Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
ABSTRACT: This paper describes a software package whose purpose is to provide a tool
to be used for load flow analysis in Power System Analysis courses. The software package
which is called Distribution Systems Power Flow Analysis Package (DSPFAP) uses the graphical
user interface (GUI) capabilities of Matlab. The main advantage of the developed package is
that the load flow analysis can be achieved in both transmission and distribution levels. The
package facilitates different forward/backward sweep-based algorithms to be used for the
distribution systems and conventional NewtonRaphson, GaussSeidel algorithms for the
transmission system load flow analysis. In addition to that, effect of voltage dependent load
models and effects of DGs on the distribution systems load flow solution can be investigated
using the program. It is also possible to use conventional algorithms for distribution system
load flow analysis in the package. The package can freely be downloaded from the website:
http://www.gyte.edu.tr/Dosya/102/power/. 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 18:
113, 2010; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20209
INTRODUCTION
ments, computational efficiency and robust convergence characteristic, forward/backward sweep based
algorithms have gained the most popularity for
distribution systems load flow analysis. These sweep
based algorithms generally take advantage of the
radial network topology and consist of forward and/or
backward sweep processes. The forward sweep is
mainly consists of node voltage calculation by using
Kirchooffs Laws [1014] or making use of the wellknown bi-quadratic equation [1520] from the
sending end to the far end of a feeder or laterals,
and the backward sweep is primarily branch current
and/or power summation from the far end to the
sending end of the feeder and laterals. In addition to
the branch current and/or power, the node voltages are
also computed at the backward sweep process in some
sweep-algorithms [14,17].
In electrical power systems, load modeling is a
difficult problem due to the fact that the electrical
loads of a system comprise residential, commercial,
industrial, and municipal loads. It should also be noted
that, variation of the loads over time and number of
uncertainties, spanning from economic parameters
to the weather conditions, significantly increase the
complexity of load modeling process. On the other
hand, aggregate load models, which represent the
load as an algebraic equation, have extensively being
used for various power system studies to understand
and analyze the system behavior under various
conditions. Traditionally, most of the conventional
load flow methods, for transmission and distribution
systems, use the constant-power load model. The
constant-power load model is highly questionable,
especially for a distribution system where most of the
buses are uncontrolled. Therefore, incorporation of
proper modeling of loads is particularly important
for the load flow analysis in distribution level.
Accordingly, a number of studies, found in the
literature, deal with the effects of static load models
on the load flow solution of the distribution systems
[5,16,17,20].
Distributed generation (DG) is defined as the
generation which is dispersed throughout a utilitys
service territory and either connected to the utilitys
distribution system or small and grid isolated. DG
technologies include Photovoltaic, Wind Turbines,
Fuel Cells, small and micro sized turbine packages
and so on. These technologies are entering a period of
rapid expansion and commercialization. During the
last decade many electric power systems around the
world have been deregulated and DG is predicted to
play an increasing role in the electric power system of
the near future. The introduction of DG sources on
distribution system can significantly impact the flow
DSPFAP
1-a
r V
s Is Z
V
1-b
s and V
r stand for phase voltages at bus s and
where V
bus r, respectively. Is , represents the line current and Z
is the line impedance. In Kirchoffs formulation based
sweep algorithms, developed in Refs. [1014], the
forward sweep is mainly node voltage calculation
from the sending end to the far end of a feeder or
laterals using Equation (1-b) for each branch, and the
backward sweep is primarily branch current calculation from the far end to the sending end using
Kirchoffs Current Law. In addition to the branch
current, the node voltages are also computed in
backward sweep by using Equation (1-a) in some
sweep-based algorithms, that is, Ref. [14].
For the same line, given in Figure 1, the quadratic
equation can be written in terms of line sending and
receiving ends voltage magnitudes and line receiving
end power, as given in Ref. [15], as follow
Vr4 2Vr2 Pr R Qr X Vs2 Vr2 P2r Q2r Z 2 0
2
where Vs and Vr stand for phase voltage magnitudes at
bus s and bus r. Z is the magnitude of the line
impedance. yz, ds, and dr stand for phase angle of the
line impedance and bus voltages, respectively. The
maximum real root of Equation (2) gives the line
receiving end voltage magnitude. The quadratic
equation can also be written in terms of line sending
end powers instead of receiving end powers, as given
in Ref. [16];
s
P2 Q2 Z 2
3
Vr Vs2 2Ps R Qs X s 2 s
Vs
where Ps and Qs stand for line sending end active and
reactive power, respectively. The second type of
sweep algorithms, given in Refs. [1517], is developed by solving quadratic equation (Eq. 2) or using
Equation (3) for every branch in the forward sweep
a1
RPs XQs
Vs2
5-c
RQs XPs
5-d
Vs2
In the study of Satyanarayana et al. [20], authors
developed an algorithm for balanced radial distribution systems. The algorithm consists of forward
voltage calculation and backward power and current
summation. In the forward process the node voltage of
each branch is computed using Equation (6) in the
network, and each branch power including power
losses updated in the backward process. Maximum
node voltage mismatch is used for the convergence
criteria in the algorithm.
