Modul Bahasa Inggris FISIP

http://staff.unila.ac.
id/sigit
UNIT 1
1. READING
You have to read the following text at home
College Life in the United States

Instructors at American colleges and universities have many different teaching
methods. Some instructors give assignments every day. They grade homework.
Students in their classes have to take many quizzes, a midterm exam, and a final
exam. Other instructors give only assignments. Some teachers always follow a
course outline and usually use textbook. Others send students to the library for
assignments.
The atmosphere in some classrooms is very formal. Students call their instructor
Professor Smith, Mrs. Jones, and so on. Some teachers wear business clothes
and give lectures. Other classrooms have an informal atmosphere. Students and
lectures discuss their ideas. Instructors dress informally, and students call them by
they first name. American teachers are not alike in their teaching styles.
At American colleges and universities, libraries and learning centers are available
to the students. They can often use typewriter, tape recorders, video machines, and
computers. They can buy books, notebooks, and other thing at campus stores.
There are also services available to the students. They can get advice on their
problems from counselors and individual help with their classes from tutors. In
addition to facilities and services for study, colleges and universities usually offer
facilities for recreation. Some schools have swimming pools and tennis courts.
Most have snack bars or cafetarias. (Taken from INTERACTIONS, Kirn, 1985)
http://staff.unila.ac.id/sigit
Difficult Words
Provide the possible meanings of the following words in Indonesian language.

1. an assignment
2. atmosphere
3. an advice
4. a counselor
5. alike
2. COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS
To check your understanding, answer the questions below in a separated paper!
1. What are two kinds of classroom atmosphere?
2. What are the examples of learning facilities at most American colleges or
universities?
3. Where do these students use these things?
4. What do counselors offer students with?
3. ORAL REPRODUCTION
With your partner in your class, practice expressing your ideas orally based on the
text you have read.
1. Tell your partner the teaching methods commonly used by our teachers or
lectures at our colleges or universities
2. Tell your partner the teaching method that you like most and the one that
you like least
3. Tell your partner the advantages and disadvantages of our teaching method
by contrast with American teaching methods.
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
Instructors at American colleges and universities have many different teaching

methods
The sentence taken from the text is often called Simple Present Tense.
Every sentence must have a subject and a predicate. This is also true for
Simple Present Tense statements. The predicate of Simple Present Tense
statements may take either a form of verbal or non-verbal predicate.
Examples:
A. Sentences with verbal predicates
No
Subject
Verbal Predicate
like computers very much.
You
learn English at the Language Centre.
We
do not study mathematics a lot.
She
does not study statistics.
He
studies statistical analysis.
(+) Noun or pronoun
verb 1st or verb 1st + s
(-)
do not/does not + verb 1st
Noun or pronoun
B. Sentences with non verbal predicates

No
Subject
Non-Verbal Predicate
am a student of a private university.
We
are not employees.
3
4
My university
Her sister
is very big.
is not a student.
She
(+)
Noun or pronoun
is in Jakarta.
is/am/are
(-)
Noun or Pronoun
is/am/are not
Note: This pattern is usually used to express habitual actions or general truth.
4
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
As a student you have to schedule your routine activities. Fill in the form below.
Now ask in turn about routine activities. Follow this model:
A
: Where are you at 6 oclock in the morning?
: I am at home.
: What do you usually do at home at 6 oclock?
: I usually read a book.

Schedule of my daily activities
No
Time
Place
Activities
at home.
read a book
..
10
Activity 2
Work in pairs with another partner telling him/her your partners routine activities
you have talked about. Begin like this:
A : Please tell me your friends routine activities?
B : Well, Ani/Anto is at home at 6 oclock. S(he) usually reads a book. Etc.
6. WRITING
Write down a paragraph about your own routine activities. See the example below.
I am usually at home at 6 oclock in the morning. At the time I often read a book,
etc.
UNIT 2
1. READING
How can I get to the Post office?

I have a special rule for travel: never carry a map. I prefer to ask for directions.
Sometimes I get lost, but I usually have a good time. I can practice a new language,
meet new people, and learn new customs. And I find out about different styles of
directions every time I ask, How can I get to the post office?
Foreign tourist often confused in Japan because most streets there dont have
names; in Japan, people use landmarks in their directions instead of their street
names. For example, the Japanese will say to travelers, Go straight down to the
corner. Turn left at the big hotel and go past a fruit market. The post office is across
from the bus stop.
In the countryside of the American Midwest, there are not usually many
landmarks. There are no mountains, so the land is very flat; in many places there is
no town or buildings within miles. Instead of landmark, people will tell you
directions and distances. In Kansas or Iowa, for instance, people will say, Go north
two miles. Turn east, and then go another mile.
People in Los Angles, California, have no idea of distance on the map: they measure
distance in Los Angles in time, not miles. How far away is the post office? you
ask. Oh, they answer, its about five minutes from here. You say, Yes, but how
many miles away is it? They dont know.
6
People in Greece sometimes do not even try to give directions because tourists
seldom understand the Greek language. Instead, a Greek will often say, Follow
me. Then he will lead you through the streets of the city to the post office.
Sometimes a person doesnt know the answer to your questions. What happens in
this situation? A New Yorker might say, Sorry, I have no idea. But in Yucatan,
Mexico no one answers, I dont know. People in Yucatan believe that I dont
know is impolite. They usually give an answer, often a wrong one. A tourist can get
very, very lost in Yucatan!
One thing will help you everywhere- in Japan, the United States, Greece, Mexico, or
any other place. You might not understand the persons body language: Go in that
direction, and you may find the post office! (Taken from INTERACTIONS, Kirn,
1985)
Difficult Words
Provide the possible meanings of the following words in the Indoensian language.
1. to carry
2. to get lost
3. flat
4. distance
5. to understand
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
2. What kind of thing is the countryside?
3. How does it look like?
4. What doesnt it have?
5. What does the word countryside mean?
text you have read.
Discuss the following topics!
1. The ways to give directions in your own cultures (country)
2. The use of body language in giving directions
3. The opinions why the people in different countries give directions in
different ways.
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
One thing will help you everywhere
The sentence taken from the text is often called Simple Future Tense.
Simple Future Tense statements. The predicate of Simple Future Tense
Examples:
No
Subject
Verbal Predicate
Will study seriously.
2
3
A friend of mine
Diligent students
Will study together with me.

Will not forget their homework.
4
5
They
All of us
Will not stop studying English.

Will remember one another.
(+)
Noun or pronoun
will + verb 1st
(-)
Noun or pronoun
Will not + verb 1st

No
Subject
Non-Verbal Predicate
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1
Will be parents in the future.
2
3
We
Girls
Boys
All of us
Will not be unemployed.
Some of us
(+) Noun or pronoun
Will not be in Lampung.

