Modern

Architecture

BOOK

ARCHITECTS

FOR

H.
FELLOW

OF

INSTITUTE

THE

OF

"ARCHITECTURE

WITH

OF

"THE

OF

in

LONDON

RY

CHAPMAN

1897

"FORM

LAW,"

BUILDING

B UIL

ANP

i"f"ii-v

ETC.

OF

ILLUSTRATIONS

NUMEROUS
CONTEMPORA

LONDON

ARCHITECTS,

BRITISH

BUILDER,"

READERS,"

GENERAL

FOR

MUSIC," "changes

Till- I'Llil.IC

STATHAM

HEATHCOTE

EDITOR
AUTHOR

AND

DINGS

"

HALL,

ld.

IN

\"^-.

INDEX

The

TO

Tower

Bridge

ILLUSTRATIONS.

remodelled

FroHtispiiCi:
(Gotch's

Plan

of

Renaissance

arcades

Reform

in

16

...

Sections

of

Gabled

of

same

II.

Mr.

Brooks's

12.

Mr.

Emerson's

Mr.

Hay's

'5-

Detail

of

Section
Plan

18.

Basilica

19.

Church

20.

49
and

St.

...

final

design

(Birch's

London

"

Churches

(The

Builder)

for

Liverpool

for

Liverpool

65

Cathedral

Cathedral

67
68

Berlin

cathedral,

69
Berlin

cathedral,

new

cathedral,

69
{The

Builder)

Auteuil

( The

Builder)

Cathedral

(PhoK^raph)

Berlin

Tours...

at
at

Marseilles

21.

Church

of

La

22.

Church

of

St.

23-

Sedding's

24.

Church

25-

Church,

26.

Tower,

Rossett

27-

Slinden

Church

28.

St.

Andrew's,

29.

St.

George's,

the

70
72

Paris

Trinite,

Augustin,

design

57

58

Berlin

dome,

50

64

Cathedral

Liverpool

.J

")

...

des^ign

new

of

for

design

new

48

originally designed

as

plan

of
of

church

...

Walbrook,

Chelsea,

at

church

cathedral,

'7.

passage-aisle

Stephen's,

church

ID.

16.

,,

32

"passage-aisle"

...

Catholic

New

...

Woolnoth

The

14.

and

St.

Mary
9-

three-aisled
of

...

25

Exhibition

Paris

treatment

Plans

as

Club

pavilion,

")

England

(Photograph)

House

Pastellists'

in )

work

Norman

Club

Thatched

Renaissance

house

(
Decorative

"

for

Holy

St.

75

Paris

76

Dyfrig's,

Redeemer,

Cardiff

{The

Clerkenwell
...

Stanstead-Monlfitchet

Builder)

77
79
80

Church

81

85

...

Willesden,

73
74

view

and

plan

86

87

Worcester
...

I\Jfh\

VI

ILLUSTRATIONS.

J I)

tkau

KIO.

30.

of

Church

the

Good

Shepherd, Hatnpstead,

Uvhe

/iuilJer)

89

interior
31.

St. Clare's

32.

Built rood

33.

Garrison

34.

Ring-Kirche,

35.

Plan

36.

Hungarian

37.

Japanese

38.

Church, Liverpool,interior
screen

church, Stuttgart
Wiesbaden

(Photograph)

...

Ring-Kirche, Wiesbaden

of

of Tarliament,

Houses

Design

Builder)

I'arliamcnt,view and plan

I louses of

for Slate

( The

...

view

House, Minnesota,

and

plan

view

and
105

plan
39.

Houses

of

Parliament, Berlin, view

40.

Carved

panel, Berlin

Houses

Hall, Berlin

of Parliament
of Parliament

41.

Entrance

42.

Staircase,Vienna

43.

Plan

44.

Salle

45.

Municipal buildings,Hamburg

46.

Municipal buildings,Sheffield

47.

Plan

48.

Central

49.

Municipal buildings, Bath

50.

Messrs.

51.

Plan

52.

Author's

53.

Another

54.

Ground

5$.

First floor

56.

View

of Hotel

Houses

...

...

Hall

Town

de Villc, Paris

des Cariatides, Hotel

of

plan

and

Ville,Paris

de

...

municipal buildings,Sheffield
feature of

Sheffield
municipal buildings,

cipal
Leeming's design for Edinburgh Muni-

Buildings
of

do.

design

do.

for

Edinbui^h

Municipal

Edinburgh

Municipal

Buildings
design

for

Buildings
plan,Oxford

Town

...

plan, O.xford

of Oxford

57.

Mairie

58.

Plan

of Mairie

French

of Xth

Hall

Town

Town

Hall

Hall

Arrondissement, Paris
of Xth

Arrondissement

59.

Three

60.

Elevation

of Battersea

61.

Elevation

of Chelsea

62.

Competition

63.

Plan

64.

Imperial Law

65.

Interior, Imperial Law

66.

Brussels

67.

Plan

Mairie

designs
Town

Hall
...

Hall

Design for Oxford

of Birmingham

Law

Vestry
Law

...

Town

Hall

Courts

Courts, Leipsic
Courts, Leipsic

Courts

of Imperial Institute...

...

INDEX

TO

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Vllt

INDEX

TO

ILLUSTRATIONS,

PREFACE.

idea

The

of

delivered

book

this
the

by

author

Association,
went

The

in

form

any

into

expanded
which,

it

but

those

to

is

nation
The

to

from

the

life, as

offer

to

position
The

on

which

at

the

summarize

required,
with

what
in

those

illustrations

of

side

to
"

on

and
has

three
taken

more

who

dissociated
of

the

modern

architect
and

practical

turn

side

untenable.
State

"

Architecture,"

of

by

day,

architect

and

accomplished

branches

from

the

prosaic

the

art,

upon

Architecture,"

Domestic

been

of

entirely

me

Church
"

work

of

conditions

impose

Present

propounded

ideal

the

the

to

The

'*

on

critics

which

general

sense.

views

purely

the

the

other,

appears

chapters

as

inexorably

me,

one

the

architectural

considerations
to

chapter,

to

answer

an

architecture

Architecture,"
to

first

the

architects

to

importance

artistic

in

light

take

who

much

and

in

only

not

those

to

so

practical

and

practical

only

of

is

of

architects

regard

back

in

interest

clients,

which

object

it appears

look

their

is

of

wish

their

art

of

be

may

are

an

main

Position,"

to

who

large, both

at

section

it

the

here

is

them

of

subject

the

places

of

published

nor

substance

the

which

form

hoped,

in

interest

delivered

when

which

chapters

down

written

tectural
Archi-

and

Council,
four

lectures

the

of

Design

first

the

in

of

course

the

of

neither

were

of

request

taken

lines

lectures

book.

the

short

Class

the

to

at

main

the

on

in

originated

are

recently,

contemporary

designs

and

plans

and

an

and

cipal
Muni-

attempt
what

architecture,
of

modern

is

PREFACE.

buildings.

The

chapter

believe, a rather
consider

architectural

existingin
a

in which

street, and

frontage.

street

the

on

paper

the

the

portion

subject read

in

time

of the

some

only portion of

to

the

which

book

tectural
Archi-

of the

this

is the

print

in any

but

journals ;

has

partiallyreported at

last,and

architectural

of

part of

formed

chapter

general meeting

in December

Association
the

of this

portions of

form

design consists only

architectural

to

ditions
special con-

the

to

buildings which

of

case

reference

in

design

embodies,

the attempt

subject,in

of the

treatment

new

"

Architecture

Street

"

on

in

appeared

form.

considerable

plates
the

which

majority

reproduced
of

the

This

time

of

these

may

of

where

Builder

the

photographs,
drawings

made

the

trouble

order
of

with

them

had

to

from

foreign

purposely for
is

Other

regarded

as

as

far

the

again.
of

one

where

or

or

the
two

his present

illustrations

journals,
The

are

from

or

from
of

source

possible,in

as

are

owners

them

in

publication.

acknowledged,

In

concurrence

architectural
this

Builder.

save

lending

the

abroad,

gone

be ascertained.

not

illustration

the

buildings represented,except

architect

made

in

time

drawings, only they

own

plates in

the
of

to

from

reduced

are

practicallybe

architects'

the

been

the

could

address

each

cases

from

has

architects

the

of illustrations.

index
In

two

modern

or

three

buildinghas

anything
been

from

originaldrawings
use

cases

appeared
from

illustrations

of the illustrations

number

which

purposely

cases

been

could

where
used

plan,or

part of

to illustrate mistakes

identifythe building

or

its

plan,of

in

planning,

author

August^ 1897.

has

avoided.
H.

London,

H.

S.

CONTENTS.

CHAI'TEK

PACK

Present

The

I.

Position
i
.

II.

Architecture

Church

40

III.

St.vie

Municip.al

and

Architeciukk

96
.
...

IV.

Architecture

Domestic

175
...

...
...

v.

...

Architecture

Street

.241
...

VI.

Note

.\s

to

the

Influence

ok

Iron

269
...

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

CHAPTER

THE

Under
for

the
the

of

scope

practised

at

the

There
the

is
of

progress

these

present
and

Here

we

architecture

out

works

existing
"

we

can

Now

in

admit

realize
know

our

have

we

about

set

if there

is

of

exactly
of

one

is

the

is

the

before

to

do, what

special

them

want

we

said.

carrying
under

out,

understand

the

ditions
con-

do, and

to

the

talked

be

to

people

"

styles
of

fairly

new

carry

of

part

been

us

to

review
diately
imme-

"

early

has

to

tion.
generato

revivals

"

nothing

task

as

generations

various

important

lor

room

it

what

difference

is

evident

between

separate
in

back

architecture

how

it.

difference
this

going

preparing

or

got

such,

as

present

which

there

existing

It

the

since

matter

architecture,

what
best

is

other

which

conditions.

recognizable

all

That

with

architecture"

to

each

during
by

include,

to

propose
of

in

the

art

gained

and

own,

concerning
are

be

modern

century.

out,

or

to

followed

have

the

moment,

nothing

our

"

architecture

chapters,

present

preceding
which

POSITION.

PRESENT

modern

"

term

I.

consideration
that

modern

consideration,
this
;

difference
that

which

there

of

and

it

consists.
has

been

and
is

modern

be

must

architecture

"

some

ancient,

important
Of

course

dinned

we

into
B

to

us

MODERS

relentlessly
by
imitates

and

ancient
of

modern

the

only

difference
it is

belonging
I

not

has

that

over

although

forms
did

this distinction
pass

critics, viz. that

adopts

architecture

will

ARCHITECTURE.

been

not

for

the

ancient

doubt

no

the

It

ancient

architecture

and

called

modern

"architectural

hear

conditions

and

they

are

In
under

The

the

first

place, the

planning

of the

refinements

influence

perfectly different

buildings were
of

plan

the

of

required to
temple,
not

say,

in

temples
called

was

result

carry

erect

the

placing

of

the

that

sense,

the

the

opening

in

design,

out

were,

of

of each
were

it

when

and

structure,

in
as

the

pared
com-

apprehension,

its

it

the

but

in

with

the

the

know

main

; and

design

"

the

of

or

such

quite subordinate

few

the

supports

Egyptian

an

you

main

of

it

it

"

of

masses

could

the

almost

may

view

was

almost

plan.

The

great compartments

accessory
to

and

style you

features, from

than

more

cathedral,

one

the

greatest

complication

in

mediaeval

design,

outline

and

the

principal walls

in

difficult

and

little

plan,

former

any

no

was

become,

civilization,a

was

these

The

or

has

architecture

in fact

comparatively

other

modern

In

plan

was

you

shall

we

more

building

what

structure.

position

building consisted
there

for, and

up

of

of

churches.

or

Byzantine church,

represented
the

the

lie

be

may

which

exceedingly complex

an

only intimatelyconnected
in

of

greatest periods of ancient

the

In

from

problem

period of architecture, and

one.

between

architecture

easy

most

can

what

to

differences

less

not

difference

regard

modern

are

it is

modern,

one

(a phrase of

of

wc

indeed.

important

very

the

they

in

but

and

every

principal

other

requirements

ancient

with

which

the

features"

just now).

more

is

importance

all events,

architecture

one

readily apprehend.

the

exaggerated

At

present.

between

that

sure

little

architecture

previous styles,and

to

not

am

modern

main

compartments
structure,

as

and

interfered

hardly
mediaeval

POSITIOX.

PRESENT

THE

cathedral

effect.

its

with

subsidiary buildings opening

is the

of

system

all

rooms

as

opening

convenience

There
into

cloister

itself

though

it

built it

little

was

house)
the

in

design

element

an

the

but

"

architectural

in

When,
the

and

effect

which

but

chapter

was

such

^je:!^^^

mansion

of the

into
able
remark-

In

of

most

Renaissance
KIG.

out

of

blocks

various
whole
walls

another, and

is still of

very

who

by those

architectural

still find

great houses

internallyby

doubt,

centrated
con-

subdivided

we

the

effect,no

The

great buildings

simplicityof plan.

lieriodthe

adjunct.

come

we

of the

one

are

rooms,

many

an

conventual

"

times,

into

constitute

design,

architectural

an

architectural
as

conventual

great church.

later

palace

just

utilitarian ; all

development

the

side,

one

buildings opening

simply

were

the

extend

to

; the

only

perhaps hardly regarded

was

on

these

called

sense,

modern

preciselyrestricted

the church

was

of

air

group

be

could

the

this

treatment,

free
no

to

surrounding

to

the

were

care

architectural

an

was

in the

the

that

to

open

the

walk, and

simple

very

site with

of it (except perhaps the

out

on

on

anything

buildings were,

is

with

its

architecture

corridor

architectural

; the

design

of

out

dictated,

boundaries.

buildings

this

and

cloister

of the

out

buildings themselves

the various

while

But

planning.

cloister

in ancient

resemblance

nearest

the

have

we

connection

In

which

architectural
with

doors

the relation

direct

and

I.

"

RENAISSANCE

HOl'SE.

stitute
con-

mass

in them

between

simple

merely

are

one

apartment

plan

character

and

subdivided
is entered

exterior

(Fig. i).

So

design
it

was

also with
cases

the

plan of

the

and

as

to

grouping

of

so

of

remains

palace

of

nations

may

rather

have

been

they

were

wonders

how

different
find

still

plan

their

semi-

complication

; there

to

seems

required, but

were

system,

about

way

the

as

such

the

apparent

civil

in

be

to

that

so

such

interiors

apartment

as

It may

from

he

urged

the

one

another.

plan

should

complicated buildingsplanned
only refer
The
;

almost

Roman
on

the

to

the

point

Thermae

were

contrary,

entirely for
planning required in

their

effect.
a

modem

here

in the

large

planning
had

town-hall

was

of

be

in

mansion.

ings
build-

the

walk

to

in

old

the

to

next,

use

old
one

public buildings it

our

out

Roman
but

supposed

so

Thermae

with

with

agree
I

had

this,

overlooked
not

was

the

group

examples

were

I cannot
that

to

as

buildings,but
simplest kind, and
common

and

satisfyingpractical

elaborate
the

nothing
or

as

spirit;

and

domestic,

or

laid

the

as

modem

lest it should

very

They

In
be

institutions

important

the

to

churches

religious life ;

content

room

to

such

that

public

longer

no

passage

that

is demanded

the

is

church,

; but

design

longer accepted

are

mediaeval

most

over-ridden

no

fashion

nonchalant

the

and

churches, indeed,

our

part of the

whether

is

We

requirements.

in

as

largest

our

architecture,

simplicity of plan

plan,

life has

civil

the

the

In

nowadays.

obviously

ceased

have

it all is

that

and

completely

it.

here

of

no

found

people

houses, such
of

the

arc

all.

we

and

plan

rooms

on

ancient

internal

; and

many

together

jumbled

How

of

that

subdivision

only

palaces

confusion

perception

the

Assyrians

considered

be

of

some

the

as

of

being

not

the

prehistoricGreek

the

time

Almost

complication

and

Tiryns,

the

forward
straight-

and

complicated

more

any

apartments.*

the

some

at

barbarous

one

demand

exhibit

which

buildings

life of

in most

architecture, and

interior

exceedingly simple

an

domestic

the

character,
ordered

of

was

house, which

Roman

entirelyan

almost

plan

and

Greek

the

probably

was

which

in

at

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

cated
compliarranged

niceties

of

PRESENT

THE

together

which

those

the

other

which

require special provisions in regard

.should

have

be

placed

so

of

portions
should

be

actually

them

the

controlled

other

hand, the

arranged
the

And

all this

has

defined

limits

not

are

of

come

opened

of
the

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which

the
usual
and

for

light

yet

bedrooms

and
of

each

aim

the

on

the

contiguous

to

the

grouped

the

it must

be

easily

and

conditions

so

suited
; the

all

strictly

the

let

of

the

has

its

offices

planned

of

be

they
with

are

access.

be

to

view

of

our

have

must

and

serve

to

sidered
con-

consider

separate
to

the

perhaps,

particular use

must

have

rest

to

sitting-room

(or

to

of

details

great

house

means

architect

for

the

we

arrange

house-planning

the

or

to

bedrooms,

other

number
in

of

the

aspect),and

the

any

apartments
and

of

then

that

of

merely

side

sunny

reception-room
best

On

modern

was

question

probably)

occupation

be

the

un-thought-of

aspect

must

where

requires a

(more

them

at

method

simple

the

other, without

were

him

hours

each

and

go

invariably, within

staircase, and

and

owner

forefathers, or
them

with

be

large dwelling-house, again,

they would,

as

out

In

access

indications, towards

under

almost

arranged,

ignoring

hall

public;

arrive

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MODERN

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building,some
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ARCHITECTURE.

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of

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persons

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in
in

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hardly possible that

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occupied

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in

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architectural

problem
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present generation.

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degree of knowledge

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it is

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a

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fact

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in

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MODERN

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reasons

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architect

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professed

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to

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I think

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could

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who, I believe, could

or
engineering specialities,
pretend

supervisorof

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out

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to

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with

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can

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ARCHITECTURE.

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heard

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application was

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architect

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for the

arrangements

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mind.

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works

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and

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allow

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been

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architect

desirous

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up

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perpendicular,

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piers, which

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and

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respected

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be

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MODERX

12

it all

supervise

it is necessary

himself, he
make

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by electric light,it
that

engineer
of

ARCHITECTURE.

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wall

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architect

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clock

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of

sense

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weights.

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examples
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off"

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required

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clock-tower"

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scored

recollection

architect

Law

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as
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various

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all that

across

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called

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MODERN

14

is not

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MODERN

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POSITION.

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MODERX

20

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; it will

ground
or

symbol

details

the

symbolism

symbol

myself

not

merely

are

world,

sense,

goes

on

"

is the

of construction.

of that

enigma

word

and

which

is written

symbols

an

form

ideal

an

the

stands

the

use

building, at

origin of the

whole

extent

great

comprehensive

expression

the

the

deal

to

Doric, which

wooden

the

under

means

(I do

styles

cover

styles of

is to

we

more

minds,

mere

of

and

symbolize

our

not

fish, for example,

the

wider

to

in which

sense

which

all the

Architecture

in them.
the

will

structure

account

all

theory that

the

to

as

of

tecture
archi-

were

timber

of

basis

difficulties

builders

is concerned

convinced

the

to

are

the

early Greek

expression

we

Gothic

mechanical

with

case

entablature

the

But

from

fight with

of the

structural

means

the

if

with

case

necessity the

the

was

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as

of

the

any

column).

not

It

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for want

stones,

ones.

of

out

arose

and

begin again

certainlythe

was

is the result

in architecture

materials

must

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structure.

"

style
and

structure
own,

our

'*

and

realize.
of
but

struction
con-

the

MODERN

22

expression of
which

lovo

their

it had

AKCHITECrURE.

delight in

taken

of refinement

the

lotus

flower, and the

possession of

their

sympathies.

and

Lysicratcs

; the

display on

the sumptuous

of

his

love

Roman

of colour

with

itself in visible

construction

wrote

his wealth

in the

this is

notable

see

may

In

may

the

style of

Sophia

the

visible

roofing;

and

does

detail,though

its effect

is,or

enhanced

the

who

thought

speaking
ungainly, exactly
which

to
to
"

save

what

which

is the

style ;
of

"

the

we

it is

would
"

"

now

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and

constructionally,
is

of
but

the

that

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contemporary

poet, Paul

descriptionof

the

the

of

St.

does

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for

of

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want

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?

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struction
con-

which
of

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style;
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the

is

for
no

thrust

its purpose

serves

architecture; the
remarkable

is

the

and

and

ugly

unadorned

make
it

tecturally
archi-

nothing,

Sophia

it

who
Silentiary,

interior beauties

it is

to

; the

splendour evidently

for

materials
arches

the

colour

and

expression

great

of

without

return,

exactly

of

on

system

even

that
to

it

construction,

carving

merely

exterior

piled-up heap of

that

expression

domical

nothing,

given

told

originalstate, immensely

exhorted

souls ;
have

of

style

dome

architecture

are

the

externally

it is

architectural

our

features

because

of

expression

mere

on

doubt,

no

of

than

worse

of

pristinestate

But

call

produce style. Internally,

out

detail

it in its

all events.

at

so,

the

we

been

fact that

in its

was

luxuriant

described

lavish

building,St. Sophia,

mainly

grand,

which

have

we

of the

carrying
be

writers

of

combining

the

than

marvellous

depend

it would

by

love

of

entablatures

nature,

more

fail altogetherto

complete

and

Arab

which

that

instance

of construction
St.

his

type of architecture

material, upon

and

and

Monument

over-decorated

great deal

styleentirelydepends.
we

rather

but

in the

up

Greek

The

passion for geometric problems, displayed

the

form

All

Saracenic.

bubbled

rich luxuriant

; the

temples

grace

in

manner

is

so

church,

that

eloquent
never

the
in his

bestows

THE

word

the

on

unadorned

truth

about

nutshell.

distinct
which

styleshave
A

Greek,

Roman,

the

of the

they

bound

were

having

groove,

otherwise.

the

It

We

consider

Roman
the

it, that

which

idiosyncrasies of

to

the

us

have

among

and

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of that

enough
civilized

the

by

of

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personal

practised national

development

by

taste

Italian

founded

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of

must

we

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sense

style.
But

have

the

educated

; and

the

style, always

of

"

tried

have

hand

that, and

moment

free choice

people

who

taste

idea
the

know

having

same

to

at

the

single

and
most
comes

all

own

foot,
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in,
the

in, architecture

comes

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as

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bound

over,

We

only

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of revival

ourselves

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see,

considerably in style,according

process

less,

or

buildings produced

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of

part of individual

style,"but

style in

the

on

on

invention

the

world, personal
art

the

by

also

was

of it.
and

following

movement

do

Renaissance

revival, more

architects.

delivering

adoption

architecture
becomes

their

style now

intellect

it

the

moment

own

to

power

the

the

it is not

no

that

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only by

and

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time

defined

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learning ;
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from

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accompanied

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was

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difference

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circumstances

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on

go

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own

evolution

intercommunication,

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only

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architects.

of

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facultyof

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see

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revival

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to

could

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past, by

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of

; it

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Mediaeval, could

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not

We

movement

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to

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alone

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longer expect

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period

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of

styles,because

exist.

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each

23

nothing

was

matter
no

can

definite

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during

there

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We

and

longer
as

exterior

POSITION.

construction.

The
in

PRESENT

and

spontaneously
recognizable

is for

everywhere,
this

have

sense

abstract

get

may

find that
to

Mr.

Watson

his

that

the

always

of the

Austin

to

will

fit into

style, we

should

expect

apparent

reason,

and

harmony

and

agreement

nothing

inserted

which

element

to

detail

; in

and

care.

two

London

the

is

(F'to-3)

total

we

largely borrowed,
of that

they

building

in

did

That

but
took

alter any

of

them

whole.*

Facing

Thatched

as

an

It is necessary

example

historic
the

House

of

the

Club

end

abstract

sense,

doubt

of

trouble

of

Pall

point out clearly that I

it happens
"style" because
any

but

because

historic

Mall

am

to

the
we

of

in

it has

classification.

details

balance
see,

not

of

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in

the

design destitute
Reform

recognized and

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are

architect

could

you

may
a

Club

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not

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take

course,

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with

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irrespectiveof

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Reform

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(Fig.4), an

style (Italian Renaissance),

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find

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good qualities,

and

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west

of

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The

other.

its

deal

carefully considered
much

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should

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by examples,

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without

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or

quality of

the

used

details

means

each

style ;

there

rhyme,

poetry, styleis the result of thought

in

far from

not

will

justifyits position by adding

illustrate

to

word

consideration

evident

other

word

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and

with

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the

no

shall

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is

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poet with

exactly

spoiled

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difference

difference,we

the

building

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not

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again

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substituted

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with

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quality

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find

to

it is

William

use

we

would

all

are

if

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building with

to

without

were

Clubs

seems

use

metre.

architecture,
If

makes

thought

seems

the

what

that

so

design,as

Mr.

of it.

want

in

Perhaps

in words.

literature,where

from

thought,

"

style

"

in

cannot

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it in fact ; but

have

to

consider

to

try

we

Mr.

have

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though

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perfect style; Mr. Alfred

expression

while

we

ought

we

style and

express

the

"

illustration

an

If

chimjcra.

mere

difficult to define

with

style.

style.

is felt between

poet

us

"

quality ;

exceedingly

ARCHirECTURE.

MODERN

24

ijualityof

Club

classified

"style"

in

26

of

style,with

looks

like

might

hack

neither

an

in

it about

better

nor

earlier

which

modern

part of

function

We

hear

often

and

should

very

as

consider

is absurd

Unless

hands

own

with

and

his

is

which

of

erect

lower

one,

but

make

building artisans,

art,

the

as

design
no

of the

doubt,

taking

and

"

in
his

are

told

an

know
to

said

; I like

friend

was

to

is to

to

of
and
very

to

me,

have
mine

he

order

in

is to

architecture,

that, he

to

is

promising
uncom-

very

and

drainage

for me."

done

if
predilections,

the

in

beauty
of

He

is his

; that

certainly is

significant.

has

only object

hate

all that
who

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art.
"

not

by

himself

his

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the

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up

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roof,

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him

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are

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as

group

get

; it

nothing.

who

plane

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true

footings to

cannot

confines

view
"

the

the

or

picturesqueness

is the

architect

his ambitions

reply

and

sculptor

architect

art

this

repeated

we

one-sided

very

ventilation, you

one,

if

order

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that
man

the

artist ?

an

painting

architectural

in

the

as

is

not

Well, then, admit

one.

beauty

figure.

but

"

architect

of

art

only

are

different

under

considered,

be

detail of it

you

on

as

exactly

and

they

every

his

in

is not

from

and

still

architectural

produce

is

of

himself

it

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architect

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different

drawing

realize

consideration

should

artist

artist ;

model

; he

result

practised, what

be

Sculpture

"

sculptor

You

the

conditions

the

to

as

an

practicallyimpossible

and

to

as

building

hands

own

painter

to

the

find

under

the architect

it.

consider

to

are

you

of

and

had

to

painter.

face

building.

architect, considered

that

handiwork

personal

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the

on

has

himself,

sculptor or

chapter

of the
now

ways,

have

wc

architecture

positionand

sense

this

the

before.

than

recalling what

in the

of

kinds

all

which

ornament,

on

excrescence

unnecessary

now,

i i"n.

profusion of coarsely conceived

worse

And

ARCIIITECI

MODERN

ever

an

"art

there

was

said,

"

Well,

PRESENT

THE

architecture

possible building,and
to

appears

that
in

be

to

me

of the

which

regards him

stands

in

habit

of
"

out.

are

part of the design^

designing

wholesome

of the

of the

producer

That

designer, than

as

best

sive
comprehen-

and

architect

the

as

the

art

more

only

are

picturesque

We

Mr.

Lethaby

but

say

buildings
heart

and

modern

mediaeval

architecture

and

inconsistent

one

the

follow

architecture

only

all the

of
of

kind

revived, which
it very

that

shows

are

the

have

who

of the

which

to

are

what

is
we

not

are

we

not

in

the

Middle

Ages.

which

the

history of

out

in

all

all
and

without
if

should

architecture.

natural

requires.

we

have

architecture

mediaeval

carried

desired

that

modern

another, it is that

it

so,

exaggeration.

an

in

thing

mind

my
were

age

find

one

this,

thus, that

Ages,

vitalityin

as

that

of

was

it is assumed
Middle

then

fact

proof

no

reason

uninteresting,but

and

the

perfectlydifferent

Then

not

inspired artisan,

produced

uninteresting;

interest

be

may

achieved

those

"

who

shall

we

But, supposing it

which

by

system

now

is

theory.

carry

interestingjust

by
we

results

what

clearly than
been

direction

interest.

of

We

if there

has

is

the

we

much.

more

it

real

revive

same

is

become

out

axiom

an

details, and

carried

system

produce
as

deal

or

architecture

good

could

that

will

is assumed

will

to

artist workmen

interesting." It

was

such

the

who

friends,

his

and

in

unnecessary

workmen

to

have

to

into

architectural

with

age

modern

is

by guidance

however,

not

soul

architecture

architecture

unfettered

want

we

them

result

himself

and

unprincipled

giving

want,"

artistic

purely

it is the architect

it, by his

of

way

that

told

now

the

to

making drawings

that

does

regard

in

mediaeval

me

much

of

the

and

will put their

find

we

the

drawings,

drains

function

again, even

architecture,

It

the

27

building.
But

in

to

view

be

me

to

seems

POSITION.

I doubt

It appears

to

architecture

tecture
genuine archi-

spontaneous

28

MODERN

conformity

with

the

ARCHITECTURE.

The

idea

of

forming guilds

own

part

in

the

maintained

the

intended, by those
good faith

; but

matter

of

I have

been

should

to

of

the

that

age

be

in my

know

lighted,ventilated, and

preliminary drawings
to

dream

as

Greek

mansion,
not

temple,
have

may
of

admit
of

minute

relation

Middle

natve

all the

proper

to

not

was

could

ideal

their

well-designed building,to
down

the

to

relation

like
"

the

to
to

proper
to

smallest

and

know

designed
how

inspired artisan

and

most

any
"

complete

it is difficult to

see

for
such

what

of

high

express

ours.

or

one

it takes

ideal

would

its

elaborate
nonsense

ground,

conditions
in

the

high

the

special

civilization.

civilization

The

; what

of

ideal

designed

place

as

carried

I should

architect

on

the

impossible.
at

with

detail

out

in

detail,

every

design

become

is left to

be

to

detail, and

are

is

do

regard

particular building.
is to

duced
pro-

Renaissance

in which

ornament,

Architectural

part

what

be

the

of

whole,

of

that

theory.
sense

the

to

mind, is

that

so

or

refinement

period

moulding

whole,

as

buildings

is

on

Secondly,

process.

not

my

an

of any

those

end

modern

; the

architecture
a

be

to

that

building

cathedral,

parts

the

from

this

to

extreme

and

the architectural

necessity. It

out

out

set

of

Ages

expressed

been

and

Mediaeval

design

pure

characteristics

setting

doubt

which,

they should

that

absolute

an

such

any

details

The

of

nowadays

and

time

are

it is

scientifically
planned, drained,

warmed,

reasonable

in

It is demanded

of.

their

no

place (to return

different

are

take

it would

position

opening remarks)
day

to

earnestness

because

first

the

carefully and

very

within

In

present

we

in

own

buildings, is

succeed,

never

time.

its

details, as

own

it,in entire

ourselves

at

of

educated

mediaeval

not.

are

aiming

artisans

recommend

put

habits

originate their
on

who

fact,we

requirements
previous

case

it could

artificial effort

of

work, and

was

and

requirements

the

fullest

Indeed,
all under

PRESENT

THE

of the

scheme

the
about

such

they

devoted

that

to

in

plan

planned

of

name

Carve

methinks
as

sketch

of

what

to

and

so

"

considered

be

reduced,

God

of

how

Some

architect

according

to

the

Stand

I pray

that

I should
!

window
than

role

perhaps

that

which

suggestion

the

subject,to

sume
prewith

faith,

my

such

angle,

and

?imple duty

be

come

may

will

he

was

were

to

seems

that

ill-judgedinterference,

"

tell you,

even

in

the

not

by

can

as

would

craftsman

this

in

man,"
crafts-

interfere

and,

be

to

while

I do

it

Then,

about

you

Ha

such

; and

craftsman.

do

can

expected

inspire the

far better

on.

an

on

and

hand.

execute

is

he

that

forbid

your

and

out

for him, for

do

little traceried

as

poetical satirist

to

work

cannot

the

the

not

are

with

of

beauty here,
"

himself

by specialists

relation

details

1 suppose,

progress,

He

close

hands

building

is he

trouble

to

drawings,

free instinct
what

is left to the

all that
to

to

delicate

amiss

not

is not

"

his

work.

as

way
be

freedom

know

you

is not

of

make

to

is to

suggest

joyful

of

He

something
to

the

such

Heaven,

is in

building

is not

29

ventilation, for they

out

order

fetter the

and

cramp

"

in

he

taken

iiumble

now.

but

the

will be

He

and

drainage

detail, for he

otherwise,

no

reformers.

new

things as

'art," and

POSITION.

be

made

by

of

receiving

cheques.
No

; if modern

it is not
if it were,

architecture

because

we

the

fulfil

without

studying

the

habit

of
to

content

multifarious
the

we

drawing

remain

be

personal

elaborate

must

it, and

it out.

The

in

his
order

defect

the

of

building first in drawings.

individual

idea

in

to

drawing,

explain

is not

art, the

in

it to

the

both
those

fact

of

designs

and,

uninteresting,for

requirements

and

ing,
uninterest-

told, so

are

architecture, in these days of knowledge and

must

of

be

must

cannot

as

of

is,as

modern

And

we

life

inasmuch

self-consciousness,
individual

for
who

his

own

have

drawing,

but

architect

mastery
to

carrj-

in what

is drawn.

the

When

Builder,

school,

new

there

and

violent

but

what

had

said

few

of

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of

to

part of the

right

any

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completion
fullest

have

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taking merely
and

them

using
We

do,

we

must

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before

be

double

in

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merely

poetic

more

"

Pater

Walter
in

ago

the

expresses

him,
detail

wanders

or

to

materials

in

the

to

sense.

In

kind

prosaic
of

symbolize

gloom, gaiety, grace,

remarked
Westminster
his
in

symbolize

own

in

an

moods

"

the

intricacies

ideas

of number

that

be

filled

habit
or

he

it may

of
or

and

if

But

As

in

He

the

his

late
years

ing
build-

sadness
may

ciation
asso-

many

in

his

may

symbolize

feeling or

architect

things."

cedent.
pre-

It

building.

published

closes

by

Architectural

sense

of

we

less ; but

playfulness.

the

Review,

sense

symbolism.

moods

essay

architecture

of

the

to

architecture

something.

arrangement
it may

this

more

fancy

necessary
of

with

has

one

that

urge
are

that

really a

no

academic

materials
mean

is

observed,

of

the

urged
are

cannot

accordance

old

them

interior

power,

realization

ordinary

at

have

that

the

gap

the

room

etc.,

It is in

to

been

building

The

use

sense

to

much

would

and

would

mc),

If he

the

architects.

use

design, as
so

equally

fortunately
un-

thanked

If I have

design,

the word.

correctly

may

there

the

architects."

planning, drainage,

design,

of

sense

few

"a

"

of

expressions that

least,very

remark.

clothing of

of the

enough

not

said,

architectural

in the

invention

its

tecture
archi-

letter

architectural

the

the

in

despise them,

to

and

the

of

art

in

at

architects

more

me

afterwards

was,

he

architect

wrote

he

make

was,

complain

nothing
the

"

which
to

interesting

genius,

(for which

wanted

was

Academy

it

well-known

in

correspondence

representationof

exaggerated

remark

including one

point

and

publish

to

of

man

the

about

ago,

of

deal

good

Royal Academy,

so

I declined

was

little while

the

at

in

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

30

over
use

his

proportion,of contrariety

THE

of

harmony,

or

incident

impulse

turn

"

or

will sometimes

even,

"Now,

carelessness

if

"

is

incident

the

others

influence

certain

that

do

tell you

idea

rather

accustomed
education

change,

system

this

rise above
instance
and

in

own

said
modern

of

French

matured

of

sound
and

the

is

it, such

the

their
of

buildings ;
real

architecture, and

is

end

and

ought
des
of

feeling
to

Beaux-

generally

it in

traditional

the

first

design,

by putting
I think

be

fact, the

talent

they get by
in

are

of architectural

Ecole

of

lines

than

architects

matter

first order

that

nated
domi-

architecture

there

they

by

modern

more

there

the

training

there
in

much

of

with

expressed by

it is,and

of

to

If

English

strictness

all

poetry

; it is not

that

full

In

first.

system

as

and

drawing

are

of

nection
con-

is above

interest

French

education

in

for

architects

of the

of

straight off,but,

symbolism

construction, but

more

in

French

So

an

symbolic

interfered

way

idea, whether

the

mere

symbol

of

give life

them

But,

and

individuality into
there

it

school

at

of

out

for

idea

idea

your

an

education.

scholastic

very

French

no

the

scoff

architects

drawing

that

it is in

The

of

French

among

relaxation

is

younger

to

to

ultra-academical.

as

springing up
Arts

the

although

are,

done

occasionally

originality and

by this perception
we

tend

believe

not

think,

to

remaining chapters.

this

develop

material.

in solid

or

paper

the

that

build

to

An

lies.

architecture

this

coping

or

one

reason

to

to

that

is,do

it

lead

line ; it is the

recur

may

not

stumbling-block

the

on

which

you

gable

and

unexpected

design, rightly understood,

practical reasons,

people

of

say

architecture, and

fact

the

line of

see

break

would

architectural

modern

to

to

little

If it is not

able

have

31

Some

eye,

that?"

quality in
the

the

illustrations

time

mean

the

arrest

than

the

with

line.

in

are

may

of

or

break

do

we

more

We

thought.

he

did

why

POSITION.

PRESENT

their

it may

be

thought-out symbolism

in

less of

mere

copyism,

than

be found

is to
one

characteristic

very

there

1889

built for the

one

I wished

to

exhibition

see,

"

that
the

of

it

could

employ

would

put

I'.W

read

an

some

went

to

of

Paris

the

grounds

of

for

outside
see

All

of

special
of

Patis

collection
the

main

direction

any

but

was,

it.

their
into

at

had

structure,
it.

