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nth term in Arithmetico Geometric
series
n1
tn = [a + (n 1) d]r >Progressions
Where a is the first term, d is the common difference and r is the common ratio.
Relation between A.M, G.M and H.M
=

A.M G.M H.M

A.M H.M = (G.M)

If a,b and c are in H.P., then

2ac
a+c

b=

nth term of a H.P

tn

1
a+(n1)d

If a.b.c are in G.P,then

b2 = ac
Common ratio of a G.P

tn

t n1

r=

Where r is common ratio and tn and tn-1 are the nth and (n-1)th term respectively
nth term of a G.P

t n a r n1
=

Where a is the first term and r is the common ratio

Sum of n terms of a G.P
Sn =

a + ar + ar 2 + + ar n1

a[r n 1]
= r1
a(1r n )
= 1r
Here, a = first term

if r > 1
if r < 1

r = common ratio
n = number of terms
If a,b and c are in A.P., then arithmetic mean

a+c
2
Sum of n terms of an A.P
b=

S n = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d) + + a + (n 1) d
n
2 {2a + (n 1) d}
=

Here a is called first term and d is called common difference and Sn is the sum of n terms
Common difference in A.P.
d=

t2 t1

Where d is common difference and t2 and t1 are second and first term respectively
Sum of the first 'n' natural numbers

1 +2 +3 ++n

n(n+1)
n = 2
Sum of the squares of the first 'n' natural numbers
2
2
2

1 +2 +3 ++n2
n(n+1)(2n+1)
2
n =
6

Sum of the cubes of the first "n" natural numbers

3
13 + 23 + 33 +
n

+
2 (n+1) 2
n
n3 =
4
t n a + (n 1) d

nth term of an A.P

=

Arithmetic progression (A.P.)

(a) General A.P.- a, a + d,a + 2d, . a + (n - 1) d where a is the first term and d is the common difference
(b) General (nth ) term of an A.P.
T n = a + (n - 1) d [nth term from the beginning] If an A.P.is having m term, then nth term from end = a + (m - n)d
(c) sum of n terms of an A.P.-

Sn =

n
2

[2a + (n 1)d] =

n
2

[a + T n ]

Note: If sum of n terms i.e. Sn is given then T n = Sn - Sn-1 where Sn-1 is sum of (n-1) terms
(d) Supposition of terms in A.P.
(i) three terms as a, a - d, a + d
(ii) four terms as a -3d, a - d, a + d, a + 3d
(iii) five terms as a -2d, a - d, a, a + d, a + 2d
(e) Arithmetic mean (A.M.):
(i) A.M. of n numbers A1 , A2 , An is defined as

A.M. =

A 1 +A 2 +...+A n
n

A i
n

sum of numbers
n

(ii) For an A.P., A.M. of the terms taken symmetrically from the beginning and form the end will always be constant and will be equal to middle term or A.M. of
middle term .
(iii) If A is the A.M. between two given nos. a and b, then

A = a+b
2

i.e.2A = a + b

(iv) If A1 , A2 , .. An are n A.M s between a and b, then A = a + d , A2 = a + 2d , .. An = a + nd, where d = (b - a)/(n + 1)

(v) Sum of n A.Ms inserted between a and b is (n/2) (a + b)
(vi) Any term of an A.P. (except first term ) is equal to the half of the sum of term equidistant form the term i.e. an = 1/2 (an-r + an+r), r
Geometric Progression (G.P)
(a) General G.P. a, ar, ar2 , where a is the first term and r is the common ratio
(b) General (nth ) term of G.P. -T n = arn-1 If a G.P. is having m terms then nth term from end = arm-n
(c) Sum of n term of a G.P.

a(1r n )
Tnr
S n = 1r = a1r
,r<
a(r n 1)
n ra
= r1 = Tr1
,r>1
(d) Sum of an infinite G.P. = S = (a/(1-r)), |r| < 1
(e) Supposition of term in G.P. --(i) Three terms as (a/r), a, ar
(ii) Four terms as (a/r3 ), (a/r), ar, ar3
(iii) Five terms as (a/r2 ), (a/r), a, ar, ar3
(f) Geometric Mean (G.M.)
(i) Geometrical mean of n numbers x1 , x2 , xn is defined as G.M. = (x1 x2 xn )1/n

G = ab G = ab
(i) If G is the G.M. between two given number a and b, then

(ii) If G1 , G2 , Gn are n G.Ms between a and b, then

G1 = ar , G2 = ar2 , Gn = arn , where r = (b/a)1/n+1

(iii) Product of the n G.Ms inserted between a & b is (ab)n/2

Arithmetico Geometric progression (A.G.P.):
(a) General form a, (a+d) r, (a+2d)r2 , .
(b) General (nth ) term T n = [a+(n-1) d] rn-1
(c) Sum of n terms of an A.G.P Sn

a
1r

+r

d(1r n1 )
(1r)

(d) Sum of infinite terms of an A.G.P

S =

a
1r

dr
(1r)

Some standard results:

(a)

(b)

(c)

n = 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + n
n(n+1)
= 2
2
2

n = 1 + 2 2 + 3 2 + .... + n 2
n(n+1)(2n+1)
=
6
3
3
3

n = 1 + 2 + 3 3 + .... + n 3
=[

n(n+1)
2

(d) a = a+a+ . + (n times) = na

(e) (2n-1) = 1+3+5+ .. (2n-1) = n2
(f) 2n = 2+4+6+ + 2n = n(n+1)
Harmonic Progression (H.P)
(a)

General H. P.

