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Comprehensive Financial Planning. 8 Steps of Financial Planning Process. Key Financial Road Map to Wealth and Success. | Smart Mone
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During our lifetime we are constantly in the process of making, managing, banking, investing,
protecting, and spending money. More often than not, we carry on intuitively from day to day, without
taking the time to either plan or coordinate our financial affairs. Financial issues, problems, and
decisions are compartmentalized. Many people, who would not dream of beginning a cross country
road trip without a good road atlas, never even consider the importance of having a financial road
map during the many years they will engage in earning and spending money. Without an adequate
map, they are unlikely to reach a destination of financial security. The financial planning process
should produce just such a financial road map.
The concept of financial planning cuts a wide swath across what has been traditionally viewed as
investment planning, retirement planning, tax planning, estate planning, business planning, and risk
management. While it might generally be agreed that financial planning is about money and financial
security, there is no universally recognized definition of financial planning.
THE FINANCIAL PLANNING PROCESS
The process of comprehensive financial planning is generally recognized to include the following
seven steps:
Preliminary Meeting & Evaluation. During the initial interview, the financial planner and the
prospective client get to know one another. This generally involves a first meeting during which the
planner explains the nature of services to be provided and the way in which he or she is paid for these
services. In turn, the prospective client has an opportunity to determine whether the planner has the
ability to offer the types of services that are needed. The planner should take this opportunity to get
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some general idea of the prospective clients current financial position and long-term goals. It is
important for both parties that the relationship begins on a basis of mutual trust and confidence. If it is
determined to proceed, then the planner should provide the prospective client with an engagement
letter that serves as a contract setting forth the services to be provided, the charges for these services,
and the clients responsibilities during the financial planning process. If the planner is a registered
investment advisor with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the planner will provide the
prospective client with a disclosure brochure describing the services offered and the method by
which the financial planner is compensated. SEC Rule 204-3 requires this disclosure.
Gather Information & Establish Goals. Effective planning cannot be done without gathering a
substantial amount of information about the client. The information gathered can be either
quantitative (e.g., financial information about the clients income, expenditures, and assets) or
qualitative (e.g., non-financial information about the clients risk tolerance, expectations as to future
standards of living, and health of the client and family members). Both the short-term and long-term
goals of the client must be identified. Such a goal might be to have adequate income in retirement,
or to provide for a childs education. In contrast to goals, at least one commentator uses the term
objectives to indicate the shorter intermediate steps that must be accomplished in order to meet a goal.
For example, in order to meet the goal of having adequate income in retirement an individual might
establish the objective of setting aside 5% of net income in a retirement plan. Goals must be both
realistic and well defined. While information gathering and goal setting could be viewed as
separate and distinct steps within the financial planning process, in truth they are probably more
effectively accomplished during the give and take of an interactive discussion between financial
planner and client. Once goals have been determined, it is essential to prioritize or rank them in order
of importance. Some of the key financial and legal documents that must be secured during the datagathering phase include:
1. Wills, trusts, and powers of attorney.
2. Personal financial statements.
3. Budgets.
4. Retirement plan statements, brokerage account statements, and mutual fund statements.
5. Insurance policies (life, disability, health, and property and casualty).
6. Divorce settlements.
7. Federal and state income tax returns.
8. Buy-sell agreements.
Analyze Information & Develop Plan. It is here that the planner takes the information obtained and
agreed-upon client goals and translates them into a specific financial plan intended to achieve these
goals using selected financial strategies and instruments. In effect, the plan translates client goals into
specific action steps. To assist in the process, the planner will often use computer programs to
supplement a written analysis and recommendations. At a minimum, a comprehensive analysis
generally includes a review of assets, liabilities, current and projected income, and insurance
coverages, and investments. Legal documents will also be examined and, if authorized by the client,
the planner may seek the assistance of other professionals.
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Present Plan. In presenting the plan, the financial planner meets with the client, explains the
recommendations and provides the client with a copy of the written plan. However, before the formal
plan presentation, the financial planner is well advised to informally discuss tentative observations
and preliminary recommendations. Such a discussion gives the planner an opportunity to address
additional questions and items that arose during the design process, such as unrealistic client
expectations and incomplete data. It is also an excellent means of allowing the client to participate in
the design process and get client acceptance of key recommendations. Without such client buy-in, it
is unlikely that the final plan will be implemented. If necessary, the plan can then be revised prior to
final presentation. The key elements of a written financial plan are likely to include the following:
1. Review of the clients stated goals.
2. Analysis of the clients current situation, including both quantitative and qualitative data.
3. Specific recommendations to include actions, strategies and recommended financial products.
4. Action plan designed to implement the financial plan, to include time frames and assignment of
responsibilities to named individuals.
Implement Plan. This stage is probably the most important of all. Plan implementation involves
motivating the client to take those steps as set forth in the action plan in paragraph (4) above.
Typically, this may involve a variety of tasks, including the purchase and sale of investments,
modification of insurance coverages, adoption of legal instruments, and changes in spending and
savings habits. It may also include working with other professionals (e.g., check with the attorney that
the new will and trust have not only been drafted and presented to the client, but that the client has
actually signed them). Without implementation, the best of recommendations will fail and the clients
objectives will not be reached.
Monitor Performance. Few, if any, financial plans are perfect and all clients are subject to changing
circumstances. This stage involves evaluating the effectiveness of the plan in achieving the clients
objectives. Unsatisfactory progress or performance requires that corrective action be taken (e.g., the
market is down, the client becomes less risk tolerant, and the client is willing to accept lower returns
and a reduced retirement lifestyle).
Periodically Review & Revise Plan. Financial planning is not a goal, but rather an ongoing process.
The clients personal circumstances will change and the financial plan must be adjusted accordingly.
The client may have gotten married, gotten divorced, had a new child, experienced a change in health,
changed jobs, suffered a financial setback, or experienced a financial windfall. Outside factors, such
as changes in the tax laws or investment climate, must also be considered. Assumptions underlying
the original plan are evaluated. An annual periodic review will identify these changes by gathering
and updating client information and determining new or revised client goals. From here, the process
and steps repeat themselves.
Attain Goals. This is the come and get it day. The client has sufficient funds to send his child to
college, to buy that second home, or to retire in the desired lifestyle at the intended time. Financial
planning has played a very important part in achieving each of these goals.
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Christina says:
May 1, 2010 at 2:52 am
That was comprehensive and easy to follow.
3.
4.
5.
adelbert says:
November 29, 2011 at 1:44 am
These tips will surely help me on financial planning, I have a lot f problems in handling money
and I am so glad that Ive read your article. Thanks a lot!
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