It

and

or

was

caught
notice

doubt

no

the

knew

gimcrack

once

placard

no

was

design

the

Exhibition

This

if I could

there
I

brought

Pastellists

terrace

pavilion.

special character
none

was

here

EXHIBI;

straight to

architect

building (Fig. 5),with

in

the

I'AKIS

ILION,

where

which

the

Society

on

off;

from

mention

of their works.

Pastellists'

the

this

At

day looking

little way

building, and

would

stood

and

PASTELLISTS

placard about

sight

he

5.

the

exhibition

building one

FIG.

of

pavilions
others

I may

present.

notice.

many

among

at

instance

own

my

were

exhibits, and
had

else

anywhere

speciallyunder

or

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

32

of

Pastellists
and
an

I knew

oblong

gingerbread

of

THE

pavilion,but

ordinary exhibition

the

showing

light and

imitatingthem,
subdued

very

treated
sober

and

with

one

say,

may

dish

in

side-dish
It

painting.

characterization, and
would

architect
In

control

painter of
As

there

will be

and

from
and

the

but

doings

this

partly

architect
far

the

it ; and

of

what

arises

think

decorative

will be two

have

been

same

spiritas
called

be
the

the

the

fashionable

of

rest

very

is

The

in

then

at

decorators

least

to

better

have

do

what

they

just painted

been

inoffensive.

in

"

building,
work.
than

more

"decorating firm,"
for florid

demand

the

with

in

concert-room

new

flagrantexample

successful

this

the

suffer

to

from

apart

results from

interiors

modern

it done.

get

Queen's Hall,

far

between

ought

is will suit the

there

may

detail

of this.

Here

plan, proportions, and

properties,totallyvulgarized by being
of

is to

sculptor, the

architect

the

what

from

in to

concert-room

acoustic

little

too

building, it

the

"

the

and

(in public buildings especially),coupled

London,

French

distinguish

to

artist proper

There

which

are

side-

of architectural

any

of his

have

ordinary

from

the

firm

We

the

in the

hurry people

fault.

designed

nothing

decoration

all

is

There

pastel is

commonly

accessories

and

less of

will be

how
some-

suggested, as

bit

the

has

architect

subjects.
pictorial

actual

between

ordinary decorator,

himself

design

colour

the designer of stained-glasswindows.

pictures,

mural

the

to

and

treatment

think

hardly

relation

own

decorator

mere

directly

of white
very

clever

very

as

decorative

his

extent

great

the

the

general

piers and

produced.

artist, if the

over

The

architecture,just as
a

such

the

to

in

of

design

without

combination

the

was

have

regard

decorative

is

features

greenish tint.

suggested pastels,and

exterior

an

suggestive

playful treatment

and

33

with

arcade, just recallingarchitectural

an

POSITION.

PRESENT

turned

liked

with

plain

colours

But

it.

places of

over

to

It would
it

might

amusement
D

all

be

must

architect
and

teach

to

work

I do

the

genius, and

sculptor
that

all

be

glad

what

have

idea

; and

that,

as

opinion
old

confer

he

far

as

to

days,

the
when

for the

of

have

the

said

lately,not

idea

that

interest
the
be

in

and

the way

architecture

the

of

to

the

the

high-class
in

decorative
programme

of

their work,

in accordance

workman

should

building
of

doing
was

from

his

work

to

class

architecture

distinct

those

sculptor

of

case

he

his

is at
own

this

pure

or

and

have

we

It is
be

invited

consulted, and
way

ideal.

workman

the

as

high-

on

had

have

that
had

is

carver

always wisely.

practical part

even

best

an

architect

the

the

nondescript

special effect

him

with

must

relation

should

as

to

has

is that

the

by

in

in

it such

was

architect

designed

he

him

sculpture-room ?

should

wanted

he

should

only

"

personal

he

good

of

of

sort

quite exceptional

but

the

with

architect

provided

great deal

take

and

the

special

wholesome

most

to

But

has

the

About
a

purposely

general pretend

result

carvers."

"

of

man

the

then

actuallydone

called

arc

idea

and

ideal

his

heard

and

Burges professed,I believe,

co-operate
is

Academy

Royal

friends, if they find that

always

with

not

in

can

buildings ;

And

work

that

to

the

be

to

for his

so.

art, and

along,

will

the

distinct

relation
artist

and

stained-glasssubject for

then.

even

in

will

style.

decorative

happens

not

think

who

without
a

matter,

called, is another

so

fresco,or

sculpture

hardly

so

he

muster

of persons

first

The

thoughtful

building,

architect

the

sculpture,or

the

pass

terms,

think

not

perhaps

design

should

the

to

artist,properly

out, unless

would

with

this

in

voice

own

content

satisfied.

not

are

for it.

personage.
sketch

be

to

suitable

decorative

to

his

having

on

public

decoration

The

class

insist

people

or

gewgaw,

the

designed

to

over

should

restricted

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

34

certainly

encouraged
work

work
to

that.

upon,
is

cerned,
con-

his

give
In

the

unadulterated

THE

professionalism,the
at

address

to

question

or

architect's

he

still

is),instead

distant

attitude

there

artisan, and

is,

formerly. Still,there
the
in

workman

should

and
the

not

their

give

and

intention

of

this

all

working

of

of

so

often

again

when

then

who

the

was

"

know

don't

some

gentlemen

to

be

encouraged

snub
The

the

artisan

the

I do

not

and

always

and

took

showed

architect

of

remain

must

building

the

to

had

him

under

me,

"Don't

On

employment
and

are
one

heard

I have

in

building

If the
that

not

other

they

move,

on

is, is

ideas
is

into

men
work-

perhaps

hand, the

notion

god

and

the

small

things

the

in

socialist

however

least

of

working

them

into my

confidence, treated

them

respect

and

regard, and,

them
when

or

him.

mind
master-

and

great.
the

wants

architects.

first-rate

is

neglect

to

little

master-mind,
in

work,

the

thing

one

make

workman

some

the

design

school, that the artisan

to

the

whole

know."

the

new

rule

the

by

and

them,

before

which

workman

It

should

the

popular

answer,

own

the

that

believe

position offered
known,

it is another

of
for

most

architect

put his

to

give

Why

for.

general result which

totally absurd.

is

architect
of

And

the

be

the

of

meant,

the

architect

of the

eflfort to

plans

reasons

asking

who

than

now

working

complete

get the

partly the fault

of

is

descriptivesketch

would

it

and

intelligentinterest

an

he

what

building, the

It

of

in

master.

architect

systematic

more

for

less

much

tractor
con-

large building get the builders

material, and

over

progress

well

both

be

might

the

for?

not

"

bad

one,

his

become

to

doubt,

no

little

that

or

and

over

venture

the

even

shipped
wor-

(as, I believe,

desiring

understanding

them

and

would

of

together, parade the

men

him

to

be

to

hardly

respectful servant

is

architect

sultan,

would

opportunity of taking

the

his work

of

direct

remark

the

this

kind

was

35

by the artisan, who

was

France
But

architect

distance

POSITION.

PRESENT

have

foremen
as

friends,

necessary,

asked

their

opinion

do

other

making
of

is waste

the

who

for

have

do

mark

it after

your

range

together

wanted

they

of

or

architect

is to

been

less

or

the

of

afterwards,

of very

referred
too

more

to.

far ; yet

accurate

attention

which

conduces

very

wall

intended

in advance
not

be

it must

be

much

to

to

the

the

study

to

ex|)ensive
drawn

to

out

the

design

not

to

the

see

how

an

by drawing
minute
for

that

less trouble
to

which

remembered

out

finish.

practical
there
the

will
plicated
com-

been

have

elaboration

carry

of

that their system

large-scalegeometrical drawing,
they give

very

; that

reference

perhaps

that

closer

with

architecture

French

and

look

except

first the

an

they

I do

done

no

them

proportion

sections, I hold

modern

The

in

framing.

especially having
of

that

on

you

have

you

space

is done

drawing

doubt

it is

is

there

of

one

Some

windows

is to enable

find

you

it need
and

plans

requirements

drawing

this

draw

When

Of

on.

work.

that

since
little,

may

architectural

judge

more

in

begun.
you

in the

others.

elevation

apart than

more

the

the

to

so

sider
naturallycon-

of similar

range

building

thing,though
to

of

the

windows

their

and

whole

the

will

that, argue

as

sufficient

quite

position

further

openings

already

far

so

building

partiallydesigned

be
up

said

been

architecture; and

superfluous item

object of

intended

an

it goes

lately

discussed

of

building should

go

it has

require

reasons

are

it is

the

alter

as

that

not

proportions of

And

that

It has

is not

bricklayers as

drawings

; for the

much

the

let them

never

drawing.

drawings

artistic

urge

; that

merely

may

much

been

architectural

of

instance, in drawing

elevation

be

which

or

who

those

the

out

points

elaborate

masons

that

use,

find

never

time; that drawing

those

course,

of

but

I could

of the value

is that

by

practicalpoints ;

so.

Among

that

on

and

independently,

act
to

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

36

with

the

close

study of projection, certainly

thorough study

of

design

before

THE

it is

carried

valuable

sketch,

inclined

am

is set

be

round,"

If

model

rough

it

be

can

generally,I

would

finish

of

we

all to

are

heard

reply ;
in

they

I could

other

the

my

builder's

have

perhaps

been

insisted

yard,

and

been

the

not

good

any

question

have

face

to

persistentlyput lately

"

"

does

not

clients'
a

names,

modern

he

positionof
the

which

and

adviser

word

the

don't

with

two

years
that

so

That

"

the

was

hands

pencil."

you

Can't,"

*'

my

suggests
which

education

"

has

"

office

with

cannot

get away

only designing
to

often

individual

an

practicalresults

very

have

of

rows

filed letters.

a
or

large
to

much

very

from

be

the

tin

But

sum

for all that

he

considered

as

that

as

is in the
in

on

money,

"

with

boxes

committee

of

suggests

fact

hard

so

art

an

; it

building,but
to

been

professionor

profession

has

which

question

pigeon-holes of

is not

outlay of
the

saying,

man,

begin

Is architecture

lawyer's

architect

architect

to

like the

like

something

of value.

overlooked.

Lastly, we

One

another

architectural

of

in

provincialarchitect

hardened

for the

parts

will go.

drawing

I should

work

of

be

likelyto

begin."

to

persuaded

importance

Well, why

"

old

that

the

is

speaking

balance

any

of

"

not

as

course

drawings

too

be

eminent

an

like that !

are

you

never

of

draw

"

father

"

side

one

the

enviously at

Ah, I wish

said

day of

do

"

drawing

is

in the

''

building

But,

of

artisans, of

other

trial

reality,and

in

scale.

long

considered

are

become

story the

looked

who

detail

perspective sketch,

to

As

drawing.

design,architectural

architectural

than

architects

young

be

study

to

accurately

to

say

recommended

it will

as

more

intended

the

sketching

comparatively rapid

better

made

it is

that

sometimes

want

we

is

despise architectural

If

is

exactly

out

deceptive.

because

and

than

preliminary study

37

think

to

perspective,which

never

likely to

to

POSITION.

perspective,especially in

because

"

of

in

building

out.

form

PRESENT

regard

work

well

as

of
the

38

artistic ; and
arbitrator
this

between

elaborate

and

he
him

lead

likely,I fear,to
long

as

recall

many

described
out

the

; how

had

they

bright idea

into

the

apparently
sequel

the
of

architect

having

the client
and

to

the

no

had

an

reason

the

business-like.

temperament
and

poets have

as

nature

to

and

action

be

Some

foolishly)appear

the

of

much

is

of

artists

pride
admirable

new

worked

procedure, he
of

carrying

the

author
The

action

an

him

the

sibility
respon-

twice

the

amount

of

him.

fact of

it

ing,
spendI

forget

having

been

significant.
artist

themselves

men

paper

as

brought

from

he

as
an

certainlyare

some

of

carrying

was

his intention

the

things why

practice ; but

been

an

it

of

on

amount

but

was,

been

of

nearly

cost

circumstances,

architect
in

fix

originallyexpressed

result of the
the

house

Institute

plan, but

client

to

wards,
after-

of his audience.

sympathies

endeavour

some

had

be

contract.

of the

enthusiasm

after,the

the

made

recover

brought, under
Let

to

by

reader
he

would

artistic method

true

telling

lawyer

out

the

tion,
specifica-

which

architect

or

the

time

the

the

fixed

no

years

fault with

matter

which

three

or

contractor

of this method

and

it the

with

that, some

was

against
which

carried

two

the

the

owner

the

was

ledge.
know-

before

which

and

to

work

of business

carried

read

house

interest

; it

AH

letters to the

many

contract

the

architectural

out

of the

in

occurred

great

very

view

paper

of

no

building ;

said,was

ago,

progress

letter to

legal

contractor.

specifications
;

buildings arc

as

years

and

what

least

at

read

paper

"

good

enthusiastic

an

Architects

is

to

the

cases

the

amount

of

wording

That

some

Association, found

reallyonly

do."

to

in

and

some

architect, in

studious

said, was

what

and

Architectural

the

and

natural

building-owner

habits

eminent

before

the

the

implies business

ago

ARCIHTFCTUfiE.

he becomes

An

KPN

MOD

artist should
; and

not
on

pleases,there

an

be

(very

unbusiness-like

of the very
of business

some

not

is

greatest artists
;

we

need

only

THE

recall

the

would

to

say

aspirations,

especially

architect

to

in

events

the

about

another
be
In

the

or

that

for

incomplete
complete

the

principle,
which

his
architect

architect.

to

or

"

is

on

being
If

word.

he

are

'

and

more

the

with

than

if

much
takes

he

should

he

the

to

architect

modern

at

neglect
;

he

question,
will

all

position
a

portion

can

only

world

"

wise

be

"artist"

an

that

modern

is

know

all

at

necessary.

answer

demanded

site

will

which

assumes

the

himself,

the

he

when

more

an

is concerned

exclusively

he

being

in

recommend

survey

work

inevitably

must

services

the

he

own

superintend
the

of

with

up

surveyor,"

man

site, and

of

branch

that

your

business,

mixed
and

to

plan
;

his

of

himself

of

sense

is

summary
art

an

plume

to

do

to

the

to

of

buildings

own

the

makes

he

it

his

measuring)

mere

if

site
and

able

short,

profession

work

the

lead

to

town

architect

"

are

men

nevertheless

for

building

the

man's,

events

(in

country

of

but

sites

of

of

likely
;

the

matter

adaptation

on

architect

good

inextricably

so

union

doubt

no

survey

mechanical

usual

is

than

surveyor

not

The

practice,

art

an

on

concerns.

general

more

carrying

artistic

being

and,

Therefore

Barry.

however

of

Handel

and

Charles

architects,
ashamed

39

Titian,

Sir

and

be

not

in

practical

Wren

young

do

POSITIOX.

Shakespeare,

of

names

architects,

among

PRESENT

in
and

the
acts

of
be

requires

the
"the

the

CHAPTER

II.

CHURCH

architecture

Church

logical

from

or

building
accordance

by

from

same

the

building

employed

emphatically

the
have

to

revival

of

in

by

equally

an

and

and

it is

been

particular

of

styl^"
of

in, and

enthusiastic

century

of

all

other
the

that

mediaeval

spirit

accompanied

mediaeval

architecture

church

was

be

to

was

was

ago,

of

revival

form

other

or

tive
prescrip-

and
it

for, the

enthusiasm
half

arose

Thus

early

an

minds

architecture,

secularity.

the

architecture

their

to

those

that

of

of

style

appear

To

kind

in

the

always

at

on

have

be

surprising

not

supposed

details.

its

carried
to

is

to

as

worship

which

and
in

service

the

taint

which

every

spirit

church

of

The

view.

religious

ritual

appear

"church

of

ordinance,

should

the

Christianity,

the

also

interest

an

creed,

it has

that

and

traditionally

styles

conduct

religious

should

sanctity,

the

its

which

considers

ccclesio-

an

of

point

which

divine

in

age,

in

date

earliest

of

the

regard

of

form

kind
to

age

thus

who

special

architectural

for

from

either

considered

that

is

erected

with

fixed

be

purely

view

be

to

be

may
a

ecclcsiological

to

ARCHITECTURE.

tecture,
archi-

stigmatized

as

pagan.
It

is

attitude
forms

or

of

of

refuse

part

no

of

mind

church

business

my

which

led

to

take

But
it

into

to

kind

this

to

architecture.

altogether

here

we

cannot

account.

criticise

of

the

of

revival

ignore
The

religious

its

ancient

existence,

ecclcsiological

CHURCH

view

of

Mr.

architecture

Herbert

understood

the

the

to

if

view

of

is not

should

we

refer

to

It is

main

our

in

that

influence

earlier

style;

later

most

of the

pleased, and
erection

of

of

considerations

remarked

temples
a

mere

ignored,

were

higher

of

and

for his

end

than
in

were

very

the

mere

and

direct

be ; it

to

question

architecture,

which

question

shall

we

his

spirit,as

and

of

people
utility;

always
relation

of

the

class

of

has

the

been

past, for
of

in

the

grand

between

the

or

was

the
of

(as

even

which

second

the

ordinary

for
to

was

of

minds

buildings
and

who

secured, by the

impelled
in

reasons

deity

were

honour,

originating

two

profitablereturn

and

be

indeed, it may

sense,

influence

were

involving

important

very

abode, aroused
the

church

consider

to

protection

previous chapter,

almost

architecture

in church

existence

in

under
cost

ecclesiological

or

affects the

even

great styles of the

enthusiasm

an

architecture

support

supposed)

architectural

glorious temples

sometimes

builders

whose

attitude

his architect.

towards

here, however,

first place, the belief in the

in the

the

on.

temple

or

for

considered

employ,

design

purely

account

of church

it

architectural

purely

the

church

in

not

effective
In

and

should

his

historical

the

the

with

in the dictatorial

it is sometimes

as

alone

conform

may

clergyman
of

business

and

buildings.

with

again

to

architecture
suitable

an

to

the

that

in which

manner

true,

ecclesiologicalview

or

of

reproduction

said

be

recognition at all events,

whether

have

it

existence

unreasoning

demands

the

religion,the
so

the

in order

arranged
if

one.

religious official who

and

modern

the

by

admit

we

God,

venerable

maintain

to

as

original positionshown

usually assumed
But

be

must

far

so

priest,the

of the

mind

4^

exceedingly

an

goes

theory which,

reversion

even

the

was

primitive temple
wishes:

is, in fact,

Spencer

earliest architect

ARCHITECTURE.

ture
expendi-

build

for

place,
erected

a
as

as

simple character,

plan, construction,

and

MODERN

42

design;

they presented

structural

spaces,
and

therefore
be

they

in their

as

The

the

builders

architectural

important

more

them

only

were

for the

Deity;

observe

that

or

on

men's

worshippers.

unbelievers, but
with

they

monumental

style.
in

country

times, and

the

become

Hill

"God

temples
hands,

as

secondary

faith in it

same

"

this

made

Deity.
that
He

as

is Lord

though

He

of

not

sacred

significantto

because

form

rather

of

whole

world

of

heaven

and

and

church
have

we

homage

to

uttered

sentence

is

the

the abode

all events,

at

generally

decorative

the

needed

Deity

exquisite poetic

its

matter,

neither

formed

held

were

in

spaces

encourage

were

memorable

hands,

the

fact it is

necessary

That

made

with

not

mosques

They

this

palaces, and

in

large

of

people

Saracens

; the

remained

therein, seeing that

in

honour

always

propitiationof

not

in

Mecca

was

in connection

has

temples,

exceptions;

religiondid

of detail,

longer

Mars

Their

grace

modern

the

were

The

style, in spite

architecture
no

the

all the

it is, is also

as

roof

to

Saracenic

fancy and
In

and

of

drew

where

manner.

that sense,

shelter

of the

Persians

learned

never

exception.

against the intrusion

than

style,such

by tyrants living

monumental

only holy place,in

from

buildings

important temples

erect

to

tectural
archi-

with

Romans

communities

ruled

had

and

they

which

by

Byzantine, Gothic,

The

and

Assyrians

were

glance, and

accordance

Roman,

Hindu

semi-barbarous

hovels

uu^.c

tural
aqueducts, they relinquishedarchitec-

The

altogether.

at

system

in

detail for their secular

were

living in

of

development

essentiallytemple styles.

temple style.

an

the

the

in roofing,
difficulty

structural

Egyptian, Greek,

where,

where

involved

appreciated

effect.

detail

but

to

and

seen

which

in

spaces

roofed
satisfactorily

architectural

except

be

which

led

great

most

all

were

could

design

moreover,

could

ARCHITECTURE.

all

things

earth, dwelleth

worshipped

anything,''put

the

with
whole

CHURCH

matter

the

at

once

on

to

the

appeal

of

their

in

the

of

movement

revive

is

where

can

by

sacred

ornaments

Constantinople,

at

regarded

was

contemplation
From

"

reached,

cross,

of

enthusiasm

about

of

number

such

really to

persons
of

exaltation

feeling

church

material

and

means

of

about

Justinian'sgreat

very

lighting
the

leading

of

its

sodies
rhapchurch
church

the

mind

heavenly

to

"

that

even

which

placed

are

this

beauteous

pierced with

the

printsof

others

within

; instead

base

the trees, with

beneath

of

the

their

the

wood,

until the

down

spread

circles

around

curves

centre

in the

And

the

point ever-widening

of silver

bowls

where

as

able

with, for example, in the

writers

contemporary

died

ecclesiological

not

was

the

of

meet

we

as

the

even

limited

any

contemplation

the

raised

of

find

culminated

building, and

amount

certain

now

we

and

century

certain

medium

the

revived, it is true,

church
:

nineteenth

the

church-building,among
but

great scale

of Mediaeval

for

spiritualnecessityand

in the

Renaissance

the

There

it.

on

ground

the

away

and
history of Christianity,

of the

period

again with

out

beh'ef

The

temple-building

great

cut

purse-stringsof humanity through

early period

an

43

basis, and

different

superstitions.

efficacyof
in

ARCHITECTURE.

of

root,

flaming flowers.

form

nails,shines with

the

last is

of

divine

the

lightfor

mortal

eyes.

thousand

"A

hanging aloft by chains

the
with

joy

lamp,

or

mind.
stars

So

the

with

is fixed
cold

of

symbol

risingfrom

attention
and

looking

; and

the

their

the

boat

point to

].oint ; one

Taurus, and

on

Wain

; the

them, while

before
*

Christ,
a

whoever

all

watches

whole
the

care

they

contemplates Bootes,

night

hanging lamp shaped

like

single
from
see

the

the

Hesperus, another's

sweet

heaven,

warmed

some

vanishes

night, as

cloudless

third

fire,*or

on

gazes

with

swathed

Divine

wayfarers through

Charles's

stars, opens

on

and
.

gleaming light,

circles,feels his heart

of

crown

their

show

temple

windings

of many

with

lightedtrees,

the

scattered

seems

boat.

to

or

with

smile

Orion

ing
glitteron

their

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

44

Thus

way.

expeUing
We
in

through the

clouds

of care, and

ecclesiastical
than

naTve

fancies

we

the sacred

to

as

portions of the edifice,or

analogy

Three
In

in church

idea

have

is

planning

are

we

collected

funds

churches,

in

which

pretence
build
All

of

that

the

the

poem

side

various

and

fanciful

"

the

"

to

by
that

the

only

aspect of

style

the

We

may

of

of architecture,

funds

keep

God,"

with

religious

called

structures

until

of

expenditure

committee,

glory

In

only.

convenience

mediaeval

raised.

be

architecturally

the

the

duty

tendency

for passage

them

less

do

to

imply

Paul

by

emblem

an

modern

economical

temporary

can

as

an

for

the

to

or

word, than
of

churches

more

made

not

aisles

give

we

hideous

edifice

does

towards

more

administered

for ourselves

of

sense

Sophia."

of the

history entirely

the

since

now,

regard

building churches

them
this

the
are

permanent

From

and

the shrine."

intended

ever

that

small

and

idea

of latent

even

pleasant

architectural

and

due

buildings by adopting

true

any

weak

more

approach

were

planning

now

worshippers, with

we

still

which

more

short,

more

symbolism

"

with

done

church, with

kind

moral

of

corona

Street,

Southampton
Herbert's

aisles

aisles

one-aisled

of church

George

or

this excited,

as

parts together twine

solemn

Trinity (an

refutes)we

of

joy."*

Harmony's mysteriousline

solemn

"three

the

in

Keble's

solemn

Three

of

with

"

"

If the

come

rhapsody

light,

rays of

church

contemplation

into

enter

can

such

any

purchased

pattern

more

the

day, by

present

mind

the
filling

scarcelyimagine

can

the

of the great

spaces

but

iron

for

the

up

the

in fact

contract.
are

we

those

who

Silentiary,as

less
built

translated

religious,in
St.

in

the

Sophia,

Lethaby's

"

or

St.

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

Amiens,
deduced

that

"

dependent

If

have

we

the

is)that

to

of

out

carry

Deity

be

can

smile

childish

the

at

pleased

ecclesiologicalsymbolism,
neglected,
loftier
be

to

in

expressing

honour

the

to

St.

to

their

Paul's

such

worship.

common

just

as

Middle

much

of

Our

one.

pressiveness, for
*

by,

In
a

immoral

the

fact, St. Sophia

rapacious and
woman

If

of

was

motive

part, for

built

at

the

unscrupulous tyrant,

of her time.

to

have
and

the

is

is

is

lead

special

recur

churches

more

join

to

different

main

queen

now

and

and

from

was

the

in
a

The

funds
most

the

more

and

greatness

in

have

as

reasons.

the

to

and
us

be

can

assistance

minds,

instigationof,
whose

of

higher life,and

solemnity

an

fail of
two

is

object

only recognize it,we

churches

modern

mere

anything," to

own

would

in

broader

grandeur

building grand
the

most

our

disposed

building which

and

feelings which

people

that

it

erection

the

Father, it surely ought

needed

because

the

for

motive

Ages, only

rational

but

harmonizing

adequate expression

the

architectural
He

essentially

hand,

spiritualor

grandeur

Deity ("as though

phrase),

For

Almighty

an

of

art

incorporated

beings, with

the

on

in

trust

because

and

elevation

minds

possible

now

the other

art.

human

architectural

no

not

great ;

too

of

it

are

us

ideas
on

seem,

architectural

their

felt that

be

to

of

of

church-building,

meeting-place

concentrating
of

modern

our

symbolism
the

of the

we

(for such

propitiated by

majority

nature

be

utilitarianism.

idea

or

church-

architectural

pure

an

still remains

it would

mere

pagan

if the

costly temple, and

by

the

above

risen

of

work

less

in

spirit in

church

the

in which

building

and

But

symbols.

rationalistic

highest kind, untrammelled

the

of

to

and

aids

be

might

spiritualtype

more

regretted, since

be

class

modern

the
to

only

suitable

and

material

sense

is much

the

almost

of

religion is

mere

in fact,

opposite conclusion,

the

our

on

architectural

building

Lincoln

or

45

im-

first

furnished

infamously

MODERN

46

of false

is that

fine and
The

result

is

scale, and

cheap

construction

the

and

of course,

are,

of

erection

absence

of

in which

the

aim

and

quiet picturesquencss of design.

are

sadly

impressive
In

from

of

interior

smaller

interests

sense

smaller
The

scale

church

begin

to

regard

already observed,
three-aisled

plan

possible that

be

very

"wished

clergyman
large, for
it

to

say

in

shown

with

be

the

to

postponed

30J. more,

and

have

Pugin

to

district

was

people

spend
for

much

too

on

and

it,and

the present.
the

tower

and

the

interior.

of

the

of treatment

the

to

on

building them

get rid of the idea

impossible

one

late

what

may

have

been

very
very

populous
cheap, as

therefore

spire

one

they

once."

was

As

very
had

the

modify

of

be

to

point,

made

he suggested that

Pugin's reply
at

this

designs for

can

ments
improve-

supposed

to

for

they

respects.

are

regard

ask

that

disposition to

in

to

formal

years

two

or

that

character, and

boldly, without

Of

of

production

of

habit

we

it is

made

accordance

wrote

once

impress the

(which he named)
should

in

be

shall

turmoil

the

beauty

interest.

have

we

little

from

its architectural

requirements, though,

modern

Until

precedent,

been

we

spacious church

buildings freely and

doubt

no

great cities

our

loftyand

is the

in

highest architectural

have

simplicity

of

mere

churches

style.

architectural

to

the

have

such

treat

be

grandeur

is adverse

Mediaeval

be

must

unnecessary

place of.

which

impressive
Mediaeval

no

the

supply

in

which

seclusion

life,which

of

influence

and

imitation

in

of

repose,

can

second

really fine

is in

there
especially,

question

churches

"

and

scale

mere

and

communities
both

in

thin

the

rather

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churches

great

the

city,more

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great

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to

rural

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in want

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churches

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great church

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"

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of

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to

yet

ARCHITECTURE.

it

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it,and

church, which

mast

beautiful, for they

only

limited

the tower

characteristic

and
"

Dear

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sir,

CHURCH

it is

by

means

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is unsuitable

plan

architectural

and

cramming
and

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from

modern

Mediaeval

the

order

church

long

nave

for

avenue

Church

and

of

with

reappeared

of

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constitute
from

the

the

with

at

screen

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singers, either

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were

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; it

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is descended

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not

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is

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choir

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by

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for

present

majority
and

their

best

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tion
separatimes
some-

in

this

singing of

position,as

is absurd

plan.

place for

congregation

service) the

the three-aisled

Roman

has

piece of archaeology.

heard

them

an

Reformation,

church,

is not

the

laity.

and

long chancel,

mere

body,

and

the

unnecessary

clergy,and

"

chancel

"

sacro-sanct

Greek

the

length

separate

disappeared

of

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now

entrance,

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it

part

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church

total

totallyillogical.The

congregation

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; and

select

in

choir

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constituted

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ecclesiologicalrevival

are

leading (during

congregation

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of

rest

position in

the

sit

choir,"

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for

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who

persons
"

its reappearance

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century.

ritual

in

cathedral,

ambulatory

an

church

modern

England

of

the

latter

processions.

era,

and

to,

segregated from

be

extent

great

Georgian

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choir, the

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to

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referred

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descended

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carved

of view.

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of

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into

habit

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architectural

point

church

the

of

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treatment.

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to

to

aiming

are

simplicity of
addition

have

the

at all events

advantages

churches

our

that

worship

structural
We

47

conclusion

necessary

for modern

under-estimated.
of

ARCHITECTURE.

plan

for any
is

not

if

other

essentially

48

reason

there

is

no

outward

imitation

altered

circumstances.

common
as

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

sense

they

long

chancel

The

of

of

the

plan, or

cases,

form

of

plan

that

the

would

practicalgrounds,

FIG.
B.

Reference

has

adopted
in
passages
is most

in
one

span,

only

for

exterior

screen

aisle

the
wall

church,

building, the

A.

SECTION

or

THREK-AISLK

PASSAGE-

been

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the

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wall

exterior

masking
The

of

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roof

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seats.

wall

to

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is built

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the

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side,

cally
practi-

used

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and
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PLAN.

to

aisles

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PLAN.

isle"

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"

OF

constructive

(Fig. 6).

what

for

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most

adopted,

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SECTIOX

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churches, by which

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defines

6."

already

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on

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type

mere

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CHURCH

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roof

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for

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externally,and,
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effect

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of

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wider

masked,

be

screen

narrow

49

roof, visible

lean-to

may

the

crowning

parapet
way,

continuous

or

ARCHITECTURE.

failure

system

sionally
occa-

adopted (as,for instance, by

Street

ing

All

at

the

Saints, Clifton),of form-

aisle-roof

into
the

butting against
arcade

the

(Fig. 7), is

truthful,as

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may

plan

to

modern

than

with

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be

in the

that it is

church,

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economical

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amount

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than

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to

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;

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central

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architectural

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urged

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piersof

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problem.

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is less economical

churches
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aisles with

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solution

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avoiding the

is

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^,^.

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'

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main

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illusion.

an

form, since, for

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width, the passage-aisleplan necessitates

walling,with

no

additional

seat-room,
"

and

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

5"

additional

the

with

main

the

(see Fig. 6),which

roof

of

treated

church

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AND

ST.

ST.

MAKY

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(Fig. 8),where

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WALBROOK',

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(Fig. 8),

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STEPHEN'S,

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OF

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"

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for

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In

FIG.

arc

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architecturally

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church

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larger roof.

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consideration

passage-aisle principle can

modern

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the

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CHURCH

and

central

large

than

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in

to

for

count
one

asked,

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If

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represent

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Anglican
of

thinking

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of

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members

late Mr.

in the

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reasonably have
Himself

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on

people
before

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represent

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into

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whether

habit

essentially

architect

possiblydesign

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of the

enclosure

no

less

in

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diJ

who
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chancel

in the early mediaeval

always designed chancels

century,

to

form.

much
of

hand

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often

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fails

have

hence

and

form

other

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Roman

privileged religious order,

upon

"

are

ritual

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the

middle

it thus

follow

medi.neval

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to

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service, within

asked

the thirteenth
Christ

while

As

for

took

ritual of the

prefer,as

mediseval
to

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building

Communion

the

traditions

Presence"

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spirit.

might
dating from
institution by

one

Street

should

back

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never

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of

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the

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it does.

on

for

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carried

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htlieve

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extent

some

creed

Anglican

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of the

able
perfectly reason-

the

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basilica

of

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earliest traditions
not

of

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province of the

Catholics

the

historyof Christianity;

does

arms,

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the

Church

preference

all

to

ancient

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"

their

after

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with

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positionprofessedlyheld by

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for

form

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of
ecclesiologists

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looked

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only logicalthat

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the

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to

told

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answer

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ecclesiastical

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as

Greek

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are

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say

"

is to

that

church.
be

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area

elongated

Mediaeval

the

of the

direction

the

in

I feel convinced

future

of the

type of plan for the church

rather

51

And

effect.

architectural

impressive

the

ARCHITECTURE.

in

style,

he regarded the institution of the Sacrament

and

place in

whether
the upper

he

had

room

forgottenthat
of

house.

the

actual

MODERN

52

choir, in which
be

cannot

is

the

laity were

pretended, by

essentiallysuitable

take

almost

the

who

than

off

if

as

for

music

time

wish

we

of church

to

all events,

felt

practicalrespects, has

be

fact of the

of

in

so

and

architects

of the

best

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of

formation

relation

chamber"

"organ
and

ritual

of

side

nave,

Service

in

the

is,the
"

some

fashionable

discreditable
without

real

in church

anthem,

the

as

if

as

to

the

protest.

this is

London

; and

hence

churches,

in a
they were
congregation who

over

the

body

point,it is

the bad
of

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taste

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;
as

to

musical
issued

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musical
each

position on

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as

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formally composed

of the

habit

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to

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on

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of the Anthem

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unsuitable

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function
spiritual
music

recommending

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a

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present day,

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in

position of

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organ

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and

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made

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at
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tions
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of the

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congregation, or

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participate.

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logical person,

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congregation

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supposed

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ARCHITECTURE.

has

proceeding, to my
the clergj'
allow
who

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seated

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mind,
it to

as

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ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

it may

; and

one

form

of

worship, would

reform

considerations
for

not

architecture
of

point

be

the

contemplation

the

meeting
and

prayer

eternal

be

could

surely

the

which

in its exterior

effort

of

life,and

architect, to

spoken

of

is to

as

the

and

too

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least, we

are

this

reason

acoustic
among

incompatible with
know,

however

especially)

(the latter

egress,

the noblest

acoustic

In the
conditions

case

of acoustics
of

(or

what

for

the

to

have

we

ventilated

must

we

not

be

conditions, in
and

; and

concert-room

believe

and

seeing

proportion

architectural

really know

tions.
aspira-

conveniently

and

church, however,
best

which

will be

warmed
efficiently

others, that

holier

and

of

shows

others, offered

doubt, which

the

the

promoting

poetry of architecture.

in the

and

building

material

the

all

more

in

assist

above

rise

we

and

effect

qualitiesin

little

aim

average

an

ingress

be

must

building for hearing in.

in placing acoustic
justified

primarily
we

for

demand

far,for

building,are
at

which

There

privilegeof designing

element

for

the

in

inspiringto

quality of symbolism

building, no

arranged

hearing,* and
*

essential

of

voice

nature.

the

strengthen its higher

that

develop

to

life,to

of

other

more

above

opportunity, above

is the

provide

planned

and

to

lower

an

consecrated

common

be

to

with, but

mind

human

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interior

and

nourish

to

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have

either

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lift him

harmonize

only

the

to

to

in

encourage

ought

that

is

spiritualside

join

to

church

that

building

and

fortifyand

task

of his art, than

not

souls

planning, let

church

church

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higher

the

practical

purely or mainly practical

the

for

proposed

such

recommend

to

from

this

to

account

on

open

suitable

most

well

bearing

and

square
as

into

higher against

no

level

should

of

calculated

architect,more

it

Christian

of

take

shelter.

praise,to

fight

choir.

to

from

mere

of

and

regarded

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view.
or

itself

supposed

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lend

organ

moment

more

suggested

these, in their

as

have

ought

we

the

that

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positionof

in the

While, however,

He

church, which

modern

me

observed

be

53

or

poshed
a large

effect ;

church

"

this,

is not

lecture-room

to be such) before

AfODEIiN

54

have

wc

the

outgrown

ARCHITECTURE.

idea

that

uncomfortable

promoted by insanitaryand
but

above

all he

is eternal

special

well

It

association

count

effect of the

building ?

in

emphatically
ancient

form

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other

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symbolism

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for the

the

the

join in

not

that

(or ought
horse

not

to

to spoil the

produce

their

Ward

Beecher
"

church.
that?"

Henry

would

Ward

much

and

he

the acoustic

anxiety about

proposed

as

late

that

not

Beecher.

have

"Do

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any

plan,to

appear

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the

is

act

it would
to

does,"
first d

be

it is far

putting

render

concerned

anything

the

the
d

answer.

thing," was

the

not

the

preacher.

will

really

?" said Henry

the latter
And

is

before

design

"

primary

sermon

cart

acoustics

he consulted

was

is the

it easier for the

of

part

part which

but the

"acoustic"

our

of

compelled, by

audition
satisfactory

preached

the

service

are,

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know

with

benefit

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they
be

in

concerned,

at

on

an

built

church

for

to

more

in cither

are

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seem

whether

are

already observed,

Hunt, when
one

doubt, and

no

variance

order

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at

should

you

Richard

in

they

function.

question

as

minister.

