CHAPTER 2: CARBON COMPOUNDS

B. 2.0
1. Write the general
formula of alkenes.
2. Explain why boiling
point of alkenes
increase descending
the homologous series
3. Write the equation
of combustion of
pentene

1. Write the formula of

alkane.
2. Explain why boiling
point of alkanes
increase descending
the homologous series
3. Write the equation
of combustion of
pentane

1. Define the carbon

compound.
2. What is an
organic compound?
3. List 3 examples
of organic
compound and 3
examples of nonorganic compound.

Alkane
Carbon
compound

Alkenes
2.2

2.3

2.1

Isomerism

2.4
1. Define polymer.
2. Explain the
coagulation process of
latex when it is added
with formic acid.
2. Explain why
vulcanized rubber is
stronger than natural
rubber.

Natural2.9
rubber

CARBON
COMPOUND

2.8

2.5
2.7

2.6

Fat
Ester
1. Define saturated fat
and unsaturated fat.
2. Stated the difference
between saturated fat
and unsaturated fat.
3. What is the type of
reaction that changes
unsaturated fat to
saturated fat?

1. Define isomerism
2. Draw structural
formula of pentane
isomers
3. Draw structural
formula of pentene
isomers

Alcohol

1. Define the
homologous series of
alcohol
2. Write the chemical
equation of combustion
of propanol.
3. Describe a laboratory
experiment to produce
alcohol

Carboxylic acid

1. Define an ester.
2. Write the general
formula of ester.
3. Describe an
experiment to
produce etil
methanoic.

10

1. Define carboxylic
acid.
2. Write the equation
involved in the
production of carboxylic
acid from propanol.
3. Explain why
methanoic acid cannot
conduct an electric

B. 2.1

Compound consists of carbon

element.

Definition of carbon
compound

Examples
Combustion of
organic compounds
sebatian organik

ORGANIC CARBON
COMPOUND

Type of compound
Saturated
hydrocarbon
s

Hydrocarbon

Examples;
.

Inorganic compound

Unsaturated
hydrocarbon
s

Inorganic carbon
compound

Organic carbon
compound

Compounds contain
carbon and come from
organism (living thing).
Animal or plants

Examples:
Glucose,
Protein,
Fat, etc

11

Compound consists of
carbon and did not come
from the organism
(animal or plant)

Examples:
Carbonate of metal,
Bicarbonate of metal,
carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, etc

B. 2.2
n

Molecular
formula

Name

Structural formula

CH4

methane

C2H6

ethane

..

..

propane

C4H10

butane

pentane

Members
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane

Size of
molecule
Small

Melting
point
Low

Density

State

Low

Increase

Increase

Increase

Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Liquid

10

1. Insoluble in water
2. Non conductor of
electricity

Physical
properties and
the changes

General formula and

group members

General formula

Explanation to
the physical
properties
change.

Non complete combustion

ALKANE
CnH2n +2
n = 1,2,3,

CH4 + O2

C + 2H2O

C2H6 + O2

. + ..

+ ..
Substitution
reactions

Chemical
properties

Sun light
CH4 + Cl2

CH2Cl2 +
..

Combustion

CH3Cl + HCl

CH3Cl + Cl2
Cl2

+ .

. +

CH2Cl2 + HCl
..

Complete combustion.

+ .

CH4 + O2

CO2 + 2H2O

C2H6 + O2

C4H10 + O2

12

.. + .

Molecular
Formula

Name

C2H4

ethene

C3H6

propene

..

butene

C5H10

pentene

hexene

B. 2.3

Structural
Formula

Members
Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
Hexene
Heptene

Molecul
ar size

Increase

10

General
formula
CnH2n
n = 2.3,4,

Physical
properties and
the changes

General formula and

group members
Homologous
Series

Test to differentiate alkenes using

bromine water /Acidic potassium
magnate (VII). Experiment.

Melting
point
Low

Density

State

Low

Increase

increase

Gas
Gas
Gas
Gas
Liquid
Liquid

1. Non soluble in
water
2. Non conductor of
electricity

Explanation to
the changes

ALKENE

Polymerization
of alkene

Reaction

Chemical
properties

Examples

1. Addition reaction
(a) Addition of hydrogen (hydrogenation)

C2H4 + H2

(b) Addition of bromine

(d) Oxidation

C3H6 + Br2
C3H6Br2
H3PO4, 300oC, 60 atm.
C2H4 + H2O
C2H5OH
acidic KMnO4
C2H4 + H2O + [O]
C2H6O2

2. Combustion
Combustion in the air (oxygen)

C2H4 + 3O2

(c) Addition of steam

C4H8 +

13

C2H6

2CO2 + 2H2O
.

