Verb tenses describe the time when an action occurs, they are made mostly from two components: ut 2S OS weLintL ye re WS verb tenses oe ~t Lan ae gcompenents (4! 93 ~ 1. The Principal Parts of the verb and, in some cases 2. Helping verbs ‘There are four principal parts of any verb in English: - ix 2b ve CL verb Mix . The infinitive . The present participle . The past . The past participle The basic form of the verb Repe = te © i Sverb » The Infinitive .1ends in -i1 verb “to be”_ 27 £ - Gu infinitive verb ~The Present Participle .2 iat oF Ltt oe ee he OY Se -ing Ut Gn -? 1 S verb “to be" # = te U Ub 1 helping verb = It is always used with a helping verb which is a form of the Verb = cook Present participle = cooking I was cooking breakfast when the telephone rang. Helping verb = was that the present participle, which ends in-ing looks the same as a gerund & gerund z <-ing 4 #7 £ U7 The present participle eu Gerund of cook = cooking ‘The present participle is used as a verb with a helping verb “a form of the verb “to be”. A gerund is used in place of a noun. Sues o helping verb 2 £ The present participle -ut LS Je noun 1% Gerund & ut LS Jeet verb a2 Coking is my favorite hobby. Cooking = gerund = subject of the verb “is”usually ends in ed = Lb-ed ut #7 £ F db infinitive verb : The Past . 3 ~~ bk dt verb & Past # Verb = to cook Past = cooked I cooked breakfast for my sister yesterday morning. 4. The Past Participle:- looks like the past; it usually ends in -ed. It’s always used with a helping verb which is a form of verb “to have” the # LS jute -ed ut #7 £ The Past Participle . 4 Lpast S verb Ul -ut LS verb £ past participle ¢helping verb i #- Lverb ut ¥ = vei LAS verb up LS Slat Verb = to cook Past participle = have cooked Ihave cooked breakfast for my family many times.There are twelve tenses in English language. wt past «Ub present ut dx & e of old ci Tenses vo a Ur ab ok ay J Tense dix oe future ust ~ut Tenses «| Fos -o if . present indefinite . Present continuous. . Present prefect . Present prefect continuous Past indefinite . Past continuous . Past perfect . Past perfect continuous ). Future indefinite 10.Future continuous 11 Future perfect 12.Future perfect continuous SP e2NAWEwNeEPresent indefinite tense describes action happening now. It’s formed using the basic form of the verb. We usually use basic form of verb in the sentence of present indefinite tens. Let 6 ee i Ut Ub 12 The Present Indefinite Tense . 1 ~ 2 deo Ue PK S verb L Ltense Ut x cl ter Verb = to cook Basic or infinitive form = cook Present tense = I cook. We use above verb without any change, when “I, you, we, they or a plural noun” come in a sentence as a subject. 2 £ lyou,we,they or any plural noun f £ verb Lt gi Lf dei Lbe A Icook breakfast every morning We always add “e or es” to a basic form of the verb, when “he, she, it or any singular noun” come in a sentence as subject. <1 Ut & subject 1 He, she,it or any singular noun - Lu juitests 7 ee S verb Fx Lut soi€ests AL ped f verb F He cooks breakfast for his wife every morning.WILLS sav ests & Lverb 1- After s, sh, ch and x we add es. Pass — passes wash- washes Catch - catches mix - mixes 2- some verbs ending in o have es. Go — goes do = does 3- when a verb ends in a consonant + y, ‘The y changes to ies. Hurry hurries copy ~ copies We do not change y after a vowel. i o i a dh SNe asl JC et red ‘ ° Affirmative sentence consist of “subject, verb and objective”. oi . . ~< tx Fz object 4s! subject, verb 224 1 0 We go You go He goesIt goes They go “Do not or does not” is used between subject and verbs. Example:- does do not Ut wie» £ verb wl subject 2 £ Lb & it ue he, she, it subject ¢ Aug LS 516 not ce ~~ LS 5b1 € does not 7 singular noun ils! 6do not #7 plural noun nvan I, You, We, they subject Lut Subject do not or does not verbs I do not go We do not go You do not go He does not go She does not go It does not go ‘They do not go “Do or does” is used before subject and ends in question mark. Example:- BW kL ES Does\DoL Lib & de £ Vhe, she, it subject © 42 ALeth Ww Je t ATL subject 6 £2 wi -~ ZS 31 6 Does ¥ x» singular noun é -L “ J 3) Do 3 x plural noun wt I, You, We, theyDo Do Does Does Do we you he she they 10 verbs, go go go go go go Guestion mark‘The present continuous means that we are in the middle of an action. Present participle is used with helping in a sentence. i 6 ue 7 «a7 = The Present Continuous Tense . 