GT Cal E PDF

Training
Operations
- Heavy-Duty Gas Turbine Calculation Program -
File
GT Cal E
HEAVY-DUTY GAS TURBINE

CALCULATION PROGRAM
Table of contents
Page
Start Page
Swirl Angle
Spread Graph
Maintenance
14
Simulation
23
Start / stop Simulation
27
GT Calculations
30
Compressor Dynamics
39
Copyright, July 2006
page
1
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Thomassen Turbine Systems

Gas Turbine Calculation Program (Turbine E.exe)
The Thomassen Turbine Systems Gas Turbine Calculation program is meant for training
purpose only. Part of the calculations used in the program will be explained in the training
manuals of Thomassen Turbine Systems. This program is not meant for engineering
purposes.
Warning:
This program consists of 2 parts, an .exe (executable) file and an .xls (Excel) file. The latter
is to save changed data. If changes are made directly in the Excel file the gas turbine
calculation program may not work properly anymore.
Always safe a copy of the original files.
page
2
Training
Operations
Start Page
Figure 1, start page
File
Figure 2, file
New
Creates a new file with original values.
Default
Resets all values.
Save
Saves data wile running the program.
Exit
-
Exits program. Saves your data if required.
Remark:
Always exit program by using File Exit, do not use:
File
GT Cal E
page
3
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Program choice
Figure 3, choose program
Info
Select button for information about how to operate the program in all programs.
Press info again to prevent the information appearing in all programs.
page
4
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Swirl Angle
For a gas turbine it is very important that the exhaust temperatures of the turbine are
monitored and deviations correctly interpreted. These temperatures are measured with
thermocouples (TT-XD-) in the exhaust plenum.
Heavy-duty gas turbines are designed for continuous base load (full load) operation.
When the turbine is running at base load the combustion gases will flow parallel to the axis
of the turbine. When operating at part load, with controlling IGVs or deviations from ISOconditions the speed of the gases in the hot gas path will change. These speed changes will
cause the gases to leave the last turbine stage at a different position in the exhaust plenum
than where they entered the first stage. This is called the swirl angle. The swirl angle
charts will give an indication of this angle in relation to the combustion chambers.
With this tool troubleshooting becomes more accurate in case of a change in the exhaust
temperatures, such as a higher spread in the exhaust plenum. These deviations can be
caused by defects in the hot gas path, the combustion system, or faulty thermocouples.
The program will show which thermocouple matches with which combustion chamber
depending on the output of the gas turbine. When the output of the gas turbine changes and
the same thermocouple is deviating from the others, it is most likely a faulty thermocouple. If
the output changes and the deviating thermocouple changes as well, the problem most
probably is caused by the combustion system. Such as, partly blocked fuel nozzles or cracks
in transition pieces.
Swirl Angle program
Choosing Swirl Angle in the start menu opens the Swirl Angle part of the program. This part
is meant to calculate the swirl angle of different machines at different output levels. All the
calculations are based on ISO conditions. This means that the Swirl angle can deviate at
different conditions.
Warning:
This program produces only an indication of the swirl angle.
page
5
Training
Operations
Figure 4, swirl angle
Thermocouples (TC)
Combustion chambers (orange)
Machine menu
Gas turbine cycle (Simple, Combined)
Rotation diagram (rotates Thermocouples or Combustion chambers)
Output (MW)
Swirl angle (degrees)
Figure 5, direction of view
File
GT Cal E
page
6
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Machine menu
In this part of the program two selections have to be made first. They are:
-
Type of machine
Type of Cycle (Simple Cycle, Combined Cycle)
Select the machine in block Machine.

Select the cycle in block Cycle.
Figure 6, selections for swirl angle calculation
Calculating the swirl angle

By changing the power output of the gas turbine using the scrollbar, the result of the
calculation of the swirl angle will be will be shown in degrees.
Figure 7, scrollbar to adjust output resulting in swirl angle
page
7
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Swirl angle graph

The swirl angle will be shown in the swirl angle diagram. This shows which thermocouple
matches with which combustion camber at a certain load.
A selection can also be made to choose between the rotation of the thermocouples or the
combustion chambers.
-
Rotating the combustion chambers in relation to the thermocouples

Rotating the thermocouples in relation to the combustion chambers
The selection can be made in block Rotation.
Figure 8, rotation of combustion chambers or thermocouples
Swirl angle Graph.