Will + be
(-) Noun or pronoun
Will not + be
Will be mothers.
Will be fathers.
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Arrange your planning of the next semester semester. When finished, do the
practice again and now change roles. Fill in the form below. Start like this:
A
: Where will you be in the first week of the next semester?
: Well, I will be at campus.
: What will you do there?
: I will of course meet with my academic guidance. Etc.

Planning for the next semester
No Time
Place
Activities
week 1
at campus
meet with my academic
guidance
..
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Activity 2
Tell your friends planning you have talked about to another classmate. Begin like
this:
A
: Please tell me his/her planning for the next semester?
9
B
: Well, I would like to tell you Tonis planning for the next semester. At the
first
week, he will be at campus. He will meet with his academic guidance. Etc.
6. WRITING
Write down a paragraph of ten to fifteen sentences about your planning for next
semester.
10
UNIT 3
1. READING
Women in the Nuclear Family

The family is changing. In the past, grandparents, parents, and children used to live
together; in other words, they had an extended family. Sometimes two or more
brothers with their wives and children were part of this large family group. But
family structure is changing throughout the world. The nuclear family consists of
only one father, one mother and children; it is becoming the main family structure
everywhere.
The nuclear family offers married women some advantages: they have freedom
from their relatives, and husband does not have all the power of the family. Family
structure in most part of the world is still patriarchal; that is the father is the
head of the family and makes most of the important decisions. Studies show,
however, that in nuclear families, men and women usually make an equal number
of decisions about family life. Also, well-educated husbands and wives often prefer
to share the power.
But wives usually have to pay for the benefits of freedom and power. When
women lived in extended families, sisters, grandmothers, and aunts helped one
another with housework and childcare. In addition, older women in a large family
group had important positions. Wives in nuclear families do not often enjoy this
benefit, and they have another disadvantage, too; women generally live longer than
their husbands, so older women from nuclear families often have to live alone.
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Studies show that women are generally less satisfied with marriage than mean are.
In the past, mean worked outside the home and women worked inside. Housework
and childcare were a full-time job, and there was no time for anything else. Of
course this situation is changing. Women now work outside the home and have
more freedom than they did in the past. Why, then, are some women still
discontent?
In most parts of the world today, women work because the family needs more
money. However, their outside jobs often give them less freedom, not more,
because they still have to do most of the housework. The women actually have two
full-time jobs- one outside the home and another inside- and not much free time.
The nuclear family will probably continue to be the main family form of the future.
Change, however, usually brings disadvantages along with benefits, and family
forms of the past had had many advantages. (Taken from INTERACTIONS, Kirn,
1985)
Difficult Words
1. grandparents
2. to consists
3. a decision
4. freedom
5. probably
1. What does the text talk about?
2. What advantages does the nuclear family offer women?
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3. What are some disadvantages of the nuclear family for women?
4. Why are many women dissatisfied with marriage and nuclear family?
5. What does they in paragraph 2 line 1 refer to?
Please work in-group of three or four, discussing the questions below:
1. Do you live in nuclear family or extended family? What is the main family
structure in your neighborhood?
2. What do you think is good about nuclear family?
3. What is good about extended family?
4. What is your pinion about a married woman working outside the home?
Why or why not?
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
they had an extended family.
The sentence taken from the text is often called Simple Past Tense.
Simple Past Tense statements. The predicate of Simple Past Tense
Examples:
No
Subject
Verbal Predicate
My father
Studied at a Senior School in Medan.
2
3
He
My mother
Continued his study in Bandung in 1961.

Did not study in Medan.
4
5
She
They
Did not finish her university.

Moved to Lampung in 1970.
(+)
Noun or pronoun
verb 2nd
(-)
Noun or pronoun
Did not + verb 1st
13

No
Subject
Verbal Predicate
My father
Was very active in students activities.
2
3
He
My mother
Was the captain in this class.

Was not active.
4
5
She
They
Was one of the beautiful girl in her class.

Were not lazy students.
(+)
Noun or pronoun
Was/were
(-)
Noun or pronoun
Was/were not
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Work in pairs talking in turn about your past activities. Fill in the form below.
Follow the model:
A
: Where were you at 6 a.m. yesterday?
: I was at home.
: What did you do at home?
: I did jogging. Etc

Schedule of Yesterdays activities
No Time
Place
Activities
6 a.m.
at home.
do jogging
..
10
Activity 2
14
Now ask another friend what your friend did yesterday. Begin like this:
A
: Where was he at 6 a.m. yesterday?
: He was at home?
: What did he do at home at 6 a.m. yesterday?
: He said that he did jogging. Etc.
6. WRITING
Write a paragraph about your own yesterdays activities.
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UNIT 4
1. READING
Untitled
Most children have achieved remarkably sophisticated language capabilities by the
age of three. Their vocabularies have reached about 1000 words, and they can use
as many as five of those words in a single sentence. They make up new words, too.
They can speak about the past and future as well as the present. They understand
that some words have more than one meaning. They can duck when a ball is
coming or see a duck on lake. They have began to use negatives (Thats not mine)
and helping verbs (I can do it myself).
Over the next two years, their vocabulary will more than double. They will begin to
play with words, to repeat silly sounds, to try out toilet words or even swear
words, just to elicit an adults reaction. Newly aware of the power of words, they
will begin to argue, and they will start to tell jokes.
This language play carries on a process of experimentation that began when child
was an infant, first encountering language. At one time, experts thought children
learned language simply by imitating adults. Nowadays, most linguists agree that
children learn primarily by experimenting- by listening and thinking about what
they hear, by making their own sounds, and then by observing the way others react.
Language comes first as a great garble of sound. Slowly, children learn to hear
individual sound patterns, or words. They try out sounds. For example babies
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babble da da and from adults responses (yes, thats daddy), learn which sounds
enable them to communicate effectively. (Taken from TOEFL Prep Book, Lin
Lougheed, 1992)
Difficult Words
1. sophisticated
2. to make up
3. silly
4. infant
5. babble
1. What is the best title for the passage?
2. What age can children tell their past experience?
3. At the age of five, what do the children begin to experiment with?
4. How does an infant learn a language?
5. What does the passage tell us about the childs first recognition of words?
text you have read!
Tell your partner about:
1. Your experience when you were still a child
2. your way of teaching a language if you have children
Most children have achieved remarkably sophisticated language capabilities by the
age of three
The sentence taken from the text is often called Present Perfect Tense.
17
Present Perfect Tense statements. The predicate of Present Perfect Tense
Examples:
No
Subject
Some students
Verbal Predicate
have lived here since they were born.
2
3
We
My father
have studied English for 6 years.

