hours lecture and 1 hour

ur tuto
tu
tut
tutorial
rial per week

Module
Mod
ulle
le 4(12 hrs)
EndDevices
End
Devices
DigitalVoltmeterandAmmeter,
Digital
Voltmeter and Ammeter,








RecordingTechniques:
Recording
Techniques:






oGalvanometric.
o
Galvan
nomeetricc.

Co rol Sys
Cont
yystem:
ys
ControlSystem:

oP
Poteentiometric
oPotentiometric




Basic
Principles of Data Acquisition System.
BasicPrinciplesofDataAcquisitionSystem.

oMagnetic.


BasicPrinciplesofSignalAnalyzers:





Page 1 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Strip Chart Recorder

(Basic Setup); XT Recorder

Recording Techniques
oXT Recorders:
oSingle input parameterVs.Time,
oEvent ismarkedbyposition ofstylus &
oTime bypaper rollingspeed.
oE.g.,Speed,Frequency.
oE.g.,
Speed,
d Frequency.
y
oXY Recorders:
oTwo input parametersCompared,
parameters Compared,
d
o1st Event provides
providesXaxisdata&
X axis data&
X
o2nd Event provides
providesYaxisdata.
Y axis dat
Y
atta.
VICharacteristics,StressStrainCurve.
oE.g., VI
Characteristics, StttressStrain Curve
vee.

Strip
St
triip Ch
Chart
hartt Re
R
Recorder
c rder
co
(Galvanometer Type) ; XT
X Recorder
Recor
orrder
deer

Writing
W
Wr
iting Te
T
Techniques
echniiqu
ques
u
oPen &
&Ink
Ink Stylus
St lus
Sty
oMultiplepenscanbeused
oMultiple pens can bee use
u d
oImpact
printing
o
Imp
pact pr
rrinti
ting
ti
ng
oPressuresensitivepaper
o
P ssure sensit
Pr
Pre
nsit
s tive
ive
v pa
pa
aperr
Writing
oThermall Wri
riitin
ting
g
oThermalpaper&heatedstylus
oThermal
l pap
p err & hea
pa
h ted stttylus
uss
u
oElectric
Writing
o
Eleectr
E
El
c ic Wri
W
ting
oElectrostaticpaper
oEle
Electr
Ele
lectr
ctrost
ostati
ost
t c paper
ti
Writing
oOptical Wri
Wr
r tin
ng
oPhotosensitivepaper
oPhoto
sensitive paper

Strip
Stri
rip
ri
p Chart Recorder
Reco
co
ord
r er
Galvanometer
(Optical Galvano
ome
m terr Ty
Ty ; XT
Type)
X Recorderr

Page 2 of

Strip
Stri
St
ri Chart
ri
rip
Ch
har
ar Record
art
Recorder
rder
rd
err
(Potentiometric
(Poten
(P
enti
en
ttiiom
ometric Type
Typ - Basic Circuit)
Circcui
u t) ; XT
XT Recorder
Recoord
r er

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

Strip Chart Recorder

(Potentiometric Type) ; XT Recorder

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Circular / Polar Chart Recorder

(Single Pen Direct-Acting Type) ; XT Recorder

XY
Y Recorder
Rec
R
ecorderr
ec
(Basic
(Bas
asic Setup)
as
Setupp)
S

Digital
Digi
Di
ita
t l Data R
Rec
Recording
ecor
ec
o ding
g
Tape)
(Magnetic Tape
p)
pe
oDigitalmagnetictapesareused
oDigita
ta
al magnetic tapes are used
d
o twotypes,
two
w types,
wo
oincrementaland
oinc
i remental and
osynchronous.
osyn
s chr
ch onous.
s
oIncremental
oIn
ncrement
n
me al :
oIncrement
oInccrem
r entt foreachdigitalcharactertoberecorded.
f eac
fo
for
a h digital character to be record
ac
ded.
oInput
oInp
put datamaybeatarelativelyslow
data may be at a relatively slow
da
dat
oEachcharacterisequallyandpreciselyspaced
oEach cha
charac
rac
racter
acter
te is equall
all y and
nd precisely spaced