The red lines represent the position of the thermocouples (TC)
The orange circles represent the combustion chambers
Figure 9, swirl angle graph
page
8
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Spread Graph
The spread graph is a diagram that is shows the temperature distribution in the exhaust as a
graph. In this way the temperature variation and changes are visible in a single glance.
A lot of factors can influence the performance of a machine. The factors due to ambient
temperature and pressure will have little or no influence on the spread of the turbine. Small
variations in the functioning of the combustion chambers can cause temperature differences
in the hot gases flowing to the turbine. Because of the extreme temperatures, these
temperatures cannot be measured in a reliable manner. Therefore the temperatures are
measured at the end of the hot gas path in the exhaust plenum. The measured temperature
variations can have a number of different causes: Differences between combustion
chambers (maybe blocked fuel nozzles), damage to the hot gas path or broken
thermocouples. The program uses the same algorithms to calculating the spread limits as
are used in the gas turbine control system for combustion monitoring and protection.
Preferably the temperature spread (highest - lowest value) in the exhaust gases will be kept
as small as possible, but due to wear or damaged components the temperature spread can
increase. The spread graph can be used to monitor the changes in spread and in the
temperature changes of the individual thermocouples in relation to their neighbors. In case
of an increase in spread or a changing thermocouple the cause may be analyzed and the
solution to the problem found. This may lead to large cost savings, prevent severe damage
to the turbine and a long lasting Forced Outage.
To prevent an unnecessary trip, not only the maximum spread (S1) is calculated, but also
the second highest spread (S2) and the third highest spread (S3). Depending on the
temperatures spreads and the relative position of the lowest thermocouples the control
system decides whether a thermocouple is faulty, to generate alarms or in the worst case a
trip.
page
9
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Spread Graph program

Start page target Spread Graph opens the spread graph program. This part of the program
calculates various values and creates a graph. This is possible for several machines.
Figure 10, spread graph
Enter Thermocouple values

Enter Machine
Enter CTD (compressor temperature discharge)
Enter Swirl angle
Legend Graph
Value TTXM (average exhaust temperature)
Value TTXSPL (spread limit) en S1, S2, S3
Graph
Print function
page
10
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Fill-in thermocouples
Fill-in the measured values (C)
Figure 11, thermocouple temperature
Machine choice
The machine choice defines the amount of combustion chambers, thermocouples, and
spread limit constants.
Figure 12, Machine type
page
11
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Fill-in CTD and Swirl angle

The compressor discharge temperature (CTD) must be known to calculate the Turbine
Exhaust Temperature Spread Limit (TTXSPL).
The swirl angle can be added to the graph as well.
Figure 13, CTD and swirl angle
Upper limit = 0.5 * TTXSPL above TTXM

Alarm high = 0.4 * TTXSPL above TTXM
Alarm low = 0.4 * TTXSPL below TTXM
Lower limit = 0.5 * TTXSPL below TTXM
Temperature = measured value
Turbine Exhaust Temperature Mean value (TTXM)
Figure 14, legend graph
Value TTXM
The TTXM is the average temperature of the exhaust gases (without the highest en the
lowest measured Value).
Figure 15, calculated TTXM
Value TTXSPL and S1, S2, S3

TTXSPL is the maximum temperature difference allowed between the measured values.
This limit is determined by the following formula:
Alwsprd = TTXM ( F ) 0.145 CTD ( F ) 0.08 + 30 F