B.2.4
Isomers of pentane

Isomers of butene

Compound with the

same molecular
formula but
different structural
formula

IUPAC
naming

Example of isomer
Definition of isomerism
ISOMERISM

IUPAC name of
isomer

Instruction:
1. Specify the number of carbon
atom in the longest continuous
carbon chain.
2. Numbering carbon atoms with
1,2,3, starting near functional
group /and branch..
3. Branch names -CH3 , methyl
-CH2CH3, ethyl

Isomer of alkane (hexane)

Isomer of an alkene (pentene)

14

B.2.5
CH3OH
C2H5OH
C3H7OH
C4H9OH

Carbon compound
contained hydroxyl
functional group, OH

Misuse of the
alcohol and the
effect

Physical
properties and the
changes
downward series.

Formula Am:

Fuel, solvent,
Medical aspect,
Cosmetic aspect..

Usage of
alcohol

methanol
ethanol
propanol
butanol

CnH2n+ 1OH
n = 1,2,3,

Definition
of alcohol

Chemical properties
of alcohol

Naming

Homologous
series of alcohol

ALCOHOL

Isomerism in the alcohol

Chemical properties of
the ethanol
1. Combustion
C2H5OH + O2
CO2 + H2O
2. Oxidation
2[O]
C2H5OH
CH3COOH + H2O

Ethanol

3. Dehydration
Alumina
C2H5OH
C2H4 + H2O

The physical properties

of the ethanol

Cotton
+
Ethanol

Alumina
Ethene

Preparation
of ethanol

Dissolve in water
Dissolve in organic solvent,
Neutral,
Non-conductor of electricity

In industry:
Steam + ethene

In laboratory:
Fermentation Process.
Experiment
Diagram

Heat
Water

Dehydration of ethanol

15

B. 2.6

CnH2n+1COOH
n = 0,1,2,

HCOOH
CH3COOH
C2H5 COOH
C3H7COOH
C4H9COOH
..

General
formula

methanoic acid
ethanoic acid
propanoic acid
butanoic acid
pentanoic acid

Acid that contain the

functional group
carboxyl, -COOH

Homologous
Series

Naming

O
R -C - OH
where R
is an alkyl group

Oxidation of ethanol
Acidic KMnO4
C2H5OH
CH3COOH + H2O
Conc. H2SO4

Definition

CARBOXYLIC
ACID

Ketertiban dalam
siri homolog

The usage of
carboxylic acid

1. Ethanoic acid + base

CH3COOH + NaOH
2. Ethanoic acid + carbonate
2CH3COOH + K2CO3
3. Ethanoic acid + metal
2CH3COOH + Mg
4. Ethanoic acid + alcohol
Ethanoic + ethanol
CH3COOH + C2H5OH

Preparation of
ethanoic acid

Physical properties of
the carboxylic acid
karboksilik
Chemical properties
of ethanoic acid

salt + water
CH3COONa + H2O
salt + water + carbon dioxide
2CH3COOK + H2O + CO2
salt + hydrogen
(CH3COO)2Mg + H2
esther + water
ethyl ethanoat + water
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

16

Ethanoic acid + ethanol +

concentrated sulphuric acid
( after boiling)

CnH2n+1COOCmH2m+1
n = 0,1,2,
m = 1,2,3,

Molecular formula

Name of ester

General formula
of ester

Homologous
series of ester
A group of
homologous series
with functional
group of carboxyl,
-COO-

Definition

Molecular formula and

the name of ester

Diagram?

Preparation

ESTER
Ethyl ethanoate
etanoat
Physical properties

The ester daily life

usage
Natural source
of the ester

17

To predict the
formation of the ester

B. 5.3

is an ester formed from

glycerol (alcohol) and
carboxylic acid.
Definition

The fat molecule that built of

only singular covalent bond
between carbon atom in the
molecules.

Definition

? fat and oil.

The fat molecules that built of

multiple bond between
carbon atom in molecules.

Examples:
Chickens fat,
Cows fat,
Etc.

Saturated
fat

definition
Unsaturated
fat

Contoh:

Comparison

Type of fat
Fat
Higher melting
point (more than
20oC)
Solid at room
temperature
Found in animals
& human

Oil
Lower melting
point (less than
20oC)
Liquid at room
temperature
Found in plants
& fish

Conversion of the
unsaturated fat to the
saturated fat.