2 helping verb é Ub -ing J verb -ut ut oes £ LS OY | He,She, It -e th Y Se! FL £ "are" "is" wl you,we, they uf < 24 Jett is a Lsingular noun eee LS Shi am A £1 wlare LL plural df ~n a 11 Ut & subject 1% Verb = to cook Present participle = cooking Present continuous tense = am cooking. Tam cooking lunch for my wife Rule of “-ing” wdyi LES Sl 6 -ing 2 L Verb 1. we normally leave out e when we add ing to a verb: Take — taking drive - driving But we keep a double e before ing. See — seeing agree — agreeing 2. when a verb ends in ie, it changes to ying. Die ~ dying lie — lying But y does not change. Hurry — hurrying12 3. Sometimes we double a final consonant. This happens when a one- syllable verb ends with one vowel and one consonant, e.g. win, put. Win-winning put — putting ~AE Slo uot BC eae Affirmative sentence of present continuous consist of “Subject, helping verb, verb, object. asx vo 4 object us! subject, helping verb, verb 42 =3 cee Go wee au eines Subject Helping verb I am going. We are going. You are going He going. She going. It going They are going “Not” is used between helping verb and verb to form negative sentence.13, ate LS But "Not" % uke» £ verb x! helping verb en be We 2 & or Lh Subject helping verb “Not” Verb T am not going. We are not going. You are not going. He is not going. She is not going. It is not going. They are not going. “Helping verb” is used before subject and ends in question mark to form an interrogative sentence. question f ATE BS Hut bat £ & LS Helping verb ~ ur 26 mark Helping Verb Subject Verb Question mark Am I going ? Are we going ? Are you going 2 Is he going 2 Is she going ? Is it going 2 Are they going 2Present perfect tense describes action happing in the past up to the present. ‘The present perfect tense is formed by taking the past participle and putting in front of it the present tense of the verb “to have” tu Use past 2 re GY The Present Perfect Tense . 3 Ul Past Participle & verb 2 L£ tense (1 -»# present He ut 2 Jv! "have" | "has" helping verb #t- £ e has J » (7 subject .# Ut & singular noun ur ¢ She, it 1, You, + plural noun Gs subject ¢ 42 Ait £. ut de a u S Jet have 3 # We or they Past participle of “to cook” = cooked Present tense of “to have” = he has Present perfect tense = he has cooked He has cooked breakfast for his family every day for the last year. Ae Dien was Ze ete ‘The affirmative sentence of present perfect tense consist of “subject, helping verb, verb and object. ter ve 4 Subject , helping verb, verb and object AE ok wen We Wh 2 oieHelping verb Verb have gone. have gone, have gone. has gone has gone. has gone. have gone. “Not” is put between helping verb and subject to form a Negative sentence BAL S lel 6 Not uf wl» £ verb us! Helping verb we fe be Ul 28 ot hh B Subject Helping Verb “Not? Verb I have not gone. We have not gone. You have not gone. He has not gone. She has not gone. Tt has not gone. ‘They has not gone. “Helping verb” is put before subject and ends in question mark. Woe de AAT ot SG Ut bet E & S Helping verb wel ba We EZ Be th BB nples: + Helping verb subject. —_verb question mark Have I gone 2 Have we gone ? Have you gone ? Has he gone 2 Has she gone 2 Has it gone 2 Have they gone ?16 Itis used to indicate an action that began in the past and is still going on: as, wt As re or The Present Perfect Continuous Tense . 