MASS AND ENERGY ANALYSIS OF

CONTROL VOLUMES
Florio
Cengel
10-2014

Objectives

Develop the conservation of mass principle.

Apply the conservation of mass principle to various control volumes

systems.

Apply the first law of thermodynamics as the statement of the

conservation of energy principle to control volumes.

Identify the energy carried by a fluid stream crossing a control surface as

the sum of internal energy, flow work Pv, kinetic energy, and potential
energy of the fluid and to relate the combination of the internal energy and
the flow work to the property enthalpy.

Solve energy balance problems for common steady-flow devices such as

nozzles, compressors, turbines, throttling valves, mixers, heaters, and
heat exchangers.

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Dr. Florio

CONSERVATION OF MASS
Conservation of mass: Mass, like energy, is a conserved property, and it cannot be
created or destroyed during a process only changed in form and/or location.
Closed mass systems: The mass of the system remain constant during a process.
Control volumes: Mass can cross the boundaries, and thus the identity of the matter
within the region changes; so we must keep track of the amount of mass entering and
leaving the control volume.

1/2
Mass is conserved even during chemical reactions , in addition there is
conservation of the atomic species..
Mass m and energy E can be converted to each other according to
where c is the speed of light in a vacuum, which is c = 2.9979 108 m/s.
For most of our problems, the mass change due to energy change is negligible.
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Mass and Volume Flow Rates

Volume flow rate-define average velocity

m avgVol
avgVavg A

Definition of
average velocity

Mass flow
rate

Ac
dA

PdA
Vavg =VOLdot/Ac
Vavg is the uniform velocity necessary to
produce the same volume flow rate.
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The volume flow rate is the volume

of fluid flowing through a cross
section per unit time.

Conservation of Total Mass Principle

The conservation of mass principle for a control volume: The net mass transfer to or
from a control volume during a time interval t is equal to the net change (increase or
decrease) in the total mass within the control volume during t. M is the amount of mass

General conservation of mass 0 place holder for DM/Dtfms

of the fms momentarily occuping the cv at time tReynolds- Transport eq.

Atomic species or molecular

species form is:

General-exact-conservation of mass in rate form

(V N )dA

Volume flow conservation for

steady fixed cv with
incompressible flow.

or

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Mass Balance for Steady-Flow Processes

During a steady-flow (rate of exchanges), steady state within -fixed CV process,
the total amount of mass contained within a control volume does not change with time
(mCV = constant).
Then the conservation of mass principle requires that the total rate of mass entering
a control volume must equal the total rate of mass leaving it.
For steady-flow processes, we are interested in
the amount of mass flowing per unit time, that is,
1
the mass flow rate.
2
Multiple inlets
and exits
For a single stream, 1 in, 2 out, and using bulk properties

Many engineering devices such as nozzles,

diffusers, turbines, compressors, and pumps
involve a single stream (only one inlet and one
outlet).

Conservation of mass principle for a twoinletone-outlet

steady-flow system.
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Single
stream

Gt 37
Dr. Florio

Images

video 1
video 2
Video 3
Video 4
Video 5

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5-8 Water flows through the tubes of a boiler. The velocity and volume flow rate
of the water at the inlet are to be determined. The internal diameter is 0.130 m and the water enters at 7MPa,
65 C and exits at 6MPa 450 C, 80 m/s.
Assumptions Flow through the boiler is steady., and cv is fixed in size and shape
Properties The specific volumes of water at the inlet and exit are (Tables A-6 and A-7)

Qdot
P1 7 MPa
3
v 1 0.001017 m /kg
T1 65C

7 MPa
65C

Steam

6 MPa, 450C
80 m/s

P2 6 MPa
3
v 2 0.05217 m /kg
T2 450C
Analysis The cross-sectional area of the tube is

Ac

D 2
4

(0.13 m) 2
4

0.01327 m 2

The mass flow rate through the tube is same at the inlet and exit. It may be determined from exit data to be