has not met some of my friends.
4
5
Nobody here
Some lecturers
has seen UFO.

have not earned their Ph.D. degrees.
(+)
Noun or pronoun
have/has verb 3rd
(-)
Noun or pronoun
have/has not + verb 3rd

No
2
3
Everybody
Some universities
Verbal Predicate
have been university students for 6
months.
has been very busy with his homework.
have not been accrediated .
4
5
Our dean
This department
has been to USA twice.

has been accredited.
(+)
Noun or pronoun
have/has + been
(-)
Noun or pronoun
have/has not + been
Subject
We
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Ask your friend about the condition and activities of his/her family. Fill in the form
below. Follow the model:
18
A
: Hi, how have you been for a week?
: I have (Ive) been fine.
: What have you done then?
: I have finished my homework and visited my friends in Jakarta.
: Sounds good. And how has you sister been?
: She has (Shes) been fine too.
: What has she done for a week?
: As I know, she has just returned home after a vacation in Bali.

Summary of my family condition and activities for a week
Members
of the
family
You
Condition
Activities
fine
finish homework, visit friend
father
..
..
mother
..
..
brother
..
..
sister
..
..
nieces
..
..
nephews
..
..
etc.
Activity 2
Now change roles. Practice the activity 1 again.
Activity 3
Now tell another friend about the condition and activities of your friends family for
a week you have talked about. See the example below.
A
: Please tell me the condition and activities of his/her family for one week.
: Well, he has been fine and he has finished .etc
6. WRITING
19
Write down condition and activities of your own family for a week.
20
UNIT 5
1. READING
Advertising: The Selling of a Product

A consumer walks into a store. He stands in front of hundreds of foxes of laundry
detergent. He chooses one brand, pays for it, and leaves. Why does he pick that
specific kind of soap? Is it truly better than the others? Probably not. These days,
many products are nearly identical to each other in quality and price. If products
are almost the same, what makes consumers buy one brand instead of another?
Although we might not like to admit it, commercials on television and
advertisements in magazines probably influence us much more than we think they
do.
Advertising informs consumers about new products available on the market. It
gives us information about everything from shampoo to toothpaste to computers
and cars. But there is one serious problem with this. The information is actually
very often misinformation. It tells us the products benefits but hides their
disadvantages. Advertisings not only lead us to buy things that we dont need and
cant afford, but it also confuses our sense of reality. Zoom toothpaste prevents
cavities and give you white teeth! the advertisement tells us. But it does not tell us
the complete truth: that a healthy diet and a good toothbrush will have the same
effect.
Advertisers use many methods to get us to buy their products. One of their most
successful methods is to make us feel dissatisfied with ourselves and our imperfect
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lives. Advertisements show us who we arent and what we dont have. Our teeth are
not white enough. Our hair isnt shiny enough. Our clothes arent clean enough.
Advertisements make us afraid that people wont like us if we dont use the
advertised products. Why dont I have any dates? a good-looking girl sadly asks in
commercial. Here replies her roommate, try Zoom toothpaste! Of course she
tries it, and immediately the whole football team falls in love with her. Thats a
stupid commercial, we might say. But we still buy Zoom toothpaste out of fear of
being unpopular and having no friends.
If fear is the negative motive for buying product, then wanting a good self-image is
the positive reason for choosing it. Each of us has a mental picture of the kind of
person we would like to be. For example, a modern young woman might like to
think that she looks like a beautiful movie star. A middleage man might want to
see himself a strong, attractive athlete. Advertisers know this. They write specific
ads to make certain groups of people choose their product. Two people may choose
different brand of toothpaste with the identical price, amount, and quality; each
person believes that he is expressing his personality by choosing that brand. (Taken
from INTERACTIONS, Kirn, 1985)
Difficult Words
1. a brand
2. admit
3. shiny
4. good-looking
5. identical price
22
To check your understanding, answer the questions below in a separate paper!

1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. What does it in line 6 refer to?
3. What does they in line 7 refer to?
4. The word admit in line 6 nearly eans..
5. What does this in paragraph 2 line 3 refer to?
Talk with your friends about the following questions:
1. What kind of advertising attracts your attention? Do you sometimes buy
products in the ads or commercials?
2. How are American and Canadian advertisements and commercials different
from those in our country?
3. What image would you like to have for yourself?
4. What famous brands of products do you have in your home now? Why did
you buy these?
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
A consumer walks into a store
The information is actually very often misinformation.
The two sentences have different types of predicate: verbal and non verbal
predicates
Every sentence must have a subject and a predicate. The predicate may take
either a form of verbal or non-verbal predicate.
Examples:
23
No
Tenses
Examples
Simple Present Tense We like Information Technology.
2
3
Simple Future Tense

Simple Past Tense
Simple Past Tense
We will learn English for two semesters.

We did not learn English seriously at
SMU.
We have learned English for 6 years.

No
Tenses
Examples
Simple Present Tense We are students of STMIK Darmajaya.
Simple Future Tense
We will not be bad English learners.
3
4
Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense
We were not very serious students at SMU.

We have been university students for a
year.
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Please interview your friend about his/her routine activities, future planning, past
activities, and activities for one week you have talked about. Use only yes-no
questions. Follow this model:
Reporter
: Excuse me, are you usually at home at 6 oclock in the morning?
Badu
: yes I am.
Reporter
: Do you read a book at that time?
Badu
: No I dont. I usually take a bath.
Reporter
: Will you be at home tomorrow?
Badu
: yes
Reporter
: Will you study at home?
Badu
: yes I will.
Reporter
: what about yesterday, were you at home yesterday?
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Badu
: No I wasnt. I was at campus.
Repoter
: Did you study at campus?
Badu
: Yes I did.
Reporter
: For a week, have you been at home/fine?
Badu
: yes I have.
Reporter
: Have you done your work?
Badu
: yes
Activity 2
Now change roles and do activity 1 again.
Activity 3
Work in-group of three or four. You have to guess your friend, famous people, or
the things surroundings. Here is the example:
Example 1
: Is it a man?
: Yes, it is.
: Does he wear glasses?
: No, he doesnt.
: Is his hair curly?
: Yes.
: Is he Anto?
: yes he is.
Example 2
: Is it hard?
: No
: Do all the students in this class use it?
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B
: Yes they do
: Is it small?
: yes it is.
: it is a pen?
: yes.
6. WRITING
Write down ten to fifteen sentences about the characteristics of your friends or
things you have guessed. See the example below.
His name is He always wears glasses. He looks rather thin. He always brings a
bag. His hair is curly and his skin is rather black, etc.
26
UNIT 6
1. READING
Television: How it Affects Us

