Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Project Scope
Introduction
Literature Search
Simulation Software Requirements
Data Collection and Analysis
System Description
System Impact Studies
Conclusions
Future Work
Introduction
Penetration of PV generation in distribution and
transmission systems has increased dramatically
in recent years.
Small numbers of PV generation offer few or
no problems, but as the percentage of PV
generation grows, a number of issues begin to
appear.
Large penetrations of PV generators might have
negative impacts on the system they are connected
to.
Engineering analysis requires detailed simulation
models.
Pertinent Standards
IEEE Std. 1547-2003: Standard for Interconnecting
Distributed Resources with Electric Power Systems
IEEE Std. 1547.1-2005: Test Procedures for Interconnection Equipment
IEEE Std. 1547.2-2008: Application Guide for IEEE Std 1547
IEEE Std. 1547.3-2007: Monitoring, Information Exchange, and Control
IEEE Std. 1547.4-2011: Design, Operation, and Integration Island
Systems
Under Development:
IEEE Std. 1547.5: Power Sources Greater than 10MVA (Transmission
Grid)
IEEE Std. 1547.6-2011: Secondary Networks
IEEE Std. 1547.7: Distribution Impact Studies for Distributed Resource
Interconnection
IEEE Std. 1547.8: Implementation Strategies for Expanded Use of
IEEE Standard 1547
4
Harmonics
IEEE Std. 519-1992
Islanding
UL 1741
IEC 62116
5
Previous Work
Study
Summary
Ropp (2008) Reviews potential problems and utility concerns arising from high penetration levels of
photovoltaic in distribution systems
J. W. Smith Identifies limitations in the industry practice of integrating PV facility into the
distribution grid, and further proffers an approach to improve PV interconnection
(2011)
studies
Investigates impact of high PV penetration level on an existing network as a case study
Report IEA- Investigates voltage rises due to PV penetration and possible mitigation measures (Ota
City demonstration project - Japan)
PVPS T1006-2009 Investigates reasons for power imbalances between phases of a solar settlement (PV
settlement of Schlierber - Germany).
F. Katiraei Documents and reviews the results from several field experiments, measurements, and
system studies performed at International Energy Agency Photovoltaic Power Systems
(2007)
J. Widen
(2009)
EPRIs Work
Lots of case studies for lots of feeders
Relatively low PV penetration levels
Did not investigate imbalance in great detail
Reference:
J. Smith,
PV Modeling for Distribution System Impact Assessment Using the OpenDSS,
Utility/Lab Workshop on PV Technology and Systems,
November 8-9, 2010
Our questions
Is it really that simple?
How about imbalance?
Reference:
NREL, Southern California Edison High-Penetration Photovoltaic Project Year 1,
Technical Report, N REL/TP-5500-50875, June 2011
11
Issue
OpenDSS PSCAD
EMTPRV
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
12
13
Load Profiles
14
15
16
Min Load
(kW)
Under 1000
1000-1500
1500-2000
2000-2500
Over 2500
0.5
3.2
2.4
2.1
3.4
Max Load
(kW)
15.1
10.9
17.4
29.2
38.2
8.4
3.7
6.2
14.9
27.2
Consumption
(MWh)
38.4
52.4
67.4
77.3
94.6
Commercial
Type
Drive-Through
Restaurants
Shopping Mall
Generic Grocery
Grocery Store
Superstore
Min Load
(kW)
Max Load
(kW)
64.6
48.6
1,658.3
207.0
495.4
1,748.9
523.0
197.7
7,392.6
459.2
1,092.8
4,071.4
Max. Up-Ramp
(kW/h)
186.8
51.2
1,457.0
106.7
169.8
629.9
Consumption
(MWh)
1,753.1
776.7
32,832.3
2,957.9
6,502.6
24,779.1
17
Generation Profiles
18
PV Variation (Months)
Manitoba Hydro
BC Hydro
Hydro One
19
20
21
22
Shingles Scenario
23
24
Feeder Systems
26
Load Distribution
Customer load profiles were integrated into the test feeder
by substituting the original loads
To provide reasonable comparison between the three
resulting systems, the total loading of the phases was kept
constant
Number of customers connected to a specific service
transformer resulted from the respective customers
maximum annual demand
27
Phase
A
B
C
Phase
A
B
C
Phase
A
B
C
32
Cases - Daily
Case
Phase with PV
Case #
DescriptionScenario
Season
PV Profile
A, B, C
Spring
Spring
A, B, C
Spring
Spring
A, B, C
Spring
A, B, C
Spring
A, B, C
Spring
A, B
Spring
A, C
Spring
B, C
Spring
10
A, B, C
Fall
11
12
A, B, C
A, B, C
Summer
Winter
Note: for Fall, Summer & Winter the day with the biggest generation-consumption
ratio was used
33
Spring
Summer
Fall
Winter
Manitoba Hydro
Mar. 15
Jun. 7
Sep. 14
Feb. 5
SCE
Apr. 4
Jul. 4
Sep. 19
Feb. 13
Hydro One
May 1
Jun. 4
Sep. 28
Feb. 19
NetZero (kW)
A
B
C
5,874 4,885 6,622
Financial (kW)
A
B
C
----