b
DV 0
RPs XQs
Vs
4-a
DV 00
XPs RQs
Vs
4-b
Qr
fr tan
Pr
6-a
4-c
6-b
Vr
q
Vs DV 0 2 DV 002
dr ds tan1
DV 00
Vs DV 0
4-d
5-a
s a ImV
s
r b ReV
ImV
5-b
1
s
K K 2 4R2 X 2 P2r x sec2 fr 1=2
Vr
6-c
2
The general structure and main features of the
forward/backward sweep based algorithms, implemented in this paper, are tabulated in Table 1. In
the second Column of Table 1, the algorithms which
can also be applied to the unbalanced distribution
networks are shown. In Column 3, how the node
voltages of the system are calculated is briefly
explained. In the algorithms, the branch power or
Unbalanced
H
H
H
H
Backward sweep
Forward
sweep
Backward
sweep
Branch
current
Branch
power
Convergence criterion
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq.
Eq. (1-a)
Eq. (1-a)
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
(1-b)
(1-b)
(1-b)
(1-b)
(1-b)
(2)
(3)
(2)
(4)
(5)
(6)
DSPFAP
3 2
32 3
110
I2
B1
4 B2 5 4 010 54 I3 5
001
I4
B3
2
B BIBCI
9-a
9-b
i 1; 2; . . . ; m
10
Computer Algorithm
Figure 2
SOFTWARE DESCRIPTION
Developed package, called DSPFAP, consists of one
main window that allows user to solve load flow
problem for distribution and also for transmission
systems. All of the program routines of the package
use Matlab m-files, version 7.0. The main window,
given in Figure 4, divided into three sections called
System Data, Load Flow Algorithms, and Load Flow
Results. The System Data Section provides user to
input the system load and branch data in the form of
IEEE common data format, that is, given in Ref. [23].
These branch and load data can be typed in using the
branch data and load data textbox which are displayed
by clicking Bus and Line data button as given in
Figure 5, or can be loaded from a file using IEEE Data
Format button. The system data can also be saved as a
text file named as filename.dsf using Save button,
and then it can be loaded using Open button as given
in Figure 6. It is also possible to use static load model
like given in Equation (11) by including np and nq to
the load data matrix in the System Data Section of the
package as can be seen from Figure 5.
np
V
P Po
11-a
Vo
Q Qo
algorithm.
Step 5: Set the counter as i i 1.
Step 6: Read the data from the DF matrix
(s DF(i,j), r DF(i,j1), R DF(i,j2), X DF(i,j3)).
V
Vo
nq
11-b
DSPFAP
Figure 4 Main window of DSPFAP. Input and output data are given and seen at this
DSPFAP.
charge, industrial motors, Fluorescent Lamps [17].
Moreover, the program allows the user to incorporate
of DGs into load flow analysis as a single-phase
constant complex power generation device, like the
model given in Ref. [22]. Active and reactive power
generations data can be entered by the user in the load
data section using dedicated textbox. The system bus
number, base power and voltage, and convergence
tolerance value are given using their textbox and then
the load and branch data can be controlled by using
Control Data button. The Control Data button also
DSPFAP
Table 2
Bus
No.
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
33-bus/[20]
Package
F/B sweep
[10]
Package
N.R.
PFlow
[25]
0.99433
0.98902
0.98057
0.96983
0.96654
0.96376
0.95533
0.94730
0.94448
0.94358
0.94337
0.99433
0.98902
0.98057
0.96983
0.96654
0.96376
0.95533
0.94730
0.94448
0.94357
0.94337
0.99434
0.98903
0.98057
0.96983
0.96654
0.96375
0.95532
0.94729
0.94448
0.94357
0.94336
69-bus/[20]
Package
F/B sweep
[10]
Package
N.R.