How does television affect our lives? It can be very helpful to people who carefully
choose the shows that they watch. Television can increase our knowledge of the
outside world; there are high-quality programs that help us understand many fields
of study: science, medicine, the arts, and so on. Moreover, television benefits very
old people who cant often leave the house, as well as patient in the hospitals. It
also offers non-native speakers the advantage of daily informal language practice;
they can increase their vocabulary and practice listening.
On the other hand there are several serious disadvantages to television. Of course,
it provides us with a pleasant way to relax and spend our free time, but in some
countries, people watch the boob tube for an average of six hours of more a day.
Many children stare at a t.v. screen for more hours each day than they do anything
else, including studying and sleeping. Its clear that the tube has a powerful
influence on their lives and that its influence is often negative.
Recent studies show that after only thirty seconds of t.v., a persons brain relaxes
the same that it does just before the person falls asleep. Another effect of television
on the human brain is that it seems to cause poor concentration. Chidden who view
a lot t.v. can often concentrate on a subject for only fifteen to twenty minutes; they
can pay attention only for amount of time between commercials.
27
Another disadvantage is that t.v. often causes people to become dissatisfied with
their own lives. Real life does not seem as exciting to these people as the lives of
actors on the screen. To many people, t.v. becomes more real than reality, and their
own lives seem boring. Also many people get upset or depressed when they cannot
solve the problems in real life as quickly as t.v. actors seem to. On the screen, actors
solve the problems in a half-hour program or thirty-second commercial.
Before a child is fourteen years old, he or she views eleven thousand murders on
the tube he or she begins to believe that there is nothing strange about fights,
killing, and other kinds of violence. Many studies show that people become more
violence after certain programs. They may even do the things that they saw in a
violent show. An example is the effect of the movie The Deer Hunter. After it
appeared on t.v. in the United States, twenty-nine people tried to kill themselves a
way similar to an event in the film.
The most negative effect of boob tube might be peoples addiction to it. People
often feel a strange and powerful need to watch t.v. even when they dont enjoy it.
(Taken from INTERACTIONS, Kirn, 1985)
Difficult Words
1. to affect
2. to benefit
3. pleasant
4. disadvantage
5. violence
28

1. What is the main idea of the text?
2. What does the word stare in line 11most nearly mean?
3. What does it in paragraph 3 line 2 refer to?
5. What are the effects of television on human brain?
Discuss with you friends about the following questions:
1. How many hours do you watch television every day?
2. Which show do you like most? Why?
3. Which shows/ programs dont you like? Why?
4. Does t.v. help you in any way? If so, how?
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
How does television affect our lives?
The sentence taken from the text is a question or interrogative in Simple Present
Tense.
Interrogatives in Simple Present Tense
A. For subjects
Purpose
Question word
Predicate
Person
Thing
Who
What
does not like accounting?

makes you happy?
Specific
thing
Choice
What class
is not interesting?
Which (house)
is yours?
Possesive
Whose class
is the most difficult one?
Number
How many people
study in this university?
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Wh word or How
Verbal Predicate ?
Wh word or How
Non-verbal Predicate ?
B. For non-subjects
Purpose
Question Word
Clause
Place
Where
is your house?
Object
Whom
Object
Time
What (subjects)
When
does she like most in this

class?
do you like very much ?
do you drink coffe?
Manner
How
is she now?
Reason
Why
Wh-Word or How
are they always absent on

Monday?
do/does subject ?
Wh-Word or How
is/are/am subject ?
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Ask your friend about information of his/her family. Change roles. Use Whquestions. Use the model below: Start like this:
Example 1
Reporter
: Excuse me, who is at home everyday?
Badu
: My sister and I.
Reporter
: Why are you at home today?
Badu
: Because
Reporter
: and why is your sister at home too?
Badu
: Because, she ..
Reporter
: and who goes to school?
Badu
: My Brother himself
Reporter
: How does your brother go to school?
30
Badu
: He goes to school by bus. Etc.
Example 2
Make statement about the activities of your family. Please respond the statement
using only Wh-questions. Follow this model:
A
: I study at home today.
: Who studies at home today?
; Why do you study at home today?
: Because
Activity 2
Tell with another partner about your friends activities of his/her family.
6. WRITING
Write down what you have talked about with your friend
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UNIT 7
1. READING
What will we expect from computers in the near future?

Trends in hardware development are helping students with disabilities gain greater
independence and integration into society. Speech recognition systems, electronic
communications, personal computers, robots, and artificial intelligence are making
a difference. The movement towards miniaturization, use of lighter materials, and
high-capacity information processing are making devices more transparent.
Devices such as wrist-watch computers will provide students with unobtrusive
support. Peripheral devices are becoming more adaptable to multimodalities.
Computers that are activated by voice and have synthesized speech are assisting
students who are physically handicapped, blind, and at risk. Captions and
enhanced narration of TV programs are also helping students who have physical
and language disabilities. Distance education, telecommunications, expert systems,
and artificial intelligence are projected to become more prevalent and especially
valuable to the special education populace. (Taken from Computers in Education
by Merrill, at al.)
Difficult Words
1. hardware
2. society
3. a device
32
4. to assist
5. populace
1. What does the passage talk about?
2. What are the benefits of the computer in the near future?
3. The word transparent in line 6 nearly means
4. The word unobtrusive in line 7 means
5. The word prevalent in the last line most nearly means.
text you have read.
1. How is the development of the current computer different from computers
in the near future?
2. Ask your friends the benefits of computers in the near future especially for
students who are physically handicapped, blind, and at risk.
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
What will we expect from computers in the near future?
The sentence taken from the text is a question or interrogative in Simple Future
Tense.
Interrogatives in Simple Future Tense
33
A. For subjects
Purpose
Question word
Predicate
Person
Thing
Who
What
will not join our party?

will make you happy?
Specific
thing
Choice
What class
will not be interesting?
Which (house)
will be yours?
Possesive
Number
Whose car
How many people
will be parked here?

will come to the meeting?
Wh word or How
Verbal Predicate ?
Wh word or How
B. For non-subjects
Purpose
Question Word
Clause
Place
Where
will you study next year?
Object
Object
Whom
What (subjects)
will you marry?

will you take next semester ?
Time
When
will she finish her study?
Manner
Reason
How
Why
will you be this afternoon?

will you be absent tomorrow?
Wh-Word or How
will subject ?
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Ask your friend about information of his/her family future planning. Reverse roles.
Now your friend is a reporter. Use the model below:
Example 1
Reporter
: Excuse me, who will be at home tomorrow?
34
Badu
: My parents
Reporter
: Why will your parents be at home tomorrow?
Badu
: Because ..
Reporter
: and who will work tomorrow?
Badu
: My brother.
Reporter
: How will your brother go to work?
Badu
: He will go to work by motorcycle.
Example 2
Make statement about tomorrows activities. Please respond the statement using
only Wh-questions. Follow this model.
A
: Tomorrow I will study at home.
: Sorry, who will study at friends house?
: Who will study at home?
: Why will you study hard next semester?
: Because I have no class.
Activity 2
Tell with another classmate about your friends future activities.

