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Identification:
Item: Distillation Column 2
No. required = 2
Tray type = Sieve tray
Function: To separate n-butyraldehyde from feed mixture
Operation: Continuous
Design Data:
Parameters
Values
Parameters
Values
Type of Column
Tray Column
Material of
Carbon Steel
Construction
Tray Type
Sieve Tray
Hole Diameter
5 mm
No. of Trays
51
Weir Length
1.82 m
Height of Column
22.536 m
Pressure
Drop/plate
709.263 Pa
Diameter of
2.33 m
Tray Thickness
5 mm
Tray spacing
0.45 m
Active Area
2.11 m2
Flooding
87 %
Reflux Ratio
16.6967
Column
1383.05kg/
L Mixed
17.66
7063.81kg
O n5660.10kg/
(K)Compo
und
n-Butyral
iso-Butyral
79.656
20.337
Mass(kg/h
r)
5626.763
1436.62
n-Butanol
0.0052
0.370
Iso-Butanol
0.00087
0.0616
% Comp.
(N)Compo
und
n-Butyral
iso-Butyral
(O)Compo
und
n-Butyral
iso-Butyral
98.792
1.20
Mass(kg/h
r)
18.025
1368.493
Mass(kg/h
r)
5608.738
68.127
n-Butanol
0.0065
0.37
Iso-Butanol
0.00108
0.0616
Distillation Column 2
Butyraldehyde
1. Feed Operating line
% Comp.
1.3
98.7
% Comp.
q = Feed quality (
LL
)
F
97.92
kmol
Isob=20.7%
19.22
kmol
Isob=98.7%
78.7 kmol
Isob=1.2%
n-b =
Nature of Feed
K=
Pvi
PT
WHERE
PT =Total Pressure
AND
@ 66.36
Component
n-Butyraldehyde
IsoButyraldehyde
Total
Xf
K values
K Xf
0.797
0.98144
0.78220768
0.203
1.07324
0.21786772
1.00
1.0000754
Nature of Distillate
@ 64.258
Component
n-Butyraldehyde
IsoButyraldehyde
Total
Xd
K values
K Xd
0.013
0.92093
0.0132762
0.987
1.00112
0.98810544
1.00
1.00007753
Nature of Bottom
@ 73.4
Component
n-Butayraldehyde
IsoButyraldehyde
Total
Xb
K values
K Xb
0.988
0.990485
0.9885036
0.012
1.01383
0.012166
1.00
1.0006696
B
T +C
Component
n-Butyraldehyde
Iso-Butyraldehyde
3.59112
3.87395
952.851
1060.141
-82.569
-63.196
Feed
0.8704559
1.236486
Top
0.70756942
1.012942
Bottom
0.95846472
1.356903
values
Component
n-Butyraldehyde
iso-Butyraldehyde
Feed
1
1.420504
top=
Top
1
1.43158
bottom=
1.43158
Bottom
1
1.4157047
1.4157047
ln[(
n+1=
Xa Xb
)(
) ]
Xb d Xa w
ln ( avg )
0.987 0.988
) (
) ]
0.013 d 0.012 w
ln(1.42362)
a =4.97545 x 1010 0
Accepted
Calculating Rmin
AXdA aBXdB aCXdC
+
+
+=Rmin+ 1
A aB C
nb X d nb isob X d isob
+
=Rmin+ 1
nb
isob
Rmin+1=
1(0.013)
1.43158( 0.987)
+
=10.46447
11.308783237 1.431581.308783237
1
N 23.7464
=0.75
N +1
15.699710.46447
15.6997+1
1
N31.36
=0.75
N +1
N=31.7333 32 plates
Plate Efficiency:
Equation 11.67 Richardson and Coulsons Chemical Engineering Vol. 6, 4 th Edition
Using OConnell Correlations
N actual =
N theo
Eo
N actual =
32
=50.6988 51 plates
0.631178
N
log D =0.206 log[
NB
ND
=1.8314 ;
NB
N D =1.8314 N B
N D + N B =51
1.8314 N B +N B=51
N B =18.0123 19 th Plate thebottom
kmol
hr
kmol
19.2272
hr
78.7251
)(
0.797
0.203
)(
0.013 2
]
0.012
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
Assumed:
Pressure drop per plate = 100mm
