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Lecture 10
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
234
What is Stability?
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
235
Static Stability
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
Statically stable
Neutral stability
Statically unstable
D.Toohey - University of California, Los Angeles
236
Dynamic Stability
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
Dynamic stability exists if the body eventually returns, and remains at,
its equilibrium position over a period of time.
Static Stability necessary but not sufficient condition for dynamic stability
Dynamically stable
Dynamically unstable
237
What is Control?
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
Adequate controllability
must be available for
takeoff, landing and other
maneuvers in flight.
238
Fall 2014
239
Fall 2014
lw
Lt
it
MAC
t
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Fall 2014
MCG=0
trim
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Fall 2014
>trim
MCG < 0
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Fall 2014
MCG > 0
<trim
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Stability Criteria
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
CM cg
MCG
<0
Unstable
trim
Stable
D.Toohey - University of California, Los Angeles
244
Fall 2014
Lw
lt
lw
Lt
it
MAC
ct
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Fall 2014
lw
MAC,w
hac w c
zc
Dw
hcg c
M cg w = M ac w + Lw hcg c hac w c
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Fall 2014
Just as with lift and drag, it is often useful to work with nondimensional terms.
CL =
L
qSw
CM =
M
qSwc
M cg w = M ac w + Lw ( hcg c hac w c )
CLw = aw
CLw
aw =
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Fall 2014
We find the moment on the tail the same way as the wing, except we
usually can neglect Mac,t.
moment on aircraft.
CM cg,t
M cg t lt Lt
M cg t
lt Lt
=
=
qSwc
qSwc
Lt
CL t =
qSt
The pitching moment due to the tail is determined by the tail lift
coefficient and the tail volume ratio. The tail volume ratio captures the
relative sizes and moment arms between the wing and tail.
CM cg,t
lt St Lt
lt St
=
=
CL t
c Sw qSt
c Sw
D.Toohey - University of California, Los Angeles
VH =
lt St
c Sw
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Fall 2014
t = (1 ) it
CLt = at t
CLt = at (1 ) at it
at CL ,t
(tail lift curve slope)
equation:
Fall 2014
CM cg = CM cg,w + CM cg,t
at
= aw ( hcg hac w ) V H
(1 ) + CM ac + VH at it
aw
250
CM cg = CM 0 +
CM cg
Fall 2014
CM 0 = CM ac + V H at it
at
= aw hcg hac w V H
1 )
(
aw
CM cg
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Neutral Point
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
<0
CM cg
=0
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Fall 2014
at
=0
0 = aw hcg hac w V H
1 )
(
aw
point.
lt St
VH =
c Sw
lt
= hac t hcg
c
V H = hac t hcg
St
Sw
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Fall 2014
St at
= aw ( hcg hac w ) ( hac t hcg )
(1 )
S w aw
CM cg
St at
0 = aw ( hn hac w ) ( hac t hn )
(1 )
Sw aw
St at
(1 )
Sw aw
St at
1+
(1 )
S w aw
hac w + hac t
hn =
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Static Margin
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
Neutral
Point
hcg c
hn c
CM
CM cg
=
= CL ( hcg hn ) = CL ( hn hcg )
D.Toohey
- University of California, Los Angeles
255
Trimmed flight
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
Unstable
trim
Stable
256
Longitudinal Control
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
2 parts to control
Trimmed flight
Maneuvering
257
Longitudinal Control
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
V1 2
2 = 1
V2
For trimmed condition, moments must also be zero.
CM 01 + CM 1 = 0
CM 02 + CM 2 = 0
CM 0 = V H it at + CM ac
it =
CM + CM ac
V H at
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Fall 2014
St
St
L = qSW aw + at
1 ) at
it
(
Sw
SW
We can split up the lift into a constant lift term and a
term that is proportional to AoA.
L = qS (CL + CL0 )
L = qSCL
CL
St
= aw + at
(1 )
Sw
St
CL0 = at
it
Sw
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Fall 2014
CL = CL + CLi it
CM = CM ac + CM + CM i it
St
CLi = at
Sw
CM i = atV H
Note
that a positive incidence angle leads to a
negative lift, so the CLi is negative
it =
CM ac CL + CM CL
CL CM i CM CLi
D.Toohey - University of California, Los Angeles
260
Elevator to Trim
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
CM 0 = V H it at + CM ac
Cm = 0 = Cm 0 + Cm + Cme e
For trim, L=W:
e =
e =
W
CL =
= CL + CLe e
qS
CM 0 CL + CM CL
CL CM e CM CLe
Cm 0 + Cm
Cme
CL CLe e
CL
(CL,0 assumed
small)
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Fall 2014
CM
de
=
dCLtrim
CL CM e CM CLe
CL, trim
cg aft
cg
forward
D.Toohey - University of California, Los Angeles
cg mid
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Fall 2014
de,trim
=0
dCLtrim
x cg
c
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Fall 2014
Che = Ch0 + Ch t t + Ch e e + Ch t t
He
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Fall 2014
Che = 0 = Ch t t + Ch e e
e free =
Ch t t
Ch e
Ch t
CL t = at t CL t, e C t
h
e
= a't t
a
=
a
1
CL t = at t 1
t
t
at Ch
a
C
t
h e
e
D.Toohey - University of California, Los Angeles
= at f
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Fall 2014
hn hac w
at
+ VH
1 )
(
aw
We can use the modified tail lift curve slope to compute a new
neutral point location, the stick free neutral point:
hn' hac w
a't
+ VH
1 )
(
aw
at
hn h (1 f )V H
1 )
(
aw
'
n
266
Fall 2014
To deflect a control
surface, pilot moves the
control stick (or rudder
pedals for yaw control).
Necessary stick force
depends on hinge
moment
For trim conditions, it is
desirable to zero out
hinge moments, otherwise
it might lead to pilot
fatigue for long flights.
Trim tabs are small
control surfaces that
reduce the hinge
moments
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Fall 2014
Velocity
268
Directional Stability
MAE 154S
Weathercock or directional
stability is the static stability of the
airplane about the z-axis.
Fall 2014
N = CN qSb
N
= N > 0
269
Directional Stability
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
CN,
Cn v + Cn fw > 0
270
Directional Control
MAE 154S
Fall 2014
N = lv Lv
Lv = qSv av r
CN = Vv av
D.Toohey - University of California, Los Angeles
271
References
MAE 154S
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fall 2014
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