1
a

1
a+d

1
a+2d

+ .....

(b) General (nth term) of a H.P. - T n

1
a+(n1)d

1
n th term coresponding to A.P.

(c) Harmonic Mean (H.M.)

(i) If H is H.M. between a and b , then H = (2ab/(a+b))
(ii) If H1 , H2 , .., Hn are n H.Ms between a nad b , then H1 = (ab(n+1) / (bn+a)) , Hn = (ab(n+1) / (na+b)) or first n A.M.s between (1/a) & (1/b) , then
their reciprocal will be required H.Ms
Arithmetic mean

(i)For ungrouped data (individual series)

x 1 +x 2 +x n
n(no. of terms)

n
i=1

Xi

(ii) For grouped data (continuous series)

(a) Direct method

ni=1 f i X i
ni=1 f i

x =

x = A + fi d i / f i )

where xi , I = 1 .. n be n observations and fi be their corresponding frequencies

(b) short cut method

, where A = assumed mean, di = xi - A = deviation for each

term
Relation Between A.M. , G.M. and H.M.
(i) AH = G2
(ii) A G H

A (A 2 G 2 )

(iii) If A and G are A.M. and G.M. respectively between two + ve numbers, then these numbers are

Properties of A.M
(i) In a statistical data the sum of the deviation of n terms form A.M. is always zero.
(ii) If each of the n given observations be doubled, then their mean is doubled

x
a

(iii) If
is the mean of x1 , x2 , , xn . the mean of ax1 , ax2 , .. , axn is
(iv) Arithmetic mean is independent of origin i.e. it is not effected by any change in origin
Geometric mean

(i) For ungrouped data G.M. = (x1 x2 x3 .. xn )1/n or G.M. = antilog

( n1

n
i=1

where a is any number different form zero

log x)

f1
f2
fn
x
x

(ii) For grouped data G.M. = (x

n )
1
2
N = i=1 n nf i
i=1 f i log x i
= antilog( n f i )
i=1
Harmonic mean Harmonic mean is reciprocal of arithmetic mean of reciprocals
n
(i) For ungrouped data H.M. =
n
i=1 x1
n i
i=1 f i
(ii) For grouped data H.M. =

n
i=1

( xi )
i

Recognization of A.P., G.P., H.P.

If a, b, c are three successive terms of a sequence.

ab
bc
ab
bc =
ab
bc =

Then if

=
a
b
a
c

a
a

. Then a, b, c are in A.P.

. Then a, b, c are in G.P.

. Then a, b, c are in H.P.

1/N
, where

Vn Method
To Find the sum of the series of the forms

1
a 1 a 2 .... a r

i)

1
a 2 a 3 .... a r+1

+ .... +

1
a n a n+1 ....a n+r1

a 1 a 2 ....a r + a 2 a 3 ....a r+1 + .... + a n a n+1 ....a n+r1

ii)

Where a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an ,... are in A.P.

(i) For

r=2:

1
a 1a 2

1
a 2a 3

=
=
=
=

1
a n a n+1
a n+1 a 1
(a 2 a 1 )a 1 a n+1

+ .... +

1
(a 2 a 1 )

( a11

a n+1

a 1 +(n+11)da 1
d a 1 a n+1
nd
d a 1 a n+1
n
a 1 a n+1

(ii) For r = 3:

1
a 1a 2a 3

1
a 2a 3 a 4

+ .... +

a n a n+1 a n+2

1
2(a 2 a 1 )

[ a 11a 2

a n+1

(iii) For r = 4 :

1
a 1a 2a 3a 4

1
a 2a 3 a 4 a 5

+ .... +

1
a n a n+1 a n+2 a n+3

1
3(a 2 a 1 )

[ a 1 a12

Method of difference for solving A. G. Series.

Step I : Denote the nth term and the sum of the series upto n terms of the series by T n and Sn respectively.
Step II : Rewrite the given series with each term shifted by one place to the right.
Step III : Subtracting the above two forms of the series, find T n .
e.g.

S n = 1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + 31 + .... + T n1 + T n

...

(1)

Sn =
(2)

1 + 3 + 7 + 15 + .... +T n1 + T n

Subtracting (2) from (1), we get

0 = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + .... + (T n T n1 ) T n

...

T n = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + ....n terms
(2 n 1)
21
n

=1
T n = (2 1)
S n = T n
= (2 n 1)
= 2 n 1
= (2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + .... + 2 n ) n
=2

(2 n 1)
21

n = 2(2 n 1) n

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