AcV2

v2

(0.01327 m 2 )(80 m/s)

0.05217 m 3 /kg

20.35 kg/s

The average water velocity at the inlet is then

Rtn 6

mv1 (20.35 kg/s)(0.001017 m3 /kg)

V1 Vol / A

1.560 m / s
Ac
0.01327 m2
The volumetric flow rate at the inlet is

Vol 1 AcV1 (0.01327 m2 )(1.560 m/s) 0.0207 m3 / s

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Ex3- The minimum fresh air requirements of a residential building is specified

to be 0.35 air volume changes per hour (volume changes), or 35% of the air in the room is to be replaced every
hour. The room is assumed to be 2.7m high and 200 m2 floor area.. The size of the fan capacity in L/min that
needs to be installed and the diameter of the duct are to be determined if the average air speed is 6 m/s.
Analysis Assume air pressure change is small so air density constant P IS SMALL relative to P Steady flow
volume flow in is equal to out. The volume of the building and the required minimum volume flow rate of fresh air
are
2
3

Vol room (2.7 m)(200 m ) 540 m /room define air vol change rate =[ room / time]
Vol Vol room (540 m3 )(0.35/h) 189 m3 / h 189,000 L/h 3150 L / min

House
200 m 2

The volume flow rate of fresh air can be expressed as

Vol VA V ( D / 4) ; VD = const so Vmax, Dmin and vise versa

2

outflow

Solving for the diameter D and substituting,

4Vol

0.35 ACH

4(189 / 3600 m3 /s)

0.106 m
(6 m/s)

Therefore, the diameter of the fresh air duct should be at least 10.6 cm if the velocity of air
is not to exceed 6 m/s.

Return to
7
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Control volume-Control Mass-simple- in time dt a small element of mass enters the

resulting balance equations

Fixed mass form to the control volume form

dM)cv = dm)in
The total workby is dWother,SHAFT,SHEAR,ELECT - Pin [v//v]*dvolin +Pout [v/v]*dvolout ; To
introduce the mass into the CV an effort must be expended

[Q- Wother+ (P*dvolin-Pvdmout) + e*dmin -

Where Pdvol is work done by normal forces at flow port in

dmin = dVol/v)in = [A*Vrel,n, /v]*dt

Wflowon
=P*d(volin)

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e*dmiout)

=dE)cv] - in time dt

dQdot through the

entire surface,
including flow port
surface(s)

M,E

e*dmin through
an imaginary
mesh

dWdot
through the
entire surface

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10

FLOW WORK for A CONTINUOUSLY FLOWING FLUID

Flow work-- P* voldot, : The work (or energy transfer)
required to push the mass into (on) or out (by) of the
control volume or the work done by normal stresses at
the flow ports. This work is necessary for maintaining a
continuous flow through a control volume.

Schematic for flow work.

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In the absence of acceleration, the force

applied on a fluid by a piston is equal to the
Dr. force
Florio applied on the piston by the fluid.
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Total Energy of a Flowing Fluid= stored +flow work

The transfer of energy

dPv pdV vdP

h = u + Pv
The quantity is called the methalpy , the total enthalpy
or transfer energy per unit of mass

at a flow port-flow workis automatically taken

care of by enthalpy. The
product of properties
Pv represents the flow
work per unit of mass
only at the flow port
otherwise it is a
product of properties.

The total energy consists of three parts for a non-flowing fluid and for a flowing fluid energy transfer
associated
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Dr. work
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Energy Transport by Mass-bulk motion

When the kinetic and potential energies of a

fluid stream are negligible the energy carried
in

Exact form when the properties of the

mass at each inlet or exit change with
time as well as over the cross section

m ii
At any instant the product
is the energy transported into control
volume by mass per unit time.
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Steady State

1. If the states within do not change with time, the system is said to
be in a steady state.-[Black Box]
2. Steady flow implies all the rate exchange quantities, mdot ,Wdot,
Qdot do not vary with time
3. For a control volume whose boundary does not change and is in
a steady state, is also acting under steady flow conditions. Thus the
accumulation of all extensive properties are zero.
4. It is sometimes convenient to define specific work and heat
quantities using the reference mass flow rate
5.

q Q / mref

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and w=W/mref

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ENERGY ANALYSIS OF STEADY-FLOW-FIXED- SYSTEMS- any

extensive within cv is constant
Under steady-flow, fixed conditions, the mass
and energy contents of a control volume remain
constant.