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architect

the

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to

I know

asked

should

considerations,because

always

intended

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they

than

they

is

as

in order
buildingarchitecturally

is

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it ; and,

building. In a church, sermons

be) the primary object,and

that

longer look

no

we

"

Mediaeval

of the

purely architectural
in such

church

of

and

general plan

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privileged hierarchical

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object

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worship

congregation,

is not

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of

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retention

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far

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and

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solemnizing

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count

style. But, as

do

those

of

They

of the

performed by

in this

much

the

which

symbolize

to

central

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not

Mediaeval

or

theory

to

that

temporary

will

religiousbuilding,when

modern

or

modern

for

feeling which

the

hence

devotion

asked, do

be

may

which

is

the material

from

worshippers

which

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can

conditions

will suggest

that

than

expression

their combined

as

faith.

the

material

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one

rather

architectural

aspirationof
as

provide

universal

and
in

is to

spiritualexaltation

our

as

how

to

new

much

reply of the

is
spoken
out-

probably right. In this case, it may be observed, the

question was
quite in order, since the object of the church

was

been

the

worship

of

God,

but

the

display of

the

oratory

of

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

in

building

of

the association

of church

they

be

found

to

church

with
of

some

offer

Mediaeval
with

in the

in

type

church

conditions

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making

is

surely

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with

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of

out

than

for

leads

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"

church

style

revival

it

ardent

revivalists

reason

this view

Gothic

revived

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purposes.

the

as

the

architecture, distinguishingchurches

buildings

but

is about

between

sacred

and

secular

the

in

temples
some

architecture

that

the

at

distinction

the
in

country

largest and
far

as

we

the
see

were

received
for whatever

used

time

same

in most

"

to

churches

which

Egypt, they
as

wished

architecture

the

more

country, for all

style was

same

the

style;

they

of the

Gothic

architecture

as

church

right ; the

alone

were

cases,

of

not

were

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fervour

the

watchwords

was

erected

were

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buildings;

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the

ever

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architecture

which

; and

the

of

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churches

or

there

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of

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highest development,

countries

has

this

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to

there,

general

certainlythe buildingsin
other

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emphasized being

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present requirements, than

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"

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up

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was

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to

architecture

buildings?

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keeping

architectural

abstract

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church

of

under

aim

the

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in

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(North

association

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"

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its

the

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in

seen

Suffolk

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be

nobler

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as

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religiousworship

late Gothic

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modern

55

has

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existed

temple-building
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know

important
summed

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56

MODERN

call

cannot

pyramids

principalremains
in

The

Romans,

come

rather

until

late

with

period,to

be

honour.

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in

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while
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in

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the fact is,

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design

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or

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of

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church,

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his house

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thing

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of

architecture.

still be

for

supf"oscd,

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opposition

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we

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pediment

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whether

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in

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ARCHITECTURE.

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ARCHITECTURE.

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example

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Figs. 9
of

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57

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former

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(MR. GOLDIe}.

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me

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

58

; that

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gratification,

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the

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DESIGNED.

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ARCHITECTURE.

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6o

ARCHITECTURE.

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have

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few

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CHURCH

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must

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6t

ARCHITECTURE.

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ment
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ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

62

the
is

young

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scale

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recalls

architecture

consideration

lead

interior

Mediaeval

And

likely to

specialcharacteristics

this

Mediaeval

respect

of

kind

spiritof

modern

fully to

in what

is it that

the

characteristics

some

themselves,

special reasons

it differ

does

ask

remarkably

so

63

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

of

the

and

the

aisles

plan
was

width

was

never

aisle

semicircular
the

the

of

the

64

MODERN

main

give

side

better
been

aisles,which

start

and

round

the

pier at the

the

designing

great cathedral

if the aisle had

working

out

the

; and

of the

to

to much

thus reduced

was

end

cast

Thirdly,specialattention

of

important point

early period in

an

aisle,which

its full width.

realize the scale of

to

by

manageable proportions than

more

to

divided

were

the eastern

to

carried

given

ARCHITECTURE.

was

building so
this view,

with

design,a

as

small

at

portion

wm\

^r.
houSl

APTCR

"mm^
-MR.

of

BROOKS

PLAN

it,at the junction (I think) of

carefullyset
conveyed
The

It is
like
could

the

result

treatment

up

in

perspectiveon

impression

was

of the

made.

CATHEDRAL.

transept with
rather

intended

scale

whole

This

design.
a

is

and
most

large cathedral
magnified,and

the

choir,was

large scale, to

this sense,

ordinary church
be

the

LIVERPOOL

s^isfactory in

possibleto design
an

of the

FOR

which
no

more

of the

see

if it

building.

determined

the

important point.
will

only

fatal

look

mistake

CHURCH

Mr.
modern

Emerson's

design

English design

departure

in

FIG.

plan

12.

"

MK.

and

65

ARCHITECTURE.

in

for

the
a

cathedral

design

which

(Fig. 12).

treatment

Emerson's

competition

same

for

Liverpool

is the

suggests
It

catheorau

only
a

substitutes

new

to

66

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

the

and

nave

principleof

the

extent

some

with

transepts

cathedral

perhaps
the

as

octagonal

domical

roofing is

suggested
had

in the
to

attempt
to

the

it

must

modern

cathedral

in

the

refining,which

and

I think

that

it

real

This

retained,

of

the

in

the

novel

left

form

architect

design gained
the

the

only
suited

manner,

modern

detail

the

and

nave,

rightly,as

as

precedent, but

which

and

requirements

admitted

with

India.

of

typical

is

intersecting vault

domes,
in

the

nave

is the

an

as

familiar

feeling and
be

out

competition,

treat

short

dome

Saracenic

been

probably

premium

carried

the

by

the

under

area

of

point

ecclesiastical

to

for that

area

crossing, which,

weak

rather

partialconcession

central

narrow

the

plan.

wide

the

is

Fcrp^usson truly remarked,

Mediaeval

the

service, though
for

room

received

have

might, however,

ment
improvein

execution.
the

At

architect, Mr.

of
It

attempt

to

was

the

George's Hall,

and

Art

in

was

ought
which

to

group.

the

was

building

in

in

Classic

Mr.

Hay's

general

the
site

with

the

practical

assimilation
for the

Classic

style,and
view

of

to

of

cathedral

structure,

forming
that, while

was

of the

cathedral

particularinstance

its

sidered
right,con-

it is

contiguity also

reminiscence

original form

this

of

compete,

the

group

St.
of

Library, circular Reading-room,

in

some

preserve

to

along

that

sense,

celebrated
close

invited

clever

Liverpool

I remember

intended

Free

the

been

problem

The

Elmes's

Gallery,all

architectural

this

design by

exhibited

be

to

exceedingly

an

if

was,

the

forms.

buildings consistingof
and

not

in

with

of

back

had

interest

interest

Classic

of

design

grapple

and

at

is of

shape

who

James Hay,

sufficient

others.

competition

the

in

volunteered

whose

Gothic

this

made

suggestion was

but

of

time

ought

lines, with

the

complete

cathedral

Mediaeval

in

this

to

harmonize

style,

country,

important

the

tecturally,
archi-

Classic

buildings by which
building

which
the

the

in

element

this

-MK.

wished

to

clever

combination,

union

of

which

is worth

The

Europe,

elements

most

that

HAV

and

piece of merely

FOK

of

from

the

of

suggestion

of

elements

two

that

design,

might

would

one

have

admit

that

suggestion

Gothic

and

as

to

Classic

it is

the

verj'

possible

architecture

of.

note
new

cathedral

Berlin, designed
academical

the
a

I.:

must

one

contains

important
at

DESIGN

out,

made

given (Fig. 13),as

blending

derived

taking

he

that

discordant

and

disturbing

and

surrounded,

exactly saying

it carried

see

be

is here

Without

achieved.

would

almost

Accordingly,

group.

in which

manner

be

lines

illustration

an

be

it would

Gothic

on

67

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

by

Renaissance

in

recently commenced
Professor

Raschdorff,

architecture, and

is

that

of

68

MODERN

very

and

poor
of this

stone

all the

large
behind

Order

conveying

Stories

details
either
to

each

to

rise out

without

14.

the

idea

CATHEDRAI,,

NEW

"

the

; and

which

this type of
of

wall, cornices, and

the

no

other

or

of the centre
to

BERLIN

years

; the

architecture
a

(PROFESSOR

constructional
to

of

or

the whole.
a

The

treated

are

or

lead

of

while

as

if in

RASCHDORFF).

of

conventional

architectonic

relation

central

appears

flat-roofed,cubical

visiblysupport

use

structure,

one-story

openings

It exhibits

ago.

illogicalpacking together

have

anything

two

foundation

The

type (Fig. 14).

laid about

to

common

FIG.

two

commonplace

building was

faults

this

ARCHITECTURE.

up

dome

mass

to

of

it. The

building,
details

(F'g^-15) show
even

useof

conventional

The
whole
the

of the

of the
is made

to

in

appear

round
of

centre

large

which

lantern

nate
termi-

trade
balus-

dome

to

be

This

the

be

monumental

the

girders
the

of

opening

would

possible
im-

by

of iron

carry

tion
construc-

would

the

the

on

except

across

lantern.

un-

very

of building

way

KIG.

;
even

to

the

be

real

than

worse

carried

in the

on

the base

masked

are

is

to

the

which
exist.

The

of
the

to

does

not

architect

commissioned

by the

that

screen

the

dome,
of

eye
and

emperor,

to

struction
con-

could

selected

was

not

and

if this

and

-'

SKCTIOS

is

the

in the

best
way

that
of

could

Germany
design

for

reality

balustrade,

ornamental

extrados

give the impression

the

is in

dome

lantern,

section, so

mere

LATHEDRAU

BEKLIN

DETAIL,

"

constructional

of the

by

accompanying

the balustrade
stuck

to

15.

is

fact

that, for the

up

its lines

but
as

but

the

nation
termi-

stands
a

"

employment

in

is

to

it,

which

proportion

dome, which

flat,with

of

grace

the

about

design, perhaps,

treatment

and

refinement

nor

features.

point

worst

invention,

slightestarchitectural

the

neither

perception of

69

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

"

furnish

OF

fig.

16.

DOME

AND

LANTERN,

bebun

cathedral

design.

great metropolitan cathedral, it is

of

indication

sad

the

special object. The

and

; it

simple

of

In

use.

the

the

church

It will be

baptistery.

f IC.

in

church

at

rightangles

entrance

the

planning, the

to

of

end

17.

the
the

right angles

to

the

cathedral

to

each

being

used.

royal funeral
would

enter

church

and

It may

procession
at

the

the

of

side

The

to

be

of

the

on

the

parochial

for

and

precedent

all

cathedral

the

interior

design, the

flank

or

other

of

which

for which

purpose

that

and

central

the

cross

at

be

the

building

the

the

leading

at

axes

may

chapel,

line

of

the occasion

on

mausoleum

two

is

main

instead

interior, in fact, has

baptistery door,

cathedral

royal family

mausoleum,

exterior
on

presumed

to

the

the

thus

the

pure

general

for

the

to

CA

axis

other, one

principalaxis, according
is

BERLIN

being

building.

the

that, contrary

seen

longer

long

to

cathedral

baptistery church

cathedral,

PLAN,

"

reference

in
a

of

mausoleum

it

interest, as

church

cathedral

is the

be

to

the

of

plan

some

plan

not

was

or

line, and

plan,

cathedral

and

genius

The

country.

hand, is of

include

to

was

HohenzoUern

the

of

building

memorial

worship, a

that

other

special treatment

of architectural

state

in

the

building (Fig. 17), on

shows

low

perception

architectural

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

70

of

cortege

baptistery
up

to

the

CHURCH

cathedral

fitted

for

for

its purpose.

church

shows

the

wide

central

modern

The

and

worship,
is

and

poor

Some
most

of the

architects

the last

than

more

modern
in

within
one

Gothic

French
are

is

instructive

architects

without

exception,

detail, and
which

this

in

totallydestitute

they profess to

church

architecture

architecture,or
quite

Renaissance.
about

twenty

great church

on

and

the

effective

fine

outline

structure,

Byzantine
found)
forms

This
and

and
or

there

derived

is

an

very

composition,

its

grand

is

an

from

element
ancient

and

Byzantine

the

in

style

French
of

having

type

fashion
to

in

begun

the

without

regards

as

its

the

to

generally

French

the

(forboth

the

out

monumental

and

incongruity,

architecture

style,

wiry

Montmartre,

massive

churches
of

in this

spiritof

building,owing

But

by

Byzantine type

modernized

its

that

designed
be

as

Gothic

completed, belongs

yet

situation.

neo-Romanesque

said

in modern

hill of

the

far

As

gradually pushing

not

in

real

modernized

type ; the

Byzantine type, though

detail.

the

being

spiritof

hard

seen,

the

eminent
as

be

may

tendencies

of

ago

fine

not

by

suggestive.

churches

have

The

signs

years

the

such

attention

style,the

of

of any

Renaissance

The

built

ones

it

The

towards

shown

and

the

as

revive.

are

recently

of

dead.

far

of

"

style,or professing to

as

special reason

period

worth

concerned

are

absolutely

flank

architecturally

modern

are

"

churches

of

treated

important

some

France, the original cradle

architecture

the

generation

sense

the

is most

specialconditions

been

of

churches

French

which

the

of

manner.

examples, but

recent

in

commonplace

of

really

plan

plan presenting

have

The
area

view

the

is that

misfortune

is

goes,

appearance

objection in

no

suggestions for effect should

so

the

presented by

arrangement

building.

in

that

as

one

externally

this

far

as

effective

for

entrance

plan,

1\

and

clever

very

whole

The

mausoleum.

ARCHITECTURE.

types

to

are

attempt
any

neo-

real

to

be
use

feeling

AfODERN

72

for the character

result
there

is

of

detail

something

which

is neither

modern

ness.

This

(Fig. 1 8)

is

; the

point of view,
effect

of

the

belonging
is

grace

l8.

FIG.

and

yet

ancient

are

AT

heavy

they

finish

and

BASILICA

"

orginalstyles.

the

to

do

style.

picturcsque-

(m. LALOUx).

TOURS

in

ancient

nor

The

formal, in which

cold, hard, and

aptly illustrated
details

TECTURE.

A RCUI

M.

and
not

One

Laloux'

Basilica

ungraceful,from
serve

has

to

recall

only

to

at
a

any

Tours

modern

of the

remember

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

the

totallydifferent

the

American

architect, in the

Byzantine work,
to

training,which
with

the

is

the

opposed

character

architecture.

early

In

Vaudremer's

ever,
(Fig. 19), how-

is

an

absence

the

usually

of

architecture

which

the

for

we

think

admirable

crude

with

the

and
panile,
cam-

is

questionably
un-

its

in rather

managed

plan

of

the

cathedral

Marseilles,by Vaudoyer
commenced

about
as

the

called

of

enabled

emerge

to

from

that, by
to

teresting
in-

of

has

the
been

"passage-aisle" principle

expansion

observed

is

i860,

what

planning

wide
we

of

at

(Fig. 20),

example

an

application

as

tower

square

manner.

The

the

sympathy

it altogether

not,

or

the

it is

real

and

type,

original,though

beneath

taste

in

this

design

whether

junction

of any

traced

minent
pro-

recognition;

deserves

moreover

too

"cleverness"

French

church

be

reallyto

on

simplicityof detail,

of

founded

details

of Notre

Dame

there

Richardson,

tian
Chris-

of

church

Auteuil

is

by

architectural

the evolution

to

quasi-Romanesque
at

defect

French

modern

in

qualities inherent

of

treatment

recognize that

to

obtained

effect

of

kind

73

carry

cathedral

of

the

the

the

chfrch

19."

at

alteiil

(vaudrbmek).

plan
is

nave

adopting

fig.

the

aisle round

narrow

the

fine

point,

aisle, the
chei'et at

it will

and

the

architect
same

be
is

width,

instead
this

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

74

of

point

adopting

Mr.

The

fa9ade,with
French
(as indeed, though on

North-Italian

its very

soil,it is

"

halving

of

plan

Brooks's

"

"

"

not

very

its width

at

appearance
far from

that

"*

c
.

"

^4

FIG

part

of

itself,and
with

the

Europe),
the

20.

is

effect

windows

together,is

MARSEILLES

"

pleasing
of

of the
very

the

and

series

towers

good

(VAUIK"VE"].

CATHEDRAL

and

there

composition

harmonious
of

statues

binding
is

in
the

in

niches, ranging
whole

tion
composi-

satisfactory breadth

and

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

simplicity about
fatal

defect

of

the

towers

; the

large scale

and
especially,

21.

too

scale.

of

want

Fin.

done

design,

"

of

the

"la

naive

unfortunately

; but

simplicityhas

The

TRINIXe,"

the

75

arches

PARIS

in

treatment

it has

been

the
over-

vBALLl).

the

of

upper

this

stage of the

portion,dwarf

76

MODERN

the

scale, and

it

gives

ARCHITECTURE.

first glance the

at

tolerablylarge parish church,

front.

In this respect it may

front

of

Ballu's

of

modern

of

church

French

to

suggesting

of

architect

his

at

the

the

design,

the

La

Trinite

treated

the

of

the

fig.

22.

"

st.

paris

augustin,

it

church

very

fills up

cleverlydesigned

the

ground

expanding

towards

it does

look

lower

not

portion

of

between

what

is

widening outwards,

nave

and

each

walls

of

seen

they

the
are

"

of

and

Gothic

modern

French

less

familiarly
is Baltard's
the

end

of

This

is

irregularlyshaped

follows

well

side

the

diverging streets,

two

two

wall

raking
one

no

indicating

Malesherbes.

an

It will be

how

of

English students,

the
ritualistically

eastward).
the

for

is

through

church,

Boulevard

the

sance
Renais-

there

Augustin (Fig. 22), at

St.

(b.^ltard).

to

the

Another

Renaissance

of

stage in the design

reminds

front.

cathedral

roof,on

by

this

classic

out

the incident

balustrade,

known

cognize
re-

is, in fact,

Orders

even

tower,

west

"

separately;

slope of

the

but

Berlin

framed

design

stories ;

ture,
architec-

cannot

of
"

thrusting

shows

fa9ade

conventional

details ; each
is

multiplicity

infinitely
superior is

to

banalities

Paris

at

church

student

how

the

applicationof

in the

style to

and

Gothic

of

fine

This

best

Renaissance

design

value

the

building.

with

"

Trinit":

La

"

cathedral

compared
instructively

strikingly illustrates

parts in giving scale

the

be

well-known

(Fig. 2i),which

instead

of

impression merely

east

in the
line

end

"

site

(though
how

view

of the

connected

site ;

the

streets,

with

the

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

central
the

feature

dome.

Order

for
pilasters
a

one

colonnade

the

is

of the

and

23."

church

design,

looking

out

architecture

for

interesting one

Sedding,

in

treatment

poor

except,

have

we

"

ideas

new

"

had

the

but the

for

wall

the

ON

MEDl.tVAL

the

the

behind

this is

of

attention

are

who

are

architecture.

such

experiments

with

churches

of

paper

the

only, by

western

Classic

Catholic
Renaissance

One

date.

recent

Dyfrig's,Cardiff

applicationof

roof

remarkable

those

no

in

of

axis

(SEDDINC).

LINES

in Roman

towers

becomes

of the

observed,

St.

of

shape

central

before

on

it, following the

the details
ways

the

in

wall and

the

to

up

unexpected

as

made,

design

many

in church

modern
was

of

in

is worth

and

for

England

churches

very

Unfortunately

lead

and

strikingand

leaves

expanding

CHUKCH

flank

parallelwith

line

walls

CLASSIC

to

; it then

but
unsatisfactory,

FIG.

the

attached

the

site.

is

treatment

bays

outer

which

turrets

seen

two

or

the

boundaries

In

two

following

nave,

weak

the

Internallythe

internal

an

by

77

the

late

(Fig. 23).
facade

form

very

is

for the

J.
In

D.

this

certainly
buttresses

78

MODERN

the

at

side

buttresses
modern
with

for

by

Classic

classical

originaland

itself to

us

associate

the

(Fig. 24)

form.

with

suggests

something quite

spite of

associations

widens, in

to

the

midst

the

without

type ;

cult,

"

the

churches
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and

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than

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modern

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towers

main, of conservative

special

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spires ;

with

of

Mediaeval

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churches

small

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to

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orthodox

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to

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in

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stone

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hardly suggests

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adopt
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In

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the

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so

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Maria

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24.

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ARCHITECTURE.

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Mr.

Leonard

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8i

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

Messrs.
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called
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peal

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ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

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speaking

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feature
valid

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83

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

lower

is, when
the

impels

east.
us

to

level of the

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

84

site,so

for

it all

as

to

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being placed

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bring
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give

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(Fig. 27).
at

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from
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In

the

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able

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than

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would

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upon

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ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

It

distributed.

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on
principles

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treat

to

to

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enriched

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than

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CHURCH

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feeble

SLINDEN

carried

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moreover,

the

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27

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Victoria

the

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FIG.

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"

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BKOOKS].

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a

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enriched, is nearly nullified by the

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The

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ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

86

building,would

will be able

to

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supply instances

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

without

church

The

of the

something

would

of

Willesden,

by

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bold

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arch

churches

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to

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Brooks's

easily

ciated
appre-

eye,

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words

evolution

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produce

churches
low

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built

Mr.

the

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ments
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ASTON

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the treatment

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Mr.

(Fig. 29),are

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(Fig. 28),

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87

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88

MODERN

monumental
in which
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of

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Holy Trinity Church,

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faces

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the

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ARCHJTECTURE.

times

Brooks's

towards

of

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Park

St. Clare's, Sefton

Stokes's
some

Church

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of
a

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(Fig. 31)
have
of

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caps

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30.

interior

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materials

OF

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the

Mediaeval
the

whole

89

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

of

impost, with

GOOD

SHEFHERD,

face

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Brooks's

Mr.

church.

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(mB. JAMES

HAMPSTEAD

pier, is
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BROOKS).

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FIG.

31.

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ST.

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ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

church
of

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of

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;

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design also produces

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architectural

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churches

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detail, and

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9"

alone
and

Fellowes
for

(Fig. 32),

MODERN

92

is

ARCHITECTURE.

important suggestion

an

; it

the

screen

just

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by the large size of

interior,which

an

the

the

as

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FELLOWES

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CHURCH

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KIG.

racter
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STUTTCAKT

CUUKCH,

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for

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93

will make.

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goes

Gothic

and

ARCHITECTURE.

the

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ever

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produced by English

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

94

architects.

much,

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The

and

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imitative

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To

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FIG.

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take

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35."

PLAN

OF

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RING-KIRCHE,

WIESBADEN.

OTZEN).

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Bollinger's Garrison

Church

at

Stuttgart

ARCHITECTURE.

CHURCH

(Fig.

33),

(Fig.

34)

be

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is

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CHAPTER

AND

STATE

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ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

buildings

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and

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This

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general styleadopted

97

in the

government

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ARCHITECTURE.

post office erected

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represents the work

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ever,

MUNICIPAL

AND

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head

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of the

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H

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98

MODERN

hall

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ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

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scattered
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MODERN

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corridors.

since, with

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grand

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as

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hall

central

in

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own

well

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solid

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impression of liberality

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architectural

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out

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considerations

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great

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national

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for

grandeur

adequate

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of architectural
The

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of

ARCHITECTURE.

two

the
this

parliament

German

one,

nearly

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nationality of style was

Committee,

styles,both

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viz.

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in

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nationalitymight

Elizabethan.

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ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

enlarged
a

true

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MODERN

I02

of function.

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symmetrical design, parallelto

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effectively

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the

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manner,

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any

the treatment

Houses

boundaries

symmetrical

this distinctive

with

towers

front, which

that

between

of the

ARCHITECTURE.

Englishmen

in

one

ancient
well

be

general

of its merits.
of

main

houses

Parliament
idea
are

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at

Budapest, by

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3 a oZ"^Z

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MODERN

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on

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ARCHITECTURE.

whole

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in intention

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FIG.

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indeed

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ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

to

size

there

competition designs which

is

KIC.

of

38

COMPETITION

American

Minnesota,
architectural
based

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FOR

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DESIGN

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legislativeor

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105

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The

STATE

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were

HOISE,

(MR. FLACG"

MINNESOTA

proposed

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American

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ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

in
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introduction

io8

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ARCHITECTUftE.

MODERN

coarse

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building which

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Mediaeval
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BERLIN

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in

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core.

treatment

illustrated

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to

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ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

The
was

building,with

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tower

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to

FIG.

41."

ENTRANCE

HALL,

BERLIN

HOUSES

OF

PARLIAMENT.

STATE

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always

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ARCHITECTURE.

almost

times

principal fa9ade,the
treated.

and

MUNICIPAL

AND

to

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like

been
accuse

us

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town

peculiarly
us

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MODERN

112

being

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ARCHITECTURE.

of

His
medium

municipal

any

office
of

tionary
funcis the
munication
com-

authorities.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

only

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the

the

the

to

the

first
the

of

his

that

of

met

by
and

while

the

confidential

special

mayor's

for the

majority

the

floor

floor,with
the

as

that

best

ground

contiguityto

convenient

so

be

entrance,

first

visitor

sure

not

that

and

building,its

the

to

not

principalbusiness

the

clerk's

town

staircase, so

am

on

must

contiguitywith

business

it.

are

chief official of

the

conspicuous

public office

convenient

more

public,who

be

far

floor of the

concerned

private

own

miss

events, if the

upper

about

secretary might

would

would

the

clerk's
the

at all

and

mistake

immediately facing

public cannot

in close

be

the

on

of all persons

convenience

stair of

also

ascended

has

he

as

having

should

be

search

piano nobile, his private room

or

sought

necessityto

the

the

reception-rooms must

private office. But,

clerk's

office has

is

mayor

in

corner,

representativeof

his

also, and

there

the

round

and

easy

largest

clerk's office,

town

clerk, as

one.

planned

our

floor, but

the

floor

of

ground

as

upper

well

one

not

every

As

town

have

to

are

no

be

to

as

office."

central

the

be

placed that

so

corporation,requiresto

the

door
to

general enquiry

concerned

that

offices of

third

ought

be

obvious

England

the

113

placed

so

enquire for the

to

"

was

corridor."

next

in

municipal

having

being told

and

the

be

to

public,but

halls

town

respect.

the

to

access

few

are

in this

be

therefore

public office ought

His

ARCHITECTURE.

room.

clerks, but

the

it

rate-paying

right to consideration, and

attention

of

architects

who

halls.
I

I
are

MODERN

114

The
to

function

its size and

which

hall

which,
the

of

the

of

of

occasion

larger

into

will almost

former

necessary

audience

cheap

at

provide

to

dangerous

any

all at

assembly

be

to

such, and

entrance

the

necessity

be

business

the

of

of

exit

served

something

to

for state

siveness

of

the

by
be

rank,
alone

such

grand

on

occasions, some
interior

in

the

its

is

will

be

is

for the

everyday

comes

apart

business

as

of the

There
staircase

use.

no

ordinary

set

architectural

all

staircase

grand

main

be

their

leave

there

be

no

treated

for

staircases.

If the

of

leaving

not

then

be

avoid

to

lecture, there

and

and

part

do

everyday

sides.

is wasted

used

it should

entrances

both

be

entrance

the

occasions, and

said

will

But

the

also

reception
to

section

there

least

entrance

whether

grand

staircase

doors

at

or

main

b(

audience

an

reception

concert

general

other

or

will

building

will

it

hall,where

provision.

building, or

for state

building

at

and

mayor's

be

occupying

exit

town

same

the

the

as

of

will

inferior

those

from

crush

staircase

end

special

used

entrance

kept

the

towns

of the

for the

emergency

at

on

general working

staircase

sufficient

question whether

should

provide

people

the

for

to

grand

as

at

as

also

guests

all of

and

once,

in the

the

room,

presumed

the

larger class

the

In

once.

be

more

In

reception-rooms

to

inconvenient

or

be

meeting

principalstaircase

separate

becomes

mayor,

mayor's department

of

the

public meetings,

for

halls

sense

town

therefore

public entertainment,

place?, by

necessary

suite

have

small

for

must

or

the

the

in

mayor's apartments.

hall

and

case

always

it will be

the

proportion

borough,
In

room

and

room,

public

large

In the

of the

the

in

reception by the

with

for elsewhere,

expanded
scale.

size

of the

planning.

large

somewhat

varies

importance

includes

in connection

provided

an

hall

principal entertaining
less

at

the size and

usually

on

or

as

of the town

also affects its scheme

town

but

ARCHITECTURE.

is
is

impresOn

the

AND

STATE

MUNICIPAL

other

hand, if the main

is to

make

its best

inevitably be
for

suitable

daily

of

traffic,and

My

it

can

be

to

almost

must

the

on

is that

for

those

occasion
first-class

t^ ^

irmr
h

be

to

under

never,
seen

and

one,

decoration

and

opinion

own

really fine

its materials

fit

115

occasions, it

state

on

be

is to

kept properly

grand function.

effect

business

be

circumstances,

staircase

costly in

too

ARCHITECTURE.

"
"

",

**--ft

Fig.

H.
C.
D.
E.

Salons de Reception.
Council
Chamber.
Grand
Staircase.

hall

town

of

43."

Salle lies Fetes.

Salle a Manger.

A.

the

grand

separate

provided.

In

must

the visitors
the

of

cither

be

Salon
General

H.

Prefer.

K.
L.

Directeur

Committee

and

business
the
must

get rid of their

a

point which

de

vitxx,

Cariatides.
Secretary.

des

staircase

case

hOtbl

flook,

F.

provided

can

staircase,

principal

G.

palatial appearance,

occasions,

which

plan

paris.

Various

Offices.

President

of Council.

Librarj'.
Rooms.
des Travaux.

Buffet.

Open

ought

to

ought

to

be

be

cloak-rooms
be
coats

has

the

on

or

reserved

for

staircases
and

before
been

one

state

being

retiring-rooms

ground-floor,

wraps

sometimes

fine

really

and

entrances

Courts.

so

that

ascending
overlooked.

ii6

MODERN

And

the

architects

to

way

place them

for
what

should
be

so

Among
in

many

"

SALLE

be

placed

the

doors

that

it is not

the

each

door

it is very

most

of

to

that

or

is

which

supposed by

side of the

DE

the

many
proper

of

seldom
modern

remarkable,

VILLE,

the

visible

is

hall,

entrance

is

other, which

each

facing
The

point

planning)

h6tEL

done.

larger class

ways

on

"

close

gentlemen's cloak-rooms

CAKIATIDES,

DES

; but

room

in

young

be

to

seems

be

not

gentlemen,

ladies' and

treat

the

not

gentlemen's

and

44.

instance, with

always

It

symmetrically

S.

should

for

overlooked.

(especiallythose

natural

ladies

those

opposite

nearly always

to

for

cloak-rooms

immediately

or

ARCHITECTURE.

ladies'

from
that

town

the
this

room

should
of

door

is attended

halls, the

is the

exactly

Hotel

the
to.

largest,
de

Ville

STATE

at

MUNICIPAL

AND

This

plan (Fig. 43).

The

ceremonial.

larger portion

by the reception-rooms,
corridors

and

grandiose
stairs
with

des

block

in

"

given, and

which

is

BUILDINGS,

(which

is

copy

also
the

two

the

side

of the

old

the

State

occupied

staircase, to

treated

in

most

central

de

at

wide

retaining walls,

ante-room

of the

Hotel

is

and

Fetes," the galleries

between

statelyaccess

exception

for state

straight flightsof

in

meeting

stately

(llERR GKOTJAN).

HAMBURG

directions

(Fig. 44), forming

that, with

des

Salle

the

opposite

has

"

its

principalfloor

it,and

loggias above,

Fetes,"which

unfortunate

great

consisting of

manner,

return

of the

hall

town

with

MUNICIPAL

45."

ascending

Cariatides

is

space

KIG.

the

connection

in

ample

which

emphatically

is

117

effect and

architectural

its exterior

for

Paris, both

ARCHITECTURE.

to

each

exterior

*'

Salle

the

is

Salle
It is

end.

of the

Ville),there

"

des

central
a

good

ii8

deal

in

the

details that

day

have

found

of

scheme

unity

FIG.

independently
it is

town

or

MUNICIPAL

of

the

with

the

BUILDINGS,

others

of which

any

hall, to which

tower

the

pursuing

his

but, in spite of these

may

reference

well
has

purely symmetrical

in the

centre

with

out
own

the

the
no

bent

(mR. MOCNTFOBd).

SHEFFIELD

city

that

painters of

carried

been

artist

and

taste,

pure

first French

have

style,each

46."

good example of

model,

the

employment,

building

Hamburg

in very

is not

in which

pictorialdecorations,

is

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

be
been

or

(Fig. 45).

drawbacks,

proud.
made

The

before,

statelyMediaeval
The

plan, though

AND

STATE

it also

MUNICIPAL

efifect,
is, it

be

must

hardly be accepted
callingplanning.
of

Mountford's

of the town

England

in
The

hall with

it,treated

FIG.

is in most
tower

the

47.

respects

OK

very

good

would

be

justifiedby

ground,

and

if it marked

Unfortunately
floor,and
floor ; and
is masked

the

nothing

way

two

to

of

descent

by the

containing

hardly

it marks

serving-room
the

good

the

the

small

were

strong

render

true

kind

senior.

the

type

Mediaeval

plan (Fig. 47)

room

the

tower

the

on

on

to

which
This

architectural

the

down

carried

point

pieces of building

tower

of

mayor's apartments
lines of

the

was

deal

serving stair,the other latrines.

to

worth

anything

The

cardinal
a

would

angle positionof

site if it

but

and

SHEFFIELD.

The

one.

of

Grotjan

BUILDINGS,

the

dignity of

(Fig.46) represents

with

MUNICIPAL

interior

joint production of

Herr

and

119

degree,

unsymmetrically.

FLAN

"

to

is the

hall

town

of

example

an

whom

tower,

nalfve

as

building

Sheffield

feeling about

great deal

confessed,

syndicate of architects, of

Mr.

one

for

gives opportunity

ARCHITECTURE.

the

plan.
ground

the

on

the

first

ground

cling
is

to

to

it,

perhaps

element

in

MODERN

I20

such
our

building,or

introduction

to

of

"

AkCHlTECTURE.

answer

useless

the

criticisms
"

towers

in

of

the

The

structures.

of

the

rich

central
front

portion of

Bath

is

attempt
civic

main

Fig. 48.
ings,
build-

municipal

Brydon

(Fig.

successful

very

add

to

is

the

the

in

by Mr.
49),

detail

effective

is shown

The

other

treatment

buildin;^in
and

to

as

halls and

town

our

French

to

in

building

an

the

old
valent
pre-

eighteenth century
-

style of

the
each

on

while

city by
side

presenting

individualityof
nevertheless

that

48.
"

CENTRAL

PORTION

OF

SHEFFIELD

tfjC

MLNICITAL

the

its
very

composition,

end

ing
pavilions form-

effective
in

dOmC

to

contrast

thC

CCtttre

new

building, with

'

'

and
of

sign.
original de-

(mR. MOUNTFORD).

BUILDINGS

end

griaccfulcupolas

two

an

posed
sup-

front, in

well-balanced

the

centre

be

form, is

completed

FIG.

the

formed

the

The

monize
har-

old building

the

have

of

portion

on

far

they might
to

the

character,

forms

which

which,
certain

so

with

ditions
ad-

the

the

quadrant

sculptured

at

bas-reliefs

each

(the

STATE

of

work

in

the

ARCHITECTURE.

sculptor,Mr.

eminent

an

feature

MUNICIPAL

AND

forms

Lawson),

assists

and

design,

in

121

and

distinction

it

giving

original

an

individuality.
The

abortive

municipal buildings
design

was

to

much

is worth

carried

never

the

site,on

High

Street

lower

level

picturesque treatment

FIG.

Messrs.
their
of

Leeming,

front

portion

of

the

(Fig. 50).

The

commonplace

one

these
;

in

modern

front, and

BUILDINGS,

round

to

of

features

back

the

of

but

the

general

difficult conditions,

one

others

of

the

finest

idea

was

plans

the

competition

of
be

must

is

an

addition
lower

would

have

plain walling
confessed,

fine,and

the

is

plan,

exceptionally good

ever

competition (Fig. 51).

of

of

the

on

Order

height
it

treatment,

kind
the

immense

an

the

without

same

elevation, where

top

premiated design,

of,carrying the Order

use

the

for

(.MK. BRVDOX).

BATH

good

rapidly

opportunity

an

of the

the

of

sloping very

afforded

rear,

premiated

the

exceptional nature

the authors

very

enough,
very

once-proposed Edinburgh

the

as

in

the

detailed

fact,

two

in

made

architectural
of

level

back

the

on

out,

MUNICIPAL

elevation

appeared

under

49."

the

referringto, though

which

architectural

any

for

competition

submitted
The

designs

side
are

in

tions
eleva-

given

to

MODERN

122

show

the

accordance

FIG.

50."

distinction
with

FIRST

between

the

the

FOR

MUNICIPAL

EDINBURGH

of

treatment

special suggestions

DESIGN

PREMIATED

ARCHITECTURE.

design

of the

site,and

BUIU"INGS

BACK

in

the

ELEVATION

(MESSRS. LEEMING).

neglect

of

these.

design, in which

Fig. 52
the

mullioned

is from
windows

the

author's
and

competition

wall-tracery which

AND

the

prominent

formed

at

angle by

the

main

from

staircase

where

the

should

the

rise from

lower,

of

the

tower

"

k.

it

as

KIG.

to

were,

have

would
is

been

be

which

may

rather

bizarre

author

has

and
*

thought

entirely ignored

merely added

The

circular
mechanical

turret

at

the
the

ventilation.

the

the

building

of

be

BLILiJlNGS.

the

the
in

architectural

was

intended

to

Fig. 53

competition designs,
detail
that

seen

which

one

distance.

than

of

features
form

my

this

in

special suggestion

same

angle

the

"c

was

from

pleasing

it will

effort,but

-"

MLNICIi-AL

seen

another

more

that

angle, moreover,

of

the

support

EUISBUKGH

FOK

prominently

most

has

supply the

This

elevation

side

the

slope.

the

risingup

I'LAN

tower

"

i*-^

LEEMING's

MESSKS.

