Confort

EnergyBalancetoHumanBody
OperativeTemperature
ConfortConditions
Otheraspectsofconfort:
Ilumination,Soundlevel,Airquality

ThermalComfort
thatconditionofmindthatexpressessatisfaction
with the thermal environment(ASHRAEStandard55).
withthethermalenvironment
(ASHRAE Standard 55).
ThemainobjectiveoftheHVACsystemsistoprovide
thermalcomfortandisoneofthemaincausesfor
energyconsumptioninbuildings.
Thethermalcomfortfeltbyindividualsdependnot
onlyontheambientconditions(general)aswellas
conditionsfromthepersons(particular).

HumanMetabolismand
BodyTemperature
Metabolismistheenergyproducedbythealiments
oxidationthatisusedforworkandtheremainderis
dissipatedasheattotheenvironment.
Theusefullworkcanbequantifiedbythevariationof
kineticorpotentialenergybutinmanyactivitiesis~0!
Themetabolismandhencetheheattodissipate
dependsalotonthehumanactivityandpersonmass
whileheattransferdependsonbodysurface,clothes.
Thebodytemperatureshouldbecloseto37Cwhile
theskintemperatureisabout3233C.

HeatBalancetoPerson
S = rate of energy acumulation in the body W/m2

MW=qsk+qres+S

ExtractedfromASHRAE(2009)F09C.9

Heatistransferedtotheenvironment
throughtheskinorrespirationandthe
restisusedtoaccumulateenergy(S)
Theheattransferhassensibleand
latentcontributions.

Allvaluesareexpressedbybodyareaforconvenienceandthebodyareais
correlatedwithheightandmassoftheperson.
Thestandardpersonis1.73mtall,
weights70kgandhasanareaof1.8m2.

DuBoisarea

Metabolism
ExtractedfromASHRAE(2009)F09C.9

Valuesofmetabolismareavailablefor
differentactivitiesandforconvenience
theunitmetisdefinedascorrespondent
toapersonsittedandtoavalueof58.1
W/m2 or104Wforthestandardperson.

(Sensible)Heatlossthroughskin
Theheatlossthroughskininpartofthebodyastocross
theclothesandthereforeisdirectlyaffectedbythese.
Theheatconductionthrouhtheclothesischaracterisedby
theclothesheattransferresistance(Rcl inm2K/W)thatalso
increasestheexternalareaavailableforheattransfer(fcl).
Theheatisthentransferedfromtheexternalsurfaceof
theclothesinparallelbyconvectionandradiationtothe
environment.

hc iscalculatedfromcorrelationsfor
naturalorforcedconvection

W
hr 4 Fce cT 3 4.7 2
m K

Convectionheattransfer
Thereare(very)different
correlationsproposed.
I
Ingeneraldependon
ld
d
velocityanddistinguish
theeffectsofnaturalor
forcedconvection.
TheISO7730(2ndEd.
1994)considersthe
maximumfromthe
followingcorrelations:
h=2.38(tcltair)0.25
h=12.1v0.5

Radiationheattransfer
Thebuildingmaterialsingeneralhavelargeemissivitiesand
duetothelargerdimensionsoftheroomsurfacescompared
tothepersonareaproximatedasblackbodies.
Duetothesmalldifferencesintheabsolutetemperaturesthe
radiationheattransferratecanbelinearizedandatypical
valueforclothesemissivityis0.95leadingtohr=4.5W/m2K
Theradiationtemperaturecanbecalculatedfromshape
factorsandthetemperatureofsurfaces(floor,walls,ceiling)
Nassuperfciesemcontactocomo
p
exteriorpodemexistirdiferenasat
3oCemrelaotemperaturadoar.

Measurementoftemperature
Theaverageradiationtemperaturecanbeobtainedfrom
measurementsmadewithaglobethermometer

tr 2734 t globe 2734 C t globe tair v n

Cen
dependente
doaparelho

FotosdeJosLuis
Alexandre,FEUP

Thefiguresshowthemeasurementofthethreetemperatures:
Air(dry);humidtemperatureandglobaltemperature.
Aanemometerisalsorequiredandthereisamodelforomnidirectionvelocity.

ClothesI
Theheattransferresistanceof
clothesareexpressedinclounits1
clo=0.155m2K/W
1clo~winterindoorclothes
Theclothfactorfcl representsthe
areaincreaseforheattransferand
inASHRAEisaproximatedby

g
y
InISO7730itisgivenby:
fcl=1+1.29Rcl forRcl <0.078
fcl=1.05+.645Rcl forRcl >0.078
ASHRAEdefinesalsomasstransfer
characteristicsnotconsideredhere

ClothesII
Heattransferresistancesmaybecalculatedfromthesumof
contributionsofindividualgarnmentsorby

Whenthepersonissittedforexampleanaditionalinsulationshouldbeconsideredof0.1clo

Operativeandclothestemperature
Thedefinitionoftheradiationconvectioncoefficientallows
thedefinitionofanoperativetemperature(t0):

