MAT 3310 (2009-2010, Second Term)

Suggested Solution for Assignment 1

1. The third main submatrix

so we use the elementary matrix

1 0
0 1
P =
0 0
0 0
The linear system now is

1
2
L1 =
4
3


 1 5 9

 2 6 10

 3 7 11

to interchange the third and the fourth row of A

0 0
1 5 9 7

0 0
, P A = 2 6 10 9
4 8 14 14
0 1
1 0
3 7 11 12

P A = P b, then we do LU factorization to the modified matrix

0 0 0
1
5
9
7

1 0 0
L1 A = 0 4 8 5
0 12 22 14
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 8 16 9

1 0 0
0 1 0
L2 =
0 3 1
0 2 0

0
0

0
1

1 5
9
7
0 4 8 5
=U
L2 L1 A =
0 0
2
1
0 0
0
1

1
L = L1
1 L2




=0



1
2
=
4
3

0
1
3
2

0
0
1
0

0
0

0
1

Solve the lower triangular system Ly = P b by forward substitution,

24
19

~y =
1
1

Please email to the tutors if there are mistakes: xmdeng@math.cuhk.edu.hk.

Then solve the upper triangular system U x = y by backward substitution,

0.5
3.5

~x =
0
1
.

2. (a)

1
0 0
1 1 0

A=
0 1 1
0
0 1

c1 0 0 0
0 c2 0 0

C=
0 0 c3 0
0 0 0 c4

f1
x1
~x = x2 , f~ = f2
x3
f3

(b) x 6= 0, xT (AT CA)x = (Ax)T C(Ax).

Let y = Ax, then since C is diagonal and positive definite, so y T Cy > 0 and y T Cy = 0
is equivalent to y = 0.
Then we show the equation Ax = y = 0 has only one trivial solution. Solve the
system

1
0 0
0
x1
1 1 0
0
x2 =
A~x =
0 1 1
0
x3
0
0 1
0
we get ~x = ~0. So for x 6= 0, xT (AT CA)x > 0. A is positive definite.

(c) With

we get

1
0
C =
0
0

0
1
0
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
,
0
1

Solve the linear system,

1
f~ = 1
1

2 1 0
AT CA~x = 1 2 1 = f~,
0 1 2

1.5
~x = 2
1.5
2

3. (a) Let the stress function be w(x), the displacement be u(x), the elastic constant be
c(x), the external force be f (x), then we have

du

w(x) = c(x) dx
(1)
dw
dx = f

w(0) = w(1) = 0
(b) Integrate the above second equation in [0, 1],

dw
= w(0) w(1) =
dx

f (x)dx = 0

In order to have a solution, we need the condition

R1
0

f (x)dx = 0.

(c) If u(x) is a solution of the model in (a), then let v(x) = u(x) + C, C is any constant.
Since v (x) = u (x),




dv
d c(x) dx
d c(x) du
dx

=
=f
dx
dx
v(x) satisfies the equation. For the boundary conditions
c(x)

du
dv
= c(x)
dx
dx

so it also has w(0) = w(1) = 0 for v(x), and v(x) is a solution.

4. (a) Substitute u = d1 ex/

+ d2 ex/

+ 1 into the equation,

cu (x) = c(d1 ex/ c + d2 ex/ c + 1)

d1
d2
= c( ex/ c + ex/ c )
c
c
d1 x/c d2 x/c
+ e
)
= c( e
c
c
= (d1 ex/ c + d2 ex/ c )
= (u + 1)

So u = d1 ex/

+ d2 ex/

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

+ 1 is an exact solution of the equation cu + u = 1.

(b) Set the boundary conditions u(0) = u(1) = 0, we get

(
d1 + d2 + 1 = 0

d1 e1/ c + d2 e1/ c + 1 = 0

(7)

Solve the system, we get

e1/ c 1
,
d1 = 1/c
e
e1/ c

1 e1/ c

d2 = 1/c
e
e1/ c

(c) For 0 < x < 1,

e1/ c 1
1 e1/ c
xc
)+e

+1
lim u(x) = lim e ( 1/c
c0
c0
e
e1/ c
e1/ c e1/ c

1/ c 1
x1
e1/ c 1

xc e
c
)+e
+1
= lim e
(
c0
1 e2/ c
1 e2/ c
= 0 (1) + 0 (1) + 1
x

=1

(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)

(d) For any c, substitute x = 0 and x = 1 into u(x), u(0) = u(1) = 0 are always satisfied.
So both boundary conditions are kept, and both ends have the boundary layer.
5. (a) Solve the equation
u = ex

we get the general solution is u(x) = ex + c1 x + c2 , where c1 , c2 are constants.

Substitute the boundary conditions u(0) = 0 and u(1) = 0,
(
c2 1 = 0
(12)
e + c1 + c2 = 0
so c1 = e 1, c2 = 1, and the solution is u(x) = ex + (e 1)x + 1.

(b) The original equation is:

u = (x 14 ), 0 < x < 1
u(0) = 0, u (1) = 0.

(13)

so u = 0 at x 6= 14 , solve this equation:

u=

c1 x + c2 , 0 < x < 14
c3 x + c4 , 14 < x < 1

where c1 , c2 , c3 , c4 are constants to be determined from the following conditions:

u(0) = 0 = c2 = 0,
u (1) = 0 = c3 = 0,
u is continuous at x = 14 = 14 c1 = c4 ,
R 1 +
R 1 +
14 u dx = 14 (x 14 )dx = u ( 14 + ) + u ( 14 ) = 1 = u+ ( 14 ) u ( 14 ) =
4

1, = 0 + c1 = 1 = c4 = 14 . so we have the solution:

u=

x, 0 < x < 14
1
1
4, 4 < x < 1