Expert Systems Case Studies

Expert Systems Case Studies:Prospector http://www.computing.surrey.ac.uk/AI/PROFILE/prospector.html#Introdu...
School of ECM Tel: +44 (0)1483 259823

University of Surrey Fax: +44 (0)1483 876051
Guildford, Surrey
GU2 5XH, UK
Introduction
PROSPECTOR: Operational details
PROSPECTOR: Knowledge Base
PROSPECTOR's Inference Mechanism
PROSPECTOR: Conclusions
PROBABLISTIC REASONING: MYCIN, XCON and PROSPECTOR
PROSPECTOR: An Introduction
Problem domain:
• Evaluation of the mineral potential of a geological site or region
• Multi-disciplinary decision making: PROSPECTOR deals with

geologic setting, structural controls, and kind of rocks, minerals,
and alteration products present or suspected
Target Users:
Exploration geologist who is in the early part of investigating an
exploration site or "prospect"
Originators
R. Duda, P. E.Hart, N.J. Nilsson, R. Reboh, J. Slocum, and G. Sutherland
and John Gasching (1974-1983)
Artificial Intelligence Center,
Stanford Research Institute (SRI) International
Menlo Park,
1 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM
California, USA
References:
Waterman A., Donald., (1986), "A Guide to Expert Systems". Reading,
Mass (USA).
Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp 49-60
Barr, Aaron & Feigenbaum, Edward., (1982) "The Handbook of Artificial
Intelligence".
Reading, Mass (USA). Addison-Wesley Publishing Company. pp 155-162
PROSPECTOR: An Introduction
• consultation system to assist geologists working in mineral exploration
• developed by Hart and Duda of SRI International
• attempts to represent the knowledge and reasoning processes of experts in the geological domain
• intended user is an exploration geologist in the early stages of investigating a possible drilling site
Characterisitics of a particular 'prospect'(exploration site)

volunteered by expert
(e.g.geologic setting, structural controls, and kinds of rocks minerals, and
alteration products present or suspected)
PROSPECTOR compares observations with stored models of

ore deposits
PROSPECTOR notes similarities, differences and missing

information
(POSPECTOR asks for additional information if neccessary)
2 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM
PROSPECTOR assesses the mineral potential of the prospect
PROSPECTOR
• system has been kept domain independent
• it matches data from a site against models describing regional and local characteristics favourable for
specific ore deposits
• the input data are assumed to be incomplete and uncertain
PROSPECTOR At Work
3 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM
PROSPECTOR performs a consultation to determine such things as
• which model best fits the data
• where the most favourable drilling sites are located
• what additional data would be most helpful in reaching firmer conclusions
• what is the basis for these conclusions and recommendations
PROSPECTOR: Knowledge Base
The Knowledge Base (K.B.) is divided into two parts
• General Purpose K.B.
contains background information useful for several applications and

situations e.g. general classification tree
• Special Purpose K.B.
contains information relevent to a specific part of the domain, primarily

in the form of inference networks
PROSPECTOR uses PRODUCTION RULES and

SEMANTIC NETWORKS to organize the domain
knowledge and backward chaining inference strategy
PROSPECTORS' Knowledge Base:
The Representation Scheme

The knowledge representation scheme used by the developer's of PROSPECTOR is called 'the inference
network': a network of connections between evidence and hypotheses or a network of nodes (assertions)and
arcs (links)
4 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM
PROSPECTOR system contains rules linking observed evidence, 'E'. of the particular (geological) findings
with hypotheses, 'H', implied by the evidence:
If E then H (to degree) LS, LN;
LS and LN are prestored (ranging from +5 to -5) and do not change during the execution of the program.
Also, each piece of evidence (E1,E2, E3..) and hypotheses (H1...) has a probability assigned to it (P1,P2..)
whichmay change during execution according to Baye's Theorem.
5 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM
PROSPECTOR: Knowledge Base:
Static Data
In addition to the PROSPECTOR rule-base, the system also has a large taxonomic network: A 'hierarchical'
data-base containing super- and sub-ordinate relationships between the objects of the domain.
PROSPECTOR Knowledge Base
Semantic networks: Quillian (1966) introduced the idea of semantic networks based on the so-called
"associative memory model": the notion that human memory is organized on the basis of association, that
humans represent the real-world through a series of associations. More precisely a semantic network is
6 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM
defined as a type of knowledge representation that formalises objects and values as nodes and connects the
nodes with arcs or links that indicate the relationships between the various nodes: A data structure for
representing declarative knowledge. It can be argued that the nodes can also represent concepts, and the arcs
the relations between concepts, thereby forming semantic networks.Quillian has pointed out the "type-token"
distinction. This may be related to the generic/specific relationship.
Probablistic Reasoning
To deal with uncertainty PROSPECTOR uses
• subjective probability theory (including Bayes' theorem.) supplemented

by Certainty Factors (MYCIN) and fuzzy sets.
A form of Bayes' theorem called "odds-liklihood"is used in PROSPECTOR.
ODDS = PROBABILITY
(1-PROBABILITY)
Definition
P(h) = LS x P(h)
P(h) = prior odds on the hypothesis h
P(h|e) = posterior odds on hypothesis (new odds given evidence)
LS = sufficiency measure of the rule
LS = P(e|h) ( = liklehood ratio )