Fromtheequalityoftheheatthroughtheclothesandthe
convection/radiationtheclothestemperaturecanbe
eliminatedandthesensibleheattransferrateisthus:

TheISO7730keepsthegeneralformulationoftheheat
balanceandtheclothestemperatureisobtainedfrom:

tcl t sk Rcl f cl h tcl t air Fce tcl 273 t r 273

t sk 35.7 0.0275M W

Fce 3.96 E 8

(Latent)Heatlossthroughskin
Thelatentheatlossthroughtheskinisduetotranspirationand
dependsonthepartialpressuresofmoistureclosetotheskin
(psk,s
(pa),
),thefractionofwettedsurface(w)and
( )
sk s))andintheair(p
themasstransferresistanceofthecloth(Re,cl)andconvection
(he).ThecalculationsarecomplexandwewilluseISO7730.

ISO7730definestheheatlossesduetotranspirationand
moisturediffusionasafunctionofmetabolismandmoisture
pressureinair(p
( a):
)
Esk 0.4( M W ) 6.94 3 pa
Thetotalheatlossthroughskinisthen
qsk C R Esk

Respiration
Therespirationhasalsotwocontributionsduetotemperature
andmoisturevariationsbetweentheambientairandtheair
expelledfromthelungs.Thisisaminorcontributionforheatloss.
Theheatlossesareproportionaltothemetabolismandare
definedinthesamewaybyASHRAEandISO7730
withMinW/m2,ta inCandpa inkPa

Themoisturepartialpressureintheaircanbecalculatedfrom
theproductoftherelativehumidityandthesaturationpressure
pa RH psat (t ) and psat (t ) exp16.65 4030 t air 235
Thetotalheattransferfromthebodytotheenvironmentis:

qsk qres C R Esk Cres Eres

EnergyaccumulationandPMV
Thedifferencebetweenthemetabolismandtheworkdone
andheatlossistheenergyaccumulationthatinASHRAEis
separatedintwopartswhileinISOonlyinone:
t di t
t hil i ISO l i
S M W qsk qres M W C R Esk Cres Eres
Therateofenergyaccumulationisdirectlyrelatedwiththe
comfortsensationandinISO7730isusedtodefinethe
PredictedMeanValue(PMV)

PMV S 0.303e 0.036 M 0.028

thatcorrespondsto:
3
Cold
Insuportvel
mentefrio

2
Cool
Frio

1
Slightlycool
Ligeiramente
frio

0
Neutral
Neutro

1
2
3
SlightlyWarm Warm
Hot
Ligeiramente Quente Insuportvel
quente
mentequente

PredictedPercentageofDissatisfied

PPD 100 95 exp 0 .03353 PMV 4 0 .2179 PMV

PPD

ThereisalwaysaPPDevenifPMV=0;for|PMV|
<0.8therearepersonswithopositeopinions

Frio Calor

TabeladeJosLuisAleexandre,FEUP

Basedonastatisticalanalysisofthecomfortsensationof
personswhensubjecttoagivensetofconditionsthePPD
indexwasdefinedandcorrelatedwiththePMVby:

CondiesdeconfortoPMV PPD
Fixingtherelativehumiditycomforttemperaturemapscanbe
producedasafunctionofclothesandmetabolism (occupants).
Notethatoperative temperaturedependsont,tr andv

FromISO7730,Optimalvaluescorrespondto|PMV|<0.5;RH=50%

OthercomfortcriteriafromISO7730
Thetemperatureassimetryshouldnotexceed10oCbetween
vertical planes (example from radiation from a window)
verticalplanes(examplefromradiationfromawindow)
Theairvelocityinwintershouldbelowerthan0.15m/swith
temperaturefrom20to24oCandinsummersmallerthan
0.25m/swithtemperaturefrom23to26oC.
Theairtemperatureshouldnotdiffermorethan3oCfrom0.1
to1.1mfromthefloor.
Thefloortemperatureshouldbebetween19and26
The floor temperature should be between 19 and 26oC,
C
exceptwhenusingradiantfloorswhereitcanreach29oC.

EN15251
BasedonISO7730defines4levelsofcomfort:
|PMV|;PPD
<0.2;<6%
<0.5;<10%
<0.7;<15%
>0 7 ; >15%
>0.7;>15%

BasedonM=1.6metand1cloinwinterand0.5cloinsummer.
Thenormalsoindicatescategoriesfornonclimatizedspaces.