4 i» Present Participle c verb 7 We & oI tu ty <= GY 9! He, She, It, -< dee Jet #- £ helping verb 6 28 1L,You,We, They .#! has been #“l- £ singular noun for 1 since -£ i Jit 6 have been #- £ plural noun period of f for as! point of time ¥ since «Ut Prepositions 2 ut LS Sie Ut tense ut 2 £ time Ithas been raining since 4o’clock. We have been playing hockey for twenty minutes. The present participle is use for present perfect continuous tense “go = going”. The prepositions since and for are used to denote point of time and a period of time respectively. ~d% Sle ol SO ne An affirmative sentence consist of subject. helping “have been” , and object. as a ue tx ae 4 Object 4! subject, helping verb 17 = wet be Ul &helping verb verb have been going have been going have been going has been going has been going has been going. have been going. “Not” is put between has/have and been to form a negative sentence. Sl! 6 Not % ws £ been wf! hashhave 2 £ Lk & 3t web be Ut 2 eit eS Subject Has/Have Not Been verb I have not been going. We have not been going. You have not been going. He has not been going. She has not been going. It has not been going. They have not been going. “Helping verb” comes before subject and ends in question mark. Bal SL ths? £ & Shasinave LL Lt. dt ir we nb a Ul & Beth ub be WAL Helping verb Subject. Question mark Have I been going ? Have we been going ? Have you been going ? Has she been going 2 2 Has he been goingHas it been going Have they been goingPast tense describes action happing in the past. The past tense is formed from the past form of the verb. baw Lee uo’ Ut 2b) The Past Indefinite Tense 1 f rs es past( verb a £ Tense v/! ~e tn 6 LS “up LF Se Verb = to cook Past tense = cooked Example:- He cooked dinner last night ees adle~ v9) 3 ~ An affirmative sentence contains subject, verb “past” and object. pba wie Z Bie tx oY, subjec, verb, object 24 bat They went.20 “Did not” comes between subject and the first form of verb. bi dx verb us! subject ¥ Didnoteh £ Lt, £8 3t © first form verb Zt £ past form verb 24 det eft be WZ ot LM Subject Did Not I did not go. We did not 0. You did not go. He did not go. She did not go. It did not go. They did not go. “Did” comes before subject and first form of verb is used in sentence. It ends in question mark. Baeth Si Ke subject f Didd CLb sw £ past form verb S Ebon ete Wot die ut AIL jar Be ul £ ut LAU ee first form f verb A -e 0 Did Subject Verb Question mark Did I go ? Did we go ? Did you go 2 Did he go ? Did she go 2 Did it go ? Did they go ?2 ‘The past continuous means that at a time in the past we were in the middle of and action. Present participle is used with helping verb for this tense. ese re “ Ut WL 213 The Past Continuous Tense. 2 Ee de -ing if verb 2 L£ Tense x obs L Lal ~o te Jb*1¥’helping verb, "was" or "were #1 ¥ was?» subject & 22 singular noun Of ssil,He,She, It #- Lplural noun GF ws! You, We, They, i LS Je! ~ut LS Je 6 were Verb= to cook Present participle = cooking The past continuous = was/were cooking. ooking dinner for his wife. he adie sas wl 6 1. Affirmative sentence An affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, verb and object. ain vo 4 object 4s subject, helping verb, verb 4 2+ ce bo Gao wee au Helping verb Verb was going were going. were going was going was going. was going.They were going. “Not” is put between subject and helping verb. bt ALS Slot 8 "Not" f oles £ verb us! helping verb cen Ve Ue Zk Lt Subject Helping verb Not Verb I was not going. We were not going. You were not going. He was not going. She was not going. It was not going. They were not going. “Helping verb” comes before subject and ends in question mark. question of ATL 2S ht bs? £ & SF Helping verb ~ ur 8 mark Helping verb Subject Verb Question mark Was I going ? Were we going ? you going ? he going ? she going ? it going ? they going23 ‘The past perfect tense describes action happening in the past before some other past tense action. The past perfect tense is formed by taking the past participle and putting in front of it a verb which is the past tense of the verb “to have”. = Lats £6 6 tf Ht The Past Perfect Tense . 