P(e|not.h)
• LS is used when the evidence is known to exist.
• Probabilities are provided subjectively by the expert
Probablistic Reasoning
Definition
When the evidence is known to NOT exist
P(h | not.e) = LN x P(e)
7 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM
LN = measure of necessity
LN = P(not e|h)
P(not e| not.h)
Again the probabilities are given subjectively by the domain expert.
PROSPECTOR: Conclusions
Points to note about the PROSPECTOR system
• the conclusions drawn by the PROSPECTOR system match those of the expert who designed the system to
within 7% on a scale used to represent the validity of the conclusions
• work on the system illustrated the importance of accommodating the special characteristics of a domain if
the system is intended for practical use - all domains have their own peculiarities in how decisions are made
Evidential Strength Model and Certainty: MYCIN approach
• According to the subjective probability theory:
expert's personal probability, P(h), reflects his/her belief in h at any given time
therefore, 1 - P(h) can be viewed as an estimate of the expert's disbelief regarding the
truth of h.
• Measure of Belief: If P[h ¦ e] is greater than P(h), the observation of 'e' increases the
expert's belief in 'h' while decreasing disbelief in h. Proportionate decrease in disbelief (
alternatively, the measure of belief increment) due to the observation 'e' is
P(h y e) - P(h)
MB[h ,e] = --------------------------
1 - P(h)
• Measure of Disbelief: If P[h ye] is less than P(h), the observation of 'e' decreases the
expert's belief in 'h' while increasing disbelief in h. Proportionate decrease in belief (
alternatively, the measure of disbelief increment) due to observation 'e' is:
P(h ) - P(h y e)
MD[h ,e] = --------------------------
P(h)
• Belief and disbelief correspond to the intuitive concepts of confirmation and

disconfirmation
8 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM
• Because a given piece of evidence cannot support both belief and disbelief, therefore
if MB[h ,e] > 0 then MD[h ,e] = 0;

if MD[h , e] > 0 then MB[h ,e] = 0
and
if P(h ¦ e) = P(h) then MB[h , e] = MD[h , e] = 0
(evidence is independent of hypothesis)
MYCIN: Each rule is associated with a number between 0 and 1 (CF, the 'cretainity factor') representing
certainity of the inference contained in the rule: MYCIN combines several sources of inconclusive
information to form a conclusion of which it may be almost certain. Ad-hoc appraoch to probability
PROSPECTOR: Confidence measures (LS,LN)are interpreted precisely as as probabilities and Bayes' rule
is used as the basis of inference procedure.
XCON: In XCON's task domain it is possible to state exactly the correct thing to be done in each particular
set of circumstances. Probablistic information is not neccessary.
9 of 9 1/19/2010 5:43 PM

Expert Systems Case Studies

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Expert Systems Case Studies

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Expert Systems Case Studies:Prospector http://www.computing.surrey.ac.uk/AI/PROFILE/prospector.html#Introdu...

School of ECM Tel: +44 (0)1483 259823

PROSPECTOR: Operational details

PROSPECTOR: Knowledge Base

PROSPECTOR's Inference Mechanism

PROBABLISTIC REASONING: MYCIN, XCON and PROSPECTOR

• Multi-disciplinary decision making: PROSPECTOR deals with

• consultation system to assist geologists working in mineral exploration

• developed by Hart and Duda of SRI International

PROSPECTOR: Operational details

Characterisitics of a particular 'prospect'(exploration site)

PROSPECTOR compares observations with stored models of

PROSPECTOR notes similarities, differences and missing

(POSPECTOR asks for additional information if neccessary)

PROSPECTOR assesses the mineral potential of the prospect

• system has been kept domain independent

• the input data are assumed to be incomplete and uncertain

PROSPECTOR: Operational details

PROSPECTOR performs a consultation to determine such things as

• which model best fits the data

• where the most favourable drilling sites are located

• what additional data would be most helpful in reaching firmer conclusions

• what is the basis for these conclusions and recommendations

PROSPECTOR: Knowledge Base

The Knowledge Base (K.B.) is divided into two parts

• General Purpose K.B.

contains background information useful for several applications and

• Special Purpose K.B.

contains information relevent to a specific part of the domain, primarily

PROSPECTOR uses PRODUCTION RULES and

PROSPECTORS' Knowledge Base:

The Representation Scheme

If E then H (to degree) LS, LN;

PROSPECTOR: Knowledge Base:

PROSPECTOR Knowledge Base

PROSPECTOR's Inference Mechanism

To deal with uncertainty PROSPECTOR uses

• subjective probability theory (including Bayes' theorem.) supplemented

A form of Bayes' theorem called "odds-liklihood"is used in PROSPECTOR.

P(h) = prior odds on the hypothesis h

P(h|e) = posterior odds on hypothesis (new odds given evidence)

LS = sufficiency measure of the rule

LS = P(e|h) ( = liklehood ratio )

• LS is used when the evidence is known to exist.

• Probabilities are provided subjectively by the expert

PROSPECTOR's Inference Mechanism

When the evidence is known to NOT exist

P(h | not.e) = LN x P(e)

Again the probabilities are given subjectively by the domain expert.

Points to note about the PROSPECTOR system

PROBABLISTIC REASONING: MYCIN, XCON and PROSPECTOR

Evidential Strength Model and Certainty: MYCIN approach

• According to the subjective probability theory:

• Belief and disbelief correspond to the intuitive concepts of confirmation and

if MB[h ,e] > 0 then MD[h ,e] = 0;

(evidence is independent of hypothesis)

PROBABLISTIC REASONING: MYCIN, XCON and PROSPECTOR

Das könnte Ihnen auch gefallen