6. WRITING
Write down his family future activities you talked about.
35
UNIT 8
1. READING
Who named the Apple computer?

One of the best-known success stories associated with the advent of the
microcomputer is that of Steven Jobs. As a student at Homestead High School in
Los Altos (California) during the early 1970s, he attended lecturers at HewlettPackard, driven by his fascination with technology. After creating and selling an
illegal electronic telephone attachment that allowed the user to make long-distance
calls at no cost, Jobs and his friend Stephen Wozniak built and marked one of the
worlds first microcomputers. From a business that began in a bedroom and garage
of his parents home, Jobs six years later was chairman of the board of a company
with $600 million in sales and growing almost out of control. The Apple computer
was named by Jobs in memory of a summer spent working in the orchards of
Oregon. (Taken from Computers in Education by Merrill, at al.)
Difficult Words
Provide the possible meanings of the following words in the Indonesian language.
1. advent
2. fascination
3. illegal
4. at no cost
5. chairman
36

1. What is the name of Steven Jobs often associated with?
2. What did Steven Jobs experiment and make money from it?
3. What was the practical use of his work?
4. Where did he begin his business?
5. How was his business after six years he began his business?
text you have read
Discuss with your partner
1. the type of computer that most students use
2. the advantages and disadvantages of using computers
3. the computer programs that university students should use
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
Who named the Apple computer?
The sentence taken from the text is a question or interrogative in Simple Past
Tense.
Interrogatives in Simple Past Tense
A. For subjects
Purpose
Question word
Predicate
Person
Thing
Who
What
did not join our party?

made you happy?
Specific
thing
Choice
What class
was not interesting?
Which (house)
was your parents house?
Possesive
Number
Whose car
How many people
was here yesterday?

came to the meeting?
37
Wh word or How
Verbal Predicate ?
Wh word or How
B. For non-subjects
Purpose
Clause
Question Word
Place
Object
Where
Whom
were you yesterday?

did you meet in Jakarta?
Object
Time
What (subjects)
When
did you take next semester ?

did you finish your SMU?
Manner
How
were you last night?
Reason
Why
were you absent yesterday?
Wh-Word or How
did subject ?
Wh-Word or How
was/were subject ?
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Ask your friend about information of past activities of his/her family. Reverse roles.
Now your friend is a reporter. Use the model below. Start like this:
Example 1
Reporter
: Excuse me, who was at home yesterday/last week?
: My sister and I.
Reporter
: Why were you at home yesterday?
: Because
Reporter
: and why was your sister at home too?
: Because she ..
Reporter
: Who studied at home yesterday?
: My brother
Reporter
: What did he study yesterday?
: He studied economics.
38
Reporter
: thank you very much.
: You are very wellcome
Example 2
Make statement about your own past activities. Please respond the statement using
only Wh-questions. Follow this model
A
: I did home work last night.
: Who did homework last night?
; Where did you do homework last night?
6. WRITING
Write ten to fifteen sentences about past activities of friends family.
An example:
His sister and s(he) were at home yesterday. He was at home because heane her
sister was at home because she .., etc
39
UNIT 9
1. READING
How has a computer application influenced our attitudes?

Attitudes are associated with almost every learning activity. An attitude is an
internal state that affects our tendency to respond in a certain way. People
generally have a positive or negative emotional reaction to any learning situation.
That emotional reaction influences our attitudes about what we have learned. Our
attitudes influence how we respond with respect to our knowledge and skills.
Attitudes are involved in choices made about smoking cigarettes, attendening an
opera, studying, following safety procedures, and obeying traffic laws. Attitudes can
be influenced and changed through the use of classical condition, reinforcement,
and human modeling.
Any computer application will have some influence on student attitudes. If the
program is designed to adapt to individual needs, then the student will experience
success and have a positive emotional reaction. If the program is too easy or too
difficult, the student will become bored or frustrated, which leads to negative
attitudes. If appropriate gaming elements are incorporated into the application,
then the students will be motivated to continue to interact with the program. When
students have a choice, they will engage in those learning activities that are
enjoyable and relevant to their interests. Computer-based videodisc applications
can be used to demonstrate or model appropriate choice behaviors. (Taken from
Computers in Education by Merrill, et al.)
40
Difficult Words
1. An attitude
2. knowledge
3. reinforcment
4. to adapt
5. enjoyable
text you have read
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
How has a computer application influenced our attitudes?
The sentence taken from the text is a question or interrogative in Present Perfect
Tense.
Interrogatives in Present Perfect Tense
A. For subjects
Person
Who
Predicate
has met your father?
Thing
Specific
thing
What
What class
has made you happy?

has been interesting?
Choice
Possessive
Which (building)
Whose car
has been cleaned?

