Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 2 (SOLN)
Part (a)
Internal loading
Based on free-body diagram, Resultant loading
of axial force, P = 800 N
9. Stress Transformation
Stress on a Tilted Plane
Pass a section through the member
forming an angle q with the normal
plane.
From equilibrium conditions, the
distributed forces (stresses) on the
plane must be equivalent to the force P.
Resolve P into components normal
and tangential to the oblique section,
F P cosq
V P sinq
F
P cosq
P
cos2 q
Aq A0
A0
cosq
V
P sinq
P
sinq cosq
Aq A0
A0
cosq
1-3
9. Stress Transformation
OBJECTIVES
9. Stress Transformation
CHAPTER OUTLINE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Plane-Stress Transformation
General Equations of Plane Stress Transformation
Principal Stresses and Maximum In-Plane Shear Stress
Mohrs Circle Plane Stress
Stress in Shafts Due to Axial Load and Torsion
Stress Variations Throughout a Prismatic Beam
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
10
9. Stress Transformation
11
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Sign Convention
We will adopt the same sign convention as discussed in chapter 1.3.
Positive normal stresses, x and y, acts outward from all faces
Positive shear stress xy acts
upward on the right-hand
face of the element.
12
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
cos 2q xy sin 2q
2
2
x y
x' y '
sin 2q xy cos 2q
2
9 - 1
9 - 2
y'
x y x y
2
cos 2q xy sin 2q
9 - 3
13
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Normal and shear stress components
Apply equations of force
equilibrium to determine
unknown stress components:
+ Fx = 0;
14
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
15
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 GENERAL EQNS OF PLANE-STRESS TRANSFORMATION
Procedure for Analysis
To apply equations 9-1 and 9-2, just substitute the known data for x , y
, xy , and q according to established sign convention.
If x and xy are calculated as positive quantities, then these stresses
act in the positive direction of the x and y axes.
16
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.2
State of stress at a pt is represented by the element
shown. Determine the state of stress at the pt on
another element orientated 30 clockwise from the
position shown.
17
9. Stress Transformation
18
9. Stress Transformation
80 50 80 50
x'
cos 2 30 25sin 2 30
2
2
x ' 25.8 MPa
80 50
x' y '
sin 2 30 25 cos 2 30
2
x ' y ' 68.8 MPa
The negative signs indicate that x and xy act in
the negative x and y directions.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
19
9. Stress Transformation
80 50 80 50
x'
20
9. Stress Transformation
21
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
x y
d x '
2 sin 2q 2 xy cos 2q 0
dq
2
Solving the equation and let q = qP, we get
xy
tan 2q P
( x y ) / 2
9 - 4
22
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
In-plane principal stresses
Substituting either of the two sets of trigonometric relations into Eqn 91, we get
x y
1, 2
x
y
xy
9 - 5
24
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
tan 2q S
( x y ) / 2
xy
9 - 6
25
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
26
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
( x y )
xy 2
2
max
in - plane
9 - 7
27
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
avg
x y
2
9 - 8
28
9. Stress Transformation
9.2 PRINCIPAL STRESSES AND MAXIMUM IN-PLANE SHEAR STRESS
IMPORTANT
Principals stresses represent the maximum and
minimum normal stresses at the pt.
When state of stress is represented by principal
stresses, no shear stress will act on element.
State of stress at the pt can also be represented in
terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress. An
average normal stress will also act on the element.
Element representing the maximum in-plane shear
stress with associated average normal stresses is
oriented 45 from element represented principal
stresses.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
29
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.3
When torsional loading T is applied to bar, it produces
a state of pure shear stress in the material. Determine
(a) the maximum in-plane shear stress and
associated average normal stress, and (b) the
principal stress.
30
9. Stress Transformation
( x y )
xy 2
2
max
in - plane
avg
x y
2
02 2
00
0
2
31
9. Stress Transformation
32
9. Stress Transformation
xy
tan 2q P
;
( x y ) / 2 (0 0) / 2
p 2 45
p1 135
33
9. Stress Transformation
1, 2
x y x y
cos 2q xy sin 2q
2
2
0 0 sin 90
34
9. Stress Transformation
35
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.6
State of plane stress at a pt on a body is represented
on the element shown. Represent this stress state in
terms of the maximum in-plane shear stress and
associated average normal stress.
36
9. Stress Transformation
tan 2q s
x y / 2 20 90 / 2
xy
2q s 2 42.5
2q s1 180 2q s 2
60
21.3
qs2
q s1 111.3
37
9. Stress Transformation
20
90
602
xy 2
max
2
2
in- plane
81.4 MPa
2
Thus
max
in- plane
face (q = 21.3).
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
38
9. Stress Transformation
35 MPa
2
2
This is a tensile stress.
39
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
9. Stress Transformation
52
9. Stress Transformation
x y
sin 2q xy cos 2q
x ' y '
2
9 - 9
9 - 10
x y
x '
x' y '
x
y
xy
53
9. Stress Transformation
9 - 11
where
avg
x y
2
x
y
2 xy
9 - 12
54
9. Stress Transformation
55
9. Stress Transformation
56
9. Stress Transformation
57
9. Stress Transformation
58
9. Stress Transformation
59
9. Stress Transformation
60
9. Stress Transformation
61
9. Stress Transformation
62
9. Stress Transformation
63
9. Stress Transformation
64
9. Stress Transformation
65
9. Stress Transformation
66
9. Stress Transformation
67
9. Stress Transformation
68
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.9
Due to applied loading, element at pt A on solid
cylinder as shown is subjected to the state of stress.