51."

of

obtained, while

is

line

XrZs
jHlGH-LLVELb=d
COURT-YARD

shape

higher level,so

the

vertical

appears,

from

not

the

contain

principle that,

the

in the

are

steps, stopped
to

was
on

rapidly,anything

greatest possible height of

mass

level

front

Street

line of

which

tower

123

High

descending

lower

the

falls

ground

the

massive

the

in

feature

above

straightout

carried

ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

STATE

case

the
at

own

the

slope,
a

down-pull

lower
shaft

to

MODERN

134

lower

and

throwing

level

the

as

an

of

to

seems

producing

unusual

an

be

to

mc

and

combination.

strikingarchitectural
As

sinks, which

ground

opportunity

an

away

ARCHITECTURE.

example

the

of

planning

of

of

hall

town

comrtTiTioit

IttSlOftoptJ^
TNvnieiiPALi
m/iuDiiiGau

FIG.

52.

"

COMPETITION

DESIGN

FOR

the

smaller

of the

new

of

the

best

It

has

the

hemmed-in

class, with
Oxford
to

be

an

hall,by Mr.

town

found

disadvantage
site,which

assembly

has

being
no

included,

room

doubt

SIDE

the

plan

(Figs. 54, 55),is

Hare

erected

AUTHOR).

recently

among

of

THE

BUILDINGS

MUNICIPAL

EDINBURGH

(bY

ELEVATION

on

erected
an

compelled

town

one

halls.

irregularand
its lines

to

be

irregularinternallythan

more

but

ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

it is

deal

and

stairs,passages,

mayor's

chamber,

lobby

of their

business,

are

from

main

the

public use
smaller
the

53.

"

COMI'ETITION

closely

in

DESIGN

staircase, so
connection

slightest intrusion

that the
the

without
on

the

course

is

building.

The

connected

with

the

necessary,

from

the main

EDINBURGH

and

with

assembly-room,

same

FOR

connected

sessions

of

council

the

clerk's

town

of the

staircase.

of

area

municipal

lifvrihon

West

FIG.

the

constitute

which

rooms,

great

special entrance

landing

main

off the

from

own

four

these

Thus

and

room,

been,

arrangement

first floor

the

committee

room,

and

rooms

On

entrances.

have

showing
itself,

in

grouped together en suite,with

all

are

rooms,

of

grouping

the

otherwise

would

remarkably well-treated plan

ingenuity in

of

they

"25

at

Ml'NICIPAl.

the

latter

can

BUILDINGS.

time

same

be

thrown

large rneeting-room
allowing

the

public

shut

off

open

to

and
to

strictlyofficial portions
pursued

with

court, which

staircase, but

can
can

the

group

also
also

be

be

of

the
make

of

the

rooms

reached, if

entirelyshut

126

MODERN

off from

it

concerned

in

reaching

separate

have

also

singledoor, the justicesand

by

their

the

the

main

of the

large

separate

landing

are

court

from

OXFORD

54.

of the

the

or

from

TOWS

formed

the

HALL

street.

placed, thus

of

giving

each

clerk's offices
The

in

manner

PLAX.

large hall

in which

recesses

others

having

town

principalstairs,which

series

public and

rooms

The

GROUND

the

by

the

jury

the

the street.

entrance

oblique angle

building,by
hall

the

entrances

FIG.

which

ARCHITECTURE

is masked

is the

the

symmetrical

state

doors

on

centre

of the

architectural

treatment

is

the

staircase
the

On

simple.

cloak
to

to

the

this, as

FIG.

entrance

who

may

court, and

them.
is
be

this

on

floor

ground

flightof

lower

between

hall

level,is

the

55.

"

"

to

"

HALL

manner

the street
the

chamber,

t
.

"

"

and

there

the

is

as

it

gentlemen's
no

objection

is

interposed

PLAN.

FIKST-FLOOK

which

in

for the

galleriesof
by

admirable

principalstairs

the

"

the

from

admitted

-t

"

TOWN

OXfOKO

Lastly,

managed

council

127

as

ladies'

placed symmetrically, but

are

rooms

ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

portion of

separate
the

public

large hall,sessions

the

corridor

the

on

the

ground

floor

128

MODERN

leading
whole
and

is well

plan
the

exterior

effective,and
The

district

late

years

suitable

town-halls),of

56.

of

examples

between

variety
other
turret,
the

of

free

either

on

Xth

One

of

the

almost

ridge
to

serves

of

by

is

the

and

the

the

mark

most

Arrondissement,

among
are

good

Though

or

similarity

considerable

of

the

position

in

the

and

erected

centre

the

good

and

or
fleclie

their

ones,

is

certain

dormers

central

rising

Rouyer,

They

treatment.

style,with

with

roof

M.

of

erected

Paris, are

introduction

recently
by

city.
should

we

been

general

their

(mR. HAKE).

invariably
of

(what

of

Renaissance

French

of the

municipal building.

style

skyline obtained

front, which

the

in

them

features, and

character.

of

in

mostly

are

of

most

form

students

buildings, and

BUILDINGS

architects, there

different

many

French

MUNICIPAL

"

The

picturesque and

have

many

arrondissements

OXFORD

"

is

character

Mairies

"

or

which

modern

minor

the

design (Fig.56)

ville

dc

meritorious

of architectural

the architectural

for the different

most

them, is equally good.

the attention

to

hotels

FIG.

by

worth

for

architectural

smaller

call

the

staircases

special

to

ARCHITECTURE.

of

special
Mairie

typical

STATE

specimen

AND

class of

of the

building (Fig. 57),

case(Fig.58),is usually laid

FIG.

with

effect.

view
In

the

57.

to

"

MAIKIE

the

French

ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

Xlh

OF

most

out

on

very

I'AKIS

dignifiedand
the

plan,as

in this

simple lines,but generally

AKR0SDISSEM2NT,

Mairie

The

129

(.M. KCUYER).

symmetrical

largest and

most

internal

important
K

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

"30

is

apartment
French

requiring

law

French

official ceremony

an

be

there

authorities, whether

rightly adopted

have

the "Salle

in this case,

usually,as

church
the

by

of

of

as

this

to

dignified

as

result of

some

of

the

day.

who

have

^^"X

ji."^

'

'*

^V

'

***

tious

the

58."

astical

FLAN

OP

MAIRIE

Xth

OF

of

three

or

small

the

exhibiting
kind.

of

the

"dusty

no

lieus
pur-

registrar's ofifice.

the

French

couple,

if

least

at

do

they

not

Art

have

premiated

one

character

in

(the

elevation

Mr.

which

lowest

on

designs just named,

the

second,

the

page)

originality of
with

two

more

of

or

has

the

three

Battersea

interest,

third, and

fourth

which

fourth

to

the
my

three.

mind

Hall

less of

the

These

English designs
Town

for

buildings of

picturesque feelingthan

though perhaps

of

are

treating small

of

competition, of

Mountford's
has

Ville, at Valence,

method

this

and

usefullybe compared
"

de

represents

59

competition designs

premiated

Hotel

French

Fig.

class

the

French

designs

same

but

sanctify their marriage, can

to

premiated

most

have

handmaid.

another

this

ccclesi-

an

PARIS.

Religion

Two

as

to

marriage ceremony,

"

as

persons

"

ARRONUISSEMENT,

wish

amon^'

objection,conscien-

otherwise,

or

often

painters ot

England,

any

alternative
FIG

foremost
In

but

are

competition

only

corative
high-class de-

paintings,which
the

civil

treatment,
of

addition

the

rendering

possible,not

its architectural

the

The

not.

marriage

attractive

the

municipal

or

devoted

celebration

in

the

ceremony

practice

"

Mariage,

before

apartment

and

du

may

of

the

(Fig. 60), an
the

French

dignity; Mr. Brydon's

Vestry Hall,

Chelsea

of

elevation

62), which

persuade

it

still

produce
for

as

to

front

building

and

well

that

street

shall

which

entirely

possible

such

new

would

and

out,

is

not,

are

us,

worked

at

tectural
archi-

that

people

some

are

(Fig.

forms
as

details

the

for

proves,

all events,

that

composition

Hall,

Town

Ricardo

Mr.

by

admitted

balanced

the

competition design
the Oxford

be

i3"

; and

entirelyimitative
the

pleasingly

very

it must

(Fig.6i), though

ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

be

entirely

original

as

picturesque

in

planning

of

effect.
The
Law

Courts,

scale,is

be

can

large

of the

one

difficult

on

problems

most

that

before

put

an

architect, because
the

of

of different

number

classes

of

people

have

be

provided

so
1

to

that

they
c

kept

from

each

other's

4.

shall
ii-

gettmg
way,

who
for
be

fig.

59."

competition
PROVIN'CIAL

"

foe

design

h6tEL

DE

fkench

ViLLE.

and

that

each

shall

find

his

way

without

MODERS'

132

difficultyto
must

have

his

ARCHITECTURE.

proper

their

separate

destination

in
and

entrance

the

building. Judges

corridor

and

in

rooms

:m

I IG.

immediate

60."

TOWN

bATTEKSEA

with

connection

the

have

all to

be

each

other's

way.

61.

"

CHELSEA

facilitated

Bench

VESTRY

in

their

HALL

MOUNTKORIyy.

in their

witnesses,

barristers,solicitors,jurymen,

FIG.

(MR.

HALL

and

respective courts

public spectators

(.MR. BRYIX)n).

and

movements

it might
Architecturally,

seem

kept
that

out

of

large

AND

of Law

Courts

the

building

group

STATE

give

to

with

keeping

would

look

them
visited

In

made.

like

as

the

of

exhibition

but

where

are

did

show

the

"

had

which

tower

idea

"

competition

for the

be

to

As

Seddon

Mr.

by

d'etre

__

______

who

said

fine towers,

many

raison

make

to

judge

that

"

great

of this

see

design

in

attempt

seemed

really a

great

"

"

,]

jfffj

IW

In
m

JliBI

MM*

iin

Him

itiiii

ft

HU

'hh

t Ji m

KIG.

"

actual

designs,
One

there

were

possible.

as

the

courts

the

to

expression

again, some

general

cathedral

and

perhaps,

competition over

Courts, the

Law

London

and

133

good opportunity for seeking

special character

some

object

be

now

ARCHITECTURE.

afforded

Courts

Law

national
kind

its

MUNICIPAL

62."

Record

and

pas

FOR

these

as

visible

the

of

was

and

the

main
a

great hall

"

afar
the

which

courts,

is rendered

of

way

the

records

was

The

ought

to

As

have

for those

the

feature
been

concerned

absolutely useless

to

the

result of
as

kingdom

the

one.

finest

an

records

storing

result

to

really have

of

fine

ultimate

one.

general meeting-ground
the

architecture, rising

unfortunate

fortunate

BICARtO).

days of lifts would

been
as

(Ufl. HALSEV

HAU.

grim

held

object from
has

TOWN

convenient

which

lower

building which

"

OXFOKU

in

perdus,

business

DESIGN

"

height, which

Parliament

interior

and

it is in
of

Ni

stern

of

NH

of

idea

showing

"

perfectlyfeasible

the

actual

"

Tower

immense
been

COMPETITION

"

the

petition,
com-

Houses
in

the

sa//e des
in

the

by being

MODERN

"34

placed

on

different

which

are

these

narrow

always

level from

crowded

to

corridors, and
ill-lighted
to

find one's

had

building
of

one

that

about

way

The

is

have

to

has

the

the corridors

jostlingeach

persons

ought
in.

meet

the courts,

with

limits, who

great hall

the

ARCHITECTURE.

in

space

of

unlighted or

puzzling buildings

most

erected.

The

courts

themselves, when

once

not

by

are

means

so

faulty

regard

to

acoustics

said

be.

to

either
or

point

planning

the

public

is
the

from

only

in

the

the

to

access

that

tilation
ven-

ment
arrange-

galleries

courts, and

the

in

copied

was

The

Mr.Waterhouse.
is

style

in

been

the

really good
of

'atSi

But

tained,
at-

any

they have

as

4p

other

wider

is full of

been

ever

the

around

unwieldy

an

of

suscitation
re-

diaeval
Me-

early

architecture,
decided

only
which

63.
(MESSRS.

FIG.

the

"

PLAN

AND

WEBB

to

hand,

detail.

COURTS

"

the

the

of

merit

its

monumental

solidity of

and

But

for

has

it

BKLL).

whole

grave

building,

as

architect

an

Gothic

of modern

palled

past

"
"

on

once

costly and

anachronism.

of
is

is

me,

inconvenient

One

INGRESS

long time

Mediaevalist, and

observed

LAW

BIRMINGHAM

OF

ASTON

largeness

^OF'

UJO_

is

the

the

the

best-planned buildings in England,

Birmingham

perfectly simple

and

Courts

Law

logical

in

its

(Fig. 63 ),

arrangement,

the other

on

an

but

interior
with

STATE

simplicitywhich
The

facilities of

terra-cotta

Still, this

is

worth

well

Courts

of

one

of

of German

those

the

and
the

improper

to

Berlin

"

for

what

in

law

is

courts,

will

most

and

LAW

of

or

are

central

the

main

facilitate

LEIPSIC.

feature

nearly

The

"

as

and

avoid

is

the

kind

already observed,

business

ugly

as

of

one

scale, in which

great

objects,and

matter

as

plan

ment
arrange-

of

parliamentary palace, but

where,

Law

varieties

ponderous

Parliament.
on

is

plan

large buildings

recent

most

COURTS,

secondary
a

the

the

too

type.

Imperial

The

the

into

refined

which

of

one

of

arrangements

royal

the

one

IMPERIAL

stateliness
rooms

all of

student.

study.

picturesque, but
architects

the

coldest

Houses

symmetrical

of

as

is

Renaissance, with

symmetry

place

the

64.

FIG.

of

of

careful

the

building, and

Leipsic (Fig. 64)

at

of this class, in

that

detail, not

and

long

and

135

led

have

to

attention

the

of

result

pleasant

seem

notable

is

design

exuberance

an

ARCHITECTURE.

reallythe

is

architectural

great

MUNICIPAL

AND

plan

not

hardly

in

considerations

confusion

are

of

ARCHITECTURE.

AfODERN

136

paramount

importance.

offers

fine effects

some

formal

Brussels, on

of

other

the

exterior

the

the

hand,

architectural

new

(Fig, 65), superior

idea

originalityof conception

finds

what

to

appeared

At

promise.
Law

Courts

occasion, for the

creation

building
few

and

cold

the

to

of

building

unwonted

the occasion, the

made

was

of

appearance

undoubtedly

interior, however,

The

new

for boldness

which

parallels indeed
times.

in

It

Classic

is

in

different

based

from

bear

is

ventional
con-

Classic

and

his

tion
imaginathe

on

produced

which

of

brought

fancy
to

but

quite

that

architect

and

on

manner

revived

own

modern

materials,

treated

the

and

task,

building

unlike

so

of

commonplaces

the

modern

architecture, that the view

of
the

it

(Fig. 66) gives

of

idea

mythical

some

of

structure

romance

or

prehistoric times.
FIG.

65." INTERIOR,

lived under
to

his

have
In

genius.

into
are

Had

addition

buildings

COURTS.

to

he
and
the

been

carrying

which

classified

under

told he

English

on

the
is

certain

number

of

the

divided, such

as

business

general

would

he

scope

only

wasting public money.

was

requires

that
allow

he

architect

general legislativepalace

its work
the

an

of

Lucky

Poelaert

appreciate and

that could

government

for

M.

for

snubbed

house, every

LAW

Government

been

LEIPSIC

one

term

"

or

parliament
of

separate

leading departments
in

Government

this

country
Offices

"

such

and

buildings

frequently
has

the

of

to

to

seem

great

dictate

group

of

the

to

to

one

the

buildings,near

of

seat

enlargement

it is carried

either

said,no
the

BRUSSELS

scheme.

out

or

without

relation

doubt, in favour
over

otherwise.
of this

would

offices

other

designed
No

in

one

is called
the

There

to

for

other
is

of

however,

carry

out, such

the

rebuilding

separately, and
office

buildings,

something

piecemeal system.

larger period

subordination

Government,

attempted

to

as

collectively.

and,

Generally speaking,

department

minister,

(pOELAEKt)-

COfRTS

each

architecturallyor

expenditure

out,

sponsible
re-

special offices

government

each

scheme.

carried

of

the

to

I.AW

cabinet
the

the

as

practicalconvenience

and
legislature,

great architectural

comprehensive

or

of

treatment

has, I believe,ever
a

of

have

considerations
legislature,

of

house

the

66."

and

usually a
between

time

effect and

KIG.

near

his

divide

of architectural

both

is

department

in

element

departments

inter-communication,

and

department

such

As

'37

important

an

capital.

of each

therefore

ARCHITECTURE.

commonly

for

occasion

head
who

form
the

of

architecture

the

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

to

be

It distributes

time, and

it enables

MODERN

138
block

each

of offices to

accommodation

until

for

the

result much

by

In

George

buildings round

architectural
it is

been

was

then.

liberal

scale

feeble

dignity

to

with

in

regard

and

the

interior
upper

been

Offices

site, and

to

openings, but
the

floor, and

the

Admiralty

and
the

two

lower

the
the
and

whole

portion

ended
were

in

of

at

without

idea

of

of

giving
large

is

on

competition
The

competed

is

rooms

upper

is
due

as

these

and

architecture

fiasco.

first

on

fine

treated

are

range

The

downward

of

the

ill-lighted.The

Offices

Departments

windows

history

ones.

designed
With

the

designed

are

external

requirements.

have

then, the

been

boast

can

the

but

should

small
has

an

government,

mostly

progress

special

Since

executing

story, the

comfortless

for

has

the

to

any

recur.

Foreign

courtyard

consequently
War

and

and

one,

Home

the

to

semi-circular
level

Offices

things

poor

never

now

Street,

by archways,

opportunity

an

yet pretentious in style,and

and

reference

can

The

internal

spacious

pities that

centrated
con-

comprehensive

disposal of

the

ago,

great range

one

connected

fine and

so

at

put

Government

planning great

since

that

up

be

to

were

in

James's Park,

courtyards

from

drawn

plan

courtyard being devoted

which

over

our

beginning

is

thousand

passed

history of

into

each

scheme

St.

of

erection

Parliament

and

final

fiftyyears

Offices

Whitehall

to

obtained

about

great

required

as

the

be

such

Barry,

Government

It is seldom

department.

and

Charles

Street, and
up

had

we

of

lead

can

as

ments
require-

out

out

would

more

new

drawing
carried

sites

case,

site between

the

great capital than

own

all the

buildings divided

the

of

our

which

to

be

juncture when

when

The
to

such

on

architect,Sir

on

Great

of

worthy

time.

great

and

always possible,and

buildings

according

of

is

the

at

necessary,

whole, however,

more

unconnected
to

rebuilt

accuratelyestimated.

completed,

time

be

becomes
be

can

scheme

ARCHITECTURE.

for

ings
buildfor

and

AND

STATE

which

in close

are

hold

should

premiated design

relation

from

projected

was

and

structure,

which,

have

in

become

first time

Finally,it
even

to

merit

be

is

as

to

the

that

"

of the

the

home

where

of

architectural

the

Committee

rich

also in

naval

main

then
on

thoroughfare

the architectural
have

we

what
but

is the

only

in

to

which'
for

the

build

on

superficial

scale, till the

to

should

of

of

the

taste

of

in

really the

the

regard

it is

Report

Parliament

proposed

naval

greatest

to

seen

never

both

its

to

the

England.

final
"

characterize

discredit

standing

the

ing
economiz-

architectural

though

site where

the

is called

site

proposed

had

of

mately
ulti-

was

building,totallydestitute

back
a

"

the

only (without
Office

regard

administration

for

exhibited.

was

adopted

impressiveness which

character) on

Scheme,"
considered

War

it of the

yards,
court-

building,

realized

design

was

the

building, would

world, placed (not unappropriated

liberalityand
Since

the

the

certain

mean-looking

dignity and

in the

any

and

tame

of

the

to

small

lower

Admiralty

process

of

tectural
archi-

darken

with

persons

the

effect,cutting it down

any

now

build

ful
beauti-

with

to

much

proposed

to

placed),and

possessed

decorative

power

decided

was

in

many

of the

model

planned

was

even

as

the

relation

no

except

proportions

funnels,

of

The

order, supporting nothing,

original design by robbing

it

result

high

consideration

any

the

the
mere

when

effect

for

ments
depart-

roof.

same

clothed

was

function

interior

in which

both

account

building, having

The

small

other, and

the

on

it

columnar

practical

no

far too

mainly

ments
depart-

two

officials of

under

although

the

windows.

adjacent

and

selected

was

139

represent

each

the

joint council

in which

scenery

with

that

submitted,

drawings

ARCHITECTURE.

rightly. They

occasionally necessary

it is

it is

and

together :

designed

from

MUNICIPAL

ground,

Special

the

Street

ment
Improve-

important

most
new

of

War

point

Offices, which

of which

the

greater

MODERN

I40

is

portion

stood

once

of

of

memory

of

Admiralty, this
is

Report

Surveyor
area

with

and

to

of

the
in

utilize

to

was

commercial
the
and

of such

if it

fact,as

were

the

architectural

War

Office

such

conditions

realized

; it is

of

the

War

place,by
irregular

and

of

already

leave

to

which

It is

such

limited

ing
cover-

only small

able
objection-

are

within

wells

building

be

get

impossible that

may

to

is insufficient

mere

of such

what

object

main

order

of which

building,

secondly, by

; and

them.

on

in

they will be

as

the

the

ground

smaller

distinguish

to

treating

"

largest of

treatment

be

can

ought

closely as

so

the

loftybuildings surrounding

adequate

floor

enough

first

oblique

The

of

space

in which

expenditure

sanitary grounds,

on

this

as

foot

insignificantcourtyards, the

even

was

In the

the

to

hotel

available

effect,and

failure.

requirements

which

country

part of the site

for architectural

there

the

available, but

now

the
site,thereby entirelysacrificing

monster

for the

return

interior

every

that

the

to

into calculations

went

right up

matter

proximity

architectural

character

imposing

As

and

which

buildings

to

result obtained

line

Guards,

Site."

sites

another

of the

boundary
and

best

site for all the

building

Offices

War

the

showing

this

was

House

regard

of Works

of

this

on

the

grandiose

Office

how

lines of the

of

Horse

demolished

Carrington

one

object

spare

the

position, in

is

the

the

carrying

"

preparation for

Office ; but

of

one

there, the

convenience

the

nearly opposite

vacant,

now

called, in

ARCHITECTURE.

as

national

site,and

called

any

under

organized

an

failure.

to

One

point

have

been

concerned,
obtained
viz
and

that
that

in

decided

which
from

regard

may
the

corridors

to

by
be

the

planning

the
said

to

be

courtyards

for

be

the
for

only

of

benefit

light

from

the

corridors

seems

those

Government

directlylighted

light should

buildings

consent

common

large competitions
should

of such

most

have

we

Offices,
outer

and

air,
not

rooms,

STATE

AND

MUNICIPAL

i.e.the

corridors

should

considers,

the

on

working-rooms

the

and

courtyards,

the

one

hand,

looking

out

the

inconvenience

interior
borrowed

lights,it

authorities
that

internal

favoured.

to

the

of

requirements
the

rooms,

buildings

to

In

them

combined

be,

of offices
usual

as

the

required

architectural

the

Home

the

War

that

the

but

there

any

one

how

Office

from

of them

to

diff"erent

their

tion
rela-

regard

to

architectural

the

is to

Barry's

This

be

rule.

be.

one

Hoat

far

know

our

that

and

Guards,

style to
than
more

if

Street, that

Horse

purpose

blocks

out,

shall

architectural

of

probably

separate

carried

We

no

group

this will

all the

belongs
would

immense

and

will

ing
attempt-

what

than

other

such

treat

without

manner,

out,

treatment

building facing nothing

for

the

on

provided for, and

time

suitable

The

depend

the

might

regard

of

of

their

this

in

Offices

palatialscale.

in

to

more

generally

building facing
is the

no

are

Parliament

nothing
more

tacit conclusion

building facing

Office

the

got

number

to

bear

by

or

have

course

long

the

in

be

effect of

to

at

hand,

window

rooms

in which

manner

time

is the

be

the other

on

end

say

of

carried

conventions

Admiralty
will

it been

is the

Office

on

character

the

it goes,

will

impressive

offices

offices,had
far

as

in

Government

specialcharacter

any

been

have

to

regard

dignifiedand

air

of the

possible principles. One

two

building national

doubt

Yet

in

give

to

be

we

department

other.
to

seem

plan

of officials

classes

each

to

there

of

each

of

one

of

can

of

treatment

arrangement

quadrangle (even

depressing

ranges

one

of

they have,

this, what

Beyond

When

condition

lighted by

between

architectural

detailed

and

of

interior

sanitary condition

closed

stagnant

I believe

corridors

outward.

certainly something

is

arrive,as

to

be

half

only

look

mean

the

round

still weather, and,

or

the

and

corridors

on

141

carried

inferior

the

the

in hot

quadrangle

be

rooms

tolerably large size),and

such

ARCHITECTURE.

the

at

all ;
make

other.

interesting

would

if there
buildings be architecturally,

such

made

to

Office

and

of

to

for which

the

U!

as

"-

something
building

out

would

manner,

as

demanded

t-

67.

erected

the

now

ception
con-

of

nature

three

For

it is

"^

"

C.

PLAN

of the

far

have
as

the

OF

the
of

out

late ; but

too

"

I.

:s

usual

(mK. COLLCUTT).

INSTITfTE

IMPERIAL

might surely

commonplace

been

interferingwith

no

interior

palatialunity

class of offices,would
without

Foreign

so

special in

architectural

be

done

its purpose

as

with
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War

platitudes of pilasters

pediments.*

window

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War

-IfT-

Office,in place of the

less

or

named

suggestive and

so

or

original architectural

an

was

for

and

^^

FIG.

and

building

Office

more

architectural

buildings

Home

more

express

departments

great

....

Office,a

presented

intended

four

the

them

the

between

made

Admiralty

an

Office, if each

purpose

be

and

to

characteristic

What

attempt

an

were

suitable

manner

its purpose.

might

distinction

in

of them

each

treat

suggestive of

less

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

142

have

of

in treating Barry's largescheme

impossibility
courts

design ;

been

were

but

concerned.
the

interior

susceptibleof

the unity of the whole.

The
courts,

distinctive

exterior
each

devoted

treatment,

in such

would

have
to

one

separately,

somewhat

In

such

comes

limited

the

it must

the

was

of

centralization
the

idea

marks

the

corridors

which

the

both

acts

Nothing

could

be

the

relation
This

of

another

country,

plan

by

refinement, but

the

it than

they

or, if the

the

The

and

the

tower

business

to

right to
even

go

the

the

and

colonies.

by
68.

FIG.

with

portion

in

as

the

of

design

of

conception.

i-LANttlKC.

visitors

face

the

left

about

make

to

entry
arcade

straighton
find

out

through
is not

to

the

central

of the lower

themselves

in

of

tower
are

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get

out

with

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and

dignity,

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also

sooner

in

of

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small

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The

the

opposite arch, they

IUX"GICAL

(Fig. 68),

competition

vestibule,but

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"

of

plan, is entirelydestitute

clearness

have

visitors

class.

bolize
sym-

emphasized

which,

entrance

hall, and

highest

this

of

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an

centralization,or
marks

is essential

noted

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of

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submitted

accompanied

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with
be

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and

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to

was

of this

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to

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England

comparing

that

of

and

building

character

point

plan

competition design

entrance

centre

imperial

Government

in

case
stair-

suitable

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building

"

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won.

reception hall beyond.

dignified for

more

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the

as

of

octagon

an

longitudinal galleries
the

state

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approach

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to

then

it is

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vestibule

class

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intersection

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the

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interest, and

man

of

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building of

State

which

by
hall

of

in

example

which

lines

plan

best

given

as

excellent

an

the

that

offices

government

of considerable

was

Institute

Imperial

(Fig. 67)

to

which

admitted

be

with

143

Imperial Institute, the

the

as

ARCHITECTURE.

category

same

building

competition

which
of

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

through

angle lobby

with

blank

this is

wall

throwing

The

opposite to
a

FIG.

worth

the

are

refined

over

the

it is

69."

and

INSTITUTE

architectural

to

seems

erected,

eminently

IMPERIAL

of

in character
hall

an

HALL,

attention

moulding

This

them.

is not

planning

all ;

at

plan together hap-hazard.

Imperial Institute, as

great building,but

every

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

144

have

; and

staircase

been
the

can

refined

and

one,

called

be

hardly

as

such

is

(mR. C0IXCCTT"

The

students.

considered

treatment

(Fig. 69)

of

all its details

of the
is novel

effect

and

timber

roof

dignified.

The

if,as
The

English

free

classic.

Bell

of

had

be

whatever,

point
is worth

for

the

in

the

upper

stink from

angles,

doubt

cult
diffi-

separate

defining

even

The

plan.

this

(Fig.

tower

attention, however,
effective

and

which

the

features

stories

are,

as

the

which

main

lines

of

are

carried

being gradually set

regard
to
seat

to

out

back

of the

Imperial Institute

represent the colonies,is

of

70.

"

CENTRE

INSTITL'TE

OF

DESIGN

(MESSKS.
bell).

FOR

ASTON

IMPERIAL

WEBB

pinnacles surrounding the lantern,the four

buttresses

the

FIG.

and
legislature

from

ASU

up

of the

develop

the

INCKESS

the

to

of

it were,

straight to
wall

towers,

practicalpurpose

no

ingenious

manner

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in

70)

H6tel-de-Ville

tion
posi-

rather

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itself of

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on

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any

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strikingappearance,

to

Jackson designed

buildings,

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rather

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and

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it is.

entirely

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their

which

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of

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in

have

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tower

separate

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as

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to

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on

Mediaeval

Webb

the

looks

larger than

graceful tower,

very

were

Messrs.

adopted

device

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though

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German

of

lines

general

rather

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in the

exceedingly lofty

an

be

to

U5

proportions,and

commented

for towers,

taste

illustrated

markedly

in

narrow

scale, it ought

of

matter

rather

perhaps

is

tower

ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

as

the

angles.
was

its

great deal

the other

tower

The

ascends,

so

initial mistake

site,which,
too

faces

for

far away

Government

as

in

building
from

offices.
L

the
This

146

mistake

has

regards
of

its main

architectural

positionof

the

of

design, except

perhaps

in

lying

Post

in

Office

of the

Office

Post

for its purpose,

The

it is believed

nothing

it is

that

it has

features
there
it

is

third

of

block

scale

general
the other
an

and
the

pretentious modern

and

end

lines

block, all
the

new

this

the

(with

in

classic

are

to

building has

none

the

old

as

of which

do), though

has

unusual
the

to

it which
of the

many

official

dignity and

of

office,and

post

buildings

such

original

there

though
merit
tectural
archi-

satisfactorymanner,

than

purely

claim

appearance

dignified appearance,

judgment

or

provincial

design

severityof style about

buildings, a
and

and

to

the

case

architecture,

combined

are

agreeable to

more

solid

central

seem

its external

something

academical

restraint

offices

had

only

specialinterior arrangement.

at

speciallysuggestive of

in it

of

Fergusson

piece of purely

its kind

in

little attempt

and

The

building

same

; the

the

own

was

the

sponding
buildings, corre-

from

our

in
suitability

no

auxiliary block

second

In

St. Martins-le-Grand

school, with

routine

the

distinctive

as

State

one

exactly

locality.

each

superior size.

its

under

capitalcity,only, may

treatment

at

dull classic

of

all

of

sizes

ment
depart-

buildings which,

general

same

different

the

demands

branches, besides

the

with

distance.

the

exercise

to

the

already observed,

as

arc

ditional
ad-

an

unimportant

not

towns,

intended

the

special

some

all

and

from

as

question

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tower,

characterize

different

in

with

General

form

should

in accordance

difference

recognized

aflTectthe

furnishing

the

architecture, in which,

erected

function

be

offices

telegraph

department,

of

introduction

failure

comparative

not

building can

State

though

being

this does

unity of style

certain

its

to

objects,though
for the

and

Post

led

doubt

no

excuse

is

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

of the

day.

renders
ornate

In

the

erection, although the

match,

seventy
of the

more

and

so

to

speak, with

of treatment

good

are

qualitiesof

at

the

STATE

older

The

one.

felt

have

to

different

MUNICIPAL

Office

of Works

incumbent

it

from

the

he

made

better, so

while

the

worth

AND

old

of

; he

to

to

note

the

differences

is

that

the

older

quality

as

less
in

pendant

florid

The
of

general

of the

characteristic

Office

All

in

style, exhibiting
quite out

buildings

; in one

have

artistic

the

to

weak

is wanted
as

be

architectural
without

be

character

in

buildings

in

on

which

it with

no

better

class

of

useless

and

unmeaning
out

assistance

What

buildings

degree
to

such

this

the tasks
of

severe

building,

architectural(.?)

series

than

or

than

especially of

that

the

be

can

their surveyor.

imparted

the

to

occur

for
practicalsuitability

be

who

architecture

treatment,

can

other

to

anything

them, with

of

of the inhabitants

of such

complacently turning
with

and

being erected, an

seems

by

towns

place
common-

treatment

are

never

out

and

showy

Post-Office

design

obvious

an

carried

overlaying

detail ; and

national

new

genius of the

practicalobjects

they

that

decorative

not

type, but
to

the

it

yet

the

unfortunately no

architectural

proportion

architectural

post-officesis

are

with

of Works
in

is

decorative

tawdry buildingsgot

in the

mechanical
that

Office

produced

and

that

to

perception

of the

authorities

the

after another

town

obviously

is

post offices in different

bad

keeping

everywhere

any

ought

of

which

characterizes

buildings are

these

Works.

character

of

production

all the

of

annoyance

style which

local

new

this

is that

it

one.

Martin's-le-Grand

St.

at

how

block,

older

the

to

to

try

presenting

though

and

new

ill-balanced

and

building

England,

the

in

blocks

two

detail, and

in

be

something satisfyingand

appearance,

evaporated

has

intended

block

its

in

anything

these

block,
has

block

it would

again

compare

seems

new

make

to

Here

worse.

remarkable,
nothing architecturally

dignified

the

able

not

be,

he

make

to

was

students

young

it

why

discover

him

on

one

147

designer, whoever

something

building, and

of

ARCHITECTURE.

its

of
own

place
common-

official

148

MODEHN

staff,the Office
We

of the

surveyors

they

purchase

of

better

be

be

can

the

all that

"

the

into
which

be

to

this ;

less

the

purposelike,considering their object.

of

which

that

was

delineated

pretension

the

would
"

"

post-officedesign,

florid

gold

Somewhat

analogous

offices, which
for

and

character

capable

of

the

was

new

building came

at

mill, had
the

set

of

Salon

1896

Materiel

*'

des

of the

if the

see

condemned

design

the

which

and

it was,

have

to

over

not

as

the

at

year

Salon

next

jury

our

for its author,

won

post-officesare
State

also

will

Salon.

their

most

them

give

good

architect

of
to

of

but

the

letting it
make
the

be

of

turned

inquiriesas

day,

and

to

which

are

treatment.

; Mr.

question

or

practical

architectural

in this respect

when

sense

of

prosaic purpose,

fortunate

instead

police depots

buildings

characteristic

Office

up,
the

of

been

Home

best

to

are

deal

have

we

who

esteemed

what

that

practicaland

good

In London

official

and

more

for that !

medal

central

but

; but

send

of Works

Office

the

Let

far

remarkable

for

"

great plain practicalbuilding,with

Gisors, the gold medal

de

Scellier

than

they get

but

Paris

dep6t

done

Telegraphe

et

most

the

and

French

The

ours,

The

central

probably

sufficiently architectural
M.

than

at

room

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to

Works

of

Office

architectural

Telegraphes,"

and

Postes
no

in the

drawings

be

architect, and

pretentious

in

upper-class

an

Poste

"

for

higher

ornament.

eminent

an

well

may

with

tasks

preparation for

in

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they put

of

hands
arc

in

put

let the

negotiation

which

want

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the

necessary

work

country.

the

in

employed

surveying

the

to

architecture

official surveyors

by

recognize

buildings

Works

for architecture

duty

official

than

is useful

engaged

Government

its

doing

really serviceable,

done

draughtsman

building

of

sites,and

officially
; but
what

is not

Office

can

buildings

new

of Works

something

want

which

ARCHITECTURE.

Matthews,

erecting the
of

out
to

invite

who
him

the
was

to

STATE

the

design

also

and
I

think

AND

building.

has

the

finials and

upper

some

to

London

difference

between
treatment

Figs. 7
by

Herr

mansion

and

72.

the

an

is rather

belonging
Still,it

In

characteristic
is not

The

is

regard

first is the Central

might just

to

conventionally
which

building

this

to

with

bedizened

as

The

by

the

well

other

be

tectural
archi-

designs

two

OflSce

Police

is

subject, the

non-characteristic

and

badly illustrated

apartment-house.

in its way,

befittingits object,though
unnecessarily

ornaments

past.

149

picturesquebuilding

character

architecture.

Friinkl, which
or

stern

part

other
of

ARCHITECTURE.

It is both

certain

accepted style

credit

MUNICIPAL

at

Vienna,

large

is the

street

originally

15"

MODERN

accepted design

for

York,
be

Mr.

by

One

police station, but

the

it could
or

that

and

Station

hotel

of

taken

be

not

to

give

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the

of

class

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ARCHITECTURE.

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MUNICIPAL

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ARCmi

MODERN

152

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MODERN

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STATE

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74.

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of what

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if

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repellent aspect,

of

153

uglinessand

in their

connect

important opportunity

at

ARCHITECTURE.

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MUNICIPAL

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MODE

154

generally kept

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;

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ARCHITECTURE.

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ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

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75.

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1I..\N

OF

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X56

MODERN

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Here

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ARCHITECTURE.

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BUILDINGS

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let

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76.

its

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157

conventional

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very

criticise

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all events,

at

ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

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arches

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Among

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by Richardson,

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to

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

158

of

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real

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77.

(MESSRS.

LAMB

AND

KICH).

be
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to

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FIG.

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than

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ARCHITECTURE.