Digital
Digi
Di
g tal Data Recording
Rec
R
ecor
ec
o ding
(Magnetic
(Mag
gneeti
t c Tape)
Tape
p)

Digital
Digi
Di
g tal Data
Da
ata Recor
Recording
ordi
or
d ng
(NRZ
(NRZ Method)
(N
Methood)
otape
o
t e ismagneticallysaturatedatalltimesineitherthe
tap
is magnet
gnet
etica
ically saturated at all tim
ic
im in either
imes
her
er the

oSynchronousdigitalrecorder,
oSynchronous
digital recorder,

o+ve or
orve dir
direction.
ect
cttion
ion..

otapemovesataconstantspeed
otape moves at a constant spe
s ed
tenthousand
oupto ten
thousand characters
haractersper
eer
r second.
econd.
ofdata
isrecorded
oBlock of
data is
recorded
oSeparatedfromeachotherbytherecordgap.
oSeparated
from each other by the record gap.
ostarts andstops thetape
oforeachblockofdatatoberecorded.

Page 3 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

Digital Data Recording

(Bi-polar NRZ Method)
ono residual dccomponent

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Programmable Logic Controller

ohaszeropowerinthespectrumatzerofrequency,
obipolarformatprovidesthreestatesignal(+V,0, V)

Programmable
P
Pr
ograammable Logic
Logicc Controller
L
C

Programmable
Prog
Pr
o rammable Logic
i C
ic
Contr
Controller
trol
tr
olle
ol
l r
le

oProgrammablelogiccontroller
oProgra
mma
able
b logic
ic con
c trollerr (
(PLC)
PLC
C) is
isa
a
oprocessor
s oriient
en ed
e digital dev
vic
ice
c which contains
oprocessororienteddigitaldevicewhichcontains
othatmuchintelligence
torun
adiscretelogicsystem
o
tha
at muc
u h int
uc
intelligence to
in
run
na
discrete logic sys
ysstem
tem
m
operforminglogicaloperations.
o
perrfor
formin
mi g logical operation
ns.
s
oThediscretelogicsystemreferstoaindustrialapplication
oThe
discreete log
logic
ic sys
s tem refers to a industtria
rial
ial app
a licatiion
n
owhereoperationsoccurinsequence
forinputs
owhere
e operations occur in sequence for
r inp
i uts
uts
owhicharemainlyswitchingdevicesand
o
whiich are mainly switching dev
ev
vic
iice
c s and
ooutputsarerelaysandcoils.
oout
o puts are relays and
nd coi
cco
oiils.

Programmable
Programm
mmable Logic
mm
Log
L
o icc Controller
Control
olle
ol
lle
ler
e

Basic
B
Ba
asicc Wave
W ve Analyser
Wa
Ana
nalyse
a se
s r

Frequency
Selective
Resonator

Page 4 of

Gathered

Selectsthe
Average
Value

Indicates
theOutput
Value

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Heterodyne Wave Analyser

Frequency Selective Wave Analyser

oMeasuresfrequencyinMHzRange.
oIFstageisIncluded.

(VacuumTubeVoltMeter)
(VacuumTube
Volt Meter)

R Heterodyne
RF
Het
eterodynee Wave
et
W vee Analyser
Wa
A

Spectrum A
Analyser
na
naly
aly
yser

Spectrum
Spectr
Sp
um
m Analyser
Ana
A
aly
l ser

CRO
CR
O Vs.
Vs. Spectrum
Sp
Spectr
Sp
um
m Analyser
Ana
naly
lyser
y

Page 5 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

of Mahatma Gandhi 

RF Spectrum Analyser

BD of DSA

Harmonic
H
Ha
rm
mon
o ic Distortion
Disto
tortion
to
n Analyser
A alyser
An

Harmonic
H
Ha
rmonic Distortion
Distortio
iio
on Anal
Analyser
alys
al
ysser
e

Harmonic
Harm
on
nic Distortion
Disto
ort
rtion
n Analyser
Analysser
e

Harmonic
H
Ha
rm
rmon
m icc Distortion
Dis
D
i tortio
on An
Anal
Analyser
a yser

Page 6 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

Digital Storage Oscilloscope

(Single-Channel)