iso-Butyraldehyde = 0.1 x 723 x 9.81 = 709.263 Pa
Column Pressure drop = 709.263 x 46 = 32,626.098 Pa
PressureBottom = 101325 + 32626.098 = 133,951.098 Pa
Top
Bottom
1.3
= 793.8
kg
m3
kg
m3
Surface tension,
= 29 x 10
-3
N
m
1.67
kg
m3
kg
m3
= 817
kg
MWave = 72.11 m3
kg
MWave = 72.11 m3
Top:
Bottom
Ln = R x D =15.6967(19.2272)
Lm = Ln + F = 301.8036 + 97.9529
= 301.8036
kmol
hr
Vn = Ln + D = 301.8036 + 19.2272
= 321.031
kmol
hr
= 399.7565
kmol
hr
Vm = Lm W = 424.4686 - 78.7251
=321.0314
kmol
hr
Tray spacing
Tray spacing is selected to minimize entrainment. A large distance between the
trays is needed in vacuum columns, where vapour velocities are high and excessive
liquid carryover can drastically reduce the efficiencies. Trays are 0.15m to 1.0m. A
trial tray spacing of 0.45m was selected.
Figure 11.27 Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering Vol. 6, 4 th Ed
Bottom
FLV
Top
8.0073448 1.67
6.4304373 817 = 0.056298
6.045294 1.3
6.430493 793.8
Bottom K1 = 0.08
Top K1 = 0.08
= 0.0380443
Flooding velocity
Equation 11.81 Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering Vol. 6, 4 th Ed
f Bottom
f Top
0.08
0.08
8171.67
1.67
m
s
= 1.7677
793.81.3
1.3
= 1.9752
m
s
Bottom,
Top,
= 0.85 x 1.7677
= 0.85 x 1.9752
m
s = 1.5025
m
s = 1.679
m
s
m
s
Top =
Vn x MW
v x 3600
Vm x MW
v x 3600 =
321.031 x 72.11
= 3.85056
1.67 x 3600
321.031 x 72.11
= 4.9465
1.3 x 3600
Qv 3.85056
=
= 2.5626 m2
Qn 1.5025
m3
s
m3
s
Top =
Qv 4.9465
=
= 2.9461 m2
Qn 1.679
First trial, downcomer area is taken as 12% of the total downcomer area
Column cross-section area
Bottom =
Top =
2.5626
2
0.88 = 2.91204 m
2.9461
2
0.88 = 3.34785 m
Downcomer Area
Bottom = (0.12 x 2.91204) = 0.349445m2
Top = (0.12 x 3.34785) = 0.40174m2
Column diameter
Bottom =
Top =
4
2.91204
= 2.17275 m
4
3.34785 = 2.3297 m
Ln X MW 301.8036 x 72.11
=
= 0.0076156
l X 3600
793.8 x 3600
m3
s
Liquid Flow arrangement = f (Dc, Liquid Flow rate) = Cross flow Single pass
From Graph;
lw
=0.78
Dc
Check weeping
Equation 11.85 Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering Vol. 6, 4 th Ed
Lm X MW 399.7565 x 72.11
kg
=
=8.0073
3600
3600
s
kg
s
8.0073
= 5.60514
maximum
how
minimum
how
8.0073
)3
817(1.8174)
750(
5.60514 23
750(
)
817(1.8174)
at minimum rate =
hw
how
= 23.0641 mm liquid
= 18.1832 mm liquid
= 50 + 18.1832 = 68.1832 mm
From Graph:
K2 = f(
hw
how ) = 30.75
30.750.90 (25.45)
h=
Actual minimum vapour velocity =
h , max =
3.85056
m
=18.258
0.2109
s
Plate Thickness
Hole Diameter
= 1;
Ah
=0.1
Aa
hd =51[
18.258 2 1.3
]
=38.339 mmliquid
0.84 817
hr =
12.5 x 103
=15.3mm liquid
817
A ap=0.0727 m2 ; So we choose
A ap
hdc =166 [
8.0073448 2
] =2.01698 mm
817 ( 0.0727 )
h
( w+ how )+h t +h dc=( 50+18.1832 ) +121.822+2.01698=192.0222mm
hb =
1
192.0222mm< ( plate spacing+ weir height )
2
192.0222mm< 1133.7 mm ; so 0.45 m plate spacing is acceptable !