The limit is calculated in degrees F end then converted into C
page
12
Training
Operations
Figure 16, calculated TTXSPL, S1, S2 and S3
Spread Graph
Figure 17, spread graph
File
GT Cal E
page
13
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
page
14
Maintenance
Proper maintenance is essential for any machine, and certainly for a gas turbine. Proper
maintenance will influence the performance and reliability of the gas turbine. Performance of
the gas turbine will decrease when the parts of the unit are getting older. Parts may fail due
to wear and fatigue, and may cause a lot of damage. The manufacturer has developed a
calculating method that will give a guideline for the maintenance interval, based on the way
the machine is utilized.
Factors that influence maintenance intervals are:
Type of fuel
Firing temperature
Steam or water injection
Start frequency and the way of loading
Ambient conditions
Quality of maintenance
The lifetime of machine parts strongly depends on how the machine is used. The
maintenance intervals are based on base load HOURS or STARTS to base load, both on
gas fuel, without steam or water injection.
All other circumstances influence the lifetime of the parts. The influence is different for parts
in the combustion chambers, the hot gas path and other parts such the compressor, the
bearings etc. By calculating the maintenance interval a better planning is possible to
determine when maintenance should occur. The advantage of a proper planning is that there
may be financial benefits. These benefits can be shorter outage period, prevention of forced
outages, less time loss on maintenance and less maintenance costs.
Maintenance program
The maintenance program can calculate inspection intervals for the combustion inspection (CI),
Hot Gas Path inspection (HGPI) and the Major inspection.
These intervals depend of the type of machine: E-class or F-class. E-class can be considered
all GE-turbine models not being F-class or later design machines.
After the machine choice, enter the starts, trips, base load hours, peak load hours, part load
hours etc. that are expected for the next period of time. When finished, press calculate, and this
will activate the calculation that determines the maintenance intervals based on Starts and
Hours. The final interval depends on: whichever comes first Starts or Hours.
Remark:
The maintenance interval not only depends on these calculations. Experience of the user with
the machine, planning of other inspections and economic reasons can also determine the
inspection interval.
Training
Operations
Figure 18, maintenance calculations
Machine
Fuel and steam variables
Start criteria
Hours criteria
Calculate
Maintenance intervals based on Starts
Maintenance intervals based on Hours
Maintenance intervals based on Starts or Hours
File
GT Cal E
page
15
Training
Operations
Recommended inspection intervals
Figure 19, recommended inspection intervals
Inspection intervals as recommended by the manufacturer.
Machine properties
Figure 20, machine variables
File
GT Cal E
page
16
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Machine Class
F-class machines or E-class machines.
Operation mode
Combined cycle or Simple cycle
Water or steam injection
DLN
Dry Low NOx or no Dry Low NOx
Control water/steam
Choice between dry or wet control
Nozzles
nd
rd
Material of the 2 and 3 stage nozzles.
Fuel and steam or water variables
Figure 21, fuel and steam conditions
Info
-
Info gives information about the mass percentage Hydrogen (H) in the fuel.
H % Oil
Mass percentage H in the oil fuel
H % Residual
Mass percentage H in the residual fuel
Steam- of water injection
Steam injection mass % of total air flow
Water injection kg water per kg fuel
page
17
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
page
18
Start criteria
With the scrollbar the choice can be made to review the maintenance factor for one cycle,
one day of operation, one week, one month or one year.
From that the inspection intervals can be calculated based on the amount of cycles, days,
weeks, month and years.
Figure 22, number of starts under different conditions
Starts to more than 60 % load

Total cycle without steam or water injection
With steam or water injection
Starts to peak load
Total cycle met steam or water injection
Starts to less than 60 % load
Total cycle met steam or water injection
Remark:
Even if the gas turbine operates only a short time above 60% load it is considered to be a start
to above 60% load.
Fast starts
Number of fast starts
Emergency starts
Number of emergency starts
Trips
Number of trips from above 60 % load
Number of trips from below 60 % load
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
page
19
Hours criteria
Figure 23, number of operating hours under different conditions
Hours above 60 % load

Operating hours on gas
Operating hours on oil
Operating hours on residual fuel
Operating hours with steam or water injection
Hours above 100 % load = peak load
Firing temperature above in C above Base Load value. Normal 56 C
Operating hours on gas, oil en residual fuel and operating hours with steam or water
injection
Hours below 60 % load
Operating hours on gas, oil en residual and operating hours with steam or water injection
DLN
Operating hours on Extended Lean-Lean
Calculate
Starts maintenance interval calculation
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Inspection interval based on the maintenance factor for starts
Figure 24, inspection interval based on starts
Actual starts
Number of actual starts per unit of time
Corrected Starts CI
Number of corrected starts per unit of time for the combustion inspection (CI).
Corrected Starts HGPI
Number of corrected starts per unit of time for the hot gas path inspection.
Combustion inspection
Time between combustion inspections
HGP inspection
Time between hot gas path inspections
Major inspection
Time between major inspections
page
20
Training
Operations
Inspection interval based on the maintenance factor for operating hours
Figure 25, inspection interval based on hours
Actual Hours
Actual operating hours per unit of time
Corrected hours CI (Combustion chamber)
Number of corrected operating hours per unit of time
Corrected hours HGP (hot gas path)
Number of corrected operating hours per unit of time
Time between combustion inspections
HGP inspection
Time between hot gas path inspections
Major inspection
Time between major inspections
File
GT Cal E
page
21
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Inspection interval based on the maintenance factor for starts or operating hours
Figure 26, inspection interval based on starts or hours
Time between inspections (minimum select starts or hours)
HGP inspection
Major inspection
Graph
Figure 27, Inspection interval graph
This graph shows the utilization of a machine, as base load unit, or as peaking unit. In
this case it is a base load unit, since the maintenance interval is based on corrected hours.
page
22
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Simulation
For a gas turbine user it is important to understand how the gas turbine reacts on external
influences. Influences such as: ambient pressure, ambient temperature, relative humidity,
pressure drop over filters, backpressure in exhaust, heating value of the fuel and so on, all
influence the gas turbine process. This program is able to show these influences.
Simulation program
In this part of the program the user can see the reaction of the turbine to different
circumstances. The advantage is that the user can freely experiment with the conditions and
review the results. This simulation is available for several machines.
2
1
Figure 28, simulation
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ambient conditions
Machine type
Lay-out machine
Input variables
Machine performance
page
23
Training
Operations
Ambient conditions
Ambient pressure in mbar
Ambient temperature in C
Relative humidity %
Figure 29, ambient conditions
Machine
Variety of machines
Figure 30, chose machine type
File
GT Cal E
page
24
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Lay-out gas turbine
Figure 31, lay-out gas turbine
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Inlet
Compressor
Combustion chambers
Turbine
Exhaust
Generator and / or starting motor
Input variables
Figure 32, change conditions with scrollbars
Ambient (Barometric) pressure in mbar

