Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
1.36.
Dot
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Time (s)
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
x (m)
0
30
95
215
400
510
600
670
720
(b)
1.38.
1.41.
Beth and Alan are moving at a constant speed, so we can calculate the time of arrival as follows:
x x1 x0
x x
t1 t0 1 0
t t1 t0
v
2.3. (a) The time for each segment is t1 50 mi/40 mph 5/4 hr and t2 50 mi/60 mph 5/6hr. The average speed
to the house is
100 mi
48 mph
5/6 h 5/4 h
(b) Julie drives the distance x1 in time t1 at 40 mph. She then drives the distance x2 in time t2 at 60 mph. She
spends the same amount of time at each speed, thus
t1 t2 x1/40 mph x2 /60 mph x1 (2/3)x2
But x1 x2 100 miles, so (2/3)x2 x2 100 miles. This means x2 60 miles and x1 40 miles. Thus, the
times spent at each speed are t1 40 mi/40 mph 1.00 h and t2 60 mi/60 mph 1.00 h. The total time for her return
trip is t1 t2 2.00 h. So, her average speed is 100 mi/2 h 50 mph.
2.20. We will use the particle model and the constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
One of the roots of this equation is negative and is not relevant physically. The other root is t1 453 s, which is the answer
to part (b). Using v1 v0 at , we obtain
v1 20(m/s) ( 9.8 m/s 2 )(4.53 s) 24 m/s
A time of 4.5 s is a reasonable value. The rocks velocity as it hits the bottom of the hole has a negative sign because of its
downward direction. The magnitude of 24 m/s compared to 20 m/s, when the rock was tossed up, is consistent with the
fact that the rock travels an additional distance of 10 m into the hole.
2.47. Model the flea as a particle. Both the initial acceleration phase and the free-fall phase have constant acceleration,
so use the kinematic equations.
:
We can apply the kinematic equation vf2 vi2 2ay twice, once to find the take-off speed and then again to find the final
height. In the first phase the acceleration is up (positive) and v0 0.
v12 2a0 ( y1 y0 ) 2(1000 m/s 2 )(0.50 10 3 m)v1 1.0 m/s
In the free fall phase the acceleration is a1 g and v1 10 m/s and v2 0 m/s.
y2 y1
v12
(1.0 m/s) 2
v22 v12
5.1 cm
2a1
2( g ) 2(9.8 m/s 2 )
2.67. Jill and the grocery cart will be treated as particles that move according to the constant-acceleration kinematic
equations.
1
1
xC1 xC0 vC0 (tC1 tC0 ) aC0 (tC1 tC0 ) 2 20 m 0 m (0.5 m/s 2 )(tC1 0 s) 2
2
2
2
20 m (0.25 m/s 2 )tC1
5.28.
Figure (a) shows velocity as downward, so the object is moving down. The length of the vector increases with each step
showing that the speed is increasing (like a dropped ball). Thus, the acceleration is directed down, as shown. Since
F ma the force is in the same direction as the acceleration and must be directed down.
Figure (b), however, shows the velocity as upward, so the object is moving upward. But the
length of the vector decreases with each step showing that the speed is decreasing (like a ball
thrown up). Thus, the acceleration is also directed down, as shown. As in part (a), the net force
must be directed down
5.15.
Please refer to Figure EX5.15.
Newtons second law is F ma. The graph tells us the acceleration as a function of mass. Knowing the mass and
acceleration for any given point, we can find the force. We chose the m = 600g = 0.60 kg, which gives a = 6.0 m/s2. Newtons
second law yields F ma (0.60 kg)(6.0 m/s 2 ) 3.6 N
Assess: To double-check the result insert F = 3.6 N into Newtons law for m = 200 g = 0.20 kg. This gives
a F m (3.6 N)/(0.2 kg) 18 m/s 2 , which is consistent with the graph.
6.19.
(a) When the belt runs at constant speed, the crate has an acceleration a 0 m/s 2 and is in dynamic equilibrium. Thus
Fnet 0. It is tempting to think that the belt exerts a friction force on the crate. But if it did, there would be a net force
because there are no other possible horizontal forces to balance a friction force. Because there is no net force, there cannot
be a friction force. The only forces are the upward normal force and the gravitational force on the crate. (A friction force
would have been needed to get the crate moving initially, but no horizontal force is needed to keep it moving once it is
moving with the same constant speed as the belt.)
(b) If the belt accelerates gently, the crate speeds up without slipping on the belt. Because it is accelerating, the crate must
have a net horizontal force. So now there is a friction force, and the force points in the direction of the crates motion. Is it
static friction or kinetic friction? Although the crate is moving, there is no motion of the crate relative to the belt. Thus, it
is a static friction force that accelerates the crate so that it moves without slipping on the belt.
(c) The static friction force has a maximum possible value fs max s n. The maximum possible acceleration of the crate
is
fs max s n
m
m
If the belt accelerates more rapidly than this, the crate will not be able to keep up and will slip. It is clear from the freebody diagram that n FG mg Thus,
amax
6.28.