has hit the three?
Number
How many students
have finished their studies?
Purpose
Question word
41
Wh word or How
Verbal Predicate ?
Wh word or How
B. For non-subject
Purpose
Question Word
Place
Object
Where
Whom
Object
What (subjects)
Time
How long
Manner
Reason
How
Why
Wh-Word or How
Clause
have you been?
have you seen since this
morning?
have they taken this semester
?
have you been in Lampung?
has she done her job?
have they been absent for a
week?
have/has subject ?
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Ask your friend about information of what your classmate has done. Reverse roles.
Now your friend is a reporter. Use the model below. Start like this:
Example 1
Reporter
: Excuse me, who has been at home so far?
: My sister and I.
Reporter
: Why have you been at home today?
: Because
Reporter
: and why has your sister been at home too?
: Because, she ..
Reporter
: Who has watched tv?
: My younger brother
Reporter
: What program have your brother has watched?
42
B
: He has
Reporter
: Thanks a lot
: no worries
Example 2
Make statement about what your family has done for a week. Please respond the
statement using only Wh-questions. Follow this model
A
: I have been/ stayed at home for a week.
: Who has been/stayed at home for a week?
: Why have you been/stayed at home for a week?
: Because
6. WRITING
Write ten to fifteen sentences about the activities she has done for one week.
An example:
His sister and s(he) have been/stayed at home for a week. He has been/stayed at
home because hewhile her sister has been/stayed at home because she .., etc
43
UNIT 10
1. READING
Food Personalities
People express their personalities in their clothes, their cars, and their homes. A
study shows that our diets are also an expression of our personalities. Perhaps we
dont choose foods only for taste and nutrition. We might choose them because
they tell people something about us. For example, some people mainly eat
gourmet foods, such as caviar and lobster, and they eat only in expensive
restaurants (never in cafeterias or snack bars). They might want to tell the world
that they know about the the better things in life.
Human beings can eat many different kinds of foods, but some people choose not
to eat meat. These vegetarians often have more in common than just their diet.
Their personalities might be similar, too. For example, vegetarians in the United
States may be creative people, and they might not enjoy competitive sports or jobs.
They worry about their health of the world, and they probably dont believe in war.
Some people eat mostly fast food. One study shows that many fast food-eaters
have a lot in common with each other, but they are very much different from
vegetarians. They are competitive and good at business. They are also in hurry.
Many fast food eaters might not agree with this description of their personalities,
but it is a common picture of them.
Some people also believe that people of the same astrological sign have similar food
personalities. Arians (born under the sign of Aries, between March 21 and April 19)
44
usually like spicy food, with a lot of onions and pepper. People with the sign of
Taurus (April 20 to may 20) prefer healthful fruits and vegetables to other food,
but they often eat too much. Sagittarians (November 22 to December 21) like ethnic
foods from many different countries. Aquarians (January 20 to February 18) can
eat as much meat and fish as they want, but sugar and cholesterol are sometimes
problems for them. (Taken from Mozaic, Wegmann & Kenezevic, 1985)
Difficult Words
1. a diet
2. nutrition
3. a vegetarian
4. to agree
5. pepper
1. What do them and they in line 3 refer to?
2. Why do we choose certain foods?
3. Why do some people eat mainly gourmet foods?
4. What do vegetarians have in common besides their diet?
5. What are two examples of personality characteristics?
text you have read
1. What kinds of foods do you like and dislike? Why?
2. What kind of food do you eat most often? Why? Does this kind of food
express your personality?
45
3. Do you know gourmet eaters? Vegetarians? Fast-food eaters? In your
opinion, what kind of people are they?
4. Do you believe the information in this reading? Why or why not?
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
People with the sign of Taurus (April 20 to may 20) prefer healthful fruits and
vegetables to other food
The sentence above is expressed by using a preference.
There are some types of preference.
Subject
Predicate in preference forms
University
students
like computers better than typewriters
We
The students
prefer computer books to accounting books

would rather study than play
The forms are as follows:

Subject
Predicate
like noun better than noun
prefer noun to noun
would rather verb 1st than verb 1st
Note:
Instead of would rather, we may use would sooner
We may also use gerund instead of noun, e.g. I like swimming better than hiking.
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
46
Please list a number of the subjects provided in this semester. Put a tick (V) on the
subjects you like and a cross (x) on the subjects you dislike. Ask your friends likes
and dislikes as given in the example below.
A
: Do you like all the subjects you are studying in this semester?
: No, I dont.
: What subjects do you like then?
: management, history, etc.
: How do you like them?
: I think I like them very much (I am crazy about them).
: Which one do you like better, management or .?
: I like management better.
: And which subjects you dislike?
: I dislike (cant stand of) mathematics
: Why do you dislike mathematics?
..
like very much/

be crazy about
..
dislike/hate/cant
stand
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
..
Subjects
OK
Activity 2
Tell another friend your friends likes and dislikes you have talked about.
6. WRITING
47
Write a paragraph about your friends like and dislikes.

Start like this:
S(he) likes some subjects s(he) is studying this semester such as, . But s(he)
48
UNIT 11
1. READING
The Laser
Since the laser is an intense, highly directional source of light, some of its energy
will be absorbed by the material it strikes. This absorption can result in a
temperature increase of the surface and/or the interior of the object. If the object
placed in the path of the laser is the human body, then extra precautions should be
taken.
The eye is much more vulnerable to injury from laser radiation than the skin. When
a laser beam directly hits the eye, visible light is transmitted through the cornea
and lens and is focused to a small spot on the retina. This is true for direct viewing
(looking into the laser) as well as specular reflections of the beam (reflection off
mirror like surfaces).
Both Class I and II Helium-Neon lasers can be used for classroom demonstrations
because of the low potential for injury to the user or viewer. However, the Laser
Institute of America lists the following safety precautions when operating Class II
lasers:
Do not permit a person to stare into the laser.
Do not point the laser at a persons eye.
Keep beam paths above or well below either sitting or standing eye level.
Permit only experienced personal to operate the laser, and do not leave an
operable laser unattended.
49
Eliminate unnecessary specular surfaces from the vicinity of the beam path.
(Taken from TOEFL Prep Book, Lin Lougheed, 1992)
Difficult Words
1. intense
2. to result in
3. specular
4. precautions
5. injury
1. What is the main topic of the passage?
2. What is actually the laser?
3. What happens if the laser hits your eyes?
4. What laser is safe to be used for classroom demonstrations
text you have read
1. What is interesting for you about the laser?
2. What other lights do you think dangerous for our eyes?
3. What do you do with your eyes if the dangerous light hits your eyes?
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
Keep beam paths above or well below either sitting or standing eye level
The sentence taken from the text is called a command.
50
Commands are expressed by the imperative. In the second person imperative, the
subject you is rarely used.
Subject
Command
(You)
(You)
click on the Browse button in the Create Shortcut dialog

box
select Bold Italic from the Font Style list
(You)
bring your own diskettes
The formula is as follows:

verb 1st
Note:
For negative commands, we put do not (dont) before the verb. For example:
- Dont bring the bad diskettes.
For non verbal predicates, we use be. For example:
- Be quiet.
- Dont be lazy.
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Ask a friend of you the procedure for making or doing something for example, the
procedure for making the ice cream. Firs list the ingredients and tools as shown in
Table below. Start like this:
A
: Excuse me, tell me how the ice cream is made?
: Well, first two eggs are broken into the bowl. Then one cup of sugar is
added
and everything is blended together, etc.
Example of Ingredients and tools for making ice cream
No
Ingredients
Tools
two eggs
bowel
one cup of sugar
blender
etc
51
Activity 2
Now change roles and practice activity 1 again.

6. WRITING
Now write up a description for making or doing something.
52
UNIT 12
1. READING
Are Men More Creative Than Women?