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Fig. 78,
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not

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advocating the employment of mere
only pointing out that revived classic, if the architect
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Paris

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i62

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the

167

portion, therefore, is decorative,

auditorium

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ARCHIIECTURE.

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68

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MODERN

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ARCHITECTURE.

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169

ARCHITECTURE.

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ARCHITECTURE.

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engineers, where
them

stone.

and

monumental
more

to

entirelydone

is

of masonry

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modern

of

and

shall

mass

built

whole, is gone.

easier

it is almost

has

effect of

homogeneous

Bridge,

bridge-building.

in

piers are

practiceof
aim

of

curves

bridged

steel,the

steel,the

then

was

be

iron

even

doubt

no

was

all events,

grand

the

century,

London

entirelybuilt

were

taken

be

architectural

of

as

engineering construction
of

use

present

could

impressive object.

modern

away

the

It

to

Unfortunately

of the

works

Bridge.

character, at

with

structure

Kew
when

period

such

witness

as

city,for good

really works

were

much

so

decidedly retrograde.

been

early part

purely

important

so

moreover,

problem.

respect, has
in the

of

capable

ought always

treatment

namely,

sense

one

picturesqueness of

bridges which

Bridge, and

this

Their

this
and

beauty

or

has,

or

comes,

architecture

is true, is in

part of the

as

last century,

could

we

nevertheless

erection

which

the architectural

on

tendency, in

the

of

sometimes

which, though

State

bridge,it

a
a

beauty,

consideration

modern

of

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head

ill,that its architectural

into

In

the

object of
but

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an

under

come,

bridges.

erection

of

purely engineering work,

as

to

class

often

use

they

as

in

the

MODERN

172

taste, the

worst

monumental

effect of

character

little ornament
London

its absurd

small

have

the

basis

for

fine

anxious

of

Blackfriars

which

still
the

architects
external

about
to

massive

bridge,

has

artists

reallyhad
out, at

any

immense

would

drag

on

expense,

this, as

one

far

for

each

pier

of

the

day,

Council

unless

of

treatment

like

as

stand
under-

who

those

is

with

bridge

as

the

structure

at

made

County

have

bridges
have

another

Tower

Bridge,

thing, but

which

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we

Thames.
made

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with

with

loathing, as

and

they

are

made

sections

masonry

at

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foolish

work

an

idea

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to

appear

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in

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stone

steelwork, and

the

down

from

the

to

carrying the

being,

sham,

tawdry

concealing

All

the

fine

very

skin

chains

it.

than

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sculptors

that

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recently erected

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piers

Bridge,

so

regard
a

the

London

artistic

the

mistake

suspension

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prevent

across

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bridges,at

steel

modern

finest

its

the

simplicity of

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concerned,

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possible;

as

appearance,

actually carried
the

is

in

is remarkable

kept perfectlyplain as

are

Vauxhall

character

severe

Blackfriars

Mirabeau,"

of

and

effective
of

in

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that

contrast

with

do

to

of

being really only

towers

and

bridges

stone

restrained

their

Pont

"

public imagine
and

in

what

replace

carried

worse

columns

engineer

enough

monstrosity

granite

one

The

care

influence

by

Bridge

and

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treatment

to

deal

tawdry

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the

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face, designed

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granite piers

architectural

great

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the

in

their

now

situation.

French,

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shown

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The

know

Paris, where

M.

of

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stumpy

balcony.

all events

they

bridges,was
the

to

and

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In

work.

the

diminish

still further

is to

the

respect between

London
with

of

Waterloo

suitable

this

which

generally introduced,

was

and

character
in

ARCHITECTURE.

the

once

was

naked

support
of
if

the

they

carried
steel-

reality the
being
its

the

bridge

bridge, or

the

masonry

the

done

suspension
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to

this book.

attached
a

way

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to

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resting on

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visibly attached
would

and

one,

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arches

that

it should

often

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would

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frontis-

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to

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form

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monumental

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reallysuch

the

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an

in appearance

the
of

much

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in

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prove

has

bridge, but

saving
been

bridges on

at

rather
economic

the

a
as

; the

sense

life of

painting

constant

well-founded
a

in

importance
limited

and

spans,

and

granite bridge
all

events

to

overlooked

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and

grounds.

girders for

advantage

is worth

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wide
is

river

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the

will

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steel work

point
but

is

whereas

almost

who

it

is
is

than

limited,
a

well-

last for ever,

generations,

those

it

ruption
inter-

is less

cost

repair;

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is true

consequently

future

by

steel

structural

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waterway,

requires

and

it has

longer

of

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than
of

use

only
a

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necessarilybe adopted, is

of the
of

and

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consideration

admits

the

appear

masonry,

them

to

question whether

more

perfectlywell

forms

not

not

be

the

on

structure

have

genuine

construction.

The

built

The

all.

at

masonry

should

high-level bridge

are

could

they

roller-beds

towers,

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chains

of

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high-levelgirders could

of the

ends

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therefore

and

have

have

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suspension

of the

between

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The

ends

bar

tension

This

in the

shown

in

should

towers

chains.

in

beauty

built

been

actually carrying

structures

; whereas

taste

constructive

have

should

173

infinitelypreferred it,as

certain

of

eye

have

with

and

the

to

would

taste

genuine

monumental
and

shocking

Either

own.

steel

of

eye

least

at

been

have

would

work

ARCHITECTURE.

MUNICIPAL

AND

STATE

point

recommend

all

At

work,

and

great,

that

well

as

its

its

architect,

neglect
their

its

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on

artistic

.x'sthetic

at

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clement

so

architectural

the

joint
as

in

and,

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public

work,

as

is

so

as

ought

bridges
and

to

city

considered

engineer

an

and

national

continue

engineers
such

important

to

fact,

in

method

the

effect

always

ought

structure

the

is

bridge

large

be

whatever

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design

under

long

consideration.

influence

practical

so

the

is

construction,

designed

be

it

events,
of

material

to

ARCHITECTURE,

MODERN

174

matter

an

entirely
beneath

CHAPTER

IV.

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

Domestic
and

palatial scale,

most

which

effects

we

architecture

public

comfort
the
the

class

of

of

architecture

in

architecture
and

practical
of

aggregation
form

we

of

architectural

keep

must

representative
have

and

effects

broad

wife

which

is

his

client

house

should

mind

of

its

there

and

can

not

owner

pursuits.

is

work
in

"

such
of

no

together
a

his

case

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and
be

tastes,

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kind

taste

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"

such

at

national

architecture

as

architecture

(or

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far

as

understand

public

State

person

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In

less

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nature.

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taste

"

difficulty)

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than

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make

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the

appear

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room

therefore

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monumental

expression.

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community

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tecture
archi-

promoting

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to

peculiar

architecture

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individual

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of

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for
in

quality

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interest

application

indulgence

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on

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represents

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in

points

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grandeur,

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architecture,

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or

of

likings,

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of

one

of

cause

architect

each

expression
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of

other,

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of

the

his

fessional
pro-

176

MODERN

House

architecture

what

from

it has

of ancient

been

in it

usually the
decoration

now,

; and

on

than

in

that

the

part of

the

we

as

entire

separation

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be

must

womankind.
"

whole

boudoir"

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no

mere

for

her

to

in such

whose

takes

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the

ladies

pass

in the

place

knowledge

own

most

drinking.

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drawing-room

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more

in social

improvements)

and
habits
affect

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time

alone

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we

All

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of

ask

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men,,

after dinner, for

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ments
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gentlemen

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action

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special provision

Even

effect than

antique

women's

sought

progress

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interior

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to

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that

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is not
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much

to

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affair,in compartments

occupied by

special arrangements
this, because

hand

the

effect

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of open

kind

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dwellings

to

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widely

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houses,

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in the

one

ARCHITECTURE.

seclusion

In

are

the

than

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

before
each

in the

"

Middle

other, sleptin

both

to

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the

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and

men

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room

demand

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remnant

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having

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than

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of

occupied

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; but

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to

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out

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the

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members

while

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of smoke.

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come

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cigars very

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to

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occasion

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consideration

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modern

smoking-room

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in the

for seclusion

the

may

it is nevertheless

other

lady

out

sex

rooms,

way

but

strangers

even

women,

less

planning

177

prospect.

crepancy
disThe

part of the day,

N

T78

and

be

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house

used

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aspect

In

smaller

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; in

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in

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of

law

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for

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mother

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from

in

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of

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of

in

is

young

children

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in

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than

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look

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of

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to

winter, with

the

outlook

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else ;

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kept separate
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should

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architect

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sunlight

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aspect

are

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will tell the

quarters

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two

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the

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to
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the

breakfast-room;

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nor

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ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

but

and

shut

nevertheless

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

conveniently

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for

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Such

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for half
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the

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at

on

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men's

; or

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architect

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the

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importance

apartments

everyday

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nobody

perception

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on

In

entrance

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of

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being provided elsewhere)

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billiard-room
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to

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apartments

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There

one) having apparently entirely overlooked

that, though

the

of

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our

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(a country
one

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an

architect

all.

one

is

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architect, in
of

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to

find

from

is concealed

known

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frequently

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as

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lines of route

guests.
must

decency they should

to

exit

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their

about

go

with

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access

unfortunately as

regard

to

water-closets

and

convenient

private

them

the household

Lavatories

separate stairs and

hand, and

at

near

179

the

evening

billiard-room.
which
house

is the

off

I have

as

seen

may

be

without

sanitary
much
a

as

plan.

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

i8o

recently,of

very

bedrooms,
off

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and

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a

mansion.

large

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be

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air

DOMESTIC

and

be

danger

of

case

ARCHITECTURE.

public buildings

they generally only

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atone

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at

from

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of

82

MODERN

the

house

the

hall

cooking, cleaning,etc.

"

and

staircase,will have
and

passage-way

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general

in

house

ARCHITECTURE.

which

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If this latter

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

be

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183

other

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dignified type

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while

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MODERN

84

of

the

mansion,

house
be

called

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the

building

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drawing-room

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or

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ARCHITECTURE.

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DOMESTIC

all

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to

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185

ARCHITECTURE.

small

effective

though

like

an

tion.
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produced by
different
and

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the

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86

AfODKRN

expression

in

attention.

The

as

house, and

of

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the

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timber

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the

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a

ARCniTECTURK.

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of

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S6."

IG.

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Fig. 86,

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187

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

could

only

the
be

two

angles,

arranged.

1 88

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

except
structure

FIG.

with

entire

; and

87."

SEATON

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DELAVAL

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ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

with

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least

adorn

modern

such

combine

to

greater convenience

servants'

residential
to

not

case

summarily

with

but

the

in

of the

harmonize

mansion,

of

characteristic

"

And

I rode

as

Beneath
A

maiden
Was

thought

however.

by

on

the
open

servants'

come

as

up

day,

in

Bacon's

the castle wall

singingmerrily."

but

the

Bacon's

inconveniently

To

Tower,

high,

of

to

answers

most

effect

Dalton

the turrets

the

arrangement

house.

his

in

by personal experience
The

with

convenience

have

exactly

modern

necessary

central

of it will

period.

be

presumed

refer afterwards

of

use

shall

steam

it would

be

all the

does

for

galleries

dining-room being

Delaval

Seaton

at

It may

As

"

low

some

he

you

for the

of the

service

only

that

in

house

part

very

probably prompted

quarters

for

servants'

the

of servants'

question

comprising

as

further

some

The

building,though

own,

remark

recommendation,
distant

"

in

mind

his

in

palace itself."

offices

"

"for

your

great

some

it is

effort

with

objection against

an

as

staircase

way

architectural

distance,

the

to

possibilityof

the

in

his

at

of

dismiss

to

at

word

the

used

basement,

Dalton

as

the

Building.

on

stand

practicalportions of

dinner

house,

in

possible at

this

appears

offices,let them

to

aptly

"

something

expression

had

evidently

passages

that

the

Bacon

to

of

which

kind

this

Is it not

power?

of architectural

grandeur

lost

family,

names

proper

not

we

as

old

an

name

verse

something

of

seat

romantic

Scott's

the

of

other

any

entrance

residential

the

figured in

have

the

to

up

high-sounding

the

might

Tower,"

of

worthy

seems

steps

189

to

come

idea

is worth

it is the

of

the

the

quoting
system

MODERN

190

which

on

down

our

day

own

have

of Esther, and

the book
and

triumphs,the

other

not

only returns, but

side for the

side

have

cannot

say, you

sides ;

several

two

for the

dwelling.

for

parts of the

in the midst

statelytower

he

to

on

goes

goodly

one

further

He

block

front, and

on

the

side

one

satisfythe

modern

sides

It is in

the

not

that

an

however,
; for

without,
great

with

small

very

exterior

symmetrical
of

the

treatment.
at

house

seems

in

thing

that

such

making

present.

to

an

house

be

This

would

is

ments,
apartnever

to

treat

each

rigiduniformity

uniformity and

without

the

dignified

more

less

or

people require to

of stateliness

lost ; it is almost

planned

of

crux

stately,most

just what

element

now

side

perfectly

plan, and

of

demands

attained

The

is

several

be

on

one

into

it would

such

highest,most

danger of being
a

but

block

the

"

great architectural

the

That

one-storied

falsehood.

architectural

that

ones.

feet

balance
architecturally

should
the

up

hall

sixteen
a

treated

only

gather,

wc

be

of Bacon's

features

and

two-storied

sense,

have
side the

balance

side divided

they

is not

of mansion

system,

should

being uniformly

other

would

he

parlour ;

reconcilingthe opposing

consists

reminded

be

to

jointththem

were

the other

on

here

centre,

displaying on

convenience,

form

it

as

sides

sides of

both

side

one

summer

rooms

the main

constitute

would

mansion

the

architectural

so

without

other
as

of

still

possibleto adopt
two

and

sides

two

though

the

for feasts

one

uniform

be

on

the front, that

on

lower

large hall,the

one

be

to

si"oken of in

these

to

evidently intends, therefore, to

the other, the

in

that

say

winter

that

on,

high.

the

understand

forty feet high, and

room

chapel,and

and

of

is

banquet, as

either hand."

togetheron
And

out, almost

perfectpalace,except

household

though severallypartitionedwithin,and
and

laid

reallybeen

"First, therefore,I
you

have

houses

great

many

to

ARCHITECirRi

on

irregularconglomeration

the
of

in
an
"

be

great

assumed
"

rambling

parts which,

as

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

externally, appear

seen

call
in

This

other.

each

is

homely"

"

more

difficulties

placing of

one

or

mansion

to

of the

88.

concerned)
at

entrance

in

the

to

be

are
one

plan
an

in

the

shown

old

in

with

centre

gallery;

the
at

the

recessed
other

an

modern

absolutely symmetrical
end

least

wings

in

junction
end

evidently inferior

status

design generally

are

mansion

it is
; while

identical.

actual

can

as

the

The

obviate

rooms

are

example,
added.

the

windows

and

small

the

take

wings

two

treatment,
of

up

illustrated

which

The

ends

drive
have

can

only occupied by
the

the

overlooked

one

one

architectural
shows

be

far

as

difficulties with

Fig. 88,

ones.

fLAN.

mansion

rambling
The

angle.

an

"symmetrical"

the

have

to

to

(though

leading rooms

"

important

bound

or

and

entrance

certain

it is pretty

The

formal

the

more

almost

are

equal

mansion.

in

the

with

by planting,at

extent

some

we

that

FIG.

this

of

position

in connection

rooms

other

with

to

people

certainlynot

formal

contend

relation

; it is what

it is

type of

old
to

the

are

central, so

entrance

from

minor

formal

the

In

is

the

have

we

plan

symmetrical

doubt
but

"homelike,"

or

accidental

an

picturesque,no

impressive dignity to

chief

only

have

to

191

yet

at

picturerooms

of

architectural

right-hand wing, again,

MODERN

192

ARCHITECTURE.

evidently contains, grouped

around

bedrooms

of

left-hand

bedrooms

; but

is the

the

house

exterior

architecture

symmetrical

treatment

carried

where

certainly rather
ask

of the

masses

In

in detail.

sham

the

remnant

of

the

passage

to

another

is

of the

but

balance

their

of

making

allow

it with

the

corridor

This, however,

of

is

seen

room

bedrooms,

is here

cutting

be

one

the billiard-room

room,

the

treatment

will

house

it is

is inclined

one

varying

longer

no

That

It has

purity.

possible to

system

can

inferior

the

exactly.

its

best

speciallydesired, but

been

portion

nonchalant
we

in

out

wings, while

two

"

matches

designing, and

have

not

central

old

of

way

it would

whether

general

grandiose effect

staircase,the

new

wing contains

the

its merits

to

the

the

passagein

little

two.

practical

consequence.

instructive

An
is that

remodelled

within

contained
of

block

old

of the

E.

has

J. May

house

old

an

interestingplan

Mr.

which

on

one

and

in Dumfriesshire,

Scottish

mansions

single rectangular

walling,with

low

some

buildings
out-

it.

symmetrically flanking
Fig. 89 shows,
89.

fig.

are

treating
enabled
the

front

old

house

to

them
to

vary

have

on

scale, the

small

original house

Fig. 90

remodelling of

it

Here

side

each

partly as
their

and

with

retained

introduced

as

of the

returned

old

the

far

destroying
exceedingly

the centre,

anything

house

wings

dispositionas

require,without
;

modern

the

state).

made

rooms

the

hall

jakdine

"

(original

on

as

the

tions
the addi-

centre,

architect

the

varied

but

has

by

been

of

purposes

symmetrical design

formal

it would

but

the

as

also

architecture

have

been

symmetrical

of

of

the

impossible

treatment

of

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

the

additions

ventured

to

to

the

The

front.

main

give just that

degree

of

193

has, however,

architect
freedom

which

Cl.tVATIOn

"OUTH

-5"e-

KIG.

90."

JARDISE

HALL,
SHADED

AS

REMODELLED
BLACK

SHOW

(mR. E. J. MAV).
ADDITIONS.)

THE

(tHE

PORTIONS

have

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

194

be

already suggested might

different

required it,in
room

window

smaller

the

otherwise

of

the

interior,in

alterations

the

much

of

more

to

the

steps

up

gain

momentary
steps

under

of steps

old

an

up

to

they spoil the

rather

entirely

effect

and

porte-cochhe.

2i

excrescence,

possess

is

the

and

effect

of

the

exaggerated, demand

of

the

to

the

the

house

have

"

house

exterior

flight

whether

for

the

the

cover."

destroying

always
the

asked

be

for

visitor,by getting the

who

well

is

Delaval, how

compensation

Those

for

has

apparently,

question

introducing that

may

the

of

of which

Seaton

dignified-lookingmansion

entrance

One

steps

alightingat

at

as

it is

comfort

the

in

the

This

demanded,

effect of the

is the

; and

entrance

cover,

their architectural

to

imposing

of

rid

the

arranged

end

get

in front

arrivingand

help remarking here,

finer and

be

the

"to

of

steps connecting this with

six

in

variation

light for

principal entrance."

"improvement"

an

of

large dining-room.

is built out, and

of comfort

ideas
cannot

one

is

the

be observed

best

fireplaceat
a

its

character

it could

admittedly,

the

at

hall,"which

lower

modern

yet

for

was,

hall, with

old

This
porte-coclih-e.

by

the

putting

as

form

of

It may

the

how

see

dining-

windows

two

general

by transferringthe greater portion of

done

"

to

easy

flightof steps

awkward

new

it is not

centr*.

corresponding

degree

is not

south

good arrangement

similar

side, yet the

light looking
; but

is

the

light from

only

preserved.
sufficiently

in this case,

is not

object

is

front

the

on

the

in

its main

derives

each

on

the

"

large windows, which

there

and

front

main

dining-room

been

has

windows

upper

room

west,

facing

symmetrical

that

which

side of the

windows

the

drawing-room,

wing,

dimensions

in the
a

left

the

the

while

of

grouping

where

cases,

either

on

rooms

right having three

principallight;
portion on

the

different

the

on

bay

of

destinations

such

in

adopted

awkward

good

its

with
to

sake
It may

pause
of
be

fortune

flight
before

modern,
said

that

DOMESTIC

drawing-room

the

ARCHITECTURE.

and

otherwise

arranged

had

the

it is, this

is

just

even

as

admitted

each

in

feet from

1 10

the

and
ineffective,
the
is

doubt

no

the

to

entry
at

least have

as

there

long

been

have

fireplacerecess

corridor,

as

to

is not

of

extent

of this

out

corridor
one

upon

from

to

centrallywith

secure

the

vista

complete

add

may

drawing-room

while

worth

one

The

door, might

dining-room
And

of

that,

dining-

to

have

placed

the

axial

line of

the

when

both

doors

opened.

were

This, which

is

of

the

both

some

which

for

seems

anything
the

the

thought

due

corridor

balance
that

those
for

of

"

plan

Yet

of the

can

getting

to

generations, should

in

the

build
turn

possibilityof realizingthis
domestic

of

new

of

exhibits

disadvantages
formal

the

plan

to

bedrooms

most

architecture, without

or

elevation
a

be

making

thoughts

dignified and

of

except

possible, with

opening

great house,

their

houses,

mansion

; and

and

rarely see

; we

mansion,

surely

entertaining rooms,

afford

the

discarded

it would

consideration,
without

mansion,

of

some

almost

shape

sculpture gallery
who

and

employment

be

the

formal

type which, in entirelynew

to

type.

and

the

to

in

to

points

present

symmetrical type
main

fine

built

now

rambling

"

addition

an

incidental

are

symmetrical type

of

the

to

corridor

state

dining-room

the

close

little less marked.

door

things forced

of those

be

may

the

guests

direct

but,

one,

old-fashioned, symmetrical house.

an

bedroom,

would

the

been

have

promenade

dining-room

bedrooms

defect,one

of

been

so

of

The

great

which

points

class.

show

to

at

entirelynew

an

the

to

plan, are
probably

those

and

size

serves

opening

new

is the
it

room,

least

rigid lines

the

by

of

one

of this

serious

been

house

drawing-room

at

The

house.

other.

house

would

This

from

this

in

dining-room,

distance

195

of

the

of the

out

back-stairs

I would

urge

be

loom
heir-

to
more

an

towards

statelytype

sacrificinginternal

fitness.

196

propriety,and

As

elevation
sketch

worth

of

form

only,in

treatingthe

more

for

mask

general

of

mass

symmetrical,

but

dining-room

on

with

its back

the

hence

plan, but
The

angles
the

in

with

existence

The
of

the

of

it is

grandiose
said
the

proposed

mansion, both
In

planning.
to

as

lead

but,

matter

to

unless

of

to

one

the
a

the

entering
re-

separate

whole

grand

special point,and

symmetrical

spacious

object,it

general

and

height

ing
stairs,accord-

very

this is the

expression
the

angle

the

near

the

of

to

be

and
be

is,on

private

convenience

staircase
can

may

staircase

than

public building

public building

right

at

into

up

in

non

on

floor.

latter

itself

shapes

establishment

whole

contain

not

these

to

in

containing

qud

The

block

hall, risingthe

sine

may

give

suitable

more

or

to

not

or

hall

whole,

almost

two

specialeffect.

placed

each

large central

; the

of

it at

blocks, divided
on

having

treatment.

with

the

front,

left

the

of

turret

or

entrance

; it may

effect

that

is meant

building, is

type of mansion
as

tower
two

separate

of

; the

entrance

separate

connected

and

is

centre

direction

sake
a

The

it.

to

convenient

most

in

internal

is distinct

on

distinct

and

while

at

the

the

opposite

rooms

one

the

of

angle

towards

offices form

bath

of

details

for the

here

and

and

the

the

not

block,

state

all combined

groups

is

employed

latrines

architectural

mere

side

the

perfectly

quarters

the

to

to

drawing-room

in

facing

hall

it is

servants'

and

right,facing

rise

central
elliptical

each
of

the

it

plan

the

correspond

not

on

treatment

the

giving

does

facade

the

it, and

on

done

(Fig. 91),

to express

as

leave

not

which

easterly aspect,

an

manner

less,and

interior

an

the

is aimed

statelysymmetry

in such

or

give

character

of this

mansion

which

elevation

arrangement

be

it may

least, of the attempt,

at

proposed

certainlythink

trying.

example,

an

convenience.

it is well

and

are

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

in

generally
so

arranged

FIG.

91."

PROPOSED

mansion;

UV

THE

All
IN

1.
2.

Servlng-liftfrom kitchen.
Gallery of billiard-room.

SVsTEM

MODIFICATION

WITH

DETAIL.)

Lifts from
Stores.
Workroom.

Housekeeper,

14.

stair?.
Bachelors'
stairsMen-servants'
stairs.
Women-servants'

Hall

15.

Collected

3.

Gun-room.

4.

Butler's

9.

5-

Glass

lo.

basement.

Cloaks,

6.
7.
8.

pantry.
and
china.

(SVMMETKILAL

HOR.

porter.

11.
12.

13.

etc.

flues.

MODERX

198
without

much

rather

intended
to

kept

of

more

AL-reMATums

V,

to

main

V^"KKHAMHAU

to

to

which

equally required,

is

stairs themselves

where

hall, unless

is

cation
communi-

all-round

access

for if the

arrange

staircase

the

private dwcUinii

gallerygiving

rooms

easy

of the

out

lead

to

number

this is

and

difficulty
; in

Tf '/?/"*.

TEC

RCUl

is

there

arc

for

room

KKM
"Niiwn"""'.,

v"'

OHnilNDFUHJHiWN.

FIG.

92.

PUN

"

Drawing-room.
Librarj-.
Dining-room.

A.
B.
C.

Garden
entrance.
Billiard-room.

D.

E.
F.

Smoking-room.
G. Dairy (top light).

complete loggia

all

round

that

the

case

only

can

scale

of

be

mansion, which

(mK. MILLAR!)).

OF

U'ICKHAM

H.

Trade

K.
L.
M.
N.

(top lifcht).
(do.).
Scullery

K.

Ser\'ants' hall.

T.

HAC.L

(J. Hreakfast-rooni.

entrance.

Kitchen

Stores.

P.

Butler.

the
in the

almost

Own

V.

Housekeeper.

O.

Hall.
Main

S.

Conservatorj-.

W.

stairs

on

the

entrance.
room.

Terrace.

upper

floor ;

and

largestor actuallypalatial

very

takes

the

character

of

public

building.
As

additions

example

an

to

an

of

the

existing

"rambling"

house

of

moderate

plan

in

the

size, but

case

of

enlarged

DOMESTIC

of

the dimensions

to

old

and

ingenious planning
set

was

by

avoided.
the

north
the

and

terrace

old

the

No

of

the

the

portion

the

house

of

"

fig.

93.

1.

3.
4.

not
to

Hall

and

staircase.

Dining-room.
Smoking-room.
Gallery.

very
an

6.
7.

8.

cheerful

Drawing-room.
Library.
Morning-room.
Private dining-room.

; but

existing house

drawing-room

and

orientation.

An

mansion

is

new

5.

Burmester

the

"

borne

library,part
example

given

in

"

11.
12.

of

of the

I believe

Study-

13.

Servants'

Boudoir.

14.

Housekeeper.
Pantry.
Serving-room-

Kitchen-

15.

Scullery.

(Fig. 93). a peculiar and

in

mind

the

old

by
rather

is

which

hurstboubkb,"
hants
bukmestkk).
and

16.

with

hall.

additions

in this

the

case

house, settled

rambling type

Hurstbourne"

be

beeston

difficultyof dealing
be

must

9.
10.

style

not

nearly north,

face

(messks.

2.

could

point,unfortunately,is given,but
principal rooms

the

and

architectural

The

house, and

the

which

in

manner

connected,

are

end.

canted

Hall, by Mr.

Wickham

for

attention

portions of

new

199

of

mansion, that

worth

(Fig.92), is

Millard
the

ARCHITECTURE,

Messrs.

in

an

the

entirely

Beeston

disjointed but

and

clever

MODERN

200

plan,

in

which

portion of

though

this

of
The

the

garden
has

main

certain

is

produced

front

perhaps

that

stateliness

the

in

little too
of

the

garden

the

turrets,

two

the

have

effect with

of

sweep

much

the

architects

of

the

by

ending

instead

entrance

point is, however,

ance
appearentrance.

in

succeeded

the

rambling type

plan.

FIG.

The

94.

well-known

Norman

Shaw

for

"

Lord
of

architecture

may

Mr.

which

Shaw,

represents

who

"cKAGSIDE"

(mR.

NORMAN

house, "Cragside"

typical examples

by

effect

the

portion

being

combining
of

fine

curved

ARCHITECTURE

has

style of

Armstrong,
school

almost
had

in

domestic

of
be

this

SHAW,

(Fig. 94),
forms

modern
said

R.A.)-

to

respect

architecture

one

built
of

English
have
many

which

been

by

the

Mr.
most

domestic
invented

imitators.

It

depends

for

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

its

effect

mainly

masses,

and

in such

house

applicationto
which

might

where

the

is

here

quality of pretentiousness;
in

measure

architectural

the

shown

the

in

but

house

in

dwelling ;

of

of

inhabited
late

the

knowing

by

of

by

modern

is

rather

pretentious
would

expect

ric/ie,except

nouvean

riches

have

grown

sometimes

they will

quiet and

the

kind

another

one

nouvcaux

that

adopt

This

modern

the

sciously
con-

unassuming style
FIG.

of domestic

architecture,which

represents the
will desire

to

in Portland

and

by
and

the
"

metal

Cragside

lost

In

has

also

that

applying

the

Yet
to

in

one

covered OK
dis-

class of

older

Mayfair

volumes.

rather

The
the

prominent
be

that

cannot

great

95.
THE

THE

Tl'KKETS

rickt.

noHV"au

the

than

bior

Mansard

one

roof

style represented

quality of homeliness,

characteristic
of

"

society,justas they

example, however,

undoubtedly

large, should

attained.
in

an

house

this

have

they

crestingsspeak
"

if it is desired

doubtless

small

Place.

however

is

rent

of

taste

great

crowning

no

which

which

house

bit of

in

straint
re-

or

fully realized

Fig. 95,

typical specimen

so

and

more

the

with

shown

find

be

perhaps

may

ment
treat-

adventitious

; no

simple roofing.

the

comparison

that

design

being introduced,

ornament

to

reserve

of the

horrible

the

consists

which

merit

cottage

or

be that

of

absence

entire

the

house

design

architectural

style of

of the

great merit

small

seen

represent the

to

effect would

only possible architectural

represented

merit

to

the

as

style of architectural

equally applicable

The

said

be

it may

of

large mansion

be

picturesque.

features

"

Cragside

"

; and

of the windows

arrangement

as

of

irregular picturesque grouping

on

the

on

20

homeliness,

of
it

ing,
dwellis

here

help feelingthat something

house

style which

would

be

MODERN

202

equally applicableto
only
there

be

There

dignity and

and

"

which, in

enlarged.

nobilityof

other

are

RCllITECTURE.

cottage

developed

the cottage
may

good

fact, appears

be

to

already observed,

As

ness.
pretentious-

effect without

qualities,but

the

in

nobility,
modern

picturesque

as

represented

in

so

good

ample

We
used

tect.
archi-

have

to

but

late

turn

back

Cragside

Surely

the

mighty

The

modern

one

How

"

say,

is,no

Seaton

to

Delaval.

from

moment

may

got

it of

just

for

the

by

eminent

same

cx"

Cragside,"

"

as

even

an

others

and

and

dignity

not

are

fallen !

"

example

doubt, the

more

comfortably planned
house,

tural
architec-

of

matter

crushed

comparison.
FIG.

"

the
to

96."

it has

HOCSK

NEAR

be

deplored.

that

Delaval

is not

by

And

Seaton

DRESDEN'.

much

loss of this element

maintain

is

it

dignity
simply

the

in

but

higher quality
"

of

it is

grandeur in great

grand

houses

; and

is

"

tentious
pre-

surely

something

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

the

Leaving
of

some

the

We

shall

much

naive

than

KIG.

97.

MOUKKN-ANTIyUE

"

(MM.

show

the

in

houses

German

96)

is

Look

at

the

of

rooms,

all

the

variety

compass

of

aspect
on

the

is

in

we

%
;P!

planning.
(Fig.

qualities.
"

'

naive

arrange-

opening
of

which

the

plan

the whole

plan, while

of

always

into

the

most

other

each

open

lavatories,in the sight of all the

treatment

matter

on

are

style, but

both

hall,out

tecture
archi-

modern

ordinary dwelling-house.

of

Dresden

at

at

Americans.

be almost

curiously

central

square

the

the

of the

ment

two

example

an

less

architectural

residence

suburban

look

us

CHAtEAI'

exceedingly simple

often

which

KOOLET).

than
to

house," let

neighbours

in

are

respect

tend

in

pretentious

AND

same

inventiveness

and

we

KKKNCH

BOILEAU

"

of treatment

continental

our

the

larger class

in the

find that

more

for

methods

various

suggests

"

mansion

"

203

also

and

of

the

unconcernedly

the

sitting-room

singular of

dining-room

and

all ;

out

doors.

The

according

music-room

to

face

MODERN

204

north, the
and

French

plan which,
long

Fig.

ch^iteau

English

to

part of the

however,

erected, shows

that

of

plan

in

old

and

large English
show

as

sometimes

can

ingeniously

approach

the

efifcct

in

projecting promontory

FIG.

1.

2.

3.

4.
5.

98."

window

HOUSE-PLANNING.

nakedly
the

to

the

overlooking approach

to

find
this

the

who

mainly

that

get

to

R.

some

have

which
to

to

look

house
or

Fig. 99

American

modern

dining-room pa_"tlavatory
hands
has been
washing
carrying in
against servants

runs

it useful

ing-room
drawis

house,

of

to

route

late

and

door

front

door.
Front
Butler's pantrj'.

of

close

facing the

door.
;

hall

dining-room

immediately

bay

lavatory opens

of the

out

Hall.
Vestibule.

hall
Servants'
door.
; only
7. Kitchen
door ; guest
before dinner
dinner.

9.

BAD

awkward
angle jutting into
Drawing-room
;
opposite bay-window.
room
Dining-room.
and
w.
to dining-room door
c. ; close
Lavatory
and
staircase
and
openly facing hall and
drawing-room door.

6.

8.

OF

PIECE

in the

the

just opposite

room

A,

at

neck

narrow

b)'

it of the

protrusion into

making

the

to

drawing-

The

is ruined

the

hall

servants'

the

door.

room

dows
win-

The

plan.

overlook

with

mistakes

many

of

front

Fig. 9X,

quite recently

wc

elaborated

all,with

at

apparently

an

with

house.

house

houses

of

plan

plan

no

of the

modern

kitchen

style,and

simply

outside
a

view

chateau

seems

the

off

the

gives

97

in the

eyes,

taken

passage

the

principal sitting-roomscast,

south.

entrance

modern

other

two

ARCHITECTURE.

consider
so

houses, and

Hunt's

Morris

strangely like

establishment
arcaded

school

of kindred

portico

what

himself

within

between

or

plan
be

one

the

been

able

it is

sidered
con-

of the

best

student

it is which

charitable
It

nature.

the

not

two

is

may
makes

tion,
institu-

perhaps

symmetrical

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

which

wings
the

Belcher's
of what

called

be

may

the

the

dominate

FIG.

99.

"

AN

would

This

kind

of

and

central

to

of

LATE

K.

for

collection

of

I
a

in

favour

and

present, and

help thinking that

cannot

little

at

worn

cooked

it will be

form

of

is

after

recognized

the

picturesqueness.

to

this

tower

HLNT).

SI.

the

the

forms

tower

lighter portions.

on

undoubtedly

that

feature

solid

cottage-like slices

building, partiallyhalf-timbered, resting

much

regard

public building;.)

pieces,but

abutment
a

design,
in

of brick

mass

(iHE

semblance

house

remarked

having

solid

MANSION
on

tumbling

treatment,

of

case,

Mr.

good example

very

previously

the

putting

all

seem

anchorage

an

AMEKICAN

(House

house

been

; without

rest

ultra-rambling style of

the

such

necessity,in

is

character;
house.

private

(Fig. 100)

has

what

institution"

to

entry

Manor"

Endalls

"

"charitable

the

like

not

illustrates

and
to

is

entry

it this

gives

205

fashion

solid

centre,

of
is

picturesque,but
of

it is rather

it
an

has

got

artificial

2o6

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

Some

examples

mentioned, each

of houses

of which

on

smaller

typical of

is

treatingthe dwelling.
architecturally
Wood,"

represents

English type
of

treatment

of

the

he

the

have

economical

as

he

of

and

TVI'E

"

END

ALLS

not

all

at

spend
more

events,

whatever

the

equally good,

is
money

important

in

regard

the

exception

hardly
"

in

homely
fact

not

so

the

of

any

these

of

what

houses

object, in

much

outside

to

simplicity but

is available

than

old

architect

With

of
in

the

(mR. J!F,IXHF-R).

features

though

Bullers

"

MANOR*'

are

only

of

simplicity

extreme

others

here

manner

called

reviving, and

architectural

"

one

Newton,

many

cornice,,there

appearance

considers

for its

be

may

Fig. loi,

be

may

imitators.

construction,

to

in

"

many

defined

houses

economy

which

found

the

Newton's

PICTURESIJLE

called

commonly

they
of

has

strongly

are

"

THE

these

Ernest

Mr.

chiefly instrumental

lOO."

Of

house, notable

given here,

class, of

what

to

which

type

example

KIG.

which

of country
;

been

has

return

scale

to
on

Mr.

secure

objects

architectural

DOMES

show

comfort
in

the

proportion to

being built
and

out

live in and

"to

of

some

of

extent

principle,carrying

sound

the

When

effect.

and

RCHITECTURE.

materials, solid

good

on

"

TIC

his

to

not

to

look

have

of
to

"

BL'LLEKS

simplicityof treatment,
such

the

houses, with

charge

against
When,
as

101.

an

of

taste

object

in

to

i,\IK.

give

additional

pretentiousness and

that

however,

the

\MX)L)

can

be

committed

this excessive
in
itself,

cases

is

interior
is limited

in

doubt

no

regard

at;" and

houses

to

Mr.

very

Newton

usually contrived, in spite

ERNEST

NEWTON

certain

of

amount

praise

of

in

the

there

design

treatment

is

character

entirelyavoiding

affectation,the

plainness of
where

and

expended

motto

"

FIG.

be

house, this

Bacon's

followers

best

construction,

sum

the

207

no

sins

worst

of
is

need

house.

adopted,
for

any

MODERN

2o8

considerations, it also

economical

shibboleth, followed

architectural

architectural

of

than

the

of

affectation

is

to

in its

of

advantage

of the

wall-plane

is

and

and

house."

