Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Complex Variables
Ali H. M. Murid
Department of Mathematical Sciences,
Faculty of Science, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,
81310 UTM Johor Bahru, Malaysia
alihassan@utm.my
Outline:
Complex Exponential Function
Complex Trigonometric Functions
Complex Hyperbolic Functions
Complex Logarithmic Functions
ez reduces to ex when Im z = 0.
ez ew = ez+w
ez is analytic.
d z
e = ez .
dz
Hence
|ez | = ex ,
arg ez = y + 2k ,
with k integers.
Since ex > 0, the function ez 6= 0 for all z.
If in the definition of ez , we set x = 0 and y = , we obtain
ei = cos + i sin .
Hence
z = x + iy = r (cos + i sin ) = rei .
Properties of ez
Theorem
Suppose z, w are complex numbers and n is a positive integer.
Then
1. ez ew = ez+w
ez
2. w = ezw
e
3. (ez )n = enz
4. |ez | = ex = eRe z
5. ez is periodic with the imaginary period 2i
6. If k is an integer, then
6.1 ez = 1 if and only if z = 2k i.
6.2 ez = ew if and only if z = w + 2k i.
d g(z)
dz e
= eg(z) g 0 (z).
6
eix + eix
,
2
sin x =
eix eix
.
2i
This suggests
Definition
If z = x + iy , then the complex cosinus and sinus functions of a
complex variable z are defined respectively by
cos z =
eiz + eiz
,
2
sin z =
eiz eiz
.
2i
sin z
cos z
1
1
1
, cot z =
=
, csc z =
, sec z =
.
cos z
sin z
tan z
sin z
cos z
= sec2 z,
= csc2 z,
= csc z cot z,
= sec z tan z.
(1)
(2)
10
11
tanh z =
cosh z
1
=
,
sinh z
tanh z
1
sech z =
.
cosh z
coth z =
12
Definition
For z 6= 0, define
ln z = ln |z| + i arg z.
WHY?
ln |z| may be computed with the help of a calculator.
Since arg z is multiple valued, then so is the function ln z.
13
ln(xy ) = ln x + ln y
is valid with the restriction that x and y are positive reals. If
w and z are complex, can we still have
ln(zw) = ln z + ln w?
If it is so, what are the restrictions on z and w?
14
15
Im f (z) = 0.
17
Derivative of Ln z
In calculus, it is proven that
1
d
ln x =
dx
x
for x > 0. The following theorem shows that the derivative
formula also holds for Ln z.
Theorem
Let R denote the domain consisting of the complex plane with
the branch cut removed. Then Ln z is analytic on R, and
d
1
Ln z = .
dz
z
The domains of continuity and analyticity of Ln z are the same,
i.e., Ln z is not analytic at points z such that
Re z 0 and
Im z = 0.
18