3 past J verb 2 < Tense UI -2b x ly ce ive “ ~uf Le € had J heping #- & 6 bb participle Past participle of “to cook” = cooked Past tense of “to have” = he had Past perfect tense = he had cooked dinner when suddenly the doorbell rang. ~de Se sl BU one Asta Senet, The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, and verb. ae on FO ~ object 4s! subject, helping verb, verb 4 =* wehbe Powe 2 Ait Subject helping verb verb I had gone. We had gone. You had gone. He had gone. She had gone It had gone. ‘They had gone.“Not” comes between helping verb and verb. dA LS St 8 Not" Ut le» £ verb 1»! helping verb wen bea We EZ ap Lt dt Subject Helping Not Verb T had not gone. We had not gone. You had not gone. He had not gone. She had not gone. It had not gone. ‘They had not gone. “Helping verb” is put before a and ends in question mark. question MATL KES Ab Lew ¥ Helping verb -u 2 mark Helping verb Subject Verb Question mark Had I gone ? Had we gone 2 Had you gone 2 Had he gone ? Had she gone 2 Had it gone 2 2 Had they gone25, It is used to denote an action that was finished at some definite time in the past, but which had been going on before it was finished: as, re “ Ut 0% 213 The Past Perfect Continuous Tense . 4 nF Ala be Cee SS ebpe cauh ym & rs Gb present participle S verb ze £ tense Ux vg hut LF Jet hadbeen ~ helping #- £ 6 -ing point of time -£ uy Je & for 1 since fA i i tense ~ut LF ei # for 2 £ period of time 4! since 2 £ 1. Tt had been raining since 4 o'clock. 2. We had been playing hockey for twenty minutes. The prepositions since and for are used to denote a point of time and a period of time respectively. ~42 Ne ol JC ad 1. Affirmative sentence. The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb and verb 5 lx 4 object 4s! subject, helping verb, verb 42 = web bao we Ze aut Subject Helping verb Verb I had been going We had been going. You had been going He had been going She had beenIt had been going. “Not” is put between “had” and “been”. th ut Ub» £ been wihad S Nott £ Lt & Jt -e an Ba Wh EZ Bie Subject Had Not Been Verb i had not been going. We had not been going You had not been going He had not been going. She had not been going. It had not been gong. ‘They had not been going. 3. Interrogative Sentences. “Had” is put before subject and ends in question mark. BwtethW til Bfnadd fit & Steae 8 UO Be Ee He OE ae RL Had Subject Been Verb Question mark Had T been going ? Had we been going ? Had you been going ? Had he — been going 2 Had she been going ? Had it been going ? ? Had they been goingA verb that refers to the future time is said to be in the future tense. It is used to denote a single act that has still to take place: as, Cow LS £ re a ut EP" 213 The Future Tense . 1 shall 1»! will 12 helping #l < first form JS verb -» 4 nouns and ¢l? Gt shan ZU £ we wit up LF Ju we be Y eH Swill #4 £ pronouns 1. I shall go to Karachi tomorrow. 2. He will take the examination in April, 2006 Affirmative, negative and interrogative Sentences ~AE LSlo~ yeh AC 1. Affirmative sentences The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb and object. oe 4 object 4s! subject, helping verb, verb 4 = ax¢ wee Ga we EZ Sit Ee Subject Helping verb Verb I shall go. We shall go. You will go. He will go. She will g It will go. They will go.