This

ment
refine-

and

of other

fashions,

same

As

which

out

heavy

of

and

the

from

long

the

value

and

interior.

form

of

making
This

gives

of

the

of

the

mere

sash

rear

gives.

long

so

as

window,

engineering

the
seem

of

the
with

casing^
necessary

of each

mullion

of

sense

window

behind

excrescence

line

it with

considered

in the

sense,

the

built-up wooden

is

The

interior,it has

only

the

hollow

casing

this.

window

the
; it

it exists

this

as

unsightly
light

in

the

the

promoted

connecting

from

of

stone-

architectural

an

leaving

arrangement
in

much

it continues

other

no

of wooden

mass

ugly

an

kind

novels,

against

truth

thus

Seen

his

(or inconvenience),

so

in

of

of

one

said

some

window

inconvenience

to.

had

window,

weights working

expedient,the

blocking

the

barbarous

and

adhered

forms

of his houses

one

way

be

exterior, is that

the

over

shelter

and

supposed

lines

not

eminent

an

grace

record, in

is

there

And

the

sense

seclusion

clumsy

the

window

architecture, instead

the

another

The

very

voluntarily throwing

of convenience

expressionless opening.

blank

that

"

might

mullioned

from

seen

of

that

architectural

on

score

domestic

life.

of

rest

this

cases

builder's

extreme

left

has

the

on

happiness

the

rather

exaggerated simplicity,the

"only

an

fashion

of

affectation,though

of

compliment

that, whatever

form

other

as

such

it will go

and

Trollope

windows

mullioned

and

In

kind

time.

own

conviction

no

to

of

; insomuch

imparting

dwelling ;

Anthony
his

of

chances

the

sake

; an

be

to

pursuing simplicity

away

in

feel it a

taken

been

have

kind

become

to

for the

kind

affected

being

not

professed to

architect
should

its turn

disagreeable

most

tends

conviction.

in

simplicitybecomes
of

AliCHITECTURE.

mullion

mullion,

clumsy
"boxings"

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

and

"

casings

"

for the

weights

of

windows

mullioned

hollow
whole

thing
quite

are

which

"

with

variance

at

It is

this bandbox

without
But

in the

and

hung

in

102.

solid

weather-tight as
and-pulley

TUTOK's

"

other

what

and

102

be

may

called

103

may

and
be

T.

G.

design,

Jackson, is

based

on

modern
sufficiently

working them,

casings and
opening

G.

water-tightand

as

window

ought

; and

be

to

solid

Elizabethan

touch

about

hinges,

K.A.).

JACKSON,

made

weights.

on

the

weight-

abandoned

as

unarchitectural.
taken

favourable

as

examples

respectivelythe sophisticatedand

types of mullioned
Mr.

of

its boxes

with

T.

be

can

form

thing totally unstructural

Figs.

(mR.

OXKOKU

frames,

any

window

HOISK,

of

windows

casement

insects, and
struction.
sanitarycon-

and

means

of hollow

apparatus

present day

FIG.

other

are

taking the

by

sliding sashes
vertically

If

totallyunnecessary.

inaccessible

and

dirt

quantity

with

of solid

idea

building
house-

eradicated, whether

except

harbour

the

speciallydesired, there

are

"

of the

one

It introduces

inaccessible

it

pieces

to

be

to

others.

or

behind

spaces

in is

flimsy cradling of wood,

and

unnecessary

work

ought

superstitionswhich
with

to

209

house.
and

The

rather

former,

highly
is

house

there

for

phisticated
unso-

house

finished

precedents, though
it. This

the

of

by

house
is

college

MODERN

2IO

tutor, and

the

in which

manner

with

the

little

connecting lobby

and

drawing-room,

makes,

Fig.

in

Mr.

by

103,

natural

E.

or

quiet-looking house
and

with

Was

often

is

passage,

the

is

J. May,
the

addition

an

older
the

on

it,by the

in

the

to

This

is

old

an

house,

of

design

the

to

exceedingl"

an

pre-eminently

plan,

in the exterior.

portions contiguous

plan.

in

in old

point

picturesque feature

erected

fashion

off from

nice

pleasing simplicityboth

is put in communication

study

yet entirelycut

way,

shaded

being

the

and

Kirklevington Grange,
additions

RClIITECrURE.

district,

stone

plan.

and

English country houses,

the

As

garden

HKL

:Sii

will

KIG.

"

103.

KIRKLEVISCTOX

"

(mk.

entrance

porch

right into

opens
and

inner

simplicity,but

door
which

beforehand

of it.

little ante-room

is

feature

not

certainlyan
Fjg.

houses,
in

often

104
a

better

characteristic

drawing

between
in

understands

house

unless

on

so

and

and

of

employed

be

not

the client

introduced

with

dining-room, though

arrangement

that

CKAMCF.

J. may).

little
rural
it is

approves

dining-room

small

is

scale, but

agreeable addition.
is

good

Scotland

an

had

ascertained
The

the

e.

by

specimen

many
an

of which

architect

of

interestingtype

an

have

(Mr.

R.

been

S.

erected

Lorimer)

in
who

of

modern

one

made

district
it

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

follow

specialobject to
and

this

suggests

district in which
The

in the

the

on

ones

were

good

deal

be

the

is

too

the

the

is,that

far, and

two

when

were

the builders

that

called

the

centuries

in

I think

upon

of the
to

and

of

with

the

which

expressed

I for

and

led
other

it.

to

side.

in

and
the

of

manner

same

taste

inhabitants
and

one

But
One

life than
is

district,one

distinction, and
the

be

is much

generation which

suited
their

the

on

that

may

far in this instance,

too

feeling which

in its habits

ignore

emphasize

Still,this may

interestingone,

houses

artistic

more

what

district

pushed

for

(uK. LOKIMEJt).

STVLE

remembered

of

attracted

to

with

harmony

was

several

in rural architecture, viz.

of the

very

old

entirelynew

the

among

LX)CAL

be

refined

type of house
ago,

was

for

additions

Builder^ they

the

in

character

to

other

out

illustrations

When

IN

building houses

civilized and

carried

they certainly served

HOUSE

much

points

more

hardly

has

buildings

SCCnXH

I04-"

very

old house, with

important point

very

experiment

sympathized
are

; and

district,

houses

design

to

admiration

and

architectural

pushed

there

he

of the

of building.
special peculiarities

principle.

keeping

though

way

any

but

attention

FIG.

called

are

architects

strongly what
of

proper

old houses

is,in fact,partly an

same

of

of

section

the

published together

these

that

there

manner

same

style of

the

as

illustrated

one

the

to

consider

of, say,

their life,is

two

equally

MODERN

313

to

suit

those

day.
the

who

and

built them
of

methods

of

have

railways
extra

from
of

long

distance.

district

further

fact that

the

materials

and

the

the

they

of the

study

of the

done

without
of

show

architect

he

that
;

them,

upon

before
with

the

to

of

looking
ignore

to

Still,the
the

more

better

the

as

altered

of

style

stances
circum-

much

neglected.

But

extent

of

adoption

also

study

absolute

this

buildings.

Let

the

them,

that

he

has

whether

he

architecturallylosing

without

in

the architecture

far

as

overlooked

not

him

let

it

materials

building, and

existing old

the

has

rail.

by

of

prefer,

we

foolish

used,
satisfactorily

be

made

going

as

object

no

which

degree

building

rather

seems

sometimes

style of

influence

their

improve

point

the

is

materials

can

be

always

available

selves
them-

things

materials

such

materials

little means

moderate

prevalent character

the

allow

imitation

felt

not, it

are

building harmonized

new

be

may

the

district

of

district should

Where

get better

can

we

bring

of

in

fact that

among
had

state

With

there
satisfactory,

arc

; where

the

districts ;

now

can

we

the

other

houses

the

to

and

present

the

worked

manner,

entirely altered.

expense
a

traditional

the

the

from

arose

they

district ;

own

with

communication

all

between

practicallyconfined

were

own

district in

same

pre-railway era

their

in their

and

the

likeness

family

the

district in the

same

live in

to

go

Secondly,

those

or

who

ARCHITECTURE.

cannot

touch

with

them.
result

One
movement"
what
house

is
"

which

in

the

by Mr.

range

of the
Norman

of

than

so

windows, with
One
on

the

the
a

"Queen

tendency

to

Anne

Queen

very
corner

as

to

no

indication

large
site in

present

house

of

Anne
revive

type

plain rectangular block,

arranged

house.

Shaw

been

Georgian

forms
are

rooms

called

been
has

architecture

which

that

has

what

reallyrather

symmetrical
divisions

of

within

externally
of the

this

Queen's Gate,

of

interior

type, built
is familiar

DOMESTIC

to

is what

called

be

may

carried

well

house

far

So

sites.

houses, it

of

arise

mainly

they

and

partly perhaps

years,

the

almost

were

of

possibly cheap
of
and

and

houses,

practicalin
of

its

type
a

of

employment

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richness

more

than

is usual

house

built

lower

portion

brick, the

upper

and

of

is

in the

the

portion

walls
of

grey

as

simplicity
miserable
thin

of

old

many

find

of

some

the
the

best

record, simple and

invention

given

or

fancy,

its careful

instance

an

this

Georgian

materials
the

to

and

and

entrance

Georgian examples.

This

A.

Hall.

designed by
externally

type, with

of contrasted

actual

house

more

of this

of

such

the

as

variety in

some

prominence

Haslemere,

near

well

In

under

architectural

its

Fig. 105 gives, however,

at

possessed

revive

of

satisfactoryfrom

type, but

house, by the

except

on

devoid

character, and

execution.

we

wood-work

attempt

doorway
a

known,

pleasing modern

little

is

details.

finished

finished

house

good

to

attempt

no

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built

is well

humble

conscientious
of

cheaply

as

highly

most

solidityas

the

One

substantiallybuilt,

illusion

an

against the

of this type

plain-looking class

therefore

of

interesting

century.

success

any

this

the

houses

is emulated.

coarsely

and

except

in

town

period

re-action

detail, and

every

where

than

Georgian

is

one

from

with

solidly and

very

have

can

examples

mean

walls

in

regard

exists

old

the

Georgian

always

house
To

only

real

finished

well

conditions.

it earlier

of

in country

type

become

reasons,

to

dislike

or

class

merit

association

late

very

this

from

doubt

no

straightstreet

for this

large

rectangular plan

preference

There

about

it is

forming

as

usual

the

with

its class.

and

system,

houses,

is any

quality,however,
"

this

on

of

dignity

prim

has, for various

of

neglect

certain

213

example

life which

English
us

there

as

must

town

fallingin well

line,and

fine

is

out

for

speciallysuitable

to

and

Londoners,

most

ARCHITECTURE.

is of

rough-cast ;

G.

Mr.

the

an

orange-red

string-course

MODERN

214

dividing the

two

is

painted

dark

is

lighted from

portion is

\vc

The

badly lighted,but
that

is

there

has

fire-placealso

this

is

roof-light.

the

regularity is
really the
into

of the

appearance

the

of

; but

The

plan

the

plan, the

the

rightof

To

all
and

bay window,
the

order

morning-room,

design followed.

in

view

preciselysimilar

presumably

of

window

bay
front

windows

by the

broken

bedrooms,

there

the view, it will be

flat window

the entrance

of the
door.

which

of

range
can

be

not

the

be

round
The

staircase
on

the
no

not

to

appears

treatment.*

inevitable

observed, do

studio, and

c.

brought

back

larder, and

uniform

sitting-room.

hall).

its

show

this is almost
the

north

AT

(mr.

drawing-room
to

has

pleasing, though the formal

is

house

addition,

has

HOl"K

105."

would

studio

If the

haslemeke
\.

to

one-story

tly a dull aspect for

conscquen

kitchen

kitchen

FIG.

But

hall

the morning-room
light(which is essential),

lightalso, and

This

view.

exterior
from

as

hall

central

the

passage

the

; but

light.

in

assume

may

north

arranged

plan

from

concealed

wood-work

exterior

the

In

green.

skylight

well

be

to

appear

neutral

The

oak.

is of

portions

deficient

be

must

ARCHITECTURE.

are

all

of

scheme

upper

windows,
The

objection.

correspond ; according

the bay window,

should

be

seen

to
on

DOMESTIC

of

employment
it may
has

be

attention

; it

harmonize

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white

this

look

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cement

with

surface

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on

wall

described

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to

in

but

In

plan

dining-room

and

for real

door

walls

patent

and

in

Fig.

comfort
defect

especially so
artistic
I have

in

(or

of the
door
in

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class
the

point

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of

Plan

given

in

much

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Yet

open.

of

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fire-place,

room.

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both

round

of

be)

to

from

did

not

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the

matters

door,

even

or

things make

Fig.

106

dining-room
and

is

door
the

the

the

position
difference

nearly
door,

the

way

plan typical

other

been

have

all the

opens

pride

gentlemen

to
as

more

specially

these

seem

is

which

rather

who

plan by

minor

these

this

ought

architecture

there

the

to

fire-place. This

the

architects

after

to

close

too

the

both

that

house-planning, and

such

to

noted

be

think

house

at

in which

fire-placein
comfort

patches

once

fire-placesare

would

school

view.

across

to

it may

105

one

looking

on

ought

fashion

"

gathering

the

consideration

any

windows

is

stone

makes

building,but

in modern

among

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the

drawing-room

extraordinarilycommon

themselves

the

fortunatelydeclining.

now

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of

great

commonly

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dressings," where

house

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of

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makes

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to

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not

of effect ; and

stone

portion

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of

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as

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destroys

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Plaster, how-

plaster finish.

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spotty, and

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more

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will

as

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brick,and

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colours, such

texture, than

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of various

of stone

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kind, however, should

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the

might

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brick

with

obtaining variety of colour,

of

means

215

combination

lately,and

surface, with

by

some

be

can

with

effective

as

little used

in

rough-cast

observed,

been

ARCHITECTURE.

of
on

from

this
to

the

3l6

MODERN

/ RCIIITEC

TURK.

kitchen

region,

fully

room

wall,and
of

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This

is

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from

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open

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kind

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to

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furthest

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with
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eminent

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(see the dotted

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though

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placed
kitchen

KAl'LTV

OFENING

Front

15.

Library.
Drawing-room.

room

to

WRONG

A.

C.

FLANNINg:

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will
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central

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of

"

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and

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in

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nearly
for

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dishing

points
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dinner

up

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(Fig. 107),by

very

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large open

In

symmetrical

with

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in.

All

to

as

to

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be

way

present
; but

rooms

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Hill

some

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in

architect

(Fig. 108).
on

"

work

Ashorne

with

is

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sunset

they often

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Kitchen.

eye

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ETC.

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DOORS

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The

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D

will

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X06."

KIG.

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the

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better.

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builder

of

line

opened.

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door

back

the

comfort

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the

to

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to

entrance

right

In

door

architects

open,

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at

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privacy

time

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expose

side of the

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as

They

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on

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entirelyblind
when

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be

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hung

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mansion

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Mr.

about

Goldie, is

it,especiallyin

hall, of which
on

the

stately plan

an

view

largest scale
is almost

sine

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

qua

noil

it may
to

in

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it

"

wings,

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to

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from

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; the

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effec-

The

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; in

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KLAN

"

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ASHOKNE

(mR. COLOIE).

HILL

billiard-

the

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two

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Windows

case.

fact

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windows
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OF

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107.

from

and

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drawing-room
where

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centre

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court-

directly

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ought

drawing-room

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the

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KIG

whether

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centrally

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side, is commendable,

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formally and

billiard-room)

and
"

saloon

small

so

between

drawing-room
"

be

necessary

trived
prettilycon-

contrast

octagonal

large hall, though

drawing-room

hall

; the

the

arrangement

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by

other

the

not

in

offices'

and

in front

wing

access

The

kitchen

need

introduced

manner.

(terminated
room

be

can

house

and, in fact,is almost

introduced

thoroughly good house,

centralized

the

moderate-sized

more

well

very

planned

rest

217

so

that

destroys privacy,

2l8

MODEK.X

I UCUl

i:UI.

J J.CJ

besides

making

would
business

there.

pleasing

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is, for

mere

windows

The

view

flightof stairs,as

lowest

of

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headway

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at

"difficulties in

"

loS.

"

above

them.

made,
Rutan,
until

as

in
and

the

of
stairs

Fig.

109

the

(from an

getting

near

the

it

the
the

view

be

from

result of

This

is

very

tioned
ques-

evidently
making

for

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return

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the

exit

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at

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low

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foot

or

is

Shepley,

arch,
cannot

to

feeling,

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Messrs.

comparatively

the

of

one

hall ; there

staircase

house

the

no

returned

disagreeable cramped

of

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HILL.

of

American
a

.shows

be

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Coolidge),through

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lofty opening

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ground,

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out

it is not

especiallyin descending

it may

ASHORNE

HALL,

possible,be

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landing

THE

"

every

(Fig. io8)

design, with

foot

leading

rshould,wherever
"commence

of the

the balustrade

FIG.

low

interior ;

the

on

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the

of

On

winter.

looking

picturesque

whether
across

in

chillyroom

those

seem,

so

that

get

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

clear view
but

there

is

free space

possible have

have

suggested

forms

of

have

of his

own

Adam

Robert
two

architects

of the

era

who

claim

achieved

anything

inventing

of

cases,
was

based

but

each

of

his

from

old

on

with

showing,
called

the

the

to

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near

both

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style

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evolved
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*

The

^K;.

based

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tendency

primitive elements

mere

of
or

treatment

offices,Fig. 135, page

to

is shown

257

; not

the
in the

to

revert

two,
of

to

did

pier
but

to

what

When
a
so

three, or

illustration of the

by Richardson,

of masonry,

to

building.

walling,he
width

son's
Richard-

own.

treatment

emphasis

sturdy colonnettes, one,

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of his

Byzantine detail,coupled

of

study

hkauway.

cKAM.tD

wuh

.o9.-staircask

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give special expression

to

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in

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In

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old

style was

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style

treatment

materials

of

planning

of

great deal

modern

style.
course,

as

The

the

are

can

shown

far

as

came

perhaps

have

should

certain

developing

near

very

stair

ment
treat-

Richardson

Mr.

years,

the

interest.

and

novelty

of

and, in going up,

some

architectural

which

late

also

really,

headway

it.

over

regard to

in

inventiveness

of

hole.

in recent

Americans,

plenty

being cramped

through

stairs

be

may

of

sensation

the

entering
The

There

through.

219

wished

he

pier,and
the

by
half

be

American

to

Trust

lieve
re-

insertion
in

dozen

treated.*

direct imitation

be

may

This

Company's

of his

manner.

MODFRN

220

his weak

was

imitated,
has

A RCllI

point, for

it became
which

compliment

already

become

of

on

modern

be

regarded by

their

American

FIG.

IIO."

UOI/'SE,

have

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into

as

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of the

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American

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house.

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like

roof

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this

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called

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an

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built

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BKOWM).

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to

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Connecticut,
There

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superior shed, strongly

as

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very

of houses

(MK"

easily

one

tendency

Sitting-room.
Library. E. Hall.

compartments,

in

left

architects

CONMECTICL'T

compartments

expression except
I

everything

; walls

detail

D.

built)as
many

ignoring

C.

his

architecture.

clients,considering the number

Drawing-room.
B. Reception-room.

and

extensively

so

But

building has

American

A.

/Y Vv' A'.

it received

house

many

mannerism,

commonplace.

primitiveconditions

to

'

I /

suggested by
any

architectural

Fig.

grouping.
of

the

this
may

type
be

of

called

DOMESTIC

columns
"

to

classical

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column

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securely for
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illustrated

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predict.

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On

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be
of its

taste

other

day,

architecture
who

constitute

modern

Another
is that

the

societies

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"

type

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Is it not

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old

of

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"

to

as

of

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tecture
archi-

architectural

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our

in time

at least

of

American
influence

architecture.

"

house
of

what

The

agree

architecture
life and
and

the
like
barn-

people

particular

artificial pose

an

the

preferable

life of the

most

be

architectural

that

mode

tectural
archi-

own

perhaps,

can,

the

are

journals.

house

absolutely plain

reallyrather

in recent

so

really likely to

the

and

ing,
spread-

new

conventional

of

its

respects it is

of

type

expression of the home

specialtype

which

States

is this

real

expression

frame

not

architectural

if it is admitted

hand,

visible

own

of

employment

modern

design

other

developed

Whether

the

defiantly plain type

the

copy

be

may

the

invent

cannot

to

steep pitch of

danger of

respect

the

level,will

its

could

people

American

we

think

low-pitched roof

back

should

and

is,that this type of plainhousebuilding is

upon
to

of detail

no

the

least refuse

at

may

original form

case

is at

be, that

to

seems

when

of this

the

of masonry

practicalfrom

archaeological;

in

blocks

height

cover

of houses

practical. Numbers

the

not

adequately rain-proof.

house

an

period

not

are

template

square

below

pitches, without

could

(I

ridge, and
is not

admitted,
a

with

necessary

they

primitive element

vertical

excessive

recalls

the

only

mere

roof

The

be

must

point of view, and

timber

central

t(3 the

porch, but

section

is considered

as

smoke).

to

are

221

the

are

circular

chimneys

far

as

up

pier of

of

they

columns,

The

top.

carried

"

flat roof

the

carry

order

ARCHITECTURE.

"

of

architecture
is called

in

early colonists

MOD

222

I RCm

I: l"\

them

with

carried

architectural

the

English Jacobean architecture, but

with

character.

houses

the

simplicityand

certain

new

Ui:

I J.Cl

at

Fig.

wood

they

are,

treatment

proper

as

will

of

be

house,

the

has

classical
of the

COLONIAL

of

the

recently been

who

have

thus

find

in

porches

and

and

other

such

Renaissance

is the

peculiarityin

the

predilectionevinced

circular
in

back

coming

Fig.

form
no,

for
but

principalrooms

are

form

again

to

modern
in the

sitting-rooms.

there

are

what

playful

columnar

is

order,

verandahs

situations,

rather

mOdcm

peculiar
AmCriCatt

architecture.

other

complete

then

of

It is rather

the

American

American

houses

plans
The

plans
circles.

for

the

tendency
in which

Such

of

features

from

us

This

by English architects,

Americans.

the

modified

this

and

now

got the trick from

to

One

imitated

style, a

called

of the

even

actual

no

towards

use

house
has

has

.-S.A.

CHAKLESTON.

HOtSE.

part

of the old

is

be

^O
IZZ.-OLD

But

there

tendency

K,C.

practicalor

bring about,

revival

of

the

architecture

where

which

some

for

influence

to

may

to

sense.

colonial
been

shows

probably

in the

"

colonial

been

are

it

give

to

old

soil

new

attenuated

too

either

column,

"

from

P'ig.112,

portico

observed,

stone

seemed

of architecture
of

the

on

genuine

modern

the

derived

it out

which

of the

one

columns

The

carried

naivete

this type

in which

revived.

extent

and

Charleston,

manner

is

1 1 1

tendencies

English

shores.
of this

adoption
to

type

of

the

this is shown

the
a

curious

plan

of the

whole
for

room

DOMESTIC

bedrooms

above

circular

in

have
is

plan

decorative

treatment

American

architects

and

house-planning ought

content

to

in the

move

the

be

to

same

plan

is

of

to

and

The

HAIl'diNiNJ

PARLOUR

to

plan

suite with

desired,

reminds

artist for
much
case

himself, in

further.
is in

of

me

The

dining-room

the
and

rooms

for

which
main

nave

house

the

OI.U

pattern.

again, in

1 1 2

that

seen

the

nave,

the

are

ordinary door, but

the

hall

the

doors

well-known

by

idea

has

been

the

house

transepts, and

hall, the

(I think), and

by

continuously if

built

portion of

forming

morning-room

of

kind

central

like
"

"

this
or

"

IN

STEPHENSOm).

sliding back
to

open

English

an

plan something

cathedral,

by the

provision

leaving the

altogether,and

"E

after

principal sitting-rooms

hall,not

with

large opening

the

be

toa

houses

M-

Fig.

it will

two
en

of

effect

much

HOI
M.

part of

conventional

of

which

placed

(MK.

and

and

are

AMKKHAS

STVLE

plan

interest
who

KKS

attractive

the

on

us,

'

kind

bedroom.

architectural

in

novelty

(.UUj.MAL

for

certainlyvery
effort

grooves,

principal

sitting-rooms, for

general
lesson

the

one

effects

new

obtain

to

the

inconvenient

of

suggests

line of

the

exceedingly

an

and

appearance,

in

follow

to

sitting-rooms this form

for

But

223:

practicalinconveniences, especially when

its

has

ARCHITECTURE.

the

"

carried
in this

choir

of

transepts

"choir"

"

the

MODERN

224

There

drawing-room.
into

spaces
drawn

of

any

of the

spaces

is not

required the

open

which

is realized

home
a

house

this

on

effect of

an

in

attained

be

cannot

that

so

cross,

distributed

plan requiressome

ness
spacious-

Of

it would

be

chilly

winter,

but

in

suggestion, at
is

^^cp"^S

from

mind.

"^

(MR.

GKKMAN

HOrSE,
G.

This

church

as

but

house

the

central

feature, the

institution

an

the

residential

the

architectural
The

the way

French
of

the

this is

expressed clearlythat
house, but

; it

Sisterhood

gabled wings,

the

between

of

low

not

character, and

of

This

the

special

in connection
is

with

evidently

to

be

treated

greater part of it is
small

with

tower

has

the

at

turrets

same

time

ordinary private dwelling

an

kind
this

tectural
specialarchi-

therefore

was

architect

some

stance
in-

good

house

Pennsylvania.

building,a residence, as

domestic

by

for

to

Margaret's House,"

St.

"

Germantown,

at

residential

is

given (Fig.

as

of

expression being imparted

character.

American

f.S.A.

TOWS,

PEARSOS).

T.

example

is

113),

MAKGAKEt's

"ST.

all

worth

one

among

houses

113.

course

otherwise

Another

HC.

an

ordinary-sized

an

events,

^AHIS6

is

heating apparatus,

the

'^fF

this

the house

living-rooms permanently divided.

the

with

of

form

in the

either

When

room.

livingportion of

of the

whole

be

can

seclude

to

the

dividing

which

curtains

separate

all

at

it is desired

form

to

as

A7..

walls

or

heavy

are

when

them

little,
so

space

there

I LCI

doors

no

are

but

rooms,

across

.\RCIIl

is added

something

is very

to

clearlyexpressed

in

treatment.
seem,

country

nowadays
house

at

between

least,to
the

have

chateau

no

and

medium
what

in

they

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

fondly regard
In

pagne.

the

of

drawings

aspect, and
in

fig.

kind

to

ironwork

of

of

department

object seemed

bad

sheer

be

to

the

the whole

cover

"

114.

"

fken'ch

Paris

seen

Salon

has

"

cam-

been

country villa,

in the

year

houses

in

which

dignity of

all

and

decoration

gew-gaw

brickwork,

de
ever

every

repose

buildingwith

tiles,coloured

and

be

destroy all

to

of

ideal

to

are

inaison

nothing

taste

French

of which

number

architectural
the

this

of

"picturesque" type

of

way

than

worse

seen

the

as

2*5

barge boards,

and

"

maison

de

campagne

(mii.d form).

finials.

The

of these

moderate
than

illustration in

this.

The

designs ;
Germans

neighbourhood

of Vienna

board

centre,

the

over

of in this respect,
that

are

compare

to

be

seen

this kind

14

just

are

is from

of them

many

as

far

are

bad.

The
its

of

what

idea

this

in German

again

is

thing with

the

more

rampant

more

villa from

the

portentous barge-

they

nothing to

architectural

of

one

(Fig. 115),with

gives some

though

of

Fig.

some

papers.

the type of Viennese

are

capable

examples
When
suburban
Q

we

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

226

villa of

fiftyyears

formal

the

taste

in

shown

ago,

I i^'.

of

German

of the

ii6,

that

day

all events,

at

was,

the

than

better

what

for

VIENNESE

SUUlhriAN

VII

I.A

(^^

with

architecture, combined

S'.'t.

'

,1

portion, arising
treatment

of

plan

and

of the

windows,

from

not

Fig.

is

117
of

villa,and
for its

sary
unneces-

any

better

tive
effec-

and

the

manner

central

the

which

in

attention

is worth

plan, and

VILLA,

ample
ex-

German

modern

ingenious

containing theis

emphasized

wings being

left

be

that

added

Americans,

originating in regard
suggestions

may

often

to

be

the

plain for
the

out

of

of
a

the

tion,
por-

It may

contrast.

like

ingenious

houses, and

German

music-

exterior, the

Germans,

often

are

planning

picked

on

it.

to

on

BERLIN.

room,

the

the

details tacked

BEETHOVEN-STRASSE,

the

from

and

"

CltV

in

slightlyplayfulexpression

117.

near

of

DoHsh

^^

central

FIG.

small

something

of

idea

the
16."

for

great city,giving one

all

at

house

suburban

FIC.

Indeed,

not

design

bad

the

of

day.

is

that

be

"spikey"

picturesque
present

taste

may

the

called

that

admit

must

one

book

the
and

valuable
of

plans,

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

the

though

ideas

English

to

very

bad

that

to

their
of

learn

from

nothing

and

house,"

pretend

of

house

should

outline
small
the

houses

be

attempt

number

of very

be

house,

and

larger

is not

This

fewer

cut

no

which

we

in

and

In

rooms

them.

essential
should

those
The

picturesqueness

of

into

so

and

so

very

of

small
"

without
a

cottage

small

house,
than

more

house

cottage

"

but

out

ridiculous,

parts,

of

house

look

entrance

walk

find

turns

building

As

parts

many

arched

an

it.

many

We

hardly

to

large

see

which

turret

dwelling

We

built, in which

the

be

plan

miniature.

characteristic

of

to

in

regard

cannot

proper

be

mistake

making

naive

some

can

as

more

design
in

for

and

regarded

simplicity.

we

smallest

class, which

diameter,

greatest
in

be

size, but

the

find

idea of scale

doubt, than
of

certainly

latter term

the

would

than

staircase

rooms,

feet

The

the

to

dwelling

adopting

simplicityof grouping, fewness

house.

much

"mansion,"

humble

this

house

large

four

ends

of

books,
up

the

can

for

of

in

by

imply

which"

excuse

an

of

"

to

with

to
a

is the

only

that

smaller,
are

little

all
falsifying

it demands

of

idea

through

stooping.

be

to

about

only

doorway,

and

meant

combined

seems

give the

to

is

published

now

to

as

cottage

standard

normal

the

treatment

have

we

idea

requisite

have

types

intend

not

picturesque style of building

and

They

the

dwelling

dignity,there

to

the

as

architectural

planning, and

dwelling

In

house.

gentleman's

view.

did

rather

of

type

of

under

called

but

"

informal

most

cottage,"

man

the

house

to

commonly

labouring

and

the

convey

long

so

mostly

are

them.

from

"

is most

what

regard

learn

to

do,

point

classifying dwellings

In
'"

their

in

us

there

are

satisfactoryfrom

rather

suited

not

architects

French

will

plan

any

rooms

is sometimes

rooms

fact, their houses

; in

minds

the

life. The

of home

planners

number

of

arrangement

227

they

will

that

design (Fig. 118) by

be

there

Mr.

228

Horsley

is

rational

of

means

sought

be

for

in

of
of

the

and

far

very

parts, and
rather

rooms

is

it

That

be

in

with

meet

for

designs

books

for

for

design

(mr.
A.

B.

g.

a
c

residenc

cottage

horsley).

Dining-room.
Drawing-room.

C.

Study.

D.

Kitchen.

as

very

It

place

in

regards

to

own

light all the

one

is available).

the
time.

the

also.
and

The
this

window
A

; the cook

kitchen

shall

that

the whole

house

time

any

the

upper

that
at

the
the

of

walks

floors.
ture,
architec-

cottage

referred

be

to

is

treatment,

fireplace is

fireplacewould

find

shakes

one

semi-rustic

kitchen

any

carried

probably

we

of

small

cottages

been

design already
kind

be

can

cheap

out,

characteristic

ances
assur-

visit

we

have

every

out, however,

pointed

be

regard

detail

example,

good

must

be

they

if

these

across

Simplicity should

and

wonderfully

; but

which

"

charming

cottages

that

adays
now-

houses, with

small

il8.

in

palace.

giving

fig.

done

vice should

than

cottage

sums

it

object

allowed

be

more

of

and

an

can

indulging in flimsy

structure.

built

of

retreat,

as

without

We

not

are

material, which

no

very

characteristic

repose

so

house,

few

of

one

probably

cottage house,

these

suitable

sense

economy

is

and

very

cottage

that

house

the

; it conveys

house

cottage

real

observed

be

is

point

last

The

low.

of

type

compactly planned,*

and

simply

to

will

It

sitting-rooms,but

small

good

very

suitably treated.

is

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

in

the

standing

fireplacerequiresa sidelight(unless where

wrong
in
a

her

top

DOMESTIC

with

the

though

de

in treatment,

cottage

portions of the

upper

not

rigueur.
with

the

walls

229

tiled,is suitable

cottage house

solid

good

character.

it preserves

ARCHITECTURE.

walls, without

Fig. 1 19, by

Mr.

is

arranged plan, considering the awkward

KIG.

of the whole

block, which
It

circumstances.
of

plan, and

of

great

various

show

regard
a

in

so

to

of cottage houses.

of

and

cottage

its

and

compact
and

proportions

determined

that
door

into

its

house, where
so

close

by

careful

character, the

originalityand

Fig.

120,

showing

resource

external

arrangement

right place,is
for

apartments

together

and

pressed
com-

two

architects

American
in
interiors

well-

space.

architectural

good deal

observed

necessarily

are

small

from

good example

shape

probably

room

every

importance

into

be

masonic

(mk. COLLCUTT).

RESIDENCE

were

may

getting

purposes

In

COTTAGE

119."

purely

derogating

Collcutt,is

character, and

cottage

be

may

enough,

the

treatment

from

small

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

230

house

by

Mr.

Arthur

Little,is

beinfT small

without

character.

cottage

Fig.

121,

Narragansett Pier, by

Mr.

characteristic

of

of

the

verandah

treatment

design,

the

with

its

the

cramped,

or

Bruce

small

bold

have

rooms

view

of

Price, shows

an

exterior

an

house.

seaside
of

character

this respect

in

good example

the

distinctlya

exceedingly
simplicity
and

the

combine

to

masonry,
all

that

produce
of

expression
which

strength

proper

to

house.

This

more

is

compared

quality will
if this

apparent
with

Horsley's cottage
referred

latter is
inland
as

is

have

cally
emphatibuilding.

been

or

FIG.

120.

INTERIORS

"

IN

(mR.

U.S.A.

HOUSE,

MANCHESTER-OX-

which

to

be

form

considered,

same

own

of

houses

enclosed

conditions, as

houses,

country
such

actually

SEA,

of

all-round

line

if

as,

the

in

of

land, may
far

as

the

the

not

country,

street

larger class, which

and

to

be

architectural

houses
be

may
of

stand

to

Town

heading

be considered

plan

supposed

treatment.

fronting

under
architecturally,

Town
their

capable

part

of

de-

LITTLE).

ARTHUR

are

free,and

of

sidering
con-

the

mainly
sign

an

cottage,

sea-coast

We

gJA^

The

to.

emphatically

Price's

Mr.

design

country

Mr.

is

seaside

be

before

at

cottage

The

sturdy quasi-Doric columns,

better
tecture.
archi-

street

stand
under

within

much

treatment

the
are

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

concerned,
in

regard

possible

done

select

to

and

choice

to

is

architectural
say

that

mansion

in

to

It may
a

be

more

there

121.

by examples.

and

be

said

mansion.

it would

SEA-SIDE

COTTAGE,

of

appear

breadth

of

Mr.

instance, is suitable
restless affair

to

see

be

place

Hunt's

of

and

New

in

deficient

York

enough
among

tolerated

in

trees

far

in

in

street, but
a

park.

as

better

the

same

decided

direction

this

of

in

"

required

in

variety and
which

mansion

repose

average

any

are

house, shown
a

as

in

town

this

taken

neither

degree

be.

support

; and

treatment

that

town,

than

of

look

it is rather

demands

or

be

Lane

So

easy

should

mansion

Park

as

PRICE).

may

see,

can

to

BRIXB

town

House.

I think

detail may
out

in

all events,

or, at

which

as

it does

simplicityand

house,

far

as

of

easy

(Mk.

large

in

treatment

very

NARKACANSETT

House,

than

made,

be

not

Bridgewater

be

multiplicityof
would

but

park
of

conventional

far

between

there

admits

be

very

free

standing

mansion

more

Dorchester

can

that greater

country

"

it is not

of distinction

town

merit, would,

in

worse

distinction

that

As

light
sun-

to

has

special distinction

kind

always

not

circumstances.

mansion

limited

more

best

; the

concerned,

are

any

what

typical specimen

architectural

may

be
and

say

supposed

KIG.

nor

design

the country
to

the

under

are

aspect, in respect of

principal rooms

should

mansion,

of

favourable

most

style and

pompous

country

kind

the

they

it is therefore

and

aspect,

possible

all events,

or, at

of

weather, foi^ the

which

that

houses, except

country

as

231

in

country

Fig.

would
It is true

be

122,
a

that

for
very

this

is
a

ARCHITECTURE

MODERN

233

house

street

rather

in the

free-standinghouse
kind

of

than

mansion

which

one

Fi^-

proper.

123,

Boulogne, Paris, is

de

Bois

Avenue

architecture

domestic

town

tolerate

may

in

the

"n^.

JM**'

FIG.

122.

TOW.N

(the

suburban

country
pure

form

roads
;

of

but, then,
of

city,but
one

would

architecture,even

which
not

would
call

in the

HOUSK,

L.\TE

M.