Under steady-flow, fixed,

conditions, the fluid properties at
an inlet or exit remain constant
(do not change with time).

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Mass and Energy balances for a steadyflow process

Mass
balance

A water heater
in steady
operation.
,fixed)

Energy
balance
open
system
OR

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Energy balance relations with sign conventions (i.e.,

heat input and work output are positive)
Most handy form

Caution on energy units

qrev h vdPrev

Eq below, path must be known

wrev shaft

while for a fms

qrev u Pdvrev

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out

vdP ke pe

in

when kinetic and potential energy

changes are negligible

Dr.

Under steady operation,

shaft work, shear and
electrical work are the only
forms of work a simple
compressible system may
Florio
involve.

17

Relative importance- Steady Flow-SF

If V 2 / 2 [452 / 2] /1000 =1 kJ / kg ]

The relative importance of various terms differ in

different energy conversion applications.
In some applications some terms are usually small
or negligible (but not all the times). Level of ke
Energy units must be consistent
Best in applications to first write the full steady
flow equations and then eliminate the negligible
terms.
Customize in light of the circumstances and
objectives of the particular application.
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Series of -Analysis applications

Not internal design use to Synthesized

The following is a series of applications involving common

components that will be packaged to form components of a system.
Energy conversion devices, M=mech E type;i.e. work to pressure,ke,
or pe
M-M, M+T-M, M+T- [M+T]
Rev compressible, Mechanical coupled to thermal
Irreversible for M converted to thermal
Synthesized

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Nozzles and Diffusers

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19

Nozzles and diffusers are commonly utilized in

jet engines, rockets, spacecraft, and even
garden hoses P/ to V2 /2 or vise-versa.
Devices to alter kinetic energies by means of
geometry changes recall ke can be
completely converted to mech work
A nozzle is a device that increases the kinetic
energy of a fluid at by the transformation of
the pressure E i.e. pressure energy. For a
compressible substance, there is a coupling
between T and P.
The cross-sectional area of a nozzle
decreases in the flow direction for subsonic
flows and increases for supersonic flows. The
reverse is true for diffusers.
A diffuser is a device that increases the

Energy balancepressure
for an of a fluid by the transformation of the
ke.
approximate adiabatic
Shapes for subsonic flowsnozzle or diffuser:
converging-Nozzles and divergingdiffusers are shaped(5-7 degrees)
so that they cause large changes in
fluid velocities and thus kinetic
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energies.

10

Alternate formulation- Nozzle or diffuser

Convert mechanical and thermal to kinetic, or

vise-versa in the acceleration or deceleration
of the flow with no shaft or boundary work:
For nozzles or diffusers with bulk state1 in
and bulk state2 out is

:Using Conservation of mass and EE,

assuming steady and flows
q+ h1+V12 / 2J=h2+V22 /2J
E Eq 1
Using the usual assumptions of steady flow,
small potential energy change and adiabatic.
J is an energy conversion factor, mech E to
thermal measures
For a general reversible process-1D-steady,

h2-h1= v dP ****+ qrev

For incompressible, rev, this is h = v P+

qrev
Bernoulis- internally reversible
v dP +V22 /2 -V12 /2=0
Problem

Eq 2
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21

Ex 3 Steam at 5 Mpa, 400 C is accelerated in a nozzle from a velocity of 80 m/s

and leaves at 2 Mpa, 300 C. The nozzle inlet area is 50 cm2 and heat is lost at
a rate of 120 kW The mass flow rate, the exit velocity, and the exit area of
the nozzle are to be determined.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2 Potential energy changes are negligible. 3 There are no work interactions.
Properties From the steam tables (Table A-6)
=SQRT(kRT)= =24.7*SQRT(T) m/s