FAT AND OIL

Palm oil

The effect of
fat on health

Production of margerine:
Hydrogenation process of unsaturated fat
(palm oil)
Ni
- C = C - + H2

The needed to
use palm oil

Extraction process of
palm oil in industry

Double bond

-C C
H H
single bond

Taken too much saturated

fat may cause:
1. Obesity
2. Hardness of an artery
3. High blood pressure
4. Heart disease
5. Stroke

B. 5.4

18

n H2N - CH - C - OH + H - N - CH C - OH

H
amino acid
(monomer)

Protein

nC6H12O6
glucose
(monomer)

Giant molecule with long chain

(macromolecule) consist of
repeated sequence small molecules
(micro molecule) called monomer
found in an animal & plant

Definition of
natural polymer
Usage of
natural rubber

Vulcanization
of rubber.

H
protein
(polymer)

+ nH2O
n

(C6H10O5)n + nH2O
starch
(polymer)

Carbohydrate

NATURAL
RUBBER

Natural
rubber

Comparing the properties

of the natural and
vulcanized rubber
-- Explain

N - CH C - N - CH C -

H
Amino acid
(monomer)

Preventing
coagulation of
latex
Definition

Several polymer
and its monomer

nC5H8
Isoprene
(monomer)

Coagulating of
the latex

(C5H8)n
natural rubber
(polymer)

Experiment

Latex is a colloid. It is a mixture of rubber particles

and water. A rubber particle is made up of negatively
charged protein membrane surrounds many rubber
molecules. The negative charges are preventing the
collision between molecules. When an acid is added to
the latex, H+ from an acid is neutralized the negative
charge at protein membrane to allow the collision
between the rubber particles. The protein membrane
breaks, and then the rubber molecules are free to
clump together. Latex has coagulated

Experiment:
1. Vulcanization of natural
rubber.
2. Comparison of properties
between natural and
vulcanized rubber

Diagram
A. Analysing Alkanes

19

1.
2..

The general formula of alkanes are : ______________________________

Complete the table by writing the name , molecular formula and structural formula of alkanes.
Number of
Carbon atom per
molecule

Molecular
formula

Name

Structural formula

1
2
3

3.

All alkanes _______________________ in water because they are _____________________

compounds.

4.

As the number of carbon atoms increases,

a)

the size of the molecule _____________________________

b)

the boiling and melting point ___________________ because _____________________

________________________________________________________________________

c)

the amount of soot produced ______________________ because ___________________

________________________________________________________________________

5.

Complete combustion of alkanes produces carbon dioxide and water only.

20

6.

a)

C2H6

O2

b)

C5H12 +

O2

Alkanes undergo substitution reaction with halogrns in the presence of ultra violet light.
CH4

Cl2

B. Analysing Alkenes
1.
2

The general formula for alkenes is __________________________________________

Complete the table below by writing the names, molecular formula and structural formula .
Number of
Carbon atom per
molecule

Molecular
formula

Name

Structural formula

2
3

3.

Alkenes undergo addition reaction due to the presence of the double bonds.
a)

Hydrogenation : C3H6

H2

Condition of reaction : _________________________________

b)

d)

Halogenation :

C3H6

+ Br2
-C

C=C-

Hydration :

21

Br-Br

Condition of reaction : ____________________________________

e)

Oxidation :

4 . Polymerization : The process whereby small molecules are joined together to form large
molecules.
5. Compare and contrast between alkanes and alkenes.
Alkanes
General Formula
Bonding
Combustion
Physical properties

Chemical properties

22

Alkenes

Flowchart for the reaction of ethene

Ethane-1,2-diol
C2H4(OH)2

Poliethene
IV

II
C2H5Cl

Ethanea
C2H6

Ethene
C2H4

III
V
1,2 dibromoethane
C2H4Br2

Ethanoic acid
CH3COOH

VI

VII
X

Carbon dioxide and

water

Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

I

VI

II

VII

III

VIII

IV

IX

10

IX

VIII

Ethanol
C2H5OH

Ethyl ethanoate
CH3COOC2H5

Flowchart for the reaction of ethene

Butane-1,2-diol
C4H8(OH)2

Polibutene
IV

II
C4H9Cl

Butane
C4H10

VI

Butene
C4H8

III
V
1,2 dibromobutane
C4H8Br2

Butanoic Acid
C3H7COOH

VII
X

Carbon dioxide and

water

Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

VI

II

VII

III

VIII

IV

IX

11

VIII

Butanol
C4H9OH

IX

Butyl butanoate
C3H7COOC4H9

Flowchart for the reaction of propene

propane-1,2-diol
C3H6(OH)2

Polipropene
IV

II
C3H7Cl

Propane
C3H8

VI

Propena
C3H6

III
V
1,2 dibromopropane
C3H6Br2

Propanoic acid
C2H5COOH

VII
X

Carbon dioxide and

water

Write the balanced equation for the processes labeled above.

I

VI

II

VII

III

VIII

IV

IX

12

VIII

Propanol
C3H7OH

IX

Propyl propanoate
C2H5COOC3H7

10

Objective Questions
1.