Ambient temperature in C
Relative Humidity in %
Pressure difference inlet in mbar
Heating value in GJ / kg
Back pressure in exhaust in mbar
Output in % load
Peak Load (max 56 C) higher than base load firing temperature
page
25
Training
Operations
Machine performance
Figure 33, machine performance
Total electrical efficiency of the gas turbine (%)

Total output of the gas turbine in (MW)
Heat Rate gas turbine in (kJ/kWh)
Firing temperature of the turbine (C)
Revolutions per minute (RPM)
Mass flow exhaust (kg/s)
File
GT Cal E
page
26
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Start / stop Simulation

The starts and stops of a gas turbine installation are controlled by the control system of the
gas turbine. The process of a start or a stop depends on a sequence and/or process
variables.
For the user it is important that he has insight in the start and stop process of a machine.
This simulation is meant to show in what sequence a start or a stop evolves, so the user can
follow the events during a start or stop.
These events are for example:
Opening of the fuel valves
Position of the Inlet Guide Vanes
Disengaging of the starting motor
Closing of the Bleed Valves
Closing of the generator switch
TTXM (exhaust temperature)
CPD (compressor discharge pressure)
Valve positions
Figure 34, start / stop
Machine
Master select
Turbine lay-out
Start / Stop graph
Legend and values
page
27
Training
Operations
Machine
Figure 35, choose machine type
Master select
Choice between different start and stop scenarios.
Figure 36, master select
Turbine lay-out
Figure 37, gas turbine lay-out with several values.
File
GT Cal E
page
28
Training
Operations
Start / Stop graph
Figure 38, start graph
Legend of the start / stop graph.
Figure 39, legend of the graph
The color of the text matches the color of the lines in the graph.
File
GT Cal E
page
29
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
page
30
GT Calculations
A user chooses a machine depending on criteria such as: desired output, efficiency, mass
flow of exhaust gases etc. etc. It is obvious that for cost control during the operation of a gas
turbine the actual performance of the gas turbine is compared to the possibilities of the
machine.
A set of correction diagrams is supplied with every gas turbine. When used a set of
corrections is produced that reflect what the performance of the gas turbine should under the
circumstances at that moment.
All gas turbine users want more income at a lower cost price. The power output and the
efficiency define the income and the operational costs for the gas turbine. Since the major
part of the operational costs of a power plant is the cost of fuel, the performance (efficiency
and power output) of the gas turbine directly influences the cost price of the produced
power.
When the performance of the gas turbine reduces, the user can calculate the extra costs of
a unit by comparing the performance of the gas turbine with the performance that the
machine should be able to achieve, according to the design specifications under the same
circumstances. Perhaps the cost-benefit analysis indicates that it is beneficial to stop the gas
turbine for off-line water washing or that the inlet filters need to be replaced.
GT Calculation program
The gas turbine calculation part of the program is meant to give insight to the gas turbine user
into the performance of the gas turbine under the circumstances. The performance of the major
components of the gas turbine is calculated as well, such as the compressor efficiency and that
of the turbine. The efficiency of the compressor directly influences the power output. After all, a
reduction of the compressor efficiency leads to a temperature increase and a pressure ratio
reduction. The compressor needs more power from the turbine, also resulting in a lower power
output of the gas turbine. The pressure differential over the inlet filters and the backpressure in
the exhaust influence the efficiency and the power output of the gas turbine.
An enumerative description of the effects due to varying conditions:
Increasing pressure differential inlet:
Reduction of power output
Increasing Heat Rate = reduced efficiency
Reduction compressor discharge pressure (CPD)
Increasing exhaust temperature (TTXM)
Reduced volume flow and mass flow
Increasing backpressure exhaust:
Reduced power output
Reduced pressure ratio (PRN)
Reduced compressor efficiency:
Reduced power output
Reduction compressor discharge pressure (CPD)
Increasing compressor discharge temperature (CTD)
Reduced volume flow and mass flow
Training
Operations
Figure 40, gas turbine calculations
Ambient conditions
Machine type
Specifications manufacturer
Measured values
Corrections due to ambient conditions and measured values.
Performance deviation
Performance major parts of the gas turbine
Machine
Select the type of machine that needs to be assessed.
Figure 41, machine type
File
GT Cal E
page
31
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Specifications manufacturer
In this column the design specifications, supplied by the manufacturer have to be entered. In
the example a MS6001FA is used.
Figure 42, design specifications
page
32
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Measured value
Figure 43, measured values
Date for future reference