t r=
0.40174(0.1920222)(817)
=6.95 sec
8.0073448
7.87 seconds>3 seconds ; acceptable !
Check Entrainment
Equation 11.83; Figure 11.29 Coulson & Richardson Chemical Engineering Vol. 6, 4 th
Ed
n=
Q v 3.85056
m
=
=1.307
An 2.9461
s
Flooding=
n 1.307
=
x 100 =86.99 =87
f 1.5025
=f ( Flv B ) = 0.07
Trial Layout
Allowance:
50 mm unperforated strip round plate edge
2.33 m
1.82 m
lw
=0.78;
Dc
theGraph , c =99
Angle subtended by the edge of the plate = (180 99) = 81
81
( 180
)=2.884 m
x 2.884=0.1442 m
l w +width of unperforated
1.8174+0.05=1.8674 m
Area of calming zones =
A p=2.108560.14420.187=1.77736 m
Ah 0.2109
=
=0.11866
A p 1.77736
lp
=2.85 ; s atisfactory , within 2.5 4.0
Dh
lp
=2.85 ; l p=2.85 ( 5 mm )=14.55 mm , Hole pitch
Dh
Area of Single Hole:
D2 (0.005)
h=
=
=0.000019635 m2
4
4
Total no. of holes:
Ah
h
nT =
0.2109
0.000019635
No. of holes/plate
= 10,741.05
10,742holes
10,742
51
= 211 holes
MECHANICAL DESIGN
Design Pressure (Mpa)
Allowable Stress (Tube Sheet
Material) (Mpa)
Nozzle ID, Shell (m)
Joint Effienciency
Corrosion Allowance (m)
0.1013
25
4.75
0.254
0.8
0.002
Ts=
pDs
+c
fj0.6 p
0.101325 Mpa(2.33 m)
Th=
pRiW
+c
(2 fj0.2 p)
1
Ri
W = (3+
)
4
ri
Ri
1
=
ri 0.06
1
1
W = (3+
)=1.77
4
0.06
Th=
Tcc=
Dc C 1 p
10 f
Tcc=
p Dn
+c
2 fj p
f =4.75 Mpa
p=0.101325 Mpa
c=2 mm
j=0.85
0.101325
t n=
N
( 254 mm )
2
mm
N
N
2 4.75
( 0.85 )0.101325
2
2
mm
mm
t = 6.35 mm
3. Overhead Vapor Oulet gas out
t = 6.35 mm
4. Bottom Out
f =4.75 Mpa
p=0.133951 Mpa
c=2 mm
j=0.85
t n=
p Dn
+c
2 fj p
+2 mm
0.133951
t n=
N
( 152.4 mm )
2
mm
N
N
2 4.75
( 0.85 )0.133951
2
mm
mm2
t n=4.571 mm 0.18
5. Reboiler Return
+ 2 mm
Average
2012
1979
295,748 $ ( 1979 )
424.1
222.301
424.1 (2013 )
=564,220.2545 $=Php 25,389,911.45
222.301 ( 1979 )