“Not” comes between shall/will and verb. dA LS SUI 8 "Not" Ut ole» £ verb 1»! helping verb wen bea We EZ ap Lt dt Shal/Will Not Verb shall not g0., shall not go. will not go. will not go. will not go. will not go. ‘They will not go. “Helping verb” is put before subject and ends in question mark. question t JTL BS St 2 £ & S Helping verb ~ ur 26 mark Helping verb Subject Verb Question mark Shall I 20 ? Shall we £0 ? will you £0 2 will he g0 2 will she £0 ? will it 20 2 will they g0 229 It is used to represent an action that will keep going on, at some time in the future ; as “ u“ ae a v oe The Future Continuous Tense .2 U verb xp ex tuwel Lf Lee U1 6 will be us! Shall be — helping #- & a Ue -ing nouns and fl vs! shall be A £ we wil uf -ur LS 3! ¥ willbe #- £ pronouns He will be taking a bath in the morning. “Not” is put between will/shall and be. BUI Not ut Ubw £ be ws! shallwill 2 LL, & St cet Cae wed &pis [eae Ly ese Subject Shill/will Not Be* Verb I shall not be going. We shall not be going. You will not be going. He will not be going. She will not be going. It will not be going. They will not be going.30 It is used to denote an action that will be completed at some point in the Future; as ta? £ pes” ut 213 The Future Perfect Tense 3 past participle verb - 6 # Ga oa re by & eds Jet ¥ shall have 4! will have — helping #- £ ? os nouns and ¢i7 Gl»! Shallhave #- £ we wll uf 24 -ut LS 5! € will 4 £ pronouns I shall have returned form school before the clock strikes four. Affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences ~d2 Sie ss) JO one The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, verb and object. ax im 4 object 4s! subject, helping verb, verb 4 ee -ebe be wed eu Subleck = Hebing York shall have gone We shall have gone You willhave gone He willhave gone. She willhave gone It willhave gone They willhave — gone.31 “Not” is put between “shall/will” and “have”. ty US Not ut uy» £ have shallwill 2 £ Lb & 3 -e bn hb tus Z Examples:- Subject Shall/will “Not? Have Verb I shall not have gone. We shall not have gone. You will not have gone. He will not have gone. She will not have gone. It will not have gone. ‘They will not have gone. “will/shall” comes before subject and ends in question mark. question MATL KS H tol e# ¥ Helping verb <6 mark WilVshall Subject — Have Verb Question mark Shall T have gone ? Shall we have gone 2 Will you have gone 2 Will he have gone 2 Will it have gone 2 > Will they have goneIt is used to denote an action as going on continuously, but not completed in the Future; as, “y ua A aad 2\ The Future Perfect Continuous Tense. 4 Sverb were S taf a cau Su? pv shall have ~ helping BE e dls present participle 2 E£ We wi l_ut 24 Jt & will have been ! been will # £ nouns and pronouns fe oy shall have been & since .»! for * Ut tense U1 -ur 2S 4) 6 have been E point of time £ since «uf prepositions x £ uy Ji ~t LS ert dL L period of time £ for ui 2 1. Tshall have been saving a rupee a day since July 1. 2. Ishall have been saving a rupee a day for two years. This tense is seldom used. But whenever it is used like every other perfect continuous tense, the preposition since and for are used to denote a point of time and a period of time respectively Affirmative, negative and interrogative sentences de aie ass Zl ant33 ‘The affirmative sentence contains subject, helping verb, verb and objective. 5 lx 4 object 4! subject, helping verb, verb 42 = eh bee 2 Sau Subject. Helping verb verb I shall have been going. We shall have been going. You will have been going. He will have been going. She will have been going. It will have been going. They will have been going. “Not” is put between “shall/will” and “have”. BUI Not Uf ws £ have»! shallwill 2 £ Li 4 Se en be Wee 2ipll Eee Subject Shal/Will Not Have Been Verb I shall not have been going. We shall not have been gong. You will not have been going. He will not have been going. She will not have been going. It will not have been going. They will not have been going. “Shill/will” comes before subject and ends in question mark. question f ATL BS Lt tl & ¥ Helping verb 26 mark Shill/will Subject Have Been Verb Question mark Shall I have been goingShall Will Will Will Will Will we you he she it they 34 have been have been have been have been have been The End going going going going going have been going 2 2 9 2