PFlow
[25]
0.99703
0.98290
0.97539
0.96796
0.94948
0.94596
0.93230
0.92596
0.92009
0.91922
0.91770
0.91153
0.90924
0.90781
0.90643
0.90438
0.90377
0.99650
0.99292
0.99222
0.99158
0.97931
0.97264
0.96931
0.94755
0.94499
0.93354
0.92533
0.92177
0.91760
0.91669
0.91641
0.99703
0.98290
0.97539
0.96796
0.94948
0.94596
0.93230
0.92596
0.92009
0.91922
0.91771
0.91153
0.90924
0.90781
0.90643
0.90438
0.90377
0.99650
0.99292
0.99222
0.99158
0.97931
0.97264
0.96931
0.94755
0.94499
0.93354
0.92532
0.92177
0.91760
0.91669
0.91641
0.99704
0.98291
0.97540
0.96797
0.94949
0.94598
0.93230
0.92598
0.92010
0.91923
0.91772
0.91153
0.90924
0.90780
0.90643
0.90437
0.90375
0.99650
0.99293
0.99223
0.99158
0.97933
0.97266
0.96931
0.94757
0.94500
0.93355
0.92533
0.92177
0.91760
0.91670
0.91642
Package
F/B sweep
[10]
Package
N.R.
0.99997
0.99994
0.99985
0.99903
0.99009
0.98080
0.97858
0.97745
0.97245
0.97134
0.96818
0.96526
0.96236
0.95949
0.95895
0.95807
0.95806
0.95760
0.95730
0.95682
0.95681
0.95674
0.95658
0.95641
0.95634
0.95633
0.99993
0.99986
0.99974
0.99972
0.99961
0.99935
0.99902
0.99895
0.99992
0.99975
0.99959
0.99955
0.99954
0.99885
0.99856
0.99852
0.99851
0.99841
0.99841
0.99980
0.99855
0.99471
0.99416
0.97855
0.99997
0.99994
0.99985
0.99903
0.99010
0.98081
0.97859
0.97746
0.97246
0.97136
0.96820
0.96527
0.96237
0.95950
0.95897
0.95809
0.95808
0.95761
0.95731
0.95683
0.95683
0.95675
0.95660
0.95643
0.95636
0.95634
0.99993
0.99986
0.99974
0.99972
0.99961
0.99935
0.99902
0.99895
0.99992
0.99975
0.99959
0.99955
0.99954
0.99885
0.99856
0.99852
0.99851
0.99842
0.99842
0.99980
0.99855
0.99471
0.99416
0.97856
PFlow
[25]
12-bus
(Continued )
10
Table 2 (Continued )
System
12-bus
Bus
No.
Package
F/B sweep
[10]
Package
N.R.
33-bus/[20]
PFlow
[25]
Package
F/B sweep
[10]
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
TEST EXAMPLES
Several distribution and transmission networks are
used to test the reliability of the developed power flow
analysis package (DSPFAP). From the analyses, it is
concluded that all results obtained by using different
sweep and conventional load flow algorithms which
are used in the package are in close agreement. The
maximum difference between the bus voltages
computed by using different algorithms is lower than
0.00003 pu. for the value of 104 which is used for the
convergence tolerance. The node voltage magnitudes
of the radial distribution test systems obtained by
using the forward/backward sweep algorithm, developed in Ref. [10], and NewtonRaphson algorithm
are given in Table 2 with the result of a standard power
flow program, PFLOW [25], designed by using
Newtons Method and sparse matrix techniques. The
power flow result of the 12-bus distribution test
system can also be seen in Figure 7. From the results,
Package
N.R.
69-bus/[20]
PFlow
[25]
Package
F/B sweep
[10]
Package
N.R.
0.97854
0.97466
0.97141
0.96694
0.96257
0.94010
0.92904
0.92476
0.91974
0.91234
0.91205
0.91166
0.90976
0.90919
0.97129
0.97128
0.96785
0.96785
0.97855
0.97467
0.97143
0.96696
0.96259
0.94012
0.92906
0.92478
0.91976
0.91236
0.91207
0.91169
0.90979
0.90921
0.97130
0.97130
0.96787
0.96787
PFlow
[25]
DSPFAP
Table 3
11
Voltage Magnitude and Total Losses of Radial Distribution Test Systems With DGs
System
12-bus system with DGs located at bus-6 and
bus-12, PDG %10 of total active power,
QDG %7 of total reactive power
Bus No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Power losses with
DGs
Power losses
without DGs
Package F/B
sweep [18]
Package
N.R.
PFlow
[25]
Package F/B
sweep [18]
Package
N.R.