NEW

very

YORK

HL'ST).

intolerable

be
this

R.

in the

pleasing

or

city. Generally speaking,

DOMESTIC

one

may
of

course

Under

the

will look

of

mansion

in

have

and

portions

(see Chapter V.).

of

mansions

town

latter

house

; in

the

house

the

whole

"^

the

dows
win-

mostly

into internal
the

sidential
re-

nearly

on

offices

externally

courts

building
itself

express

what

it

small

residences.

there

is very

as

collection

is,a

Hence

little
of

grouping

of

excuse

windows

133

HOUSE,
PARIS

otherwise

or

certain

portions

has

the

eOlS

DE

BOULOGNE,

(11. rOIXET).

to

been

building beyond

and

give the

Continent, both

tendency

this

of

treatment

required,to

the

A\'ENUE

emphasizing

simplicityof
is

that

from

entirelydifferent

of the

is

equal footing ;

for

houses.

apartment

apartment

block,

should

and

we

dows
win-

in

make

imitated

rest

(generally)equal spacing
true

France

these

the

expression
and

of

the

Germany,

buildings look

like

occasionallyin London,

broad

of windows

building.

there

is too

On

great

large hotels, and

as

restricted

superior and

portions

look

flats,or

in

as

modern

certain

residential

of

in

the

come

ment
treat-

pation.
occu-

certain

the

as

park

matter

emphasize

to

in

another

one

the

In

well

as

architecture, in the

special treatment,

architectural

Street

head

demand

refined

most

rapidly multiplying class of houses

These

233

road.

city

or

is of

sense,

and

separate mansion

suburban

best

the

that

say

ARCHITECTURE.

in the

block

MODERN

234

of

buildings

of

Albert

near

hotel.

monster

realistic in their
an

illustration

the

the

is

in

Gate, which

of

Haddon

"

accordance

building, and

at

the

Hall

with

the

time

same

surface
and

has

Mr.

A.

bay windows,

the

of

(mr.

shows

with

would

command

treatment

would

mansions

near

treatment

of

architectural

higher
be

the
this

class

variety

is

of

the

portion

rents

Hall

in

may
an

Mr.

that

case

Norman

shows

not

it

doubt

no

it suggests
called

was

of lifts in

an

which

does
with

America,

country

apartment

; in that

building, in

obtained,

it is

in

seems

upper

palazzi) which

made

use

in

plain

Possibly, however,

exist.

justifiable.
Albert

; the

lower

(though

Italian

zontally
hori-

with
vertically,

piano nobile (as

the

rooms

upper

building

as
architecturally),

there

the

different

effective

the free

mansions

Putnam).

for

preference
they

hall"

"haddon

(by

for

not

124.-

Louis

uncalled

in

FIG.

an

windows
the

best

Fig. 125,
St.

at

than

equally spaced

the

represent
suite.

rather

of

variety

system, treating the

comparison

tecturally,
archi-

got by combining

Swasey),

treatment

of

purpose

been

house

apartment

will be

some

each

in

room

and

by

and

doubt

no

design, it
ineffective

not

emphasizing

which

called

and

nature

is

and

Fig. 124 gives

the

idea

direct

more

Putnam
"

the

once

houses.

Mr.

designed by

one,

at

much

are

of apartment

title of

exact

suggests

Americans

The

treatment

incongruous

seen,

ARCHITECTURE.

be

house, and

the architectural

Shaw's

block

exceedingly
some

by unduly

of

good

degree of

emphasizing

ARCHITECTURE.

DOMESTIC

any

of

the

etc., but

line back

slightlyin

arched
the

Bloomsbury
a

Fig.

hotel.

of the
and

like

FIG.

"

IJ5.

127,

The

main

of

course,

tenements,

while

that
a

at

has

hotel

appearance

also, of

treatment

house

an

hotel

is
a

apartment
is

A.

in

notice

home,

show.

house

collection

must

is

of

the

nothing

once

these
else ;

suggests

appearance

its florid
order

be

to
never

Order
attract

have

remembered

collection
few

same

S\VA"EV).

should

and
It

flats in

All

advertising

angle, with

attract

to

making

the

like

Budapest, at

at

lies in the

difference

apartment

an

house

apartment

an

of

house.

(mR.

I'.S.A.

LOL'IS,

ST.

HOLSf,

breaks

characteristic

and

and

houses

and

of

simpler design

apartment

an

wall

shallow

block

reasonable

apartment

APARTMENT

architectural

custom

that

look

cupola

of

of

treatment

forming

Brydon's

still

good example

architectural

while

Mr.

front.

(Fig. 126), with

very

buildings

the

the

setting the

of

incident, gives shadow,

an

of

treatment

places,and

two

or

forms

of

uniformity

kind, is

one

which

recess

the

simple expedient

by the

windows,

rest, in

the

above

residences

!35

of similar

suites, a number

256

of

bedrooms,

visitors
be

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

and

several

that

; so

quite distinct

from

which

is the

which

FIG.

126.

"

supposed

that

nothing

bedizened

with

and

cost
as

for the

the

will

hotels
same

visitors,to
is

are

reason

out

of

always
as

itself

the

proportion
built

in

theatres,in

distinction,

the

the

hotel

prominent,
time

same

to

this

do

likely to
at

it is the

for

being

is

most

has

to

(mR. BRYDOn).

BLOOMSBURY

which

ornament,
be

so

But

essential

more

vulgar ;

make

require to
required

house.

architecture

HOUSE,

APARTMENT

of

the

the

makes

the

by

use

treatment

apartment

of hotel

cause

eyes

or

an

general

etc., etc., which

architectural

abominably bad, florid,and

so

catch

the

of

that

advertisingelement

part

for

rooms

dining-room, reading-room,

as

accentuated

and

large

the

as

great

order

to

as

and

building

be

must

expected
a

hurry

it is

as

begin making

cheap,

returns

"

possible,
money

DOMESTIC

at

first possible moment,

the

architectural
be

can

run

design

be

have

gauged

those

who

admitted

There

pretty well
the

generally
treated

for

house

of

viz.

for

residence

like

for

but

of these

of

large

general

of

being

bedrooms,

seems

class

been

more

and

based
the

and,

on

other

the

architectural

of

stinted

buildings.
for money

large subscribed

same

APAKTMt.M

127

successfully attained

necessityof being
at

which

rooms

tolerably simple problem

classes

generally not

mansion

town

SE,

HOL

BLUAPEST.

The

often

other

most

of

tween
be-

characteristic
a

of

tastes

of their customers.

FIG.

club

and

divided,

rooms.

and

to

stead
in-

use,

private house,

adequate

it

buildings seem

perceptions

average

but

day
sisting
con-

for

smaller

grand hotel,"

"

average

offensive

more

as

and

entertaining
and

nothing

instead

only,

is

Club.

many

entirely
rooms

There

which

and

regarded

one,

pattern is followed

like

is

the

be

anything

all-round

an

may

for

sidences,
re-

situated

building,

time

stock

other

one

237

no

promoters
the

which

as

is

the

majority

with

grouped
and

the

is,however,

be

may

than

that

form

of

thought.

architecture

must

there

kind

without

up

in modern

This

ARCHITECTURE.

in

to
a

pay

at

than

building a

the

is

building

club

return

in which

large
it has

case

with

architect

an

it is not, like

large

all events,

begin with,

capital;

made

time, it is

To

of

treatment

; it is
a

on

is

usually

hotel, under
the

certain

outlay
richness

MOD

238

and

of

sumptuousncss

place, the
the

few

out

of

various

in which
is

all

the

concerned

for

are

the

to

which

of

of

be

can

is all

livingin

got

palatial

which

in

of

men

palace, and

architectural

the

second

equal dignity ;

rest

building

the

In

storage

attic,*the

an

opportunity

of

rooms

and

caretaking

with

rooms

for.

practicallyall

club, in short, is
have

means

called

are

arc

relegated

sight,or

moderate

treatment

rooms

F.

TKCmR

ARC///

stories

necessary

architecture.

KRN

expression

portance.
im-

and

nearly equal spaciousness

This
is the

important

most

element

in

the

ing
suggest-

architectural
of

treatment

It

last

club.

is illustrated

well

if

such

we

very

compare

design

Metropolitan
York

(Fig. 128),

with

the

previously

house
128.

"metropolitan"

"

club,

new

apartment
St.

at

buildings

square

equally spaced
for

128

Fig.
and

windows.
appear
*

The

for

club,

But

while
and

sumptuous
kitchens

good deal in favour

be top-lighted.

on

are

now

strongly

but

no

the

story ;

every

of

account

on

it

is

of

sometimes

of the arrangement,

almost

marked
could

one

house,

apartment

an

widely spaced

Fig. T25

with

windows,

Louis

yokk.

Both

(Fig. 125),
large

Club,

New

illustrated

FIG.

the

as

cornice

and

possibly

take

windows
nor

the
the

could

are

too

any

one

small

scale
of

duty

palatial dignity, it

put
but

on

the
in that

top floor of
case

they

arc

club,

would

large
take
of

club

the
to

is

equally

and

there

almost

is

certainly

DOMESTIC

bound

of

There

advertising.

the

clubs, especiallyamong
of

varying degrees
ideal

general

**

and

Army
the

as

"

fair

are

Reform,"

suitable, and
be

exception

have

taken

may

have

they

have

London

well-known
which

only

men

orthodoxy,
style

hotels

which

and

of

admitted,

are

have

club-house,

and

far,

so

no

situation, and

the difference

clubs

Mall

homes

of
of

Pall
a

select

fairlyrepresent
and

refinement.

and

St.

in their

The

lost

all

of

recent

this

show

not

the

required.

the

style;

and

sorts

ground

of

ditions
con-

political

characteristics

between

Street.

The

buildings for

architectural

large

"Judaeum,"

of

clubs

these

expression
in the

the

are

the

most

of

the

and

latter
the

the

large

correctly represent

character

the

title of which

all

mere

they

James's

for

design

any

indistinguishable from

are

society,and

this

into which
the

doubt,

of

offspringof politicalmovement

on

and

they

all events,

treatment

into

to

their architectural

in
the

are

polished

model

did

the

contracted

gewgaw

which

that

as

huge caravanserais,

"

of

old

others

are

and

which

unless

seem

; at

seen

of architectural

others, such

of

buildings

have

to

some,

dignified,

are

instances

architect

happily

as

the

"Arthur's"

Americans

admirable

many

kind

all

display

The

remember

to the

pretentious

there

but

undue

some

American

novelist

are

and

have

we

Reform,"

"

architecture;

architecture

it in

United

"

pretentious element,

or

rather

good

an

as

of club-house

Carlton."

"

upon

do

by

perception

true

the

indeed

; the

Travellers," the

"

very

fulfil the

events

well

exceedingly

types of Club

erected

club-house

In

in
best

all

at

London

which, with

ones,

merit,

showy

the

to

improved

class, nor

older

the

of the

taken

our

rather

ance
appear-

well-known

exceptionally good,

are

columns

granite

several

specimens

devoid

the

"Carlton," the "Conservative,"

the

Navy,"

all these

"

are

architecture

Athenaeum,"

"

2J9

pretentiousnessand

architectural

of Club

Service," the

like

everything

avoid

to

ARCHITECTURE.

part

dignity

Charing

Cross

MODERX

240

neighbourhood

and

and

taverns,

elsewhere

in

anything
viz.

the

day

shape
residence

natural

kind,
should

and

of

club-house

for

select

huge

They
certainly,
be

not

in

social

the

not

arc

but

taken

old

circle.

political
they

consequence,

hotels.

their

architecture,

club-house

by
from

of

merit

architectural

essentially

are

architecturally,

distinguishable

hardly

word,

ARCHITECTURE.

they
as

meaning

arc

without

not

are

models

for

of

the

CHAPTER
ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

architecture, in the

Street

V.

limited

and

proper

word, is the result of the necessityof planting buildings

possibletogether in

as

of the

Street

have

the

and

of the

instances
fronts

of

different

buildings in

structurallyunited
of

characteristic

In
and

the

necessity

of the

limits

day

is

there
;
a

be

to

new

more

we

streets

walls,

street

than

by

for

house

forced
their

on

from

to

unbuilt

and

on

is the

of

but

essential

makes

it

the

without.

at

in with

land,

inhabitants
numbers

walls

In

modern

all

events

on

there

giving
attack
is

as

walled

us

from

strong

cities

extend

can

notice

proper

any

of roadway

width

; we

the
the

liable

being

to

by

within

un

fortification

marauders
Yet

the

the

outside

architecture

street

increasing

marauders.

belted

not

facades

purposes,

this is what

crowded

in regard
elasticity,

district surveyor,
rather

cities

were

providing

are

series of

This

in the

streets),

of the

corners

mass.

architecture, and

walled

looted

long

tecturally
archi-

which

(except

for different

and

definite

problem.

ancient

of

occupations

street

narrow

very

the

continuous

one

sides

no

closely

buildings.

the

buildings

back, and

form

into

special architectural

of

the

in consequence

between

buildings at

which

as

necessityof having

the

therefore

front and

only a

and

space

communication

consists

architecture

favoured

of

lines

continuous

and

save

land, coupled with

of

value

to

towns,

of

meaning

the
desire
R

to

the

centre
to

get

MODERN

242

into

the

old

modern

of them

and

the
is

the
to

in

rate

always

that

this

which

might

they

do

be

not

is called

what
said

strictlyinto

come

fronts,and

the

character

given

gardens
in

regard

commonly
of them

treatment

as

while
More

please.

that
of the

can

house,
itself

lend

garden
houses

to

which

people think
not

before

we

in

if the

street

backs

may

for then
any
to

have
of the

treatment

go

round

It

the

decent
of the

back

in

of

amount

house

which

can

be

as

on

walls

is

worth

and

ugly
there
in

the

In

well
the

afforded.

as

the

One
the

rear

with

the

front

you

building

behind

professed subject,

sideration,
con-

building

as

the

is anything

combination

land

of

greatest

houses

of

refusal

divided

of the

garden

opportunity.

concentrate

our

not

are

ever,
observed, how-

when

of

name

and

were

plain

as

good

building line

one

alone

the

they

street

mistake

the

to

to

to

scheme

decorative

any

be

which

division
be

may

front

obstinate

the

waste

regard

this

dignifiedby

it in order

denude

decorative

be

the

ings
build-

also, though

private

by

cases,

made

particularlyis

far

goes

the

houses

more

them.

on

the

part of the subject,that

this

to

rather

in most

them,

to

yards abutting

or

mistakes

have

they

of

rigidlydefined

of

rows

present subject

along such

necessarilymarshalled
as

of

the

in order

architecture."

street

backs

the

to

as

"

induces

walls.

backs, and

and

fronts

town

effectingthe

said, of

been

this

the

together

besides

ground,

has

as

of

only

consist

deal

close

same

money

which

dwellings

houses

of

foot

every

phenomenon,

constitute

fronts

his

place

to

within

population

new

the

between

and

into

get

make

to

substituting party-walls for external

of

Hence

for

demand

profitablyutilize

economy

of

for

but

of business

way

to

was

indeed,

not,

of increase

owner

there

as

of the inhabitants,

lawful

the

natural

building

assault

by

the throats

to cut

out

there

cities

L Rh.

IXl

city,by peaceful means,

walled

purpose,

ARCmi

any

to

the

street

them,

let

front, and
degree

other
street

of

remark

front ;

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

there

is

of the

treatment

have

for

room

said, has

be

playful and
to

garden, and

freedom

from

constraint

much

for the

So
and

to

the

to

come

making

buildings of

buildings

shops,
"

we

house
"

door

on

the

the starchness

And

is the

bank

between

the

formal

In

the

No

two

same

demurely
mating,

exactly waiting,
a

it, where's
and

child
a

child's

windows

O'er

the small

Below

them."

trace

reserve,

lines without

curve.

playing-face?

look
sea-water

one

way

thread

In

of

houses

Gondola.

Too

be

to

tant
impor-

most

of

series

Of

into

doubt

no

piled ;

face of

set

behind

's

leave,

general design, or

is inserted

home

row

window

just witii

Door

Of

we

its front

Guidecca

the

Over
Window

But

Must

I where

Know

All's

the

from

front

face

surely

course,

of

of

row

far.

so

home

Row

with

now

dwelling-houses, or

which

wall, the

series

treatment

be

of distinclion

this kind

notices

Venetian

of

row

know

to

expect

row

treated

should

"

one

separate

can

form
con-

whole

the

may

the

and

one

into

class, there

amid

occurs

vexed

special class

to

upon

of house

we

to

particulars;

own

can
more

general questions

certain

combined

its

of

regard

much

class be

one

of another

Browning

face of

to

of all is the

building

front

bank

come

free to receive

be

where

we

are

we

than

of

be

as

front.*

the

house, which

In

there

pervading

reasonably

than

of the

called

of

style

house,

admit

private piece

may

front.

street

before

question

back

street

up

considered

each

tenant's

the

more

his

background
more

character

the

privacy

will

; it is less

treatment

general style or

; it is

therefore

in

of the

separation and

of

look

back

The

back.

front, and

the

individual

any

of houses

and

the

more

variety

characteristic

very

front

in

possible

243

If

ordinary

its

and

special
the

back

MODF.RX

244

But

appearance.
and

size

same
or

11.(11

/ Ac"///

Kl:
.

said

has

been

think

the

terrace

it is

is

delicate

of

take

the
A

geometrically

effect,artificial and

and

long
indeed

effective

feel

you

the

dominates

The

why

of

yet there

always

there, from

finer

carried

blocks
there

at

an

and

certain
in

manner

angle
less

in the

out

fine

which
of

is

an

it its full
to

such

instance, that
other, there
element

find there.

are

But

prevailing

buildings surrounding

is little else

formally
be

style

houses

of

all ?

it.

The

in itself ; and

stately effect
corner

at

element

an

give

to

remarkable

forty-fivedegrees

commonplace

true

is the

may

the

its lines

irregularhouses

of houses

and

and

picturesque

it out

is not

formal

the

to

that
kind

same

come

for

lay

to

with

give

you

than

that

oblong,

an

stateliness

trouble

the

or

When

end

one

There

formally laid

be

requires, to

square

Belgrave Square

the

separate and

out

in

with

might expect

one

the

moulding

keeping

that

square,

present

ordains
of

Apply

picturesque and

of the

in

Market-place,
at

effect,when

architecture
is

be

take

grouping

mere

of architectural

With

laid

surface

irregular and

what

and

which

strict square

the

that

sh ould

it ; otherwise

out

wider

place

large formally

element, and

laid

at

of the site.

should

buildings.

site, and

quite in keeping,

houses

Nottingham

as

space

open

formal

I say

the

the

which

scorned

moulding.

way,

generally speaking,

and

to

own

plan

the

the

about

general design

ornament,

creation, and

formal

artificial and

in

it be

whether
parallel,

and

streets.

of

design

in its

much

too

similar

and

squares

each

uniform

on

the

of

terrace," in

"

sides ; and,

ornament

profileof

sectional

grouped.

an

to

Greek

in

houses

treated

is called

lines somewhat

square

and

be

is rather

idea

carved

or

principleto

out

to

both

on

refinement

painted

of the

they

of

row

question of the character

but

should

subordinated

are

Much

the

of

into what

separate houses

case

rental, are

combined

be

to

in the

with

noticeable

placed

are

the

square.

architecture

this

STREET

of

manner

laying out

ARCHITECTURE.

would

square

345

exceedingly statelyand

be

effective.
The

principleapplies to

same

of

Where

street.

perfectlystraight,and
building as
deal

good

be

to

necessarilyin
which
of

is

said

in

varied
this

certain

is

be

to

and

ownership,

yet with
houses

under

such

this, but

it cannot

This

same.

understood
of

the

of

the

and

by

and

agreeably

quite

and

doors

in

What

giving variety

such

have

allowed
In the

mould

generally

are

but

this

where

even

the

degree

avenues

details

The
old

remain,

doorways
are

slavish

street

if

they

repetitionis

generally symmetrical

very

present day the

of

for

quite

was

repetitions,as

mere

if

is the

interest

type.

to

two

wished

dull brick

streets, where

been

under

cases

houses

to

Street

Wimpole

Knight

other, but

most

architectural

varied.
artistically

unnecessary,
is aimed

the

Mr.

have

course

built the otherwise

Street

terrace

in

that

who

framework

their

cast

said

of

of

illustration

identically,as

treated

are

may

detail, by

in

each

In

of character.

client

of

those

Harley

in

be

method

entrance

doors

the

can

we

together,probably
to

not

of blocks

that

designed by

design,

same

good

related

be

circumstances

mould

one

built

to

interestingvariety

an

in

cast

and

appearing

houses

two

designed

the

houses

the

etc.

entrances,

the

in

seen

(Fig. 129),houses
one

the

whole,

one

as

remembered

be

must

is

vista, there

of

houses

individualityto

of

treatment

it

designing

out

important

any

symmetrical arrangement

It

contrasting design.
a

of

the

to

laid

one

to

up

tecture
archi-

the

to

wide

leads

termination

repetitionof

mere

always dull,but

always give

were

especiallyif it
in favour

extent

is

street

architectural

an

certain

ment
treat-

at.

applies to geometrically planned

laid

to

geometrically

of

Regent's Quadrant

out

curves

is very

in
poor

streets.

in

squares

The

but
itself,

also

applies

architecture
as

the

street

246

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

laid

was

of

style

out

the

and

in

much

material

better

FIG.

129."

VARIED

which

buildings

against the

curve

geometrical

seen

had

only

sky, which

TREATMENT

OF

by

HOUSES

STREET

The

fine effect

a
a

IK

even

it

as

horizontal

OWNERSHIi

ir.

r.

'."

the

of

sweep

continuous

ONE

ment
treat-

in itself,if the

right

was

better.

been

has

defined

and

it

line

symmetrical

the

curve,

is,is
line

KNIGHT).

and
been

symmetrical
if the

treatment

sky-line

had

of the
been

it would

buildings than

formed

have

by irregulargables

of

varying height.
Regent

Street,

when

built,

was

regarded

as

piece

of

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

architectural
of the

which

importance

design,

that

drawings

to

scale

this now,

but

will not

holes

though perhaps

of

too

such
what

to

street,

that

of

which

for,there, I think, variety of treatment,

or

of

the

The

same

inhabitants.

A
to

want

eternal fitness of

certain

its next

design

is not

door
very

appearing
we

have

new

things in

to

to

much

appear

quarrel

with

fortunatelyhad

each

individually,are
when

with

very

other.

Of

nevertheless

viewed

en

masse,

in

streets

the
very

and

good

west

not

and

without

at

than

varied

in

of treatment

in

some

and

of

the

south-west

houses

architectural

pleasing

being

effect,without

of red-brick

highest

an

; one,

be

this kind

the

is

ornate

or

may

examples

many

neighbourhoods

always presenting

attractive

does

necessarilya

appearance

houses

good

in various

and

such

But

size

there

houses

is

of

class

the

there

persons,

more

considerably, and

districts of London,

effect

general

neighbour.

residential

without

their

And

in

house

him

to

social

events

same

a-year

door

matters.

of

the

"200

next

these
class

same

similarityin

all events,

for

all

of

indeed

For

at

or

fixed

street

for it,are

street,

occupies

specially

expressive

dwelling houses.

same

50-pounder

for the

all intended

in the

who

man

have

of

streets,

any

more

excuse

generally designed

are

row,

the

is

without

especiallyin

more

case,

shops than

houses

ordinary

interestingand

more

the

variety, and

of

case

dwelling

reasons,

not

for

call

in the

greater

of

facts

actual

shops.

the

is both

general design,

building,

grandiose effect

called

positionin

at

generation

street

called

be

may

are

in

laugh

reason.

which

not

of

sheets

We

future

street

complete

long

on

design.

methods

good

evidence

this effort in

to

the

sure

present

our

with

come

we

be

curious

collection, two

of the

sides

two

not

in

not

Grace

the

segments

must

we

pick

When

of the

successive

giving

paper

exist, in

there

attached

then

was

it is

and
itself,

in

design complete

247

which,
interest

satisfactory
a

good

deal

in
of

in detail

interest
in

which

we

; and

in

When
with

Road

Cromwell

In

other

hand,

these

are

that

decided

there

have

may

long

which

trade, among
another

street

will be

so

The

result is
of

face

only

for

and

individual

of
the

expression

with

front

one

building ; secondly, how

architectural
In

regard

allowed

rather

accustomed

to

drawing-paper
regard

to

what

this

to

latter

much

too

design
as

each

and

here

comes

their

space

is,or

is to

we

"

do

way

take

to

street

own

of

be,

care

so

on

closely

claims
in

of

side

of it.

effect

strip

has

been

Architects

block, marked
width,

the

tenement

itself.

clashing with

architecture

much
each

absolutely

narrow

this without

point, street

groups

of architectural

sometimes

next-door

regard

corners) presents

while

"

to

shouldered

street

for

meaningless

treatment,

of the

treatment

is

in

bank,

of

and

blank

street

offices

of

block

ments,
tene-

different

place

variety

the

at

only

can

business
to

one

buildings

in the

do

ing
carry-

the

arrangement

treatment
we

any

becomes

(except

can

In
devoted

blocks

architectural

what
: first,
difficulty
and

by

of

of

quite impossible

It is

on.

which

; for

production,

or

uses

very

another

number

together,each
distinct

the

interspersedin

thing

the

is,on

is for the

which

each

shops

symmetrical

the whole

far from

very

gratifying.

very

treatment.

suitably treated
in

not

special material

office, in

essential, or

one

of

row

and

as

tenements

sham.

in

of

one

suggestion,in

insurance

an

professionalmen,
such

separate

individual

and

and

variety ; especiallyin shops

call for

is every

London

Place

buildings there

business

specialbusiness

and

immense

and

shops

for varied
we

is indeed

buildings each

of

on
so

of

streets

streets

recent

more

an

on

of

class

Grosvenor

compare

we

some

them, the difference

ourselves

better

in the

as

years

of architecture

branch

no

decidedly compliment

recent

houses.

street

is

there

perhaps

so

may

improvement

of

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

248

off

on

the

much

without
Hence

are

we

see

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

cornices

and

the

front,

cut

oft"

the

string-courses run
which

short

vertical

property,

returned

Either

street

of

looks

too

of

much

been

cut

the

of which

the

front

ivtthin

the
so

walls
may

of
meet

one

the

two

as

flat

each

other.

instances

in

evidently

been

for

street

Batterbury

and

design

as

perty,
pro-

side

this

in

in

to

any

clash
see

has

An

view.
1

30,

sign
de-

shop front by Messrs.

Huxley

"

fronts

point

Fig.

"

III

"

the

it,where

details

"
a

neutral

Occasionally we

kept

of

somewhat

planes, without

which

is shown

example

comes

contiguous

projectingarchitectural
with

architect

each

wall
call

may

building

real

at

of blank

as

would

lines of the

leave

to

as

what

kept

bounding

little width

ground,

be

should

fit into
seems

the

over

it,the

of

side

each

had

It

it.

street

control

any

larger

much

this.

any

strip

to

impossible for

it is

have

on

in

that

suggest
where

for

character

of

room

was

obviate

to

is that

vertical

just so

available

possible

to

there

space

looks

various

portion

as

the

selves.
them-

often

if each

as

were

design,out

of

upon

result

buildings of

front

to

come

arrangement

The

be

to

boundary-line

or

awkward.

they

when

across

either

have

249

and

the

FIG.

130.

"

BATTERBUKY

SHOP

FKONT
AND

(mKSSRS.

HUXLEV).

MODERN

250

object

same

131,

is achieved

simple though
Mr.

by
angles that

ARCllll

in

LLiUkL.

characteristic

very

Hargreaves Raffles,

interferingwith

We

it.

see

is

butt

of

treated

so

complete

but
itself,

in

obvious

once

that

such

designs could

side

by

side

the

other.

be

three

or

evidently
similar

itself,
by
was

years

the

design

FIG.

I3"-STREET

(MR.

FRONT

HARCKEAVES

q^^

tending
site,where
with

by,
The

of

it would
the

roofing,is

interfere

to

collision

treat

to

be

your
in

WithOUt
the

with,

to

and

but

it to

The

or

limit of
be

served
obown

your
eX-

the

interfered

adjoining building.

question

street

liable

be

angle

absurd.

freely

Way,

any

erected

two

general principle
is

would
of

into

look

would

Mr.
hibited
ex-

ago,

admit

not

coming

turrets

good

Royal Academy

it ;

to

placed
each

132,

design being

next

two

effect of

Bedingficld, which
at the

it is at
no

the

in

design

street

enough

without

Fig.

been

which

interferingwith

t^m.

which

is effective

which

made

two

without

has

design

the

at

it

against

Fig.

tecture
archi-

street

occasionallyin

instances

in

in

manner

piece

which

design might

other

any

different

rather

of the

method

building,depending
one

of the

most

of

the

terminating

more

important

or

in

less

on

regard

to

upper

portion

the

method

the

eflfect of

of
a

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

of

here

; and

street

the

whole

of

not

much

so

treated.
*'

"

kind

has

far

as

of

highly

the

But
at

often

German

purchased
almost

may
"

cost.

series

of

gables

increased

means

difficulty in
water-tight

practical

and

; and

it means,

in

space

empty

and

the

roofs

empty
and

"

which

spaces

habitually get

cannot

large

of wasted

amount

the

getting

either

moreover,

roofs

keeping

off them

water

in old

streets.

is

we

"

lines
out-

prohibitive practical

say

goes,

gables

effect

heavy

is

justly

and

lofty

and

street

mire
ad-

varying

enriched

Dutch

gable facing the

We

appearance

effect of the

the

so

become

exceedingly, and
as

Whether

called

is

shibboleth.

of

be

to

are

What

sky-line

general effect

consequence

all

whether

as

the

particularbuilding.
with

terminated

be

to

with

more

the

with

than

street

building is

one

concerned

are

we

251

you
at

or

fig.

132.

"

design

front

street

rok

(mr. bedingfield).

inspect

spaces

"

attics,with

gabled
say

so,

it

or

low

street

to

apt

are

am

be

tary
insanismall

means

side-walls

is

and

uncomfortable

partially sloping ceilings.

and

picturesque,but unpractical; and,

afraid

that

if

in the

rooms

we

want

to

have

sad

the

as

best

The

it is to
street

MODERN

252

ARCHITECTURE.

buildingfor practicalpurposes,
least

at

as

like,to break
in this

the

of

is

for

that
but

you,

much
but

has

I think

will

and

(so far

and

of the

think

impervious

prospect

you

has

flat

all

be

all

And
be

got

is

is

by
of
an

we

get

may
one

real

to

architectural

; the

attic

chances

"

the

may

you

fireproof

houses

town

the

reflecting

have

in

in

therefore

balustrade
survival

to

not

effect which

as

hide

case

square

in habit.

is much

this

there

"

say,

sky-line by

; there

lutely
abso-

flat roof

the

break

the

little

height,

good

need

balustrades, which

or

may

people

and

air

buildings

rich

The

of

having

it that

Then,"

crowded

of

of

rooms

the

sham

to

of

mind

upon

like it better

practicaluse.

so

concrete, the idea

opportunities

I look

compensation

decorative

the

architecture.

we

of

pleasurableness,in

them.

height ;

same

there

things
now

the

city

seems

picturesque ;

habits

flat roofs

the

; the

sky-line." Well,

our

and

masses,

in

it

street

and

them, which

on

elsewhere

ceilingsunder

future

goes

for

room

iron

on

them

get from

may

is another

there

modern

of

and

roofs

conservatories

or

no

with

flat

the
well

It is all very

"

thing exists)the reflectingpublic.

usefulness

city, of

gardens

such

as

by

met

mention,

of the

our

itself

press

gable for

be

And

to

ideas

convenience

more

say,

seriously into consideration

facilities with

new

usefulness

architect

usual

our

"

afraid

likelythat, with

our

and

taken

been

almost

am

it ?

mostly

may

one

my

may

example

all did

we

If it

build.

up

he

and

general aspect

to

running

guided

be

may

straight lines,he

bad

setting a

with

it is

and

more

Only

variance

at

the

is

hardly

which

building
of

he

has

he

and

in my

the

here, however,

suppose

point which
yet, and

roofs

harm

no

little variety." Even

argument

in which

low-pitched

Well, there

of

there, if you

and

here

let it go,

to

content

architect

an

consideration

of the street

construction

"

the

gable

; and

straightline

partly by

consists

general ordinance.

be

must

wc

might

would

be

generally used
a

sloping roof,

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

consequently

which

repair

with

feature
In
to

regard

strip of

our

classes

of

of treatment,

the

there

less),and

something

the

do

is

Building Act

of

In

matter.

building

prominently
a

case

up

under

where

it

designed
richness
has

to

look

the

effect

best

its effect

main

for

portion of

from

portion of

front

higher
the

class

front

is

these

have

can

too

of

of

the
is

and

most

in

such

be

; not
see

evidently
an

on

front

been

increasing
natural,

in

street

it is all

the

much

covered

with

terra-cotta),which

allow

work

The

seems

would

be

London

design

building

it

place

boldly

sometimes

where

profusion.

of decorative

where

which

far

days

its very
the

its

in

especially

should

We

the

narrow

what

seen.

width

bearing

portion
seen

the

another

drawing-board,

; but

street

has

portion of

upper

(especiallyin
of

in the

the

on

the

ornament
some

well

whether

for this.

treatment

streets

narrow

towards

Often

lost.

in

effect,and

on

modelled

street

ground story,

be

never

can

ment,
treat-

former

In

wide

well

decorative

the

flat

into

run

upper

is the

distinct

the

in its allowances

be

ever

notice

our

that

buildings

street

hardly

can

fine

the

street

narrow

two

avoided, and
a

streets

narrow

versus

it is here

above,

and

quite inadequate

wide

question of
the

is

interest

the

matter.

in

of very

source

and

consideration, the

be

to

genuine

question

not

the

with

do

widely projecting cornices, though

projectingcornice

be

to

man

material, colour

openings

this

from

to

and

upon

It may

projectionsare

all events,

at

street,

of

cities,we

Apart

much.

has

street

effect

be

to

surface

features.

cities,especiallysmoky

said

be

may

for

spacing

architectural

too

giving expression

modelled

depending

latter

or

surfaces
of

methods
front

modelled
for

justifyingits existence.

street

the

(more

the

to

be

purpose,

useful

it would

flat roof

the

With

slate.

broken

the

except

on,

goes

ever

one

no

253

greater
of

the

concentrated

reallyseen.

loses

reticence

ture
expendion

the

MODERN

254

In

what

effect is got

have

by

the

piers,and

and

these

of

imparting

the

case

and

arrangement
actual

in

The

to

is

stand
of

certain

degree

apparently begun

its

by

may,

of

all,more

designs

that

for
been

genuine structural

arch

forming

separate

to

may

their

for

form

an

take

of

which

practicallydepend
which

is

not

this

front

in

is

to

constructed
abutment

the
in

quite satisfactory.

it, the

The

on

the

with

is

door

better)

only
arises
each

real

from
side

and, in fact,we

;
manner

the

of

some

which

arched

it.

arch

on

in

manner

this

seen

(which

on

loss

perhaps, after

above

or

this

the

have

we

wide
pier sufficiently

abutment

their

architectural

lately

arch,

to

appear

have

for

wall

all

to

; tradesmen

which

abutting

front

shop

shops
for

carries the

possible

however, signs

opening

an

demand

led

to

as

compensate

by

arch

getting

it that

the

has

are,

out

with

shop,

greatest

reallygood

is

windows.

so

There

carried

under

narrow

adequate

the

built

in

Hut

requirement

own

the

the

accordance

course,

Accordingly

formed

difficultyin treating a
necessity

real.

shops

included

either

being

the

shape, size,

house,

against this

appearance,

than

has

window

shops is, of

plate glass.

see

superior

imaginary

successful

shop

each

portion of light,the necessity for

small

in

positionsof

of re-action

to

features

past, being

within

expression

ground-floor front, which

time

long

great sheets

on

in the

spaces

framed

architectural

shopkeeper

wall

expression.

building.

general

the

by

glass

shops, for

our

in

the

difficultywith

made

of

amount

of

th"-

front

features, and

prominent

of

proportions and

the

great

which

of

the

in their

windows,

architectural

concentration

offices, have

regard

the

source

requirements

of

group

great

of

merely openings

are

of

type

moulding

flat type of front the

means

"

modelled

and

treatment

themselves

either

"

the

spacing, are

chief

the

called

windows

the

; in the

and

ARCHITECTURE.

sometimes

adjoining

visible

iron

ings,
dwell-

girder.

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

treated

perhaps

though
get

the

over

be

events,

so

pleasing a

quite

not

factory
satis-

in

the

usual

the

and

window,

of

absurd

cradling the

better.

In

of

kind

made

with

called

what

is

robs

less

light

arch, and
of
but

be
In

the

complete

ance
appear-

construction,
if there

as

girder behind

of

example
arch

for

very

modern

architecture.

large

this

respects this is

other

favourable

of

arch

much

very

dow
win-

sustaining

the

concealed

shop-front

large

than

masonry

it looks

must

it.

the

preserves

been

has

flat

all

(Fig. 133),

arches

bracket

at

piece of

compromise

by building

would,

Bechstein's

Collcutt

Mr.

shop, by

This

get

we

of that

would

construction, and

shop

sooner

entirelyrid

genuine,

long

has

crown

as

sham

the

which

cornice

be

tectural
archi-

an

than

of

abutment.

much

sense,

been

form

to

more

would

manner,

difficultyas

treatment,

wooden

decorative

in

255

The

use

ground-floor

offices,first suggested probably by

Mr.
at

Norman

the

Shaw

in his
of

bottom

Street, is illustrated

by

(Fig. 134),
be

objected

Mr.
an

buildings

St.
in

no.

133.

James's

another

Collcutt, the

effective

City

"

STREET

piece

Bank

in

l-KONl

of

(mR. COUXL'TT).

Ludgate

exceedingly picturesque front, though

that

the

lower

portion

has

hardly

tecture
archi-

street

the

Hill

it may

expression

MODERN

256

of

fortress-like

Very

few

which

seems

to

strength

bank
bank

buildings

confined

be

is thus

and
thrown
this

134.

fine
away.

design

to

CITY

BANK,

with

should

LUDGATE

for

point
of

most

the

of

security
the

cases

aim

costly

(mK. COLLCUTT).

powerful
may

bank.

dignified and

them

HILL

to

expression
; in

have

to

rendering

that

belong

all the

show

suggestion
The

RCHiriiCTURE.

which

building ought

FIG.

looking,

be

architectural

illustrated

United

by

States

effect
paring
com-

Trust

ARCHTTECTURE.

STREET

and

New

in

Company

York
of

massiveness

of such

km;.

too

;5.

belonging

whether
much

design completely

said

characteristic

shops

(Fig. 135), which

shows

suited

to

the

severity
purposes

building.