Determine the principal stresses acting at this pt.
69
9. Stress Transformation
xy 6 MPa
avg
12 0
6 MPa
2
12 62 62 8.49 MPa
70
9. Stress Transformation
71
9. Stress Transformation
72
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.10
State of plane stress at a pt is shown on the element.
Determine the maximum in-plane shear stresses and
the orientation of the element upon which they act.
73
9. Stress Transformation
avg
20 90
35 MPa
2
74
9. Stress Transformation
602 552
R 81.4 MPa
75
9. Stress Transformation
max
in - plane
81.4 MPa
avg 35 MPa
76
9. Stress Transformation
2q s1 tan
q s1 21.3
60
42.5
77
9. Stress Transformation
78
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.11
State of plane stress at a pt is shown on the element.
Represent this state of stress on an element oriented
30 counterclockwise from position shown.
79
9. Stress Transformation
xy 6 MPa
avg
8 12
2 MPa
2
80
9. Stress Transformation
10 6
2
R 11.66 MPa
81
9. Stress Transformation
82
9. Stress Transformation
83
9. Stress Transformation
84
9. Stress Transformation
85
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.12
Axial force of 900 N and torque of 2.50 Nm are
applied to shaft. If shaft has a diameter of 40 mm,
determine the principal stresses at a pt P on its
surface.
86
9. Stress Transformation
P
900 N
716.2 kPa
4
A 0.02 m
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
87
9. Stress Transformation
88
9. Stress Transformation
89
9. Stress Transformation
9.6 STRESS VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT A PRISMATIC BEAM
90
9. Stress Transformation
9.6 STRESS VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT A PRISMATIC BEAM
91
9. Stress Transformation
9.6 STRESS VARIATIONS THROUGHOUT A PRISMATIC BEAM
92
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.13
Beam is subjected to the distributed loading of
= 120kN/m. Determine the principal stresses in the
beam at pt P, which lies at the top of the web.
Neglect the size of the fillets and stress
concentrations at this pt. I = 67.1(10-6) m4.
93
9. Stress Transformation
M 30.6 kN m
Stress components
At pt P,
My 30.6 10 N m 0.100 m
I
6.74 106 m4
3
45.4 MPa
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
94
9. Stress Transformation
It
6.74 106 m4 0.010 m
35.2 MPa
Principal stresses
Using Mohrs circle, the principal
stresses at P can be determined.
95
9. Stress Transformation
q p 2 28.6
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
96
9. Stress Transformation
97
9. Stress Transformation
98
9. Stress Transformation
99
9. Stress Transformation
100
9. Stress Transformation
abs
max
max min
2
9 - 13
101
9. Stress Transformation
102
9. Stress Transformation
abs
max
max
2
9 - 15
103
9. Stress Transformation
max
max min
9 - 16
104
9. Stress Transformation
105
9. Stress Transformation
106
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.14
Due to applied loading,
element at the pt on the
frame is subjected to the
state of plane stress shown.
Determine the principal
stresses and absolute
maximum shear stress
at the pt.
107
9. Stress Transformation
20 10 40
2
41.2 kPa
108
9. Stress Transformation
109
9. Stress Transformation
110
9. Stress Transformation
31.2 51.2)
41.2 kPa
2
avg
max min
2
31.2 51.2
10 kPa
2
111
9. Stress Transformation
112
9. Stress Transformation
EXAMPLE 9.15
The pt on the surface of the cylindrical pressure
vessel is subjected to the state of plane stress.
Determine the absolute maximum shear stress at this
pt.
113
9. Stress Transformation
114
9. Stress Transformation
abs
max
16 MPa
avg 16 MPa
16 MPa
2
2
max
avg
max min
32 0
16 MPa
2
115
9. Stress Transformation
abs
max
avg
32 16
8 MPa
2
32 16
16
24 MPa
2
116
9. Stress Transformation
CHAPTER REVIEW
Plane stress occurs when the material at a pt is
subjected to two normal stress components x
and y and a shear stress xy.
Provided these components are known, then
the stress components acting on an element
having a different orientation can be
determined using the two force equations of
equilibrium or the equations of stress
transformation.
117
9. Stress Transformation
CHAPTER REVIEW
For design, it is important to determine the
orientations of the element that produces the
maximum principal normal stresses and the
maximum in-plane shear stress.
Using the stress transformation equations, we
find that no shear stress acts on the planes of
principal stress.
The planes of maximum in-plane shear stress
are oriented 45 from this orientation, and on
these shear planes there is an associated
average normal stress (x + y)/2.
2005 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
118
9. Stress Transformation
CHAPTER REVIEW
Mohrs circle provides a semi-graphical aid for
finding the stress on any plane, the principal normal
stresses, and the maximum in-plane shear stress.
To draw the circle, the and axes are
established, the center of the circle [(x + y)/2, 0],
and the controlling pt (x, xy) are plotted.
The radius of the circle extends between these two
points and is determined from trigonometry.
119
9. Stress Transformation
CHAPTER REVIEW
The absolute maximum shear stress will be
equal to the maximum in-plane shear stress,
provided the in-plane principal stresses have
the opposite sign.
If they are of the same sign, then the absolute
maximum shear stress will lie out of plane. Its
value is abs max 0 / 2.
max
120