Ambient temperature (C)
Ambient pressure (mbar)
Output (MW)
Fuel heating value (MJ/kg)
Fuel mass flow (kg/s)
Pressure difference inlet (mbar)
Back-pressure exhaust (mbar)
Compressor discharge temperature (C)
Compressor discharge pressure (bar absolute)
Turbine exhaust temperature (TTXM)
Warning:
Pressures always need to be entered in ABSOLUTE VALUES, meaning measured value +
ambient pressure.
Be aware that a pressure difference is already an absolute value.
Remark:
Instead of the ambient temperature to calculate the compressor efficiency, the compressor
inlet temperature, measured by thermocouples CTIF may also be entered at T amb. (see
Performance major parts of the gas turbine).
page
33
Training
Operations
Corrections due to ambient conditions
Figure 44, corrections
Corrections output
TCF = Temperature Correction Factor
PCF = Pressure Correction Factor
ICF = Inlet Correction Factor (pressure difference inlet)
ECF = Exhaust Correction Factor (back-pressure in exhaust)
Corrections for Heat Rate
ICF = Inlet Correction Factor (pressure difference inlet)
ECF = Exhaust Correction Factor (pressure difference exhaust)
Corrected op Heat Consumption
Corrected op Mass flow exhaust
PCF = Pressure Correction Factor
File
GT Cal E
page
34
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Performance evaluation
Power output
Heat Rate
Efficiency
Heat Consumption
Mass flow exhaust
Exhaust temperature
Figure 45, performance evaluation
By activating the calculation, corrections will be calculated, and the performance can be
evaluated.
Corrected values
Power output, Heat Rate, Heat Consumption, Mass flow exhaust and Exhaust
temperature
Measured values
As filled in at measured values
Deviation from corrections
Deviation from corrected values
With these values deviations from the guaranteed values can be defined under the present
circumstances. In this way an analyzation can be made whether further investigation into the
deviation is necessary and / or corrective measures should be taken to increase the
machine performance.
Power output
When negative, power loss compared to guaranteed values
Heat Rate
When positive, increase of Heat Rate compared to guaranteed values
Efficiency
When negative, lower efficiency compared to guaranteed values
Heat Consumption
When positive, increase of Heat Consumption compared to guaranteed values
Mass flow exhaust
When negative, reduction of mass flow compared to guaranteed values
Exhaust temp
When positive, increase of exhaust temperature compared to guaranteed values
page
35
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
Performance of the major parts of the gas turbine