speed of soumd steam

120 kJ/s
Heat loss

P1 5 MPa v 1 0.057838 m 3 /kg

T1 400C h1 3196.7 kJ/kg

P2 2 MPa v 2 0.12551 m 3 /kg

T2 300C h2 3024.2 kJ/kg

and

Steam

Analysis (a) There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus

1 m
2 m

m
. The mass flow rate of steam is

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v1

V1 A1

1
0.057838 m3/kg

(80 m/s)(50 10 4 m2 ) 6.92 kg/s

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11

(b) Recall m2 /s2 is a J/kg We take nozzle as the system, which is a control volume since
mass crosses the boundary.
The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as

Ein Eout

dE / dtsystem

Rate of net energy transfer

by heat, work, and mass

0 (steady+fixed)

Rate of change in internal, kinetic,

potential, etc. energies

Ein Eout

(since W pe 0)

V 2 V12
Qin m h2 h1 2

Substituting, the exit velocity of the steam

is determined to be 2 J

V 2 (80 m/s)2 1 kJ/kg

120 kJ/s 6.916 kg/s 3024.2 3196.7 2

1000 m2 /s2

It yields V2 = 562.7 m/s; speed of sound =591 m/s

(c) The exit area of the nozzle is determined from

v2

V2 A2

A2

3
m2v 2 6.916 kg/s 0.12551 m /kg

15.42 104 m 2
V2
562.7 m/s

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Polytropic nozzle
Assume we have a reversible polytropic nozzle with
Pv constant and vdP npv / (n 1)
n

If ideal gas then P (1 n )/ nT const as well as

Tv n 1 const

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12

EX1-Nozzle problem-

Using the preceding NOZZLE cv. Fluid is water

Given: Mdot = 0.1 kg/s, state 1; P=1000 kPa, T= 400 C,
state 2, P=500 kPa, T= 350 C
Find Vexit, Exit Area.

m2 m1

Assuming SS and fixed, adiabatic and change in pe negligible

then
Inlet state 1 V1 =small ;0.0, SH Tables h1= 3263.88 kJ/kg
Exit state 2; h2= 3167.65 kJ/kg, v2 =0.57012 m3 /kg
EE eq : V22 /(2J) = h1-h2 + V12/2J , J=1000J/kJ
V2= sqrt(2*J*(h1-h2)) =sqrt( 2*1000*(3263.88-3167.65))
V2= 438.7 m/s (property relation dh= v dP<0 but v >0 )
A=area = mdot*v/V = 0.1*0.57012/438.7=1.3E-04=1.3cm2
m2

m
1

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Work in devices

Pumps-liquids- low dP high flow

The cv is a fluid cv.
Assuming steady state, fixed
control surface. If heat
information is unknown,
safe to assume small.
Applying the 1st law, the
equation for the adiabatic
work done by the impeller
on the fluid is given by
Wdotin= =mdot{(h2+ke2+pe2)(h1+ke1+pe1)}
Usually flow passage is
designed so as density
increases, the flow area
decreases, thus shape and
statement
Usually ke and pe changes
by design are small- but may
not be true for hydraulic
systems
problem

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Force exerted by impeller, rotor, on the fluid

and moves in direction of the force
1
2

compressor
Fby fluid

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13

Aside: cv is the fluid*****

Defining specific exchange quantities : q to be Qdot/Mdot, and w to

be Wdot/mdot: where Mdot is usually the net inflow rate. For work
devices and nozzles Qdot is small and Mdot large so q small relative to
w.
For the conditions of ss ,fixed cv , one dimensional and reversible
flow; Using the 2nd Law, h2-h1= 1 2 v*dP ****+ qrev
the inclusion into the energy equation reduces the energy to
a.w)byrev = (ke/J +pe/J+ 1 2 v*dP)
Equation a.(Is 1st +2nd) and equation b.1st
b. qrev wbyrev = h + ke/J + pe/J for the steady , fixed
conditions.
These two equations , a and b , are independent.