What is the functional group for alcohol?

A. Carboxylate
B.
C. Hydroxide
D.

Diol
Hydroxyl

2.

Which process is involved in changing propene into propanol ?

A. Oxidation
B.
Hydration
C. Fermentation
D.
Combustion

3.

The equation below representsthe reaction in the industrial preparation of ethanol.

X + H2O CH3CH2OH
What is X ?
A.
C.

Ethene
Glucose

B.

Ethane
D.
Maltose

4.

What are the products of the reaction between propanoic acid and sodium hydroxide ?
A. water and carbon dioxide
B. Ethyl ethanoate and sodium ethanoate
C. Water and ethyl ethanoate
D. Sodium ethanoate and water.

5.

Which of the following is not true about the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats
A
B
C
D

6.

Characteristic
Melting Point
Source
Cholesterol content
Physical state at room temperature

Saturated Fats
Low
Animals
High
Solid

Unsaturated fats
High
Plants
Low
Liquid

Coagulation of latex takes place by adding .

I
formic acid
II
nitric acid
III aqueous ammonia
IV hydrochloric acid
A.
C.

I and II only
I , II and III only

B.

II and III only

D.
I , II , III and IV.

7.

Vulcanised rubber is harder because..

A. the polymers of rubber are arranged orderly
B. the polymers of rubber combine to form longer chains
C. the polymers are held by sulphur linkage
D. the polymers became neutral.
Structural Questions
1.

The figure below shows the set up of apparatus for the preparation of ethyl ethanoate from the
reaction of etanol with ethanoic acid.

10

Liebig
condenser

Water bath

Mixture of ethanol ethanoic acid , and

concentrated sulphuric acid

Heat

a)

On the Liebig condenser above, mark X to indicate where water flows in and

Y
where water flows out.
b)

[ 1 mark]

Why is the mixture heated using a water bath ?

_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________

[2 marks]
c)

(i)

Name the reaction for the preparation of ethyl ethanoate.

___________________________________________________________
[1
mark]
(ii)

Write the chemical equation for the reaction in c (i)

__________________________________________________________
_
[1 mark]

11

d)

The experiment is repeated by replacing ethanol with propanol.

(i)
Name the ester formed.
__________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark]
(ii)

State one physical property of the ester.

__________________________________________________________
___
[1 mark]

.e)
ethanoic

The flow chart below shows the conversin of etanol to ethene and etanol to
acid.
Process
I

Process
II

Based on the flow chart below shows the conversin of etanol of ethene and
etanol to ethanoic acid.
(i)

Process I

[ 1 mark ]
(ii)

Process II

[ 1 mark ]
(f)

An alkane has a structural formula as shown below.

12

What is the name of the alkane?

[ 1 mark ]
2. Propanol reacts with acidified potassium manganate(VII) solution to produce an organic
compound X.
Propanol
Acidified
potassium
Manganate (VII)
Solution

Organic Compound
X
Organic Compound
X

a)
(i)
the organic compound X.

Name the reaction for changing propanol to

_______________________________________________________________
[1 mark]
(ii)

Name the organic compound X.

_______________________________________________________________

b)

(i)

[1 mark]
Name a reagent which can be used to derive oranic compound Y when propanol
and X react with one another.
______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]
(ii)

Name the homologous series to which compound Y belongs to.

_______________________________________________________________

[1 mark]
(iii)

Draw the structural formula of compound Y.

13

Figure 2.1 shows changes of a carbon compound involving a series of reactions.

+H2

Propane

Alumina
Alkene

Heat

Propanol
Heat

Potassium dichromate(IV)
in acid
Propanoic acid
Figure 2.1
(a)
(b)

Draw the structural formulae of two propanol isomers.

Name both isomers.

[ 4 marks ]

The information below is regarding alkene Y:

Carbon 85.7%
Hydrogen 14.3%
Relative molecular mass = 42
Relative atomic mass of H = 1 and C = 12

Based on the information of the alkene Y:

(c )

(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)

Determine the molecular formula

Draw the structural formula
Name the alkene
Write the general formula for its homologous series [ 8 marks ]

(i)

Table 2.2 shows the results of a test to differentiate between alkene Y

and propane.
Procedure
Bromine water is added to alkene Y

14

Observations
Brown colour is decolourized

Bromine water is added to propane

Brown colour remains

Table 2.2
Explain why there is difference in these observations. [ 4 marks ]
(ii)

Table 2.3 shows results of latex coagulation.

Procedure
Propanoic acid is added to latex
Latex is left under natural
conditions

Observations
Latex coagulates immediately
Latex coagulates slowly

Table 2.3
Explain why there is a difference in these observations.

15

[ 4 marks ]