Through out history it has been men, for the most part, who have engaged in public
life. Men have sought for public achievement and recognition, while women
obtained their main satisfactions by bearing and rearing children. In womens eyes,
public achievement makes a man more attractive as a marriage partner. But for
men the situation is reversed. The more a woman achieves publicly, the less
desirable she seems as a wife.
There are three possible positions one can tackle about male and female creativity.
The first is that males are inherently more creative in all fields. The second is that if
it were not for the greater appeal of crating and cherishing young human beings,
females would be as creative as males. If this were the case, then if men were
permitted the enjoyment women have always had in rearing young children, male
creativity might be reduced also. (There is some indication in the United States
today that this is so.) The third possible position is that certain forms of creativity
are more congenial to one sex than to the other and that the great creative acts will
therefore come from only one sex in a given field. (Taken from Mozaic, Wegmann
& Kenezevic, 1985)
53
Difficult Words
1. public
2. achievement
3. attractive
4. appeal
5. congenial
1. Who has been popular in public life?
2. What do men think about public achievement and recognition for women?
3. Are females are as creative as males?
4. What are the tree possible positions given regarding male and female
creativity? Are there any other possible explanations? What position do you
think correct? Why?
text you have read
1. In your society, which sex enjoys more public life?
2. What women who have been famous for their creativity?
3. What fields are dominated almost completely by one sex? What are your
reasons for this?
4. Do you think it is harder for women to excel in science, business, art, or
politics nowadays, or do they have the same opportunities as men? Does this
vary from one culture to another? Explain.
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
54
if it were not for the greater appeal of crating and cherishing young human beings,
females would be as creative as males
The sentence above is called a conditional sentence.
Conditional sentences have two parts: the if clause and the main clause.
There are three types of conditional sentences:
Type 1: the action at present or future = probable to happen
Type 2: contrary to the facts at present = impossible to happen
Type 3: contrary to the facts in the past = impossible to happen
Type
Type 1
If clause
If you do not study hard,
(it is probable that you do
not study hard)
Main clause
you will not pass the exam.
(it is probable that you do not
pass the exam)
You would see the earth above
you.
(impossible that you see the
earth above you)
Type 2
If you lived in the moon,

(impossible that you live in
the moon)
Type 3
If we had got independence

in 1940,
(we did not get
independence in 1940)
Japanese would not have

colonialized our country.
(Japanese colonialized our
country)
Type 1
Type 2
Type 3
If subject verb 1st

If subject verb 2snd
If subject had verb 3rd
Subject will verb 1st

Subject would verb 1st
Subject would have verb 3rd
Note:
Possible variations of the basic forms:
Conditional sentences may take negative forms.
In type 1 instead of will, we may use can, may, might, must, or should.
In type 2 instead of would, we may use might or could.
In type 3 instead of would have, we may use might have, or could have.
55
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Please imagine that your friend is the one in the list below. Ask him/ her that s(he)
would or could do if s(he) were the one in the list. Change roles and practice the
activity again. Start like this:
A
: If you were the President what would you do?
: If I were the president, I would raise the fund for education.
Here are the lists:

President, an artist, a bird, a rector,
Activity 2
Now imagine that your friend has something that s(he) doesnt really have, or can
do some thing that s(he) really cant do. Ask your friend, starting like this:
A
: What would you do if you had Rp. 100.000.000?
: If I had Rp. 1000.000.000, I would go around the world.
: and what would you do if you could fly planes.
: If I could fly planes I would
No
Imagination
have
Rp.1.000.000.000,-
fly planes
etc
Activity 3
56
Tell another friend about your friends imagination you have already asked in
activity 1 and 2.
6. WRITING
Write down your friends imagination. You have talked about.
57
UNIT 13
1. READING
Charlie Chaplin, Creator of Comedy

Charlie Chaplin has broken all records in making people laugh. No one has so set a
whole world laughing as the little man with the bowler hat, the cane, and the
overlarge shoes.
Much has been written about Chaplins art and his legendary career, and opinions
have varied widely. But perhaps the commentator who called him the most
universal human being of our time comes closest to the truth. Those who have
called him a genius stress the timeless and universal qualities in his work. It is an
art filled with tragic undertones and deep human feeling, with which an audience
cannot help but become involved and identified. It is for these reasons, I believe,
that the figure of Charlie has kept its grip on generation after generation.
All his biographers agree that Chaplins miserable childhood in the London slums
was the decisive influence in his development and in the type of films he made.
Chaplin himself emphasizes it in his memories. The more one reads about his
earliest period, the more one is inclined to agree. For Chaplin, his suffering youth
has a lingering fascination: it gave him a world that he could transform with his
imagination onto the movie screen.
Chaplin was never afraid of tackle controversial subjects in his films. He released a
parody on war (Shoulder Arms) only a few weeks before the American troops came
home from the hell of the trenches in World War I (1918). This was regarded as
58
sheer madness, but the parody was well received. So perfectly did it hit the nail on
the head that even the homecoming soldiers found it irresistible and deeply
appreciated this skit on what for them had been grim reality.
Churchgoers raged when Chaplin, in The Pilgrim (1923), attacked nonconformist
religions. In City lights (1931) he took his turn at mocking capitalism. Modern
Times (1936) parodied the inhuman destruction of the machine age. The great
Dictator (1940) made fun of Hitler and proclaimed Chaplins view of world politics.
Chaplin, in his comic satirical way, fought what he perceived as tyranny and
injustice. (Taken from Mozaic, Wegmann & Kenezevic, 1985)
Difficult Words
1. legendary
2. truth
3. to transform
4. a nail
5. injustice
1. What is the main idea of the passage?
2. What did Charlie Chaplin look like?
3. What is one quality of his genius almost everyone agrees?
4. What was Charlie not afraid to deal with?
Please work in-group of three or four, discussing the questions below:
1. What our comedian program do you like better? Why?
59
2. What our comedian program do you dislike? Why?
3. What is your pinion about the comedian groups in our country? Why or why
not?
4. How is program of comedy in our country different from that of comedy in
other countries?
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
For instance, he refers to the Trobriand Islanders who differentiate between what
he defines as fairy tales, legends, and myths. (The underlined clause is called
relative clause).
Relative clauses or adjective clauses are clauses that describe noun in
such a way to distinguish it from other nouns of the same class.
Person
Subject
Object
Possessiv
e
Thing
Subject
Object
Possessiv
e
Noun
The woman
The woman
The man
The man
The man
The girl
Pronoun
who
that
whom
who
that
whose
Relative clause
teaches you English
teaches you English
we met yesterday
we met yesterday
we met yesterday
hair is long
Main clause
lives here.
lives here.
is his father.
is his father.
is his father.
will see you.
Noun
The cat
The cat
The house
The house
The car
Pronoun
which
that
which
that
whose
Relative clause
bit you
bit you
you have painted
you have painted
color you like
Main clause
will be killed.
will be killed.
is very good.
is very good.
is very old.
The car
of which
color you like
is very old.
Note:
The formula is as follows:
60
Subject
The
woman
The cat
Pronoun
who/that
Predicate
(the woman = subject) teaches you English
which/that
(the cat = subject) bit you will be killed
Object
The man
The house
Pronoun
Whom/who/that
Which/that
Subject predicate
we met (the man = object) yesterday
you have painted (the house = object)
Possesive
The girl
The car
Pronoun
whose
whose/of which
Noun (in a clause)

(her = possesive) hair is long
(its = possesive) color you like
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Please identify a person or thing surroundings. Follow this model.