Compressor
Figure 46, compressor process
In:
t amb
Ambient temperature. In the field for the ambient temperature the compressor inlet
temperature may also be used (CTIF), to evaluate the compressor performance on its
own.
p inlet
Ambient pressure minus differential pressure over filters
m3 / s
Volume flow compressor inlet in m3 / s
Efficiency
Calculated efficiency of the compressor
PRN
Pressure ratio compressor
Out:
CTD
Measured temperature at the compressor discharge
CPD
Measured pressure at the compressor discharge
m3 / s
Volume flow at the compressor discharge in m3 / s
The compressor efficiency can be calculated from measured values t amb, p amb, CTD en
CPD.
page
36
Training
Operations
Combustion Chambers
Figure 47, combustion process
In:
CTD
Measured temperature at the compressor discharge
CPD
m3 / s
Volume flow at the compressor discharge in m3 / s
Out:
TTRF
Approximation of Firing temperature
p turb
m3 / s
Volume flow at the combustion chamber discharge in m3 / s
File
GT Cal E
page
37
Training
Operations
Turbine
Figure 48, turbine process
In:
TTRF
Approximation of Firing temperature
p turb
m3 / s
Volume flow at the combustion chamber discharge in m3 / s
Efficiency
Calculated efficiency of the turbine
PRN
Pressure ratio turbine
Out:
TTXM
Average exhaust temperature
p exh
Exhaust pressure
m3 / s
Volume flow at the exhaust in m3 / s
File
GT Cal E
page
38
Training
Operations
File
GT Cal E
page
39
Compressor Dynamics
Figure 49, compressor dynamics
This part of the program shows that the volume flow at the compressor discharge depends very
much on the compressor speed.
If the operation of a compressor at various speeds is compared, than it appears that the so
called that the so-called "Fan Laws" are followed. They are:
1. Compressor volume flow is proportional to speed:
Vn
2. Pressure ratio is proportional to speed squared:
p2/p1 n
3. Compressor power is proportional to the third power of speed:

Pc n
These fan laws can be used if a prediction is required of the compressor performance from a
certain point of operation to a point of operation with a speed 10% higher or lower. For larger
changes these fan laws are too rough.
Only for demonstration purposes the fan laws are used for all compressor speeds.
The conclusion will be that when the compressor speed decreases the inlet flow decreases as
well, but the discharge volume increases and therefore the air speeds in the discharge.
Without the proper measures, such as variable inlet guide vanes, and compressor bleed valves,
these circumstances could lead to Stall followed by Surge in the compressor, with
devastating results.
Training
Operations
(Intentionally blank page)
File
GT Cal E
page
40

GT Cal E PDF

Hochgeladen von

Dokumentinformationen

Originalbeschreibung:

Originaltitel

Copyright

Verfügbare Formate

Dieses Dokument teilen

Dokument teilen oder einbetten

Freigabeoptionen

Stufen Sie dieses Dokument als nützlich ein?

Sind diese Inhalte unangemessen?

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

GT Cal E PDF

Hochgeladen von

Copyright:

Verfügbare Formate

Training

HEAVY-DUTY GAS TURBINE

Start / stop Simulation

Copyright, July 2006

Thomassen Turbine Systems

Figure 1, start page

Exits program. Saves your data if required.

Figure 3, choose program

Figure 4, swirl angle

Figure 5, direction of view

Select the machine in block Machine.

Figure 6, selections for swirl angle calculation

Calculating the swirl angle

Figure 7, scrollbar to adjust output resulting in swirl angle

Swirl angle graph

Rotating the combustion chambers in relation to the thermocouples

The selection can be made in block Rotation.

Figure 8, rotation of combustion chambers or thermocouples

Swirl angle Graph.

Figure 9, swirl angle graph

Spread Graph program

Figure 10, spread graph

Enter Thermocouple values

Figure 11, thermocouple temperature

Figure 12, Machine type

Fill-in CTD and Swirl angle

Figure 13, CTD and swirl angle

Upper limit = 0.5 * TTXSPL above TTXM

Figure 15, calculated TTXM

Value TTXSPL and S1, S2, S3

Alwsprd = TTXM ( F ) 0.145 CTD ( F ) 0.08 + 30 F

Figure 16, calculated TTXSPL, S1, S2 and S3

Figure 17, spread graph

Figure 18, maintenance calculations

Recommended inspection intervals

Figure 19, recommended inspection intervals

Inspection intervals as recommended by the manufacturer.

Figure 20, machine variables

Figure 21, fuel and steam conditions

Figure 22, number of starts under different conditions

Starts to more than 60 % load

Figure 23, number of operating hours under different conditions

Hours above 60 % load

Inspection interval based on the maintenance factor for starts

Figure 24, inspection interval based on starts

Inspection interval based on the maintenance factor for operating hours

Figure 25, inspection interval based on hours

Figure 26, inspection interval based on starts or hours

Figure 27, Inspection interval graph

Figure 28, simulation

Figure 29, ambient conditions

Figure 30, chose machine type

Lay-out gas turbine

Figure 31, lay-out gas turbine

Figure 32, change conditions with scrollbars

Ambient (Barometric) pressure in mbar

Figure 33, machine performance

Total electrical efficiency of the gas turbine (%)

Start / stop Simulation

Figure 34, start / stop

Figure 35, choose machine type

Figure 36, master select