It is sometimes
the

257

any

a
a

we

have

lost

signs and

symbols

rNlIKli

TKLST

to

SIAIES

various

attempt

like

originatedin

"

that

to

period

trades

revive

conscious

when

CJ.

them

aesthetic

great deal

formerly

in

losing
with

associated

UKhH-t-

but

it may

would

not

"pose."

It

be
appear

belonged

large proportion of

the

doubted
a

to

little
and

population

258

MODERN

could

read.

not

ARCHITECTURE.

We

plainly in writing,and
up

that

I do

for the

method

accustomed

are

think

not

symbolical
be

now

people

persuade

^^^^A \
J^
"P^ .....M^t^^PI

tive

writing

the

of

and

the

house

subject to

the

in

regard

the

fig.

136.

"

(mr.

r.

house
a.

the

Mr.

R.

Mr.

Reginald

can

be

domestic

Fig. 136, by

Fig.

the

by

137,

both

are

houses,

street

for
In

less

predominance

and

taken

taining
enter-

of

rooms

of

houses.

nothing

but

former, the

briggs).

front

is relieved

in the

second

obtrusive

into

of

Blomfield,

which

building,and

called

Briggs,

examples

manner

an

concerned,

design.

good

dwelling

front

tectural
archi-

considerations

the

be

may

the

ter
charac-

as

distinction

and

to

possess.
far

is

from

consequence,

A.

of

scale

is,as

same

rooms

feeling in

buildings,

slice of

is

what

letters

compressed

single vertical

of

hideous

architectural

house

to

and

the

the

expression
country

decora-

names

building may

street

to

more

pay

monster

of

of any

which

be

and

their

over

destruction

street

to

up

having

perhaps

would

their

give

all

up

would

tasteful

up

and

practice of
stuck

likelyto give

purpose

the

to

trades,

are

tradespeople

attention

^^

the

to

more

state

What

one.

thing

to

by

the

which

slightly curved

floor,without

feature, is

in

the

lines

projecting them
good

point.

flatness
of the

of

windows

to
sufficiently

Fig. 138, by

the

form

Messrs.

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

and

Wimperis

statelyaspect
and

to

me

than

rather

of

this

though

of

matter

kind, rather

of

the

pilasters

building,
be

association

or

personal feeling. Generally

speaking, however,
sized
at

house

street

should

at

formal

and

architectural
The

question

of

not,

than

of

about

kind

what

of

use

past

much

is

architecture

however,

which

windows,
of
main

called
"

and

styles

any

is of

as

other
as

to

piers

should
as

class
the

of

T.

blomfield).

be

that

treated

pilastersor

as

in

arch

of

regard

is, the
as

There

buildings.

method

importance

some

building, and

either

R.

gate

buckingham

house,

137."

street

street

emphasized,

kig.

(mr.
to

question

one

tertain
en-

applicable

to

as

we

from

little

as

more

tecture,
archi-

are

details

ages
or

of

features

does

street

ideas

architectural

the

style

especially,
other

any

tional
conven-

affect

whatever

the

aim

character.

course,

architecture

of

ordinary-

an

quiet picturesqueness rather

than

"

to

the

perhaps

may

it appears

of that

formality

sense,

seems

with

domestic

; the

more

in that

but

wanted,

something

or

house

effect,and

variance

at

character

of

club,

private dwelling
it that

gives

small

client

the

rather

; it is successful

house

what

give

to

attempt

an

street

been

suggest

only

to

have

may

is

Arber,

259

the

grouping
to

the

question

vertical

piers,and

sion
expres-

whether

features
the

is,

to

windows

be

26o

MODERN

grouped
as

between

flat wall

them

thickness

aesthetic

fitness is
the

wall

should

with

be

wall

is

different

treated

windows

strongest construction

blocks

as

the

plane,pierced

the

very

piers

whether

is the

of
a

or

same

former

average

of

all in the

The

required.

ARCHITECTURE.

where

(unless the

considerable),

very

The

matter.

of

Fig.

offices

by

39,

whether

the

this

is

depends

not

of

the

lines

it is

tendency,
vertical

of

be

gaining

is

(.MESSRS. WIMPERIS
ARBER).

FRONT
AND

the

vertical

between

piers, with

them,

tends

on

warehouse

look,

impression of

domestic

be

any

doubt

that

the

in the

also

the
the

to

whole

front;

character;

such

at

treatment

to

it

the

give
is

at

all events
is

"

means

the
the

on

building
separate

emphasis

the

curtain

unsuitable

look,

with

variance

the

hardly

can

to

of
wall

"

business

there

the

ture
struc-

But

The

in

of

new

effect.

and

only

in their

powerful

intended.

windows

latter

emphasis

for which

treatment

the

of

adjoining

question depends
purpose

nature

horizontal

line

may

to

the

an

racter
cha-

desired

Where

mainly

or

tions
propor-

the

of

buildings.
are

front, and

the

it,and

to

tical
ver-

front, the

which

give

the

desirable

on

the

block

(Mr. G.

architect

lines of

the

eminent

an

B. Post),emphasizes

HOUSE

ment
treat-

separate

in

American

138."

its

running verticallythrough
design, as

FIG.

but

street

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

house.

dwelling
of the

not

in

warehouse

of

the

with

But

buildings
have

in

floor, without

solidity in
the

of

pier

visible

is

exactly

support
the

architectural

New

by
and
must

some

eccentric

of

ground

constructive

so

the

each

of

whole,

the

in

one

called

"

(Fig.

derided

was

absurd

most

and

it

in

the

sign
de-

of

portion

story, containing the

doorway,

there

is

eccentricity which

an

Mr.

When

that

centre

form

to

as

up

between

building ;

admitted

fact,

in

Chambers

as

to

each

city front,

persons

be

business

or

first built, it

141), was

the
trance
en-

tous
gratuiis

quite

LNIOX

(mk.

open

to

design

criticism.
of

the

expression

of

But

front, so
the

narrow

(Fig.

lighton

sense.

Zealand

and

Glasgow

or

right

Shaw's

Norman

necessarilytall

building,

whole,

carrying

windows,

the

"

of

give

it is desired
of

is

of

case

ployed
em-

Burnet

appearance

built

range

the

losing

principle

strong

the

shops

great deal

to

to

which

in

effect

Mr.

by

140).

be

of

front

Athenaeum

hand, in the

tuation
accen-

may

piers

design

the

in

as

vertical

good

of

unity

other

class, which

this

proportion,

the

On

261

the

to.

Tkl-Sl
g.

b.

-s

Ul

ILDINCS

post).

general

far from

being eccentric,

practical construction

; two

is

reallya

solid

brick

frank

piers

A RCm

MODERN

262

built

are

them
The

to

up

the

support

window

and

openings

principlehas

buttress
be

can

adopted

been

J URE.

ILL

in

the

with

played
good

and

pleasure.

at

it is

adopted

expressed

often

not

office

best

the

however,

American
for

sought

in

designed
Price

for the

great
have
it

OF

(MR.

vicious

J.

method

principle;

and

architects

and

of

building, contrary

it is to

be

hoped

that before

building-owners alike,

may

the

apparent
is

only

concealing

structure,

to

such

knowledge,

The

exterior

all its

of

masonic

masonry

of

ment,
treat-

genuine

that

simple

effect if

however,

such

ATHES^L'M

GLASGOW

J. BURNET).

Surety

height, would

construction
-FKONT

Bruce

powerful

architecture.

veneering

the building

Mr.

by

and

all

were

dows,
of win-

buildings

very

the

loftytower

142,

This

scale

have
in

American

Company.
in

of the

some

ranges

Fig.

in

erected

effect

their

successive
as

lofty

very

architects

simple piercingof
with

design.

the

buildings now

America,

and

openly

so

of

some

that

thoroughly

so

in
characteristically
In

ings,
build-

business

many

only
it is

between

front, and

terior
in-

an

of steel,robs
to

my

mind,

impressiveness;
all true

it is

architectural

long the Americans,

come

to

recognize

give

gigantic

architectural

up

sham,

besides

building which,

of

method

this, and

26j

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

is

without

not

its

being

element

of

danger.

FIG.

Where
as

to

street

show
for

141."

double

NEW

ZEALAND

front is

placed

front,there

emphasizing

(mR.

CHAMBERS

the

is

at

SHAW,

NORMAN

the

angle

of

B.A.).

two

streets,

so

tunity
generally a legitimate oppor-

angle by

special

treatment,

264

MODERN

generally by
of turret
is

or

ARCHITECT

the

injj^
up

carry

cupola

at

that

generally prominently

building so
As

point.
seen

I 'HE.

from

this

in

is

it is

tectural
archi-

it should

that

but

emphasized,

be

the

building

with

keeping

thus

may

the

points of view,
fitness

be

kind

some

portion of

several

quite

form

to

as

it

whether

questioned

frequent practice of

ing
mak-

the

angle-

at

the

altogether a good

one.

entrance

should

angle

The
be

to

appear

the

ing
strongest portion of the buildmake

; to

door

in

it is

weaken

constructivelyto
In

it

the

Heathcote,

has

solid

architect, Mr.
set

is

design

as

better

AMERICAN

142

(mR.

SURETY
BRUCE

CO.'s

is

on

curve,

immediately

looking
and
above

The

of

this may

the
a

by

weakly

well-known

building (Fig.

the

angle

on

the

price).

ground
glass window,

of

city

144), where

BUILDING

of

mass

appreciated

angle

London
FIG.

tion,
atten-

it with

comparing
treated

ample
ex-

(Fig.143).

masonrj'

the

an

worth

.'iJllilJlJLjil^aE satisfactoryeffect
be

in

treating this portion

by
the

best

buildings

Manchester

which

of the

one

street

recent

of

large entrance

still weaker

that
this

heavy

empty

from

solid

space.

story
the

is

fact

large plate

that

the

plan

sculptured panel hangs

The

two

together

form

an

the

object lesson, as

143.

"

artistic,
partly
now,
we

and

admire

treatment

the

STRONG

richlycarved

in the

street

angles, which

architecture

HG.

ANGLE.

practical

of

is

worth

students.
for

of material

question

FIG.

the

of architectural

attention
The

to

265

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

We

one.

and

live

144.

"

under

picturesque timber

old quarters of

some

cities

are

WEAK

is

partly an

ANGLK.

Building Acts
fronts

tabooed

which
for

us

266

law.

the

by

timber

I do

is too

building will
cast-iron

be

another

much

hold

; but

the

well

; but

it is

have

People
materials

disease

in

some

recent

which

enables

timber

all

us

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of

old

it

be

to

seem

I confess

that

leaning

towards

run

stone,

of

cement,

bad

contrast

I wonder

The

and

after

all

and

not

of

house, pretending

cement

was

cement

of

tone

it has

on

and
not

employment

to

brick

be

more

of coloured

often

to

as

of

to

good

take

hold

it in.

all

it must

for towns

usefulness

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overlooked.

the
a

to

who

dignified of

stone, and

building,

surface, may
been

be

But

end

over-conservative

much.

be

in

people

most

to

abomination.

an

perhaps

seems

from

temptation

unable

too

prohibitive.

richly decorated

the

buildings, only

carved

than

material, perhaps,

one

the

time.

washable

effect

great

it and

brick

new

worse

not

glaze

it is rather

weak

as

be

reticence

by

properly treated,

brickwork,
of

with

class

best

carefullyselected

of

want

perhaps

extent

some

work, though

away

be

all-over

to

I still have

for the

materials

emulate

the

and

it is the

texture,

fiftyyears'

be

has

atmosphere-

glazed

and

is the

It

of

town

cost

with

used

been

and

over-ornamentation
to

polish

buildings,and

street

fronts

if the

street

would

it will

and

present

in

of

use

remedy
even

has

Terra-cotta

many

of

fire,than

Brick

fuel.

brick

of

of oak

at

aspect

the

respects,
of

lar^c

dirt collector, and

different

the

cities,but

in

of colour, richness

and

very

used

midst

of

mass

architecture

preaching

the look

Imagine
end

this

front

whole

warmth

soot

great

been

in

the

disintegratingeffects

will have

streets

make

street

of

story-post within

oak

complain

cities,when

longer, in the

"

it resists

to

floor

it

and

the

for

recommend

to

ou^ht
in

an

is then

it

material

wc

that

up

matter;

IRE.

material

quite true

column

favourite

think

not

dangerous

It is

masses.

1 1 EC!

ARCH

MODERN

often

The

hiding

partial employment
means

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materials

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has
to

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ble
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more

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would

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ence
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colourists?

whole

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as

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streets.

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zfyj

ARCHITECTURE.

STREET

in

That

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decorative
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symbolical
SCULPTUKK

(MK.

BEK"Si''OkD

FlTfij-

figure subjects,accompanied
by

decorative

addition

to

accessories, is perhaps
street

architecture,rather

to

be

than

regarded
part of it.

as

an

There

263

have

been

good

for

streets,
for

does
is

done

few

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the

would

for

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flat

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face

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street

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figure

or

building.
which

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artistic

two

Fig.

front, and
interest

the

in

stone,

would

145

represents

which

may

thus

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architect,

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be

than

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raises

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in

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ture
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ARCH

MODERN

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CHAPTER

NOTE

WORD

modern

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the

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Greek

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stone,"

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pliable material.

the

on

material

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architecture

sandstorie

architecture, in which

concave

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broadly

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detail consisted

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building

buildings

detail

Egyptian

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to

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exercised

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IRON.

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has

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INFLUENCE

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ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

27"

forms

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also for the execution

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degree of

great

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of

refinement

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edges left,preserving
which, if executed
have

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in the

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a

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be

abundance
substance

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at

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NOTE

TO

AS

the

ordinary building stone,

for

facing),adopted

brickwork,

of

or

Looking

their

of

past, each

cheaper

all these

at

and

and

not

should

question. What

and

how

should

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in

abundance

there

is

in

; and

peculiarly modern
material

us,

far

so

in

nothing

adjuncts,such

revived

on

practical engineering
harbours

in

floors
to

in

utilize

and

unsightly

in

its

character

constructional

work

or

for

the

its

most

have

supposed

most

of

various

recent

times

owing
of

the

been

been

attempts

chiefly to

the

be

met

bald

erected
it

main

have

the

detail, while
to

and

fire-proof

attempts

in

purely

docks

for

buildings

found

for

and

economy,

these

but

interesting architectural
has

is,with

for the

for

"

also

impossibilityof producing

employment

itself,any

used

foundations

There

buildings ;
of

in

and

in

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anything

like

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economy

imaginary

more

real.

than
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use

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mainly

work.

account

walls

and

medium,

it

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is

little encouragement,

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engineering work,

it,on

visible

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or

architectural

has

concrete

large scale,

are

polished panels

as

make

do

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style.

shafts, etc.

or

of

manufacture

suggest,

architectural

critics

and

consequently only used,

colours, polished columns

The

to

material

architecture

can

we

materials

two

the

building materials,

styleof

brick

nature

of

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part, in decorative

these

as

their

type

de

and

abundance,

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architectural

modern

our

of

natural

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are

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have

we

modern

stone.

stylesof

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nature

of

base

building

the

by
that

unnatural

on

building in

of

varieties

available, it is

marble

of the

that

principleto

with

271

precious material

common

more

influenced

them

raise the

similar

buildings

IRON.

OF

merely

not

somewhat

veneering

Romans,

INFLUENCE

THE

of

does

not

concrete

architecture

likely,therefore,

seem

will

have

properly

so

any

influence

called.

It

that

on

is

the

the

revival

style

immensely

of

of

the

modern

useful

in

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

272

the

where

foundations

cost, floors of

moderate

character

than

suggested

in the

of
roofs

of

place

in

by leading

the

its

But

sloping
will

use

another

is

There

; which

has

taken

the

whole

and
of

science

of steel, such

structure

absolutely impossible.
critics

architectural
nineteenth

works

century

architecture

style

of

And

such
of

what

the

and

in

our

based

of

real

the
to

are

modern

utilizing to
its

qualities of

the

thirteenth

life in

from

evolving
the

on

and

been
tectural
archi-

are

the

genuine

days

have

they

to

was

recognizing

material, and

architecture

that

of

the

some

these

as

cathedral

only hope

would

argued by

period ;

works

method

Before

Bridge

be

may

revolutionize

whole

works.

now

modern

what

to

as

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in

engineering

in

bridges

modern
the

our

modern

it is

entirely

place

Forth

great

the

consists

this

utmost

that

; and

century

that

the

as

which

"

degree of

engineering

which

building.

iron

is

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important

of

"

constructingengineering

and

designing

and

treatment,

large

so

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in

limited, except

design

certain

struction.
con-

practicalfunctions,

employment

susceptibleof

is

architectural

called

material,

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extensive
one

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to

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not

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of

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line
sky-

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on

employment

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to

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at

monumental

and

some

probably

purely engineering structures,

do

have

construct,

to

us

timbcr-joistcd floors

architecture

our

it enables

previous chapter,

factory
is unsatis-

state

indestructible

more

old

our

iron

with

; in combination

natural

its

in

ground

use

the

the
new

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material.
The

premiss

but

the

deduction

It

is true

that

characteristic
were

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in

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from

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Mediaeval

states

argument
it is open

bridges
of
era.

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to

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a

of the

present
It

is

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unquestionable

great

deal

engineer
era,

also

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as

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that

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the

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intellectual
invention
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; it

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does
it

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not

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implies the
was

steel

is not

bridge

its aim

is in

beyond

the

architecture,in the

what

will

chance

of

and

true

producing

of their

day, just as

it is

that

that

all)that

it is

have

far

as

the

engineer of

to

last ; and

we

(which

means

Iron

of the varieties

the weather

any
a

he

reason

great

; and

steel

either

structure

continual

of

their
lies

material

of the

Greek,

stands

on

scraping

with
and

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treatment

more

he

;
to

important

appearance

long
"

quite

natural

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and

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stone

in

how

get

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"

surface

(what

cautiously replied that

with

till we

not

believe, in reality. I

to

kind

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them

of

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monumental

not

engineer's

against believing

to

material

architect.

requirespainting or

cathedral

the characteristic

as

tecture
archi-

the domain

artificially
prepared material, not

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it

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to

livingarchitecture

and

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was

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the

it to withstand

enable

than

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word.

architects

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in

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enter

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of

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stone

aim

utilitarian

therefore

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and
utilitarian,

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than
Forth

architectural

an

of

kind

engineering and

artistic

an

prove

like the

artistic element.

or

not

architecture,"which

"

scientific

same

necessarilyor usuallyanything

merely

I would

with

built

structure

the

273

scientific rather

is

; whereas

aesthetic

does

large structures

fallacyof

structure

great

in

structures

Bridge

of the word

use

been

has

or

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essentially

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epoch.

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ambiguous

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IRON.

that

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proves

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era

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architectural
the

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And

epoch.

are

present

thing

same

shows

only

artistic

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is the

OF

INFLUEXCE

in artistic creation.

not

science

value

of the

triumphs

and

THE

TO

AS

NOTE

or,

so

asked

once

expected

it
"

care

proper

painting, and
T

examining

replacingof rivets)he

and

last five centuries.

not

really

ARCHITECTURE.

MODERN

274

word

"'

which

stone,"
be

can

without

before,

used

include

to

build

to

Had

the

Parthenon

(as they

the

on

say

three

hundred

addition

its

of

effect

architecture
beautiful

the

in the

largely
large

the

outlay

who

the

slightestdispositionto

of

their

the

class
use

lofty

the

same

any

"

advanced

buildings

considered

are

in

same

views

which

in

"

on

our

own

this

of

is

this

(as

recently

structures,
return

Americans

for

themselves,

steel-framed

structures

to, have

not

and

methods

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materials

halls,public libraries,

importance

question

while

has

of

deal,

what

That

economic

dignity and

country.

to

great deal

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class

just referred

or

it the

fact

an

privatedwelling-houses,churches, town

find

have

we

structure.

for

and

proportions

same

producing

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from

or

grandeur

involves

economic

for

effect

the

of

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America

of

proud

city buildings

the

steel

materials

offices,in which

for

of

of iron

the

of

structural

any

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principal object,the

is the

rather

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of

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impossible that

employment

the

obvious

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introduced

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more

preceding chapter) steel building

blocks

viz.

after

It is

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question of
is

and

monumental

building

whatever

tacitlyrecognized

been

of

ever

still remain

mere

violence

required

"

expressive in building,which

and

observed

can

stone

With

must

than

more

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of

dimensions.

and

visible

principal materials

breadth

into the

of existence.

question

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and

state

practicable building

"

is that of appearance.

designed

structure

the

materials

natural

suffered

this moment,

at

years

this

to

character, there

as

stage)

of

class

their

be

life for

short

order, using

stone

in

not

of its roof, it would

In

is but

all the

with

early despoiled

thousand

the

it should

why

sec

preparation beyond cutting blocks

any

shapes.

of

structure

as

not

five centuries

But

monumental

did

Let

of the

beauty
;

and

any

we

of architectural
should

architect

employment

of

of

iron

to

propose
of

park,

client

the

would

and

idea

on

his

own

and

what

doubt

no

275

in

concrete

end

of

full

it

as

an

of

art

economic

and

art.

based

iron

he

answer

true

sense

bad

and

merely
aim,
of

it

the

reasoning
architecture.

producing
or

that

architecture

on

engineering

relinquishes

the

in

fallacy,

the

not

it

architecture

an

complete

remains

structures,

modern

revolutionize

to

between

still

whenever

be

confusion

expressive

is

be

to

Architecture

will

approved
be

can

iron

that

therefore

and

and

there

IRON.

mansion,

private

and

modern

OF

get.
The

hold

his

erect

to

most

construction,

INFLUENCE

THE

TO

AS

NOTE

beautiful

utilitarian

will

word,

and

ones

to

cease

and

there

be

INDEX

205,

204,

the

Admiralty,

new

R.A.

141

139,

54

53,

246

Rich"

157,

American

houses

cottage
"

high buildings

house

Architect

decorative

and

surveyor

and

workman

Architects

J.
and

(jarner

"203

Brooks

235," 236;

130,
Caroe

bi

"

T.

229,

256

and

Fordham

Elmes

106

"

66

las.

149

Russell
162

214;
l^Iav

"

66,

257

Hare"
;

G,

A.
124,

Heathcote"

son
Gib-

Webb

Bell"

Architectural

134,

and

73

"

166

design,

process

of:

134,
Webb

260

13-15
T

38

"

158
X5S

10

the

\'on

167

and

I54.

259,

J.
188;

Wallot

A."

specialists :

Street

166,

"

I45.

association,

218

187,

Aston

Arber"

235;

234,

R.

R.A.

60

50.

128;
;

and

Wimperis
"39.

"

87

92

162,

88, 90

165,

;
"

Stephenson

M.

Hennicke

Waterhouse,

A.

Architects

H.

Vaudremer

and

Ingress

216,

73

"

129

Shepley,

Vanbrugh"

Schroeter"

Hall

264

188;

Hude

107

156,

57,

"

51;

88,

263

81,

"

E.

219;

161,

"

131,

Shaw,

Swasey"

A.

Twist"

Aston

105,

Stokes

L.

Vaudoyer

Ende

"

; Ginain"

I19

T.

67

Gibson"

Goldie

\V.

Von

Flagg

E.

"49,

150;

"

250
"

128,

77,

261,

103

nam
Put-

;
"

Schmidt

Norman

Coolidge

102,

"

223

"

der

65

"

Steindl

158,

255,

212,
and

Rutan,

Douglas

E.
;

117,
H.

Fais

153

"

Grotjan"

93,

200,

"

46

"73,

133;

"

Fellowcs

Ricardo

"

"

Bruce

68;

Bedding"

D.

J.
Seddon

P.

63

P.-Hett

Raffles

-151
; Rouyer
de
Gi^ors"
148;

Robson

III;

225,

144,

Du

104

"

Scellier

85,

"

94

I).

W.

34;

Emerson

W.

Frankl"

160,

157,

"213,

Boeckmann

and

217

81

"

199

67,

"

I'ite

8,

Pugiu"

Hargreaves

62,

261

264

Otzen

"

260,

"

262,

92

119,

136, 137

231,

Richardson

133;

121,

120,

"

142,

DoUinger"

R.

Brown

Champneys

CoUcutt"

Jas.

S.

Burges"

Basil

E.

154;

and

Brydon

M.

1.

220;

250

Ro,juct

258

"

86-S9

74,

Raschdorfl"

163

and

Briggs

234

"

224

E.

156

R.A.

Post

91,

"

Bodley

230,

207

Beresford

B.

Millard

Xenot"

Poelaert"

"

211

W.

Pearson,
"

G.

Prynne

76

"

259

233
Price

124,

Bernier"

Boileau

An-

Batterbury

258,

A.

63,

"

13S

206;

63

"

R.

122,

Haltard"

Burmester

205,

Bedingfield"

Hlomficld"

T.

R.

76

are

219

"

(the)"

and

Belcher"

works

Adam

102,

Beeston

"

whose

or

249

Pearson

W.

Little

A,

210,

206,

"

L.

J.

T.

267,268;

34,

"

Newton

95

94,
G.

33

35

author

loi,

39,

"

Ernest

223

222,

27

153

132,

and
;

Mountford-

W.

E.

199;
130,

120,

39

Ballu

198,

Lamb

210;

193,

192,

"

Knight"

121-123

20,
15,
Loiimer"

S.

Jackson,

G.

72

"

Leeming"

R.

May

"

26

Robert

J.

G.

F.

Laloux

Lethaby"
230;

"

219-224

to

16;
197

274

Huxley"

251

262,

:"

themius"

Harry

artist

referred

illustrated

and

230

artist

an

as

and

"96,

229,

house-planning

in

234

architecture

taste

"

houses

apartment

232

Hunt-S4,

T.

154,209;

157

R.

M.

R.

231,

14s,

"

245,

U.S.A.

Dartmouth,

Hal),

Alumni

churches

in

qualities

Acoustic

22S

Horsley"

G.

Wren

278

L\DE.\.

Architectural

drawing

36, 37

features : 2, 16
Architecture
and literature
modern

conditions

and

at

Ashorne

Hall:

('hurch-likc
Church

19

:
:

I, 28

37, 39

of

of

78

charactef

in design : 59
Redeemer, ClerkenweU

Holy

pUnniog :
:

78

19

professionor an art
the Koyal Academy

music

of

Churches, claisiBcation

been

30

216, 217, 218

'H

"-'"'

47, 50^ 54,

"tvlc'*! 401
"
sboaUl
i
oner
55;

"Charcb

w'

nc

.'

56

A8|"ect of dwelling-houses:
184
Autcuil, church at : 73

178,

177,

Churches

without

town^

87

CitjrBanktLodgatcir
ClMiic cotemn as an
Clokkfooms
in pobiiv

1C5.

"

116
Clnba

: 237-340
Clnb-hoose
architecture

Bacon, hit "Euaj

building": 189,

on

190
Dank

Coloured

buildings: 256
for Government
Barry's scheme

ture

Offices

Town
Hall : 130
in churches:
82; in

licrlin Cathedral
Houses

BirminghamLaw
Blackfnars

Courts

Bridge :

Blenheim

:
:

schools

as

Collcutt

106-109

1 34

"Cragside":

Decorative

Law

Courts

136, 137
of Parliament
at

Budapest, Houses

Domestic

Doors

102-

at, 235, 237

Building materials,ancient and modem

Drains
:

269-271
screen

Bullers Wood

:
"

91
206

34

34

33

opening

wrong

way

of

175

16

part of the design : 27

Drawings, necessityof : 28, 29

Dwelling-houses,classification
184

Ecole

sculptors:

:
151
in street architecture

condiliotu
architecture,

Ecclesiastical
and

Lyccc

accessories

artist

house

apartment

Carvers

at, 55
202

267, 268

house-front

French

on

Decorating firms

Cathedral

20i,

235

Dandet,

"

church

200,

171-174
British Museum
: 159, 160
Venetian
a
Browning, on

Built rood

172

nuUerial

229

Covehithe, ruined

Bridges

104

architectural

an

"

"

151
Bodley'slibrary: 8

243
Brussels

arcbitcc-

street

187

Bloomsburj-,flats in
Board

ings
public build-

67-71, 76

of Parliament

in

Connecticut,house in : 220
Corner
buildingsin streets : 263, 264
Cottage architecture : 227-230
Cottage defined : 227
Cottace
by Mr. Horsley : 228 ; by Mr.

12a

1 1 1

materials

271

Battersea
Hells

265, a66

Concrete

138,141
Basilica at Tours : 72
Bath municipal buildings
:

Lonikia

in

S39" "40

des

tradition 151,

Beaux-

Arts

of:

183,

54, 55

31

Edinburgh municipal buildings: design

62 ;
Westminster,
Truro,
62,63; Berlin,67-71, 76; Liverpool
(proposed), 63-67 ; Marseilles, 73, 74
Chancel, the : 47, 48, 5 1
French
Chateau, modern
:
204

by Messrs. Leeming, 121, 122 ; by the

author, 122, 123 ; another
competition
design, 123
Educational
buildings : 1 51-162

Chelsea

Engineering

Christ's

:
Vestry
131
Hospital(proposednew): 154-156

Hall

"

Endall's
between

"

Manor

205, 206

and

architecture, confusion

273,

275

INDEX.

279

R.

Hunt,

Morris,

mansion
Faculte

de Medicine, Paris

Fergusson

"

Fire-enginestations : 150
Fireplace,positionof: 215,
Forth

by

156, 157

66, 146

Bridge

; house

at

New

54
York

232
Hants

j^ress

199

1 1

216

272 ; not architecture

French
architects : 31
church
architecture : 71-77
:

231,

acoustics

on

205

Hurstboume,"

Hydraulic

country houses

by

273

224, 225

Ill(^ical
planning :
Imperial Institute:

I43

plan

145;

144,

of:

142

architect,the
Incomplete

39

Inspiredartisan" theory : 28
Institute of painters in water-colours
"

Galliera

Paris : 160, 162

Museum,
Church, Stuttgart : 93, 94, 95

Garrison

houses

Georgian
(Jerman

houses

213

Iron

203
Gothic

material

architectural

an

as

modern

272-

275

with

compared

161

English :

95
villas,old and

Glasgow
Gothic

"

not

Government
Graded

and

schools

Grave

work

Grimthorpe,

Lord

192-195

134
Kew

12

Jardine Hall

152

of modern

Gothic," the
churches, need of : 46

Great

pared
com-

136-142

151,

"

recent

93, 94
offices

226

225,

261, 262
style : 55, 61

church

revival

"

new

Athenaeum

Bridge

171

KirklevingtonGrange

210

aspect of

Kitchen, proper

178

H
' '

Haddon

"

Hall

mansions

house

Haslemere,

at

Holy TrinityChurch,
92
Home

and

Foreign

Hotel

de

Ville

234

213, 214
Sloane
Street

Offices
of

109;

88,

138, 141

180

116-

Paris:

118 ; of Vienna
:
:
109 ; of Hamburg
:
112, 118 ; designsfor at Valence
130

House, architectural
182, 185, 186, 190
Avenue

Bois

expressionof
de

Boulogne

modern

Houses

requirements : 177-181

pretentious : 186
in flats : 233-236

Budapest,
Berlin

"

102-104

106-109

Tokio

loi,
:

102;

104 ;

Leipsic:

135;

London:

ham
Birming-

sculptureby : 121
Lessing Theatre, Berlin : 168, 169
15, 20, 27
Life of iron
:

R., views
and

273,

on

stone

architecture

structures

pared
com-

274

Liverpool Cathedral, design for, by

Messrs.
Bodley and Garner : 63 ; by
Mr. Brooks, 63, 64 ; by Mr. Emerson
:
65, 66 ; by Mr. Hay : 66, 67
"Local

London:

131-136;

99,

134
G. A.,

Lethaby, W.

176, 177

of Parliament

"34;

'33.

232,

picturesque" type of : 183

planned like a cathedral : 223, 224
with
planning, ancient, compared
:

Courts:

Lawson,

"

modern

Law

181,

233

House,

Lavatories, etc., in public buildings:

115, 116; in dwellmg houses:
179,

211,

colour"

in

house

212

London
Bridge :
Lycees, French:

171
151,

152

architecture

LXDEX.

28o

"

"

of churches:

Paatage-aisle plan

48

50. 9"
Mairies, French
"*

Mnijons

Mansions

183, 184, 187

Pater, Walter,

128-130

Can-.pagnc,"French

de

Pediments

ideal

Bacon's

186

190; fornial : 191, 192, 195; plan

of, by author : 1 96, 197 ; "rambling"
in towns:
type of:
195, 198, 199;

"

"

Picturesque

Picri,

Materials

for

street

265,

266
Mcdiii^val church

plan

47 ;
churches

for modern

53

Medical

Colletjc,London
: 157
Metropolitan Club, New York : 238
Minnesota
State House, design for : 105,
merits

Municipal and State

:
96, 109
Museums
: 158-161

of

architecture

183

archi"'-'"f'

trasted

3
ancient

and

coi"-

3-4

Paris

Mirabeau

172

Post-office architecture

Public

Pugin

186

tect
part of archi-

on

12

pared
com-

146-148

in booses

character

Prevision, necessityof

208, 209

house

modern

Pretentious

windows,

house

in street

o!

of Kcnaiktance

Pont

106
Mullioned

""( :

use

of
'-v :
4-6, 112public
Il6;ofdom"
:
5, 6, 176.^"
180; ofcburcii^^.
56-59
47
31,
Police stations : 1 48- 1 50

nism
anachro-

an

type of

treatment

Planning,

71. 74
architecture

30

etc.,

259, 260
Plan

Cathedral

windows,

"S

of:

Marseilles

arcbilcctare

on

over

planning : 154-156
cheap churches : 46

school
on

Queen's Hall, London

Narragnnsett,seaside cottage
Natural
New

North

Chambers

Waliham,

Northampton
A^citz'taux

church

at

158
k

55

153
architecture
house

riches and

Rapid building:

Record

Mr.

Tower,

for:

200

Nursery, proper

aspect of:

133
Club

Reform

178

Renaissance

Reredos,
Roman
"'

Colonial

221,

222

99,

Old

"

American

States

example

Paul's

St.

Seddon's

and

94, 95

exteriors

plasteron

Royal Academy

design

3
60

Wiesbaden

thermx

Roughcast

147

140,

style, United

modern

:
24
houses

Ring Kirche,

Office of works

33

230

261

Institute

London:

History Museum,

Zealand

at

215

30

223

Opera Comique,
House,

Paris

163

St.

Petersburg
16S, 169

Bayreuth :
Oratory, the, Bronipton
:
Organ chamber
52
Oxford

Town

for,by Mr.

Hall:

Ricardo

165

Augusiin,

Paris

St. Clare, Sefton

124-128;

design

Dyfrig's, Cardiff",Sedding's design

131

lor:

St.

-77

George's, Worcester

St. Mary Woolnoth

St. Paul, address
Palaces

98, 99
Parthenon
:
56. 274
Pastellists' Pavilion, Paris

St. Paul's

St.
:

32, 2,Z

90
St.

: 86, 87
76
Park, Liverpool : 88,

Willesden

St. Andrews,
St.

61

44

:
on

50
Mars

87
Hill

42, 45

60

Sophia, Constantinople : 16,

22,

43

iZl

INDEX.

St,

Stephen's,Walbrook

50

Cariatides, Paris :
du Manage
:
130
Saracenic
style not monumental
Salle des

Sash

windows

Sculpture

Thatched

houses

185, 230,

of, 170

von

Tower
Town

fronts

Shop

Hall
254,

Sorbonne,

the

Spencer,

Mr.

architect

Spires and

120

119,

new

origin of

on

churches

architecture
versus

classified

Steps, effect of,at entrance

as

271,

274
arciiitecture

Street

to

248,
of

design

of

249

fronts

contiguous

their advantages

of

treatment

244

243,

247
interference

question of gables :
flat

Trinite, church

251

tectural
archi-

flat

250

expressionof

church

in

church

8, 62, 63
:

York

209,

210

257

130. "3i
Vauxhall
Bridge

51

Tower

172
112

VirginiaLibrary,Chicago
24 ;

at

161, 162

in

architecture, 46
:

Herbert's

George

Symbolism,
Keble's

Cathetlral

Victoria
23,

dows
win-

N'alencc,designs for Hfltel de Ville

258, 259
:

mullioned

253.

Street (G. E.), on chancels

Style in architecture : 21,

to

roofs,

252 ; motlelletl and

fronts compared

254
house, architectural

as

Co.'s oflices,New
Tutor's house, Oxford

with

20

of, Paris, 75, 76

Trust

shop

of Sheffield, 119,

205

Truro
provement
im-

pared
com-

of Oxfonl,
Kath, 120;
124design for, by Mr.
Ricardo,

Trollope, opinion

of, in London
:

109-131

131 ; of Battersea, 130

mansions
:
23 1, 232
Tradition, critical use of

266, 269-

defined, 241

treatment

fronts

legislativepalace

of

128;
173

mansion

building material

halls
120;

97

granitefor bridges :

and

96

in

in public buildings, 114;

:
dwelling-houses, 196, 198, 2i8, 219

Steel

113
hall

80-83

Staircases
State

:
83, 84,
public buildings,
positionof, in public buikU

of, in

clerk, provision for,in planning

112,

41
to

ings, 123
Town

Herbert,

towers

112

111,

185

9!

172, 173
position of, in churches

156

Bridge

86 ; function

255

signs: 257, 258

^"
Site in relation to house

194
Stone

roofs to churches

Timber

165
Sheffield

24

Royal, Liverpool : 165

:
163-171 ; artistic treatment

Theatres

231

187-189, 202
Shakspeare Theatre, St rat ford-onDelaval

Beaton

42
Club

House

Theatre

Seaside

West

153

Temple styles :
:

268

War
21,

30,

in

31;

architecture,53, 61
house

drawbacks

PRINTED

and

44

architecture:

Symmetrical
and

school, Liverpool, 153;

Ham,

architecture

to

accessory

an

Technical
42

209

as

117

190,

BY

192, 195,

WILLIAM

CLOWES

Windows

196

AND

39-141

Theatre

Wickham

planning,advantages
:

Oflices

Wagner

Hall
"

not

sitting-room:

SONS,

LIMITED,

LONDON

to

168, 169

198, 199
be at opposite sides

217

AND

BECCLES.

of