Contributionsofsensibleandlatentheat
Basedontheenergybalanceonecanevaluatethe
contributionsfromsensibleandlatentheatloads

FromCelestinoRuivo,UAlg

10

Sensitiveanalysis
Theeffectsofthevariationoftheconditionscanbeanalysed
intheequivalenteffectofchangingtheairtemperature:
FromJosLuis
Alexandre,FEUP

Variation
Variationofrelativehumidityhassmallereffectthantemperature.
of relative humidity has smaller effect than temperature
Toachieveanequivalenteffectontemperaturethevelocityhasto
beincreasedaboverecomendedlimitsforcomfort.
ForMetabolismandClothingthecorrectionsontemperatureshould
bemadeaccordingtothefactors0.14Clo/oCand0.5Met/oC

ThermalSensationASHRAE
ASHRAEdefinesasimilarsensationscalefrom3to+3and
correlateswithtemperatureandvapourpressure
Resultsforassumed
MetandCloandasa
functionofexposure
period

11

ASHRAE55
Comfortconditionsaredefinedinregionsofthepsycrometric
diagramforwinterandsummerbasedonassumedMet,Clo
andairvelocity
Whenvelocitiesare
changedthereisa
correctionforthe
temperaturevalues.

Adaptativecomfort
Thecomfortconditionsperceivedbythepersonsdependon
theambientairconditionsoutsidethebuildings.

Comforttemperatureasafunctionof
theaverageoutsidetemperature
(retiradodeVitorLeal,MIT)

12

StandardEffectiveTemperature
ASHRAEalsodefinestheSETIndexthatexpressesthe
resultoftemperatureandhumidityondiscomfort
Thistypeofgraphsisused
toevaluatethediscomfort
ofworkersinharsh
environments.
Thereisotherindex:Heat
stressindexdefinedbythe
capacitytodissipateheatby
transpirationthatdefines
themaximumtimeperiods.

Conclusions
Thedefinitionofthermalcomfortconditions
dependsonhumanactivityandclothes.
Therearequantitativemethodstoevaluatecomfort
andstatisticalinformationtoevaluatethelevelof
dissatisfiedpersonsthatwillalwaysexist.
Theheatbalanceallowsto
Analysetheimpactofindividualvariablesandtoseehow
theycanbecompensatedbyothers.
Evaluatetheheatloadsduetooccupancy(sensible+latent)
Intermsoflegislationthereferenceconditionsinsidebuildingsare
25oCand50%relativehumidityinsummerand20oCinwinter.

13

VisualComfort
Theilluminationlevel(E)requiredforeachactivityischaracterized
inluxthatistheilluminance(inlumen)incidentpersquaremeter
of area (lux= lm/m2).
ofarea.(lux=lm/m
)
Situation
E [lux]
Full moon light
0.2
Minimum level to distinguish faces
20
Night public street illumination (not from Roriz)
5-30
Office work
300
High precision work
500-1000
Inside a building at noon in summer (without direct sunlight)
5000
Sunshine light at noon in summer
100000
Typicalrecommended valueinsidebuildings5%ofexternalhorizontalradiation

Visualcomforthasimplicationsonclimatizationhasitisusedtodetermine
thewindowsareastoprovidenaturalilluminationandontheotherhand
becausetheilluminationpromotesheatloadsandelectricalconsumption
thatmayrepresentabout10to20%oftheelectricityconsumption.

SoundComfort
Soundinstallationsingeneraldonotcontributetoheatloads
Thedesignofairductsandfancoilsisconditionedbytheneedto
k
keepthesoundlevelofthesesourcesatlowlevels.
th
d l l f th
tl l l
Thesoundinsullationrequiredinwallsandtheneedtokeep
windowsshutalsohasdirectimplicationsonclimatization.
Thesoundlevelismeasuredindbthatisthedecimallogarithmof
theratiobetweenagivenintensityandtheminimum(Audible).
0dbcorrespondstotheminimumsoundlevel(1012 W/m2)and
soundpressure(20Pa)ande.g.120dbto1W/m2 and20Pa.
Thesoundlevelofequipmentisoftenrestrictedbelow30db
(bedroom)and40db(libraryoroffices).Fortheunitsoutsidethe
buildingthesoundlevelsmayalsobelimitedtothelevels
requiredbylegislation(45to55dbatnight;55to65dbatday)

14

Efficiencyoflightsources
Tipo de Lmpada

Farol de bicicleta
Incandescente

Potncia
Elctrica (W)

Fluxo
Luminoso
((lm))

Eficcia
luminosa
((lm/W))

Eficincia
Eflum/668,45

30

10

1,5 %

100

1360

13,6

2,0 %

Incandescente (?)

60

620

10,3

1,5 %

Compacta

11

570

51,8

7,7 %

Fluorescente
Sdio de alta presso
Sdio de baixa presso

58

5400

93

13,9 %

100

10500

105

15,7 %
29,6 %

131

26000

198

Vapor
p de mercrio

1000

58000

58

8,7
, %

Iodetos metlicos

2000

190000

95

14,2 %

60

5700

95

14,2 %

Lmpadas compactas novas

Lmpadas compactas de projector

ASHRAE F09,Ch.10

15

ManuelDuartePinheiro,IST
JosLuisAlexandre,FEUP

DesenhosdeJosLuis

16