PFlow
[25]
1.00000
0.99542
0.99129
0.98493
0.97733
0.97512
0.97286
0.96650
0.96111
0.95962
0.95941
0.95975
1.00000
0.99542
0.99129
0.98493
0.97733
0.97512
0.97286
0.96650
0.96111
0.95962
0.95941
0.95975
1.00000
0.99542
0.99129
0.98493
0.97733
0.97512
0.97286
0.96650
0.96111
0.95962
0.95941
0.95975
1.00000
0.99761
0.98658
0.98137
0.97633
0.96098
0.95869
0.95096
0.94816
0.94583
0.94555
0.94514
0.94402
0.94390
0.94453
0.94561
0.94862
0.95043
0.99708
0.99350
0.99280
0.99216
0.98301
0.97637
0.97305
0.95908
0.95655
0.94525
0.93713
0.93362
0.92951
0.92861
0.92833
1.00000
0.99761
0.98659
0.98137
0.97634
0.96099
0.95870
0.95098
0.94817
0.94585
0.94556
0.94515
0.94403
0.94391
0.94455
0.94563
0.94864
0.95044
0.99708
0.99350
0.99280
0.99216
0.98301
0.97637
0.97306
0.95909
0.95656
0.94527
0.93715
0.93364
0.92954
0.92863
0.92835
Ploss 133.48 kW
Qloss 91.88 kWAr
Ploss 210.78 kW
Qloss 142.86 kWAr
1.00000
0.99761
0.98659
0.98137
0.97634
0.96099
0.95870
0.95098
0.94817
0.94585
0.94556
0.94515
0.94403
0.94391
0.94455
0.94563
0.94864
0.95044
0.99708
0.99350
0.99280
0.99216
0.98301
0.97637
0.97306
0.95909
0.95656
0.94527
0.93715
0.93364
0.92954
0.92863
0.92835
Ploss 11.9918 kW
Qloss 4.7019 kWAr
Ploss 20.6919 kW
Qloss 8.0578 kWAr
CONCLUSIONS
In this paper, a software package called DSPFAP
for distribution and transmission systems load flow
12
backward sweep-based algorithms which are developed for the load flow solution of radial distribution
systems. It also provides a platform to test the
capability of the conventional NewtonRaphson and
GaussSeidel algorithms for the load flow solution
of transmission and radial distribution systems. In
addition, it gives an ability to use of the exponents of
static loads and DG in the solution of power flow
problems. The package is available at: http://www.
gyte.edu.tr/Dosya/102/power/, and can freely be
downloaded.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Muknahallipatna, S. Legowski, S. Ula, and J. Kopas,
Power system transient stability analysis software tool
for an undergraduate curriculum, Comput Appl Eng
Educ 9 (2001), 3748.
[2] H. C. Lin, An interactive framework for power system
harmonics measurement using graphical programming
and the internet, Comput Appl Eng Educ 14 (2006),
4452.
[3] C. Depcik and D. N. Assanis, Graphical user interfaces
in an engineering educational environment, Comput
Appl Eng Educ 13 (2005), 4859.
[4] S. Ayasun and C. O. Nwankpa, Transformer tests using
Matlab/Simulink and their integration into undergraduate electric machinery courses, Comput Appl
Eng Educ 14 (2006), 142150.
[5] W. D. Stevenson, Elements of power system analysis,
4th edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1982.
[6] W. G. Tinney and C. E. Hart, Power flow solutions by
Newtons method, IEEE Trans Power Ap Syst PAS-86
(1967), 14491457.
[7] S. C. Tripathy, G. D. Prasad, O. P. Malik, and G. S.
Hope, Load flow solutions for Ill-conditioned power
systems by a Newton-like method, IEEE Trans Power
Ap Syst PAS-101 (1982), 36483657.
[8] F. Zhang and C. S. Cheng, A modified Newton method
for radial distribution system power flow analysis,
IEEE Trans Power Syst 12 (1997), 389397.
[9] J. H. Teng, A modified Gauss-Seidel algorithm of
three-phase power flow analysis in distribution networks, Electr Power Energy Syst 24 (2002), 97102.
[10] D. Shirmohammadi, H. W. Hong, A. Semlyen, and G.
X. Luo, A compensation-based power flow method
for weakly meshed distribution and transmission
networks, IEEE Trans Power Syst 3 (1988), 753
762.
[11] D. Thukaram, H. M. W. Banda, and J. Jerome, A
Robust three-phase power flow algorithm for radial
[12]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22]
[23]
[24]
[25]
DSPFAP
13
BIOGRAPHIES
Ulas Eminoglu was born in Kars in Turkey,
on November 25, 1978. He received the BSc
degree in Electrical-Electronics Engineering
from Inonu University in 2000 and MSc
degree in Electrical-Electronics Engineering
from Nigde University in 2003. He joined
Gebze Institute of Technology in 2003 as
research assistant and has studied distribution
systems load flow analyses and power
electronics. He has completed his PhD in 2007 at Gebze Institute
of Technology and is currently working for Nigde University,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering as an
Assistant Professor.
Tuba Gozel was born in Konya in Turkey.
She received the BSc degree in ElectricalElectronics Engineering from Selcuk University in 1994 and MSc degree in ElectricalElectronics Engineering from Gebze Institute
of Technology in 2002. She has worked as
research assistant and has continued to PhD
program at the same institute.