Shingles (kW)
A
B
C
321
201
545
SCE
--
--
--
2,727
248
3,276
Hydro One
843
934
888
--
--
--
34
35
36
Max
1.036
1.037
1.034
No PV
Min
1.029
1.029
1.021
Diff
0.008
0.008
0.013
Max
1.044
1.043
1.039
With PV
Min
1.023
1.017
1.015
Diff
0.020
0.026
0.023
Max
1.046
1.040
1.019
With PV
Min
1.023
1.017
1.007
Diff
0.023
0.023
0.012
With PV
Min
1.023
1.017
1.015
Diff
0.02
0.026
0.023
Max
1.036
1.037
1.034
No PV
Min
1.031
1.027
1.029
Diff
0.005
0.010
0.005
Max
1.036
1.037
1.034
No PV
Min
1.029
1.029
1.021
Diff
0.008
0.008
0.013
Max
1.044
1.043
1.039
37
38
39
Max
1.032
1.032
1.024
No PV
Min
1.018
1.018
1.007
Diff
0.014
0.013
0.016
Max
1.075
1.078
1.080
With PV
Min
1.035
1.028
1.033
Diff
0.039
0.050
0.046
Max
1.069
1.112
1.052
With PV
Min
1.036
1.028
1.014
Diff
0.033
0.084
0.038
With PV
Min
1.036
1.028
1.019
Diff
0.047
0.053
0.041
Max
1.032
1.032
1.028
No PV
Min
1.023
1.009
1.017
Diff
0.010
0.023
0.011
Max
1.032
1.032
1.028
No PV
Min
1.020
1.017
1.014
Diff
0.012
0.015
0.014
Max
1.083
1.081
1.061
40
Cases - Annually
PV penetration Net Zero
Simulation duration 8760 hours
The obtained results provide an estimate over the
number of times the feeder voltage cycles above
1.05 pu and below 0.95 pu
41
42
43
Eastern
# of Buses (All
Phases)
246
17
Central
126
Western
267
269
Eastern
# of Buses (All
Phases)
177
10466
Central
203
23692
Western
281
25930
Secondary
Connection
44
Adjusted parameters:
Transformer connection (i.e. D-Y, D-D, Y-D, and Y-Y)
Line length (i.e. 5 km, 10 km, and 20 km)
Load imbalance severity (i.e. Imbalance Load Factor: 2, 4 and 8)
45
Unsymmetrical Penetration
Line Length Imbalance
Scenario
(km)
Factor
1
10
2
2
1
4
3
1
2
4
5
2
5
10
2
6
20
2
7
5
-2
8
10
-2
9
20
-2
10
1
2
11
1
4
12
1
8
13
1
-2
14
1
-4
15
1
-8
Phase A
Phase B Phase C
Load (kW) Load (kW) Load (kW)
Impact Evaluated
341.6
170.8
170.8
683.2
170.8
170.8 Transformer Connection
341.6
170.8
170.8
341.6
170.8
170.8
Line length for positive
341.6
170.8
170.8
imbalance loading factor
341.6
170.8
170.8
-341.6
170.8
170.8
Line length for negative
-341.6
170.8
170.8
imbalance loading factor
-341.6
170.8
170.8
341.6
170.8
170.8 Load imbalance severity
683.2
170.8
170.8 for positive imbalance
1,366.4
170.8
170.8 loading factor
-341.6
170.8
170.8 Load imbalance severity
-683.2
170.8
170.8 for negative imbalance
-1,366.4
170.8
170.8 loading factor
46
Transformer Connection
47
Line Length
Positive imbalance factor
48
49
PV1
V1
Load2
Z2
PV2
V2
Load3
Z3
V3
PV3
50
Secondary Network
1. No PV
51
52
53
54
55
Project Summary
Objectives: Provide a technically sound method of aggregating
PV impacts on distribution feeder voltage control. Develop
quantitative measures of the voltage control impacts from a
variable DG source
Builds on the UWIG DG Evaluation Toolbox
Completed Tasks
Literature Search
Flicker Meter Implementation in OpenDSS
Feeder Model Reduction CYME OpenDSS
Tasks to Do
New Screener and PV Profile Aggregation Using Wavelets
on Web Server
56
Source: LBLN-2855E
Literature Search
Little Available on Solar Variability
Background from Wind Variability
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Conclusion
No grid today is ready for 100% penetration of PV
Significant impact of the conductor type on coupling effects during
imbalanced phase loading
Imbalance can be much greater than expected both from coupling
impacts and changes in actual load at the location of the installation
Use of three-phase voltage regulators that do not allow for
controlling the voltage on each phase individually, and three-phase
tap changers will be an issue in installation of distributed generation
Tap changers and other voltage regulating equipment will need more
frequent maintenance
65
Conclusion
Voltage rises are not uniform and in many cases the voltage at the
substation maybe well within limits while at other locations along the
feeder, voltage limits may be violated during PV peak production.
Power quality issues start at low penetration levels and are greatly
influenced by the quality and size of the inverters used to tie the
system to the grid
With tight clustering and a poorly designed (from an acceptance of
distributed generation point of view) circuit can see impacts at less
than 1 percent penetration.
66
Recommendations
Mitigation Options
Options for mitigation in todays regulatory and standards
environment can provide the ability to safety increased the level of
distributed generation installed:
Disconnect the DG and pay the owner for the lost potential
generation
Placement of voltage regulators
Use of phase balancing equipment
68
71