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Digital Storage Cathode Ray Oscilloscope

(Multi-Channel)

Data
D
Da
ta A
Acquisiti
Acquisition
tiion
on S
System
ysstte
em (DAS)

Data
D
Da
t Acquisition S
ta
System
yste
ys
t m (DAS)
(DAS
(D
AS))
AS
oAtypicaldataacquisition
oA
typ
y ical data acquisition
yp


oAsystem
oA
sysstem usedfor
used
d for

oindividualsensors

oind
i ividual sensors
ind

 



9data processsing,
9dataprocessing,

osignalconditioning
o
signal
l conditioning
ng
ng

9dataconversion,
9data conversion
n,

odataconversion
odata con
on
onver
nver
versio
si n
sio

9data transm
mission
n and
a nd
9datatransmission

odatahandling
odat
d a handling 

omultiplexing
o
mulltip
ti lexing
odataprocessing
odata pro
r cesssin
sing
oassociatedtransmission
oass
ssoci
ss
oci
ciiate
ated transm
miss
i ion
n
ostorage 

9datastorage.
9d
data stora
age.

odisplay

Data Acq
Acquisition
cquisition
cq
on S
System
ysstem (D
(DAS)
DAS
AS)
S)

Elements
Elem
El
em
ments
tss o
off Analog
Analogue
o ue
eD
DAS
((i)Transducers
(i)
Transd
sd
sduce
duce
uc rs
uc
(ii)Signalconditioners
(ii)
Signal condit
ition
it
i ers
e
(iii)Calibratingequipment
(iii)
(ii
i Calibrating
g equipm
ment
(iv)Integratingequipment
(iv)
) Int
I egrating equipment
(v)Visualdevices
(v)
Vis
issual
al dev
device
i s
(vi)Graphicrecordinginstruments
(vi)
Graphic recording instruments
(vii)Magnetictapeinstrumentation
(viii)Analoguecomputers
(ix)HighspeedcamerasandTVequipment.

Page 7 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

Elements of Digital DAS

of Mahatma Gandhi 

Objectives of DAS

(i)Transducer.
(ii)Signalconditioner.
(iii)Scannerormultiplexer.
((iv)Signalconverter.
) g
(v)
Analoguetodigital converter (ADC).
(v)Analoguetodigitalconverter(ADC).
(vi) Auxiliary equipment and system prog
grammerr.
(vi)Auxiliaryequipmentandsystemprogrammer.
(vii)
Digital recorder.
(vii)Digitalrecorder.
(viii)
Digital printer.
(viii)Digitalprinter.

Configurations
C
Co
nfigurat
attio
ons off DA
D
DAS
S
(General)
(G

Configurations o
off DAS
S
(SC, MC & NR Considerations)
Consiide
deration
e
ns))
SingleSi
iinggle-

DAS
DA
(Using PlugPlug-in
Boards)
g in Board
rds))

Analogue
An
nal
a ogue
u DAS

Page 8 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -

Slides for S7 ECE 2014 

Electronic Instrumentation (EC010 704)

Module 4: End 

DAS
(Single Channel)

of Mahatma Gandhi 

DAS
(Multi Channel/Analogue MUXed/Single ADC)

DAS
D
DA
S
(Simultaneous
Sampled
S/m
(Simul
ultane
ul
neou
ne
o s Sa
ou
S
mpled S/
/m Multiplier)

DAS
S
Digital
MUX)
(Multi-channel/ using Di
Digi
g tal MU
M
X)

Usedin
Used
in

oWindtunnel
oWindtun
t nel
ell measurements
m surements
me
mea
oSeismographicexperimentation.
oSei
S sm
mogra
m
aph
phic
ic experimentation
on.
on
n.

Data Acq
Acquisition
cquisition
cq
on S
System
ysstem (D
(DAS)
DAS
AS)
S)

Page 9 of

Gathered

Jaison C.S. (Asst. Prof. in ECE)

Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Koovappally -