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GRASS CARDBOARD
PAPER
PRODUCTION
AS FOOD PACKAGING
MEMBERS:
SOTTO, ANGELA MERCE
TANGGAWOHN, CAYAO
ESTOQUE, FERDINAND
ANONUEVO, JAZZMINE
KIM, HAEUN
ABSTRACT
The feasibility of cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) as a
substitute for cardboard food packaging was studied in this research project.
The cogon grass was cut in a 1-inch length, boiled for about 2 hours, stirred
every 30 minutes, and crushed/rinsed in order to get the pulp. The pulp was
then subjected to five different treatments before it was made into a card
board like material. The amount of resin or soda ash and other additives was
kept constant while the amount of starch was varied in every treatment.
After the treatments, the researchers let it dry for a day to see if the product
was firm and smooth.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Ms. Angela Sotto, would like to thank her loving parents for
supporting them financially and guidance for the completion of the study.
She also like to thank Ms. Arianne Shiara T. Sotto for walking them through
the completion of their project. Mr. Cayao Tanggawohn would like to thank his
parents for helping him financially. Mr. Ferdinand Estoque would like to thank
his parents for helping him in getting the materials for the experiment. Mr.
HaEun Kim would like to thank his parents in supporting him in this research
project. Ms. Jazzmine Anonuevo would also like to thank her parents.
Table of Contents
*Chapter I
a. Introduction
b. Objective of the Study
c. Scope and Delimitation of the Study
*Chapter II
a. Review of Related Literature
b. Definition of Terms
c. Conceptual Framework
*Chapter III
a. Methodology
*Chapter IV
a. Results and Discussion
b. Table and Graphs
c. Documentation/Photos
*Chapter V
a. Conclusion/Recommendation
b. Bibliography
Chapter I
INTRODUCTION
Non-Biodegradable waste is a major concern everywhere in the
world. The bulk of the worlds waste consists of the hard-to-break-down
products, such as Styrofoam. Styrofoam is commonly used as food
containers in fast food restaurants. Because it cannot be recycled, this
particular waste contributes largely to the worlds increasing garbage
problem. To lessen this environmental problem, one logical solution is to use
biodegradable materials or recyclable ones. Paper is being reconsidered and
encouraged for use. This material can be recycled over and over again.
However, trees still need to be cut for paper production. This spells trouble
for the already depleted forests. Because of this, we, researchers thought of
another alternative. This alternative uses cogon grass for making the pulp
and the paper. Cogon grass is found abundantly in many places and is
sometimes considered a nuisance.
Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica) can invade and overtake
disturbed ecosystems by displacing a large variety of native plant species. It
is a very strong competitor for water, nutrients and light because it sprouts
and grows faster than most crops. Papermaking is the process of
manufacturing paper, a substance which is used ubiquitously today for
writing and packaging. Cogon grass basically consists of cellulose fibers,
hemicelluloses and lignins which are common to non-wood pulps especially
grasses. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the feasibility of cogon
grass as a material in paper making.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
It was in China in 105 A.D. that the paper was invented. The
inventor, Tsai Lu, used the inner bark of the mulberry tree to get fibers.
These fibers were mixed with other substances and produced smooth pulp
that later became sheets. The Chinese found out later that rags, hemps,
ropes, and old fish nets were potential materials for good papermaking.
The spread of education and industry steadily increased the
demand for paper. That is why the search for paper materials are carried on
until today. Listed as possible sources are vegetable fibers such as wood,
flax, cotton, and biogases. For mineral and non mineral or synthetic
materials, there are gypsum, asbestos, glass fibers, and synthetic fibers.
Plant fibers are not the only substances needed for making
paper pulp achieve desirable properties. Resin, the sticky substance from
plants, and alum are added to make the paper resistant to water. Pigments
and dyes give colour to the paper while china clay increases its smooth
texture. These are additives that are blended together to produce paper.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
cellulose.
Nuisance- a person, thing, or circumstance causing inconvenience or
annoyance.
Biodegradable- capable of being decomposed by bacteria or other living
organisms.
Fibre- a thread or filament from which a vegetable tissue, mineral
tanning.
Dioxin- a highly toxic compound produced as a byproduct in some
manufacturing processes, notably herbicide production and paper bleaching.
It is a serious and persistent environmental pollutant.
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
INPUT
Materials:
1kg of cogon grasses
Stainless Steel Cauldron
20L of water
180g of caustic soda
20g resin
16g of powdered alum
PROCESS
Chapter III
MATERIALS
Our research needed the following materials: Scissors,
Colander, Sauce pan and lid, Soda ash, Paper bag, Bowl, Blender, Papermaking screen, Cogon grass, Rolling pin, 2 layers of cotton material, Paper
bag (for filler) and Iron (for clothes). These are the materials we used to
make a cogon grass paper product.
completely covered the cogon grass with the liquid. Then, bring the
saucepan up to boiling point, and reduce the heat to simmer. Third, the
researchers simmered the cogon grass in the caustic soda solution for a
minimum of 2 hours, stirring once every half an hour. Then, drained the
cogon grass pulp and rinse under running water.
Chapter IV
RESULTS AND DATA
The researchers formulated a product that can be an
alternative paper production, but without the paper filler the paper
production wont be successful. Also without the pulp of the grass the paper
will not be firm, so what the researchers did is they put a paper filler and
more pulp extract to have a successful product.
The interpretation as stated in the graph that when the
researchers put 50 grams of caustic soda on the first day, the paper broke
and it was not hard, so it easily crumpled into small pieces. The second day
of making the researchers put 100 grams of caustic soda it was almost
perfect but some part of the paper broke and it turn into small pieces so its
almost perfect. The third day, the researchers added 150 grams of caustic
soda and it was successful. The paper did not break and you can even write
on it without breaking it but of course the paper was not flat because of the
pulp.
GRAPHS AND TABLES
Amount of Baking Soda/Caustic Soda
(first day):50 grams
Paper cracks/break.
MATERIALS
Baking Soda
Scissors
Rolling pin
Silk screen/Paper-
making screen
Flat Iron
Colander
Cotton Material
Blender
Cogon Grass
PROCEDURE
Cut the cogon grass into
1-inch lengths.
silkscreen or paper-making
screen then, try to make it flat
using rolling pin.
Chapter V
SUMMARY
The final product was almost a success in terms of the surface of
the paper. The firmness and hardness of the paper was successful and
therefore, Cogon grass can be used in paper production and an alternative
for Styrofoam as food containers in fast food restaurants, and can also be an
alternative for paper as the biodegradable alternative for Styrofoam.
CONCLUSION
We therefore conclude that this experiment can help our country to
reduce plastic wastes, but, of course, this experiment needs to be studied
deeper.
FINAL PRODUCT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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