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EX4 Reversible partial compressor problem cv fluid-

27

Given a non- adiabatic compressor

NH3 is the flowing fluid. Mdot is 4 kg/s. Inlet state 1 : T= - 20 C, P= 150

kPa: outlet 2: T2=80 C, P2=400 kPa.
Assume the process is a reversible polytropic process.
Using Pvn =const and assuming ke, pe are small
Wdot rev by = - [ 12 v dP] mdot = - h integrating by parts yields

wby)rev = - n(P2*v2-P1*v1) /(n-1)********

State 1 is defined going to NH3 tables you would find v1=0.79774 m3/kg;
h1=1422.9 kJ/kg, state 2 is defined : v2=0.4216, h2=1636.7 kJ/kg.
n is required : Using the path eq : Pvn = c
or n= ln(P2/P1)/ln (v1/v2):
Natural log yields:n=0.5189, w=-53.1 kJ/kg, h =213.8; qrev=160.7 kJ/kg

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14

Turbines and
Compressors

Turbine drives the electric generator In steam,

gas, or hydroelectric power plants.
As the fluid passes through the turbine, work is
done on the blades, which are attached to the
shaft. As a result, the shaft rotates, and the
turbine produces work.
Compressors, as well as pumps and fans,
are devices used to increase the pressure of a
fluid. Work is supplied to these devices from an
external source through a rotating shaft.
A fan increases the pressure of a gas slightly
and is mainly used to move a gas Pout./Pin <3
A compressor is capable of compressing the
gas to very high pressures.

Energy balance for the

compressor in this figure:

Pumps work very much like compressors

except that they handle liquids instead of
gases.

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Applying the
conservation
equations to the
fluid cv yields:
q<<<w and
mdot1=mdot2
WdotTurbine =
mdot{(h1+ke1+pe1)(h2+ke2+pe2)}
In a well designed
turbine for power
production, the ke
{by design] and pe
changes , in - out,
are small . For gas
turbines pe changes
always small. By
design, for a well
maintained turbine
the heat transfer ,q,
is usually small wrt
w.
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Turbine cv fluid: Know********

2
2

1 1

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30

15

SOME STEADY-FLOW ENGINEERING DEVICES

Many engineering devices operate essentially under the same conditions
for long periods of time. The components of a steam power plant (turbines,
compressors, heat exchangers, and pumps), for example, operate nonstop for
months before the system is shut down for maintenance. Therefore, these devices can
be conveniently analyzed as steady-flow devices.

At very high velocities,

even small changes in
velocities can cause
significant changes in the
kinetic energy of the fluid.
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31

Ex-5 Steam expands in a turbine. IF THE MASS FLOW RATE INTO THE TURBINE IS 12 KG/S, The
change in kinetic energy, the power output, and the turbine inlet area are to be determined. See Fig.
Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time.
2 Potential energy changes are negligible. 3 The device is adiabatic and thus heat transfer is negligible.
Properties From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through 6)

P1 10 MPa
T1 450C

v1 0.029782 m3 /kg

SH
h1 3242.4 kJ/kg

P1 = 10 MPa
T1 = 450C
V1 = 80 m/s
STEAM

m = 12

kg/s

1 m
2 m

and

P2 10 kPa
h2 h f x 2 h fg 191.81 0.92 2392.1 2392.5 kJ/kg
x 2 0.92

P2 = 10 kPa
x2 = 0.92
V2 = 50 m/s

Analysis (a) The change in kinetic energy is determined from

2
V22 V12 50 m/s (80 m/s) 1 kJ/kg

1.95 kJ / kg

2
2
2J
2
1000 m /s
2

ke

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