A
: Which one is the best student in this class?
: The best student in this class is the student who uses glasses.
Activity 2
Ask the characteristics of person or thing. Follow this model.
Example 1
: What are the characteristics of a good student?
: A good student is first the student who always studies hard, second the one
who always does homework, third,
Example 2
: Tell me the characteristics of a good t.v. program?
61
B
: I think a good tv program is first, the program that deals with education,
second the program that doesnt show any violence, third, .
6. WRITING
Please write down the characteristics of person or someone you have talked about.
62
UNIT 14
1. READING
Thinking Skills
Many teachers today believe that they teach thinking skills. In most instances,
however, what they actually do involves putting students into situations where they
are simply made to think and expected to do is as best they can. Most methods
teachers customarily use to teach thinking are indirect, rather than direct. These
methods are based on the questionable assumption that by doing thinking,
students automatically learn how to engage in such thinking.
Educational researchers have pointed out time and again that learning to think is
not an automatic by-product of studying certain subjects, assimilating the products
of someone elses thinking, or simply being asked to think about a subject or topic.
Nor do youngsters learn how to engage in critical thinking effectively by
themselves. There is little reason to believe that competence in critical thinking can
be an incidental outcome of instruction directed, or that appears to be directed, at
other ends. By concentrating on the detail of the subject mater being studied, most
common approaches to teaching critical thinking so obscure the skills of how to
engage in thinking that students fail to master them.
If we want to improve student proficiency in thinking, we must use more direct
methods of instruction than we now use. First, we must establish as explicit goals
of instruction, the attitude, skill, and knowledge components of critical thinking.
Second, we must employ direct, systematic instruction in these skills prior to,
63
during, and following student introduction to and use of these skills in our
classrooms. (Taken from TOEFL Prep Book, Lin Lougheed, 1992)
Difficult Words
1. an instance
2. to assimilate
3. an outcome
4. proficiency
5. to employ
1. What does the passage mainly talk about?
2. Why does the author believe that teaching of thinking is inadequate today?
3. How many steps does the author suggest to teach thinking?
4. What does the second they in line 2 refer to?
5. What does the word engage in line 6 mostly mean?
text you have read
1. How is indirect thinking different from direct thinking?
2. What are both the strengths and weaknesses of the methods of thinking?
3. How is your way of thinking different from that of the members of your
family?
4. GRAMMAR FOCUS
they are simply made to think and expected to do
64
The clause above is expressed in passive tense.
The passive of an active tense is formed by putting to be in the same tense as
the active verb and adding the past participle of the active verb or verb 3rd .
The subject of the verb or doer becomes the agent and often not
mentioned. When it is mentioned it is preceded by by and placed at the end
of the clause.
Examples
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
I write a letter
I wrote a letter
I will write a letter
I have written a letter
I am writing a letter
I was writing a letter
I will have written a
letter
Active Tense
write
wrote
will write
have/has written
is/am/are writing
was/were writing
will have written
verbs
A letter is (not) written.

A letter was (not) written.
A letter will (not) be written.
A letter has (not) been written.
A letter is (not) being written.
A letter was (not) being written.
A letter will (not) have been
written.
Passive Tense
is/am/are
written
was/were
written
will be
written
have/has been
written
is/am/are being
written
was/were being
written
will have been
written
verb 3rd
(+) to be
verb 3rd
(-) to be not
Note:
Passive voice can be combined with infinitive forms when the passive forms are
followed the verbs like, love, want and wish.
Example:
- I want the computer to be repaired.
Another form of passive voice can used with the verbs have to and need to.
Example:
- The painter needs to be installed to the computer.
65
5. SPEAKING
Activity 1
Ask a friend of you the procedure for making or doing something for example, the
procedure for making the ice cream. First list the ingredients and tools as shown in
Table below. Start like this:
A
: Excuse me, tell me how the ice cream is made?
: Well, first two eggs are broken into the bowl. Then one cup of sugar is
added
and everything is blended together, etc.
Example of Ingredients and tools for making ice cream
No
Ingredients
Tools
two eggs
bowel
one cup of sugar
blender
etc
Activity 2
Now change roles and practice activity 1 again.

6. WRITING
Now write up a description for making or doing something.

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College Life in the United States

Provide the possible meanings of the following words in Indonesian language.

Instructors at American colleges and universities have many different teaching

like computers very much.

learn English at the Language Centre.

do not study mathematics a lot.

does not study statistics.

studies statistical analysis.

(+) Noun or pronoun

verb 1st or verb 1st + s

do not/does not + verb 1st

B. Sentences with non verbal predicates

am a student of a private university.

are not employees.

: Where are you at 6 oclock in the morning?

: What do you usually do at home at 6 oclock?

: I usually read a book.

How can I get to the Post office?

Will study seriously.

Will study together with me.

Will not stop studying English.

will + verb 1st

Will not + verb 1st

B. Sentences with non verbal predicates

Will be parents in the future.

Will not be unemployed.

(+) Noun or pronoun

Will not be in Lampung.

(-) Noun or pronoun

: Where will you be in the first week of the next semester?

: Well, I will be at campus.

: What will you do there?

: I will of course meet with my academic guidance. Etc.

meet with my academic

: Please tell me his/her planning for the next semester?

Women in the Nuclear Family

Studied at a Senior School in Medan.

Continued his study in Bandung in 1961.

Did not finish her university.

Did not + verb 1st

B. Sentences with non verbal predicates

Was very active in students activities.

Was the captain in this class.

Was one of the beautiful girl in her class.

: Where were you at 6 a.m. yesterday?

: What did you do at home?

: I did jogging. Etc

: Where was he at 6 a.m. yesterday?

: What did he do at home at 6 a.m. yesterday?

: He said that he did jogging. Etc.

have studied English for 6 years.

has seen UFO.

have/has verb 3rd

have/has not + verb 3rd

B. Sentences with non verbal predicates

has been to USA twice.

have/has not + been

: Hi, how have you been for a week?

: I have (Ive) been fine.

: What have you done then?

: I have finished my homework and visited my friends in Jakarta.

: Sounds good. And how has you sister been?

: She has (Shes) been fine too.