Using Newtons first law, the equilibrium equations in vector and component form are:
Fnet T1 T2 FG 0 N
( Fnet ) x T1x T2 x FGx 0 N
( Fnet ) y T1 y T2 y FGy 0 N
Using the free-body diagram yields:
T1 sin 1 T2 sin 2 0 N
T1 cos1 T2 cos 2 FG 0 N
The mathematical model is reduced to a simple algebraic system of two equations with two unknowns, T1 and T2
Substituting 1 20, 2 30, and FG mg 9800 N, the simultaneous equations become
T1 sin 20 T2 sin 30 0 N
You can solve this system of equations by simple substitution. The result is T1 6397 N 6400 N and T2 4376 N
4380 N.
The above approach and result seem reasonable. Intuition indicates there is more tension in the left rope than in the right
rope.
6.31.
We will represent Henry as a particle. His motion is governed by constant-acceleration kinematic equations.
(a) Henry undergoes an acceleration from 0 s to 2.0 s, constant velocity motion from 2.0 s to 10.0 s, and another
acceleration as the elevator brakes from 10.0 s to 12.0 s. The weight is the same as the gravitational force during constant
velocity motion, so Henrys weight w FG mg is 750 N. His weight is less than the gravitational force on him during
the initial acceleration, so the acceleration is in a downward direction (negative a). Thus, the elevators initial motion is
down.
(b) Because the gravitational force on Henry is 750 N, his mass is m FG /g 76.5 kg 77 kg.
(c) The apparent weight during vertical motion is given by
a
w mg 1 a g
1
g
FG
At t 2 s, Henrys position is
1
1
y1 y0 v0 t0 a ( t0 ) 2 a ( t0 ) 2 3.92 m
2
2
y2 y1 v1t1 35.3 m
and he has a velocity v2 v1 3.92 m/s. During the interval 10 s t 12.0 s, the elevators acceleration is
900 N
a g
1 1.96 m/s 2
750 N
The upward acceleration vector slows the elevator and Henry feels heavier than normal. At t 120 s Henry is at position
1
y3 y2 v2 ( t2 ) a ( t2 ) 2 39.2 m
2
6.53.
The antiques (mass m) in the back of your pickup (mass M ) will be treated as a particle. The antiques touch the
trucks steel bed, so only the steel bed can exert contact forces on the antiques. The pickup-antiques system will also be
treated as a particle, and the contact force on this particle will be due to the road.
(a) We will find the smallest coefficient of friction that allows the truck to stop in 55 m, then compare that to the known
coefficients for rubber on concrete. For the pickup-antiques system, with mass m M , Newtons second law is
( Fnet ) x Fx N x (( FG ) PA ) x ( f ) x 0 N 0 N f (m M )ax (m M )a
( Fnet ) y Fy N y (( FG ) PA ) y ( f ) y N ( m M ) g 0 N 0 N
The model of static friction is f N , where is the coefficient of friction between the tires and the road. These
equations can be combined to yield a g. Since constant-acceleration kinematics gives v12 v02 2a ( x1 x0 ), we find
a
v12 v02
v02
(25 m/s) 2
min
0.58
2( x1 x0 )
2 g ( x1 x0 ) (2)(9.8 m/s 2 )(55 m)
The truck cannot stop if is smaller than this. But both the static and kinetic coefficients of friction, 1.00 and 0.80
respectively (see Table 6.1), are larger. So the truck can stop.
(b) The analysis of the pickup-antiques system applies to the antiques, and it gives the same value of 0.58 for min . This
value is smaller than the given coefficient of static friction ( s 0.60) between the antiques and the truck bed. Therefore,
the antiques will not slide as the truck is stopped over a distance of 55 m.
The analysis of parts (a) and (b) are the same because mass cancels out of the calculations. According to the California
Highway Patrol Web site, the stopping distance (with zero reaction time) for a passenger vehicle traveling at 25 m/s or 82
ft/s is approximately 43 m. This is smaller than the 55 m over which you are asked to stop the truck.
6.54 The box will be treated as a particle. Because the box slides down a vertical wood wall, we will also use the model of
kinetic friction.
The normal force due to the wall, which is perpendicular to the wall, is here to the right. The box slides down the wall at
constant speed, so a 0 and the box is in dynamic equilibrium. Thus, F net 0. Newtons second law for this equilibrium
situation is
( Fnet ) x 0 N n Fpush cos 45
( Fnet ) y 0 N f k Fpush sin 45 FG f k Fpush sin 45 mg
The friction force is f k k n. Using the x-equation to get an expression for n, we see that f k k Fpush cos 45.
Substituting this into the y-equation and using Table 6.1 to find k 0.20 gives,
mg
(2.0 kg)(9.80 m/s 2 )
23 N
k cos 